<p>Not everything in the universe is what it seems. Some things, like tiny red objects captured by NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), might look like stars or galaxies. But new research suggests they could be something else entirely - something we’ve never seen before.</p>



<p>The objects, called “little red dots,” were first spotted when Webb returned its initial pictures in 2022. The dots appeared where <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-galaxy-shows-us-what-the-early-milky-way-looked-like/">young galaxies</a> would be alone, 500 to 700 million years after the Big Bang. But they were too bright and too big to be galaxies that early in the universe. Something wasn’t adding up.</p>



<p>For a while, researchers thought they had discovered ancient, mature galaxies that somehow formed way faster than expected - so fast they started calling them “universe breakers.” But after digging deeper, a new idea started to form. Maybe these weren’t <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/thousands-of-galaxies-revealed-in-a-single-webb-image/">galaxies</a> at all.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-star-that-s-hiding-a-black-hole">A star that's hiding a black hole</h2>



<p>In a recent study, scientists proposed a bold theory: the red dots might be something called a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/free-floating-black-hole-appears-to-be-feeding-on-a-star/">black hole</a> star. Picture a huge sphere of gas that looks like a cold, low-energy star - but inside, it’s hiding a growing supermassive black hole.</p>



<p>Instead of getting its energy from fusion like a normal star, this object feeds off matter falling into the black hole at its core. That process generates energy and gives off light, creating the bright signal scientists saw.</p>



<p>“Basically, we looked at enough red dots until we saw one that had so much atmosphere that it couldn't be explained as typical stars we’d expect from a galaxy,” said Joel Leja, an associate professor of astrophysics at <a href="https://www.psu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Penn State</a>. </p>



<p>“It’s an elegant answer really, because we thought it was a tiny galaxy full of many separate cold stars, but it’s actually, effectively, one gigantic, very cold star.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cold-stars-that-shine-strangely">Cold stars that shine strangely</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/video/earth-humans-and-all-living-creatures-are-made-from-stars/">Stars</a> that are cold emit very little visible light. They glow mainly in the red or near-infrared part of the spectrum - a type of light our eyes can’t see. These stars are usually small and faint, which makes them hard to find.</p>



<p>But these red dots stood out. The light they gave off wasn’t from a hot, bright region like we usually see near black holes. Instead, it came from very cold gas, similar to what’s found around low-mass stars.</p>



<p>Webb was built to pick up exactly this kind of ancient, stretched-out infrared light. Its infrared sensors can see light that traveled across the universe for over 13 billion years. That makes it perfect for spotting objects from the very early days of the cosmos.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-most-extreme-red-dot">The most extreme red dot</h2>



<p>Between January and December 2024, the team gathered spectra - a kind of light fingerprint - from 4,500 galaxies. Spectra can tell scientists how bright something is across different wavelengths, which helps them figure out what it’s made of and how massive it is.</p>



<p>One of these objects stood out. Nicknamed “The Cliff,” it turned out to be the most extreme of all the red dots. It was so far away that its light took about 11.9 billion years to reach Earth.</p>



<p>“The extreme properties of The Cliff forced us to go back to the drawing board, and come up with entirely new models,” said Anna de Graaff, a researcher for the <a href="https://www.mpia.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Max Planck Institute for Astronomy</a>.</p>



<p>Spectral analysis showed that The Cliff wasn’t made up of countless tiny stars. It was a single, massive object - a black hole pulling in gas so fast that it wrapped itself in a glowing shell of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-star-forming-hydrogen-cloud-discovered-surprisingly-close-to-earth-eos/">hydrogen</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-are-black-hole-stars-a-missing-link">Are black hole stars a missing link?</h2>



<p>Black holes are found at the center of most galaxies. Some of them are enormous - millions or even billions of times more massive than our sun. But no one knows exactly how they got that big, or how they formed in the first place.</p>



<p>“No one's ever really known why or where these gigantic black holes at the center of galaxies come from,” said Leja. “These black hole stars might be the first phase of formation for the black holes that we see in galaxies today - <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supermassive-black-holes-are-much-more-common-in-the-universe-than-believed/">supermassive black holes</a> in their little infancy stage.”</p>



<p>That idea could help solve a major puzzle in astronomy. If these red dots are actually black hole stars, then maybe they’re the missing link - the early-stage objects that grow into the supermassive black holes we see in today’s galaxies.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-following-clues-from-the-universe">Following clues from the universe </h2>



<p>The team plans to keep studying these black hole star candidates, especially by looking at how dense the gas is and how strong the light output is. That might help confirm whether they’re really seeing a new type of object.</p>



<p>“This is the best idea we have and really the first one that fits nearly all of the data, so now we need to flesh it out more,” said Leja. </p>



<p>“It's okay to be wrong. The universe is much weirder than we can imagine and all we can do is follow its clues. There are still big surprises out there for us.”</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2025/09/aa54681-25/aa54681-25.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Astronomy and Astrophysics</a></em>.</p>



<p>Image Credit: T. Müller/A. de Graaff/Max Planck Institute for Astronomy</p>



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Mystery objects in the early universe may be black hole stars

Not everything in the universe is what it seems. Some things, like tiny red objects captured by NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), might look like stars or galaxies. But new research suggests they could be something else entirely - something we’ve never seen before. The objects, called “little red dots,” were first spotted when Webb returned its initial pictures in 2022. The dots appeared where young galaxies would be alone, 500 to 700 million years after the Big Bang. But they were too bright and too...

<p>A recent study led by <a href="https://www.psu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Pennsylvania State University</a> has found that as Antarctica loses sea ice due to global warming, the subsequent increase in snowfall over its ice sheets might partially offset the contributions to sea level rise.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This research uncovers a complex relationship between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-ice-levels-in-antarctica-have-reached-an-unprecedented-low/">sea ice loss</a> in the Amundsen Sea, West Antarctica, and an increase in atmospheric moisture leading to heavier snowfalls.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-subtle-interactions-nbsp">Subtle interactions&nbsp;</h2>



<p>According to Luke Trusel, assistant professor of Geography at Penn State and a co-author of the study, including these subtle interactions in climate models could improve predictions of phenomena like sea level rise.</p>



<p>Antarctica’s ice sheet is a major player in global sea level dynamics. As one of the world’s largest freshwater stores, any change in its volume has a direct impact on sea levels. Trusel pointed out that, while attention often focuses on visible processes like calving icebergs, less obvious factors, such as snowfall on the ice sheet, are equally crucial.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“For a place like Antarctica, which is just massive, the amount of snow falling on top of the ice sheet is as important or even more important than other processes like meltwater or ice breaking off,” Trusel said.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-sea-ice">The role of sea ice</h2>



<p>Jessica Kromer, a doctoral candidate at Penn State and study lead author, emphasized the role of sea ice in the study. “Sea ice is significant. It reflects sunlight, aids in cooling the planet, and influences interactions between the atmosphere and ocean, including oceanic evaporation,” she argued.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The researchers discovered that during periods of reduced sea ice, there was more moisture in the atmosphere, which condensed when reaching the colder ice sheet boundaries, leading to increased snowfall.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sea-level-rise">Sea level rise</h2>



<p>Despite the potential for additional snowfall to slow sea level rise, the researchers caution that it is not sufficient to offset the overall trend.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“With global warming, there’s an expectation of reduced sea ice. As sea ice diminishes, there could be increased evaporation from the ocean leading to more precipitation over Antarctica. While this might appear to offset the loss of sea ice, the implications are multifaceted. Increased snowfall in Antarctica might slow the sea level rise, but it’s essential to recognize that the ice sheet will continue to contribute to rising sea levels.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-antarctic-sea-ice-patterns">Antarctic sea ice patterns</h2>



<p>Kromer highlighted recent satellite data showing significant changes in Antarctic sea ice patterns. “While Arctic sea ice has been rapidly declining over the satellite record, the Antarctic experienced a slight increase until 2015, followed by a sharp decline in 2016,” she said.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“In 2022, we witnessed a new record low, and this year’s levels are even lower, significantly below previous observations. These recent rapid changes in Antarctic sea ice highlight the urgency of understanding their causes and their potential impact on the Antarctic ice sheet.”</p>



<p>This study - published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2023GL104436" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Geophysical Research Letters</em></a><em> </em>- underscores the necessity of refining climate models to accurately predict future sea level changes, particularly in representing sea ice dynamics.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“If we aim to project future sea level changes with precision, it’s essential to enhance our models, particularly in representing sea ice dynamics,” Trusel concluded.</p>



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Sea ice loss increases snowfall over West Antarctica

A recent study led by Pennsylvania State University has found...

<p>A recent study led by Dr. Nikhil Chaudhary, an evolutionary anthropologist at <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cambridge University</a>, sheds new light on the importance of sensitive care and personal attention in early childhood development. This research, drawing from the practices of contemporary hunter-gatherer societies, suggests that infants and toddlers are psychologically wired to thrive with high levels of attentive care.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-kids-in-hunter-gatherer-societies">Kids in hunter-gatherer societies</h2>



<p>The study was conducted among the <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/africa-village_Mbendjele-camp_Africa_1medium.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mbendjele BaYaka</a> hunter-gatherers in the Republic of Congo. Their infants receive an astonishing nine hours of attentive care daily from up to 15 different caregivers. </p>



<p>Dr. Chaudhary and his colleague Dr. Salali, along with child psychiatrist Dr. Annie Swanepoel, observed that this extensive network of caregivers significantly aids in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/child-care-quality-has-direct-impact-on-later-success-in-science-and-math/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">child's development</a>. </p>



<p>Dr. Chaudhary emphasized the evolutionary context of these findings. He stated, “For more than 95% of our evolutionary history, we lived as hunter-gatherers." </p>



<p>This historical perspective suggests that the nuclear family system prevalent in Western societies is a stark contrast to the communal approach to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fathers-give-children-an-educational-advantage-by-playing-with-them/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">childcare</a>.</p>



<p>However, Dr. Chaudhary also cautions against oversimplifying these findings. He also noted the flexibility in human psychology and the ongoing debate about the most suitable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mothers-can-use-singing-to-engage-with-infants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">childrearing practices</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hunter-gatherer-vs-modern-childcare">Hunter-gatherer vs. modern childcare</h2>



<p>Their research argues for the prioritization of high-quality <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hands-off-approach-to-parenting-is-better-for-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">childcare</a> in Western countries. The scientists emphasize the need for higher caregiver-to-child ratios and stable key caregivers. </p>



<p>The research suggests that children are evolutionarily primed to expect high levels of care, as found in hunter-gatherer societies. This caregiving comes not only from their biological parents, but also from a broader network of caregivers.</p>



<p>The researchers highlight that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/maternal-mortality-the-overlooked-needs-of-mothers-after-childbirth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">support for mothers</a> has wide-reaching benefits. These include reducing the risk of neglect and abuse, buffering against family adversity, and enhancing maternal wellbeing. </p>



<p>Dr. Swanepoel noted, “<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-debt-new-parents-lose-two-months-of-sleep-in-a-babys-first-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Support for mothers</a>...enhances maternal care,” underlining the interconnected nature of maternal and child health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-learning-from-young-caregivers">Learning from young caregivers</h2>



<p>An interesting finding of the hunter-gatherer study is the active involvement of older children and adolescents in infant care within these societies. This involvement not only supports mothers but also provides valuable caregiving experience to the young caregivers, potentially easing their transition to parenthood in the future.</p>



<p>Dr. Chaudhary points out that the nuclear family system puts unprecedented pressure on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/time-parents-kids-academic-success/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parents</a>, often lacking the communal support observed in hunter-gatherer societies. He calls for a reevaluation of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nature-play-is-a-vital-part-of-a-childs-upbringing-and-parents-play-a-critical-role/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">childcare policies</a>, critiquing the focus on using childcare primarily to enable parents to work, rather than as a means to provide genuine rest and support.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-concerns-over-caregiver-stability">Concerns over caregiver stability</h2>



<p>The study also touches on the potential negative impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/kids-behavioral-issues-parents/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">unstable caregiver</a> relationships in Western childcare settings. The staffing crisis and reliance on agency staff in many nurseries pose risks to children's emotional and cognitive development.</p>



<p>Dr. Chaudhary concludes by emphasizing the need for a collective approach to supporting mothers and children. “As a society, from policy makers to employers to healthcare services, we need to work together to ensure mothers and children receive the support and care they need to thrive,” he says, urging a rethinking of childcare not just as a government priority but as a societal one.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-hunter-gatherer-society">More about hunter-gatherer society</h2>



<p>Hunter-gatherer societies, which have existed for most of human history, provide a unique window into the ways our prehistoric ancestors lived and interacted with their environment. These societies are characterized by a nomadic lifestyle, with a focus on gathering plants, hunting animals, and fishing for sustenance.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lifestyle-and-social-structure">Lifestyle and social structure</h3>



<p>Hunter-gatherers typically lead nomadic or semi-nomadic lives, moving within their environment to follow seasonal food sources. They live in small, mobile groups, often referred to as bands, comprising several families. </p>



<p>These societies are usually egalitarian, with minimal hierarchical structure. Decision-making often occurs through consensus, and there is a strong emphasis on sharing and cooperation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-subsistence-and-diet">Subsistence and diet</h3>



<p>The subsistence strategies of hunter-gatherer groups depend largely on their environment. In forested areas, gathering fruits, nuts, and roots plays a significant role, while in arid regions, hunting is often more predominant. Coastal communities rely heavily on fishing. The diet in hunter-gatherer societies is typically varied and nutritionally rich, often more so than in agricultural societies.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-and-spiritual-beliefs">Cultural and spiritual beliefs</h3>



<p>Hunter-gatherers generally have rich cultural traditions and spiritual beliefs, often closely tied to the natural world. They typically hold a deep respect for the animals and plants they depend on, and many groups have complex rituals and stories relating to hunting and the cycles of nature.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tools-and-technology">Tools and technology</h3>



<p>Despite a common misconception, hunter-gatherers use a variety of sophisticated tools and technologies. These may include specialized hunting weapons, such as bows and arrows or fishing spears, as well as tools for preparing food, making clothing, and constructing shelters.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-modernization">Impact of modernization</h3>



<p>In the modern world, many hunter-gatherer societies face challenges from encroaching agricultural and industrial societies. Issues include loss of traditional lands, environmental degradation, and cultural assimilation. However, some groups have managed to maintain their traditional lifestyles, often adapting creatively to the changing world.</p>



<p>In summary, hunter-gatherer societies offer a glimpse into a way of life that has been integral to human history. They remind us of the diverse ways humans have adapted to and interacted with their environments. Understanding these societies is crucial, not only for anthropological study but also for appreciating the variety of human cultural and social structures.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://psycnet.apa.org/fulltext/2024-21265-001.html">Developmental Psychology</a>.</p>



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Kids in hunter-gatherer stone age societies had better parenting than modern children

A recent study led by Dr. Nikhil Chaudhary, an evolutionary...

<p>The <a href="https://www.unccd.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification</a> (UNCCD) has issued a warning about the escalating frequency of sand and dust storms (SDS) across various regions of the world, linking at least a quarter of these events to human activities.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The amount of sand and dust entering the atmosphere each year is staggering. It is estimated to be around two billion tons, equivalent to the weight of 350 Great Pyramids of Giza.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This increase in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/atmospheric-dust-has-been-masking-greenhouse-warming/">desert dust</a>, which has doubled in some areas over the last century, significantly impacts various aspects of the environment, climate, health, agriculture, livelihoods, and socioeconomic well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-under-recognized-issue">Under-recognized issue</h2>



<p>The severity of this under-recognized environmental issue was highlighted during a five-day meeting in Samarkand, Uzbekistan, focusing on the global progress in implementing the Convention, which originated at the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro alongside conventions on climate change and biodiversity.</p>



<p>“The sight of rolling dark clouds of sand and dust engulfing everything in their path and turning day into night is one of nature's most intimidating spectacles," said Ibrahim Thiaw, UNCCD's executive secretary.</p>



<p>"It is a costly phenomenon that wreaks havoc everywhere from Northern and Central Asia to sub-Saharan Africa.”</p>



<p>“Sand and dust storms present a formidable challenge to achieving sustainable development. However, just as sand and dust storms are exacerbated by human activities, they can also be reduced through human actions."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unpredictable-and-hazardous-storms">Unpredictable and hazardous storms</h2>



<p>The experts point out that poor land and water management, coupled with droughts and climate change, have intensified sand and dust storms, making them unpredictable and hazardous.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Feras Ziadat, technical officer at the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO) and chair of the UN Coalition on Combating Sand and Dust Storms, elaborated on the far-reaching effects of sand and dust storms.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-far-reaching-impacts">Far-reaching impacts</h2>



<p>“Sand and dust storms have become increasingly frequent and severe having substantial transboundary impacts, affecting various aspects of the environment, climate, health, agriculture, livelihoods and the socioeconomic well-being of individuals. The accumulation of impacts from sand and dust storms can be significant,” said Ziadat.</p>



<p>“In source areas, they damage crops, affect livestock, and strip topsoil. In depositional areas atmospheric dust, especially in combination with local industrial pollution, can cause or worsen human health problems such as respiratory diseases."&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Communications, power generation, transportation, and supply chains can also be disrupted by low visibility and dust-induced mechanical failures. The United Nations Coalition on Combating Sand and Dust Storms, chaired by FAO, was created in 2019 to lead global efforts to address SDS.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significant-burden">Significant burden</h2>



<p>Sand and dust storms are known by various local names like sirocco, haboob, yellow dust, and harmattan, originating typically in drylands and sub-humid areas with sparse vegetation. They can also occur in agricultural and humid regions under specific conditions and often have transboundary impacts.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These storms impose significant economic burdens, as seen in the oil sector in Kuwait and during a single event in Australia in 2009, with damages running into hundreds of millions of dollars.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-major-sources">Major sources</h2>



<p>The major global dust sources are found across North Africa, the Middle East, East Asia, Australia, South America, and Southern Africa. The dried-up Aral Sea alone emits over 100 million tons of dust and salts annually, with far-reaching health and economic impacts.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While these storms can provide some benefits like nutrient deposition on land and water bodies, these are overwhelmingly outweighed by their harmful effects.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-term-impacts">Long-term impacts</h2>



<p>Despite the high recognition of sand and dust storms as a disaster risk in some regions, it is less prominent elsewhere, partly due to the lack of immediate direct human fatalities from individual events.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, the long-term health, economic, and environmental impacts of sand and dust storms require more extensive documentation and research, especially regarding their interaction with air pollution and health outcomes.</p>



<p>The UNCCD's warning highlights the urgent need for global and regional policy responses to mitigate and and dust storms, including source mitigation, early warning systems, and monitoring, emphasizing that the solution to this growing problem lies in human action.</p>



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Sand and dust storms have become more unpredictable and dangerous

The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) has issued...

<p>The James Webb Space Telescope (<a href="https://webb.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JWST</a>), the pinnacle of astronomical observation technology, has once again demonstrated its unparalleled capability. A team of European astronomers, with significant contributions from the Institute of Astronomy at <a href="https://www.kuleuven.be/english/kuleuven" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">KU Leuven</a>, has utilized the Webb Telescope to unlock the secrets of a unique exoplanet, WASP-107b. They have made a discovery that is reshaping our understanding of planetary formation and evolution.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unusual-exoplanet-wasp-107b">Unusual exoplanet WASP-107b</h2>



<p>WASP-107b is no ordinary <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/webb-telescope-finds-water-on-very-hot-exoplanet-named-gj-486-b/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exoplanet</a>. It's a gas giant, similar in mass to Neptune but nearly as large as Jupiter, orbiting a star cooler and less massive than our Sun. </p>



<p>This extraordinary size and low density have earned it the description of being 'fluffy', a quality that has allowed astronomers to probe approximately 50 times deeper into its atmosphere than what is possible with a planet like Jupiter.</p>



<p>The study of WASP-107b's atmosphere has led to several enlightening discoveries. Firstly, it revealed the presence of water vapor, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-clues-about-an-exoplanets-atmosphere-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sulfur dioxide</a>, and silicate clouds. Intriguingly, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/does-exoplanet-k2-18-have-the-right-conditions-to-support-alien-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">methane</a>, a common greenhouse gas, was absent. This absence indicates a potentially warm interior, shedding light on the movement of heat within the planet's atmosphere.</p>



<p>The detection of sulfur dioxide was particularly surprising. Contrary to previous models that predicted its absence, the researchers found that WASP-107b's fluffiness enables the formation of this gas. </p>



<p>The cooler nature of the host star emits fewer high-energy photons, but due to the exoplanet's fluffy nature, these photons can penetrate deep into the atmosphere. This facilitates the chemical reactions to produce sulfur dioxide.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-silicate-sand-clouds-a-novel-discovery">Silicate sand clouds: A novel discovery</h2>



<p>The study also marks the first definitive identification of the chemical composition of high-altitude clouds on an exoplanet. These clouds, made of small silicate particles - the primary constituent of sand - partially obscure the water vapor and sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere. </p>



<p>On Earth, water freezes in lower temperatures, but on gaseous planets like WASP-107b, with temperatures around 500 degrees Celsius, silicate particles can freeze to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jwst-provides-new-insights-into-a-distant-star-and-its-exoplanets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">form clouds</a>.</p>



<p>Dr. Michiel Min, one of the lead authors, explains, "These sand clouds high up in the atmosphere must mean that the sand rain droplets evaporate in deeper, very hot layers and the resulting silicate vapor is efficiently moved back up, where they recondense to form silicate clouds once more."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-milestone-in-exoplanetary-exploration">Milestone in exoplanetary exploration</h2>



<p>Prof. Leen Decin of KU Leuven, the lead author, emphasizes the significance of JWST's MIRI instrument in these revelations, stating, "JWST is revolutionising exoplanet characterisation, providing unprecedented insights at remarkable speed." This research not only unveils the complexities of WASP-107b but also broadens our horizons in understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/webb-telescope-finds-water-on-very-hot-exoplanet-named-gj-486-b/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exoplanetary atmospheres</a>.</p>



<p>The Belgian federal science policy office BELSPO, through the ESA PRODEX programme, has played a crucial role in the design and development of the MIRI instrument. Belgian engineers and scientists, including those from the Centre Spatial de Liege, Thales Alenia Space, and OIP Sensor Systems, have been instrumental in this regard. Additionally, at KU Leuven, instrument scientists rigorously tested the <a href="https://webb.nasa.gov/content/observatory/instruments/miri.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIRI instrument</a> in environments simulating space, contributing significantly to this landmark study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-miri-instrument">The MIRI instrument</h2>



<p>This pioneering research, combining several independent analyses of JWST observations, represents years of dedicated work in building, testing, and calibrating the MIRI instrument. </p>



<p>Dr. Jeroen Bouwman of the <a href="https://www.mpia.de/de" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie</a> aptly sums up the sentiment: "This study...represents the years of work invested not only in building the MIRI instrument but also in the calibration and analysis tools for the observational data acquired with MIRI."</p>



<p>In essence, the study of WASP-107b opens a new chapter in exoplanetary research, demonstrating the immense potential of JWST and providing a glimpse into the rich diversity and complexity of planets beyond our solar system.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-wasp-107b">More about WASP-107b</h2>



<p>As mentioned above, WASP-107b is a fascinating exoplanet discovered in the vast cosmos, presenting a unique case study for astronomers and astrophysicists. </p>



<p>Here, we delve into the intriguing aspects of this distant world. We will briefly explore its characteristics, atmosphere, and the observations that have brought it into the limelight.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-introduction-to-wasp-107b">Introduction to WASP-107b</h3>



<p>WASP-107b is located hundreds of light-years away from Earth, stands out in the exoplanetary catalogue due to its distinctive properties. Discovered in 2017, it orbits a star slightly cooler and less massive than our Sun, known as WASP-107. This exoplanet has attracted the attention of the scientific community owing to its unusual size and density.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-physical-characteristics">Physical characteristics</h3>



<p>WASP-107b challenges our traditional understanding of gas giants. It possesses a mass comparable to Neptune but flaunts a size nearing Jupiter's. </p>



<p>As described previously, this substantial size paired with its relatively low mass renders WASP-107b surprisingly 'fluffy' or low in density. Such a unique composition allows astronomers to study its atmospheric properties with unprecedented detail.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-atmospheric-composition">Atmospheric composition</h2>



<p>The atmosphere of WASP-107b reveals a cocktail of elements and compounds that provide insights into its formation and evolution. </p>



<p>As discussed above, scientists have detected the presence of water vapor, sulfur dioxide, and intriguingly, silicate sand clouds in its atmosphere. These components offer clues to the chemical and physical processes occurring on this distant planet.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-presence-of-water-vapor">Presence of water vapor</h3>



<p>Water vapor in the atmosphere of WASP-107b indicates that water, a crucial ingredient for life as we know it, can exist in various forms on other planets. The detection of water vapor also helps astronomers understand the temperature and pressure conditions within the exoplanet's atmosphere.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sulfur-dioxide-and-its-implications">Sulfur dioxide and its implications</h3>



<p>The discovery of sulfur dioxide in WASP-107b's atmosphere was unexpected. This compound, typically associated with volcanic processes on Earth, suggests dynamic and complex chemical reactions in the exoplanet's atmosphere. It also challenges previous models that did not predict the presence of sulfur dioxide in such environments.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-silicate-sand-clouds-on-wasp-107b">Silicate sand clouds on WASP-107b</h3>



<p>Perhaps the most intriguing aspect of WASP-107b's atmosphere is the presence of silicate sand clouds. These clouds, made of particles similar to sand on Earth, are a rarity in planetary atmospheres. They provide vital information about the atmospheric dynamics and cloud formation processes on gas giants.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-exoplanetary-science">Implications for exoplanetary science</h3>



<p>The study of WASP-107b is a significant step in exoplanetary science. It enhances our understanding of gas giants and pushes the boundaries of what we know about planet formation and evolution. The unique attributes of WASP-107b, such as its fluffy nature and the composition of its atmosphere, offer invaluable insights into the diversity of planets in the universe.</p>



<p>In summary, WASP-107b stands as a testament to the complexity and diversity of planets beyond our solar system. Its study sheds light on the intricate processes that govern exoplanets and paves the way for future explorations. As technology advances, so too will our understanding of these distant worlds, continuing to intrigue and inspire both the scientific community and the public alike.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06849-0">Nature</a>.</p>



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"Fluffy" exoplanet WASP-107b shows potential signs of life

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), the pinnacle of astronomical...

<p>A new study from the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a> reveals that increased intergroup conflict may actually enhance the survival of animal offspring. This discovery challenges the long-standing belief that such conflicts negatively impact <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rhythm-linked-to-reproductive-success-in-male-rock-hyraxes/">reproductive success</a>.</p>



<p>“Groups engaged in more intergroup interactions did not produce more young. Rather, a greater threat from outsiders was associated with a higher survival likelihood of pups once they emerged from the breeding burrow," noted study lead author Dr. Amy Morris-Drake.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-territorial-behavior-nbsp">Territorial behavior&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The research was focused on a decade's worth of life-history data on a wild population of dwarf mongooses. These small carnivores, the smallest in Africa, live in groups of 5-30 individuals and are known for their cooperative breeding and territorial behavior.&nbsp;</p>



<p>A unique aspect of this study is its methodological approach, involving detailed behavioral observations of study groups in South Africa.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The dwarf mongooses were individually marked with blonde hair dye, trained to weigh themselves on a balance scale, and observed closely in their natural, ecologically valid conditions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-insights-nbsp">Key insights&nbsp;</h2>



<p>One of the key behavioral changes noted was an increase in sentinel (raised guarding) behavior when threats from rival groups were perceived.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Increased sentinel behavior is likely an attempt to gather more information about the other group. But sentinels also detect predatory threats and warn groupmates of danger, so vulnerable pups are potentially safer as a consequence," explained study senior author Professor Andy Radford.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heightened-vigilance-nbsp">Heightened vigilance&nbsp;</h2>



<p>This study offers a novel perspective on intergroup conflict, suggesting that the heightened vigilance and behavioral adaptations resulting from these conflicts could indirectly benefit offspring survival.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“We are not suggesting that conflict has a direct positive effect on breeding success. Instead, there could be byproduct benefits of behavioral changes - such as increased vigilance - that result from an increased threat level," said Professor Radford.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Dr. Morris-Drake emphasized the broader implications of their findings: “Our work suggests that if we are to understand the importance of warfare on societies, we must consider threats as well as actual fights. Moreover, we need to investigate not just actions on the battleground but the wider consequences too.”</p>



<p>The study not only provides insights into the complex dynamics of animal societies but also contributes to our understanding of the evolutionary implications of intergroup conflicts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dwarf-mongoose-nbsp">Dwarf mongoose&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The dwarf mongoose (Helogale parvula) is a small African carnivore belonging to the mongoose family (Herpestidae).&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-appearance">Appearance</h3>



<p>Dwarf mongooses are small, typically weighing between 200-350 grams. They have a slender body, a pointed nose, small ears, and a bushy tail. Their fur is usually reddish-brown or greyish-brown.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-structure">Social structure</h3>



<p>They are highly social animals, living in cooperative groups of around 5 to 30 individuals. Group members have specific roles, including breeding pairs and 'babysitters' who help care for the young.</p>



<p>Vocal communication is common, with distinct calls for various purposes, like warning of predators.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-habitat-and-range">Habitat and range</h3>



<p>Dwarf mongooses are commonly found in dry grasslands and savannahs, often near woodlands or rocky outcrops. Their range extends across much of Sub-Saharan Africa.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-and-hunting">Diet and hunting</h3>



<p>Their diet mainly consists of insects, although they also eat small rodents, birds, reptiles, eggs, and fruit. Dwarf mongooses forage in groups during the day, with one or more individuals acting as sentinels to warn of predators.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reproduction-and-lifespan">Reproduction and lifespan</h3>



<p>Typically, only the dominant female in a group breeds, giving birth to litters of 2 to 4 pups. In the wild, they live for about 4 to 6 years, though this can be longer in captivity.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-status">Conservation status</h3>



<p>The main threats to dwarf mongooses include habitat loss and predation by larger mammals and birds of prey. Currently, they are not considered endangered and have a stable population trend.</p>



<p>The research is part of the ongoing Dwarf Mongoose Research Project, which has been studying habituated wild groups since 2011.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study was funded by a European Research Council Consolidator Grant awarded to Professor Radford.</p>



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Conflict boosts offspring survival in dwarf mongooses

A new study from the University of Bristol reveals that...

<p>A new study led by Roberto Lei from the <a href="https://www.unimore.it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia</a> offers new insights into the feeding habits of carnivorous dinosaurs in North America.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The research, conducted on Jurassic rocks of the USA, was specifically focused on bite marks on the bones of giant sauropods like Diplodocus and Brontosaurus, which were primarily left by theropod dinosaurs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dinosaur-bones">Dinosaur bones</h2>



<p>The study transcends the common belief that tyrannosaurs were the main predators leaving marks on dinosaur bones. Instead, it highlights the role of other large carnivores in the Morrison Formation, a geological formation from the Upper Jurassic period approximately 150 million years ago.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Remarkably, the research team discovered 68 sauropod bones from this formation bearing distinct bite traces from theropods.</p>



<p>One of the striking findings is the absence of healing in these bite marks, suggesting that the bites were either inflicted in a lethal attack or were a result of post-mortem scavenging.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wear-patterns">Wear patterns</h2>



<p>The researchers also found similar wear patterns on the teeth of Morrison Formation theropods to those observed in tyrannosaurs, indicating a more frequent involvement in bone-biting than previously thought.</p>



<p>However, attributing these bite marks to specific theropod species, such as Allosaurus or Ceratosaurus, remains challenging due to the presence of multiple potential predators.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance-nbsp">Study significance&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Dr. David Hone of Queen Mary University of London, the study's corresponding author, emphasized the significance of these findings.</p>



<p>"This new work helps us understand the ecological relationships between dinosaurs in the Jurassic and reveals that the habits of the larger carnivores then were closer to that of the tyrannosaurs than previously thought. It’s another important step in reconstructing the behavior of these ancient animals," said Dr. Hone.</p>



<p>The focus on bite and tooth marks has unveiled intriguing aspects of the lives of dinosaurs, shedding light on the interactions among some of the largest animals to have ever existed on Earth.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carnivorous-dinosaurs-nbsp">Carnivorous dinosaurs&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Carnivorous dinosaurs, known scientifically as theropods, were a diverse group of meat-eating dinosaurs that lived during the Mesozoic Era. Here are some key aspects:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diverse-sizes-and-habitats">Diverse sizes and habitats</h3>



<p>Theropods ranged in size from small, bird-like creatures to massive predators like Tyrannosaurus rex. They inhabited various environments across the globe, adapting to different ecological niches.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distinctive-features">Distinctive features</h3>



<p>Most carnivorous dinosaurs were bipedal, meaning they walked on two legs. They typically had strong hind legs, sharp claws, and powerful jaws filled with serrated teeth designed for slicing flesh.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-feeding-and-hunting">Feeding and hunting</h3>



<p>While primarily carnivorous, some theropods may have been omnivores or even scavengers. Their hunting strategies likely varied, with some possibly hunting in packs, while others were solitary predators.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-significance">Evolutionary significance</h3>



<p>Theropods are particularly important in the study of dinosaur evolution, as they are the ancestors of modern birds. The discovery of feathered theropods has been crucial in understanding this evolutionary link.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-famous-examples">Famous examples</h3>



<p>Apart from the well-known T. rex, other famous theropods include Velociraptor, known for its speed and agility, and Spinosaurus, which is believed to have been semi-aquatic.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intelligence-and-behavior">Intelligence and behavior</h3>



<p>Some theropods, like the Troodon, are believed to have been among the most intelligent dinosaurs. Evidence suggests that certain theropods may have had complex social behaviors, although much of this remains speculative.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fossil-discoveries">Fossil discoveries</h3>



<p>Fossilized remains of theropods have been found on every continent, including Antarctica. These fossils range from complete skeletons to isolated bones and footprints, providing valuable insights into their physiology and behavior.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-impact">Cultural impact</h3>



<p>Carnivorous dinosaurs have captured the public imagination in movies, books, and other media. Their fierce reputation and dramatic appearances make them some of the most popular dinosaurs in pop culture.</p>



<p>Theropods offer insights into the prehistoric past, as well as the evolutionary processes that have shaped life on Earth, including the origins of birds.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16327" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>PeerJ Life &amp; Environment</em></a>.&nbsp;</p>



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Jurassic jaws: Predatory secrets of carnivorous dinosaurs

A new study led by Roberto Lei from the Università...

<p>The <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/countdown-health-climate" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">2023 Lancet Countdown on Health and Climate Change Report</a> starkly underscores the grave danger looming over billions worldwide due to delays in vital climate action. With projections leaning towards a 2.7°C increase by 2100, urgent steps are necessary to avert catastrophic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-climate-change-and-biodiversity-loss-are-one-indivisible-global-health-crisis/">health</a> and survival impacts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-growing-hazards-need-climate-action">Growing hazards need climate action</h2>



<p>“Our health stocktake reveals that the growing hazards of climate change are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-climate-change-and-biodiversity-loss-are-one-indivisible-global-health-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">costing lives</a> and livelihoods worldwide today. Projections of a 2°C hotter world reveal a dangerous future, and are a grim reminder that the pace and scale of mitigation efforts seen so far have been woefully inadequate to safeguard people’s health and safety,” said Marina Romanello, Executive Director of the Lancet Countdown at <a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/">University College London</a>. </p>



<p>“With 1,337 tons of carbon dioxide still emitted every second, we aren’t reducing emissions anywhere near fast enough to keep climate hazards within the levels that our health systems can cope with. There is an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/clinical-terminology-fails-to-represent-climate-related-health-impacts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enormous human cost</a> to inaction, and we can’t afford this level of disengagement – we are paying in lives. Every moment we delay makes the path to a liveable future more difficult and adaptation increasingly costly and challenging.” </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-action-needed-for-global-health">Climate action needed for global health</h2>



<p>This eighth installment of the Lancet Countdown, involving 114 experts from 52 institutions, presents 47 indicators, including new metrics, to evaluate the interplay between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/life-under-siege-earths-vital-signs-reach-an-all-time-low/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health and climate change</a>. It urges immediate action ahead of the 28th UN Conference of the Parties (COP).</p>



<p>“There is still room for hope,” Romanello said. “The health focus at COP28 is the opportunity of our lifetime to secure commitments and action. If climate negotiations drive an equitable and rapid phase out of fossil fuels, accelerate mitigation, and support adaptation efforts for health, the ambitions of the Paris Agreement to limit global heating to 1.5 °C are still achievable, and a prosperous healthy future lies within reach."</p>



<p>"Unless such progress materializes, the growing emphasis on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-climate-change-and-biodiversity-loss-are-one-indivisible-global-health-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health within climate change</a> negotiations risks being just empty words, with each fraction of a degree of heating exacerbating the harms felt by billions of people alive today and the generations to come.” </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deteriorating-global-health-landscape-nbsp">Deteriorating global health landscape&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The report, led by University College London and encompassing work from global experts, highlights the escalating health-related losses and damages due to climate inaction. The rise in heat-related deaths and food insecurity, along with the spread of infectious diseases like Vibrio, reflects the deteriorating global health landscape even at the current average heating of 1.14°C.</p>



<p>Healthcare systems are under significant pressure, with many cities reporting concerns about being overwhelmed by climate change impacts. The report also notes substantial economic losses due to extreme weather and labor hours lost to heat exposure, disproportionately affecting low- and middle-income countries.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-crisis-on-top-of-a-crisis">A crisis on top of a crisis</h2>



<p>Dr. Georgiana Gordon-Strachan, Director of the Lancet Countdown Regional Centre for Small Island Developing States, voiced concern: “We’re facing a crisis on top of a crisis. People living in poorer countries, who are often least responsible for greenhouse gas emissions, are bearing the brunt of the health impacts, but are least able to access funding and technical capacity to adapt to the deadly storms, rising seas and crop-withering droughts worsened by global heating."&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Despite this, rich nations have broken their long-standing pledge to deliver the comparatively modest sum of US$100 billion a year to help vulnerable countries cope with climate change, jeopardizing a fair, equitable transition to a healthy future.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-climate-change-projections">New climate change projections</h2>



<p>The report offers new projections, developed with the <a href="https://thecvf.org/">Climate Vulnerability Forum</a> (CVF), outlining the escalating risks if the 1.5°C target is missed. Under a 2°C scenario, heat-related deaths could increase by 370 percent by mid-century, with significant rises in food insecurity and infectious diseases.</p>



<p>Professor Stella Hartinger, Director of the Lancet Countdown Regional Centre for Latin America, stressed the need for primary prevention: “We must go beyond treating the health symptoms of climate change to focus on primary prevention."</p>



<p>"The root causes of climate change must be tackled through rapidly accelerating mitigation across all sectors to ensure the magnitude of health hazards do not breach the capacity of health systems to adapt. Unless governments finally start to act on these warnings, things will get much, much worse.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-zero-carbon-future-nbsp">Zero-carbon future&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Despite the severity of these challenges, the report outlines the transformative health benefits of a zero-carbon future. Professor Ian Hamilton, Lancet Countdown Working Group Lead on Mitigation Actions and Health Co-benefits, highlights the necessity of enabling clean energy transitions, especially in low-income countries, to achieve equitable health outcomes and reduce socioeconomic disparities.</p>



<p>Professor Paul Ekins from Lancet Countdown Working Group Lead on Economics and Finance, criticizes the ongoing investment in fossil fuels, calling for urgent redirection towards renewable energy and public health initiatives.</p>



<p>Ultimately, the report calls for unprecedented global collaboration and action. Professor Anthony Costello, co-chair of the Lancet Countdown, emphasized the need for health-centered climate action and mitigation to enable a thriving future for current and future generations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-catastrophe">Human catastrophe</h2>



<p>“Climate breakdown has begun, and humanity is staring down the barrel of an intolerable future. We are already seeing a human catastrophe unfolding with the health and livelihoods of billions across the world endangered by record-breaking heat, crop-failing droughts, rising levels of hunger, growing infectious disease outbreaks, and deadly storms and floods," said UN Secretary-General António Guterres, in response to the Lancet report.</p>



<p>"There is no excuse for our collective inertia. Only powerful and immediate action will limit global temperature rise to 1.5°C and avert the very worst of climate change. The evidence is unequivocal—a just and equitable transition from fossil fuels to renewables together with a global surge in adaptation investment will save millions of lives and help protect the health of everyone on earth."</p>



<p>The report is published in the journal <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(23)01859-7/fulltext" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>The Lancet</em></a>.</p>



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Scientists: Immediate climate action critical to safeguard billions of lives

The 2023 Lancet Countdown on Health and Climate Change Report...

<p><a href="https://www.worldcampus.psu.edu/?cid=CPC39865&amp;gad_source=1&amp;gclid=CjwKCAiA9dGqBhAqEiwAmRpTC779yz_LkPcWOmDtjUeySNTvS4CgYucjw_q3ZMafLJqD-7Jmhwnz2hoCYnoQAvD_BwE" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Penn State</a> researchers have made a significant discovery regarding the deformed wing virus (DWV) affecting honey bees. The team found that in at least one U.S. forest, the virus may have evolved into a less deadly form. This revelation offers hope for better management and treatment of the virus in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-is-causing-honey-bee-colony-collapse-in-the-u-s/">bee colonies</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-less-virulent-strains-nbsp">Less virulent strains&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study compared deformed wing virus infection rates and severity in wild honey bees from a forest near Ithaca, New York, to those in managed apiaries in New York and Pennsylvania. The findings showed that while infection rates were similar, the virus genotype in wild bees resulted in milder infections than those in managed apiaries.</p>



<p>This suggests that similar to certain variants of human viruses leading to less severe infections, there could also be less virulent strains of DWV circulating among honey bee populations, explained Allyson Ray, a postdoctoral scholar at Vanderbilt University who led the study while she was a graduate student at Penn State.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Learning how different virus genotypes could result in more or less severe infections could help us better understand infection dynamics in managed bee colonies,” said Ray. “If we know certain variants have the potential to cause more harm, that could be helpful for bee care as well as improving our understanding of this virus’s epidemiology.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disease-ecology-theory">Disease ecology theory</h2>



<p>Christina Grozinger, a professor at Penn State and co-author of the study, said the work was an opportunity to examine virus dynamics in different types of bee colonies.</p>



<p>“Most research on honey bee-virus interactions focus on how bees respond to viruses and how we might be able to breed bees to become more resistant to the viruses,” said Professor Grozinger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“However, disease ecology theory predicts that in areas where viruses cannot spread as rapidly to new hosts, the viruses might evolve to be less damaging to their hosts, giving the viruses more time to spread to new hosts. We had a perfect opportunity to test this theory using the wild honey bees found in the Arnot Forest in New York.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-varroa-destructor-mite">Varroa destructor mite</h2>



<p>A major threat to honey bees is the Varroa destructor mite, which spreads the deformed wing virus. The infection causes various deformities in bees, most notably in their wings, which can render them unable to fly. This impairs the bees' ability to forage and contribute to the hive.</p>



<p>The mite's infestation can lead to significant colony damage, often killing bees and wiping out colonies within a few years without human intervention. Wild colonies without human care can be particularly vulnerable, noted the researchers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-arnot-forest">The Arnot Forest</h2>



<p>However, certain wild colonies, like those in the Arnot Forest monitored by Tom Seeley, a co-author of the study, have shown resilience to these threats. The researchers wanted to explore how these colonies managed to recover and bounce back from mite infestation.</p>



<p>“Previous studies found that the honey bees from the Arnot Forest still had mites and were not significantly more resistant to mites than bees from managed populations,” said Ray. “So, we hypothesized that rather than the bees being more resistant to the mites, the virus may have evolved to be less virulent and cause milder infections.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-research-was-conducted-nbsp">How the research was conducted&nbsp;</h2>



<p>To investigate, the researchers collected bees from various locations across the Arnot Forest and in nearby apiaries in New York and in central Pennsylvania. The team analyzed infection rates across the three groups, extracted any virus present in the bees, and sequenced the virus genomes.</p>



<p>The results showed that there was no difference in the amount of virus present among the wild bees, and viral loads were also similar across groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-insights">Critical insights</h2>



<p>Next, the researchers infected bees from two colonies in Pennsylvania with strains of the virus found in the Arnot Forest and the managed apiaries. The results showed that the Arnot Forest virus genotypes led to milder infections and better survival rates.</p>



<p>“At very low doses, we saw survival rates with this virus similar to controls,” said Ray. “This doesn’t make it an absolutely avirulent infection, but it does show that broadly, there are differences in infection based on the viral genotype the bees are infected with.”</p>



<p>The researchers said that in the future, more studies and assessments of the virus within the Arnot Forest could help them better understand the selection pressure that is leading to the virus’s evolution.</p>



<p>The research was supported by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and National Science Foundation.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2023.1965" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences</em></a>.&nbsp;</p>



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Honey bee virus has evolved to become less deadly in a U.S. forest

Penn State researchers have made a significant discovery regarding the...

<p>Microplastic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unprecedented-increase-in-global-ocean-plastic-pollution-since-2005/">pollution</a>, previously observed from oceans to mountain tops, has now been detected in clouds, raising concerns about its potential impact on weather patterns.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Microplastics are tiny plastic fragments, smaller than five millimeters, that originate from commonly used products like clothing, packaging, and car tires. Once released into the environment, they can travel through the air and end up in unexpected places.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microplastics-in-the-sky">Microplastics in the sky</h2>



<p>In a new study published by the <a href="https://www.acs.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Chemical Society</a>, a team of researchers led by Yan Wang has discovered microplastics in cloud samples from Mount Tai in eastern China. Their findings reveal that lower-altitude, denser clouds contain higher amounts of microplastics, consisting of common polymers like polyethylene terephthalate and polypropylene.</p>



<p>"Airborne microplastics (MPs) have the potential to travel a long distance and undergo several cloud processes through atmospheric transport. However, little is known about the interactions between MPs and clouds," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cloud-formation-nbsp">Cloud formation&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The experts found that microplastics, typically smaller than 100 micrometers, can sometimes stretch up to 1,500 micrometers. Notably, the older and rougher microplastics contained additional substances like lead, mercury, and oxygen on their surfaces, which could facilitate cloud development.</p>



<p>Wang and the team used computer models to trace the origins of these microplastics, pointing to inland areas as the primary source, rather than oceans or neighboring mountains.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Laboratory experiments further showed that microplastics exposed to cloud-like conditions, involving ultraviolet light and filtered cloud-sourced water, undergo changes in size and texture.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These modified particles, bearing more lead, mercury, and oxygen-containing groups, suggest that clouds alter microplastics in ways that might influence cloud formation and the distribution of airborne metals.</p>



<p>The researchers emphasize that this is a growing area of study, and more research is needed to understand the full extent of microplastics' effects on clouds and weather. This discovery adds to the growing concern about the pervasive nature of microplastic pollution and its unforeseen impacts on the environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dangers-of-microplastics-nbsp">Dangers of microplastics&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Microplastics pose significant environmental and health risks due to their widespread presence and persistence. Here are some of the key dangers associated with microplastics:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-impact">Wildlife impact</h3>



<p>Microplastics are often ingested by marine and terrestrial animals, mistaking them for food. This can lead to physical harm, digestive blockages, and even death. Additionally, the chemicals in these plastics can be toxic and may accumulate in the food chain, affecting biodiversity and ecosystem health.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-health-risks">Human health risks</h3>



<p>Microplastics can make their way into human food sources, particularly seafood. The long-term health effects of ingesting microplastics are not fully understood, but there is concern about potential toxicity from the chemicals in plastics and the pollutants they can carry.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-persistence">Environmental persistence</h3>



<p>Plastics are highly durable and can persist in the environment for hundreds of years. This long lifespan means that the accumulation of microplastics is a growing problem, with particles continually breaking down into smaller and more widespread forms.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chemical-contamination">Chemical contamination</h3>



<p>Microplastics can absorb and concentrate environmental pollutants like heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants. These toxic substances can then be transferred to organisms that ingest the microplastics, potentially causing various health issues.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-soil-health">Impact on soil health</h3>



<p>Microplastics are not just a marine issue; they are also found in soils. Their presence can affect soil structure, water retention, and microbial communities, ultimately impacting plant growth and soil health.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-airborne-particles">Airborne particles</h3>



<p>Microplastics have been found in the air, raising concerns about inhalation by humans. Breathing in microplastic particles, particularly those small enough to penetrate deep into the lungs, could have health implications, although this area requires more research.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-water-quality">Water quality</h3>



<p>Microplastics can affect the quality of both freshwater and marine ecosystems, leading to changes in water clarity and chemistry. They can also impact wastewater treatment processes.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-interaction">Climate change interaction</h3>



<p>There is ongoing research into how microplastics interact with climate change. For example, their role in cloud formation and potential impact on weather patterns is a subject of current study.</p>



<p>The research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.</p>



<p>The research is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.3c00729" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Environmental Science &amp; Technology Letters</em></a>.</p>



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Microplastics found in clouds may be affecting the weather

Microplastic pollution, previously observed from oceans to mountain tops, has...

<p>Seabirds are found across the world's oceans and have unique adaptations that allow them to survive in these often harsh conditions. However, a recent study has exposed a concerning gap in seabird protection, especially in the vast expanse of the Indian Ocean.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The research highlights the need for ocean-wide protection for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-most-endangered-seabirds-are-also-threatened-by-plastic-pollution/">seabirds</a>, which are increasingly threatened by the impacts of human activities such as plastic pollution, overfishing, and habitat destruction.</p>



<p>The study, conducted by teams from Exeter, Heriot-Watt, and Réunion universities, along with the Zoological Society of London (ZSL), marks a significant step in marine conservation efforts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lack-of-hotspots-nbsp">Lack of hotspots&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Unlike other oceans, which are known to have specific "hotspots" where predators, including seabirds, gather in large numbers to feed, the Indian Ocean lacks such concentrated feeding areas. This lack of hotspots is particularly concerning given the various threats seabirds face due to human activities.</p>



<p>Dr. Alice Trevail, a researcher from the Environment and Sustainability Institute at <a href="https://www.exeter.ac.uk/cornwall/about/penryn-campus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Exeter's Penryn Campus</a>, emphasized the importance of this discovery. </p>



<p>“Efforts are being made to protect key breeding colonies, but until now little was known about where Indian Ocean seabirds go when they’re not breeding,” said Dr. Trevail. “We found that seabirds are extremely mobile outside of breeding times, with no focused hotspots."</p>



<p>This mobility poses a challenge for conservation efforts. The researchers found that even the largest Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in the Indian Ocean provided limited refuge for these birds, with them spending an average of no more than four days per year in any of the five largest MPAs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-international-action-is-needed">International action is needed</h2>



<p>The researchers gathered tracking data on nine seabird species during their non-breeding periods. The data showed that these birds, which primarily feed on small fish, are significantly impacted by human activities like overfishing and pollution.</p>



<p>“As the birds roam widely and spend much of their time outside national waters, we need international action - like the recent High Seas Treaty - to protect them," said Dr. Trevail. “No country can act in isolation to protect these birds.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tropical-marine-ecosystems">Tropical marine ecosystems</h2>



<p>"Tropical marine ecosystems are in urgent need of protection to arrest catastrophic biodiversity loss. Spatial protection of static habitats, such as reefs, seagrass beds, and mangroves, have produced conservation dividends and often include core distributions of resident and breeding species," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"However, it is more challenging to implement a coherent strategy for mobile marine predators, which play a key role in tropical ecosystem function, especially coral reef conservation."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance-nbsp">Study significance&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers noted that tropical seabird communities are currently a fraction of historic sizes, largely due to the impacts of habitat destruction, human exploitation, invasive species, and overfishing. "Land-based interventions at colonies provide hope for halting and reversing tropical seabird population declines."</p>



<p>"Nevertheless, threats at sea are more challenging to resolve. This is particularly the case during non-breeding, which can represent &gt;50% of the annual cycle and is when migratory species may cross ocean basins and international boundaries, potentially being exposed to anthropogenic impacts on the high seas and risking high mortality rates," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>"It is imperative, therefore, that we gain better knowledge of the migratory range of tropical seabirds and factors driving their at-sea distributions."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seabird-protection">Seabird protection </h2>



<p>Seabird conservation is a critical aspect of preserving marine ecosystems, as seabirds are important indicators of ocean health and play vital roles in these environments. However, seabird populations worldwide face numerous threats, leading to declining numbers in many species.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-threats-nbsp">Key threats&nbsp;</h3>



<ul>
<li>Overfishing: Reduces the availability of food for seabirds, affecting their ability to survive and reproduce.</li>



<li>Climate change: Alters oceanic conditions, impacting seabird food sources and breeding habitats.</li>



<li>Pollution: Oil spills, plastic waste, and chemicals in the oceans can be lethal to seabirds.</li>



<li>Invasive species: Introduced predators on breeding islands, such as rats and cats, can decimate seabird colonies.</li>



<li>Human disturbance: Direct disturbance at breeding sites and accidental bycatch in fishing gear also pose significant threats.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-strategies">Conservation strategies</h3>



<ul>
<li>Marine Protected Areas (MPAs): Establishing and enforcing MPAs can provide safe havens for seabirds by conserving their feeding and breeding grounds.</li>



<li>Sustainable fisheries: Implementing sustainable fishing practices helps ensure adequate fish stocks for seabirds.</li>



<li>Eradication of invasive species: Removing invasive predators from important seabird breeding islands has been highly successful in some areas.</li>



<li>Pollution control: Efforts to reduce pollution, including oil spills and plastic waste, are crucial.</li>



<li>Climate change mitigation: Addressing the broader issue of climate change is vital for protecting seabird habitats.</li>



<li>Research and monitoring: Ongoing research and monitoring are necessary to understand seabird ecology and the effectiveness of conservation measures.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-and-opportunities">Challenges and opportunities</h3>



<p>Despite the challenges, there have been successful conservation stories, such as the recovery of specific seabird species following invasive predator eradication and the establishment of large-scale MPAs. Continued effort and global cooperation remain key to the effective conservation of seabirds.</p>



<p>The study was funded by the Bertarelli Foundation. The findings are published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.10.060" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Current Biology</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Seabirds need ocean-wide protection to survive human impacts

Seabirds are found across the world's oceans and have unique...

Breathing,Toxic,Pollutants,Inside,The,Human,Body,And,Inhaling,Pollution

<p>Climate change, a phenomenon primarily driven by human-induced greenhouse gases, has been a topic of intense study and discussion. However, certain aspects of this complex issue, such as the behavior of minuscule particles formed from air molecules, remain shrouded in mystery. </p>



<p>Dominik Stolzenburg from the Institute of Materials Chemistry at <a href="https://www.tuwien.at/en/tch/imc" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">TU Wien</a> sheds light on these lesser-known elements of climate change. This exploration aims to enhance the precision of future climate models.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-air-particles-invisible-climate-architects">Air particles: Invisible climate architects</h2>



<p>Stolzenburg draws attention to the unnoticed influencers of climate: tiny air <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aerosol-particles-contribute-to-rapid-warming-in-the-arctic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">particles</a> formed from volatile organic substances. </p>



<p>"You know this from a walk in the woods: you take a deep breath and it smells really nice like a forest," he explains. </p>



<p>Fragrances, emitted from trees, are not greenhouse gases but play a crucial role in climate dynamics. They oxidize in the air, leading to reaction products that clump together. </p>



<p>These eventually form clusters 100 to 200 nanometers in diameter. Though invisible to the naked eye, these particles significantly impact water vapor.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cloud-connection">The cloud connection</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-aerosol-emissions-directly-linked-to-stronger-hurricanes-in-the-atlantic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aerosols</a>, once airborne, become pivotal in cloud formation. Water molecules adhere to these particles, creating a condensation nucleus. This is essential for fog or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-aerosols-impact-the-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cloud development</a>. </p>



<p>Stolzenburg reveals an intriguing aspect. He says, "It can be shown that high concentrations of these aerosols make clouds denser and whiter than they would otherwise be, and that they take longer to dissipate." </p>



<p>This denser cloud cover reflects more sunlight, potentially cooling the Earth. If these effects are stronger than current models predict, it suggests that the warming impact of CO2 is even more substantial. This is because the CO2 impact is partially masked by increased cloud density from human-made particles.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-aerosol-particles">Significance of aerosol particles</h2>



<p>The review article delves into the growth dynamics of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/airborne-pollutants-amplify-the-effects-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aerosol particles</a>. Their small size and mobility mean they often collide with larger particles, like pollen or soot, disappearing from the atmospheric stage as potential condensation nuclei.</p>



<p>"Only the fastest growing particles are relevant for the climate," Stolzenburg notes. Research indicates that organic molecules are critical for these particles' growth over land, while iodine-related substances or sulfate compounds are vital over oceans. These elements, however, are often overlooked in global models.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenge-of-reliable-modeling">Challenge of reliable modeling</h2>



<p>Despite significant advances in measurement technology, accurately modeling the complexity of aerosol growth remains a challenge. Stolzenburg emphasizes the need for more reliable models to understand the human-induced masking of climate change. </p>



<p>"We want to understand exactly which substances interact with each other and in what way, and what processes need to be included in our models to make them better," he states.</p>



<p>Dominik Stolzenburg's work highlights a critical, yet often overlooked, aspect of climate change: the role of tiny, human-made particles in cloud formation and, consequently, climate regulation. </p>



<p>As the scientific community strives to unravel the complexities of these processes, this research paves the way for more accurate climate models, offering deeper insights into the intricate mechanisms driving our changing climate.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the <a href="https://journals.aps.org/rmp/abstract/10.1103/RevModPhys.95.045002" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Review of Modern Physics</a>.</p>



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Tiny air particles play an outsized role in climate change

Climate change, a phenomenon primarily driven by human-induced greenhouse gases,...

Arctic,Fox,In,The,Rays,Of,The,Autumn,Sun

<p>A new modeling study led by researchers at <a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University College London</a> (UCL) has revealed a concerning connection between rapid warming in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ice-free-arctic-summers-could-be-the-new-normal-by-2030/">Arctic</a> and the acceleration of global temperature increases.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to the study, accelerated warming in the Arctic is set to speed up the global 2°C temperature rise by eight years compared to the scenario where the Arctic warms at the average global rate.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-temperature-thresholds">Temperature thresholds</h2>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-arctic-dipole-the-atmospheric-pattern-shaping-our-future-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arctic region</a> is heating up nearly four times faster than the global average. The new study sheds light on the global ramifications of this phenomenon, particularly regarding the temperature thresholds established in the Paris Agreement.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These thresholds, set at 1.5°C and 2°C, are critical markers in the global effort to manage climate change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers set out to investigate by creating alternative climate change projections. The hypothetical models excluded the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ice-free-arctic-summers-could-be-the-new-normal-by-2030/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rapid warming</a> currently observed in the Arctic.&nbsp;</p>



<p>By comparing these projections with those based on current trends, the team could assess the impact of Arctic warming on global temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rate-of-arctic-warming-is-a-concern">Rate of Arctic warming is a concern</h2>



<p>The results showed that without the Arctic's rapid warming, the 1.5°C and 2°C thresholds would be breached five and eight years later than the projected dates of 2031 and 2051, respectively.</p>



<p>An additional concern raised by the study is the concept of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-amplification-is-destabilizing-the-delicate-balance-of-the-ecosystem/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arctic amplification</a>, which refers to the disproportionately fast warming of the Arctic region. This not only accelerates global temperature rise but also introduces significant uncertainty into climate projections.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The researchers noted that the variability in model forecasts for the Arctic is considerably larger than for other regions of the planet, complicating efforts to predict and prepare for future climate scenarios.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-uncertainty-in-climate-forecasts-nbsp">Uncertainty in climate forecasts&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“Our study highlights the global importance of rapid Arctic warming by quantifying its large impact on when we are likely to breach critical climate thresholds. Arctic warming also adds substantial uncertainty to climate forecasts," said study lead author and PhD candidate Alistair Duffey.</p>



<p>“These findings underscore the need for more extensive monitoring of temperatures in the region, both in-situ and via satellites, and for a better understanding of the processes occurring there, which can be used to improve forecasts of global temperature rise.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-direct-contribution-of-arctic-warming">Direct contribution of Arctic warming</h2>



<p>The researchers did not quantify the ways in which Arctic warming affects the rest of the world, such as through <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-arctic-glaciers-are-releasing-a-new-source-of-potent-methane-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea ice retreat</a>. Instead, the goal was to estimate the direct contribution of Arctic warming to global temperature increases.</p>



<p>“While our study focuses on how Arctic warming affects global temperature change, the local impacts should not be overlooked. A 2C temperature rise globally would result in a 4C annual mean rise in the Arctic, and a 7C rise in winter, with profound consequences for local people and ecosystems," said study co-author Professor Julienne Stroeve.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“In addition, rapid warming in the Arctic has global consequences that we do not account for in this study, including sea level rise and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/time-traveling-pathogens-exposing-the-dangers-of-melting-permafrost/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">thawing of permafrost</a> which leads to more carbon being released into the air.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-arctic-warming-through-amplification">Arctic warming through amplification&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Arctic amplification, which is most intense during winter, arises from various factors including the retreat of sea ice. This retreat leads to more sunlight and heat being absorbed by water, rather than being reflected back into space.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Additionally, the less vertical mixing of air at the poles compared to the tropics traps warmer air near the Earth's surface.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-research-was-conducted-nbsp">How the research was conducted&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study utilized 40 climate models from the UN's 2021 climate change report. These models use a three-dimensional grid to simulate physical processes across the Earth's surface.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The researchers modified these models to create a hypothetical scenario where rapid Arctic warming was absent. They adjusted the temperature change rate in areas north of 66° North to match the rest of the planet, examining how this alteration would affect temperature projections under various emissions scenarios.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-insights-nbsp">Critical insights&nbsp;</h2>



<p>In scenarios where emissions are significantly reduced and net zero is achieved shortly after 2050, the study found that Arctic amplification could lead to a seven-year difference in reaching the 1.5°C increase threshold.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Notably, temperature projections for the Arctic showed greater variability across models compared to other regions, contributing 15 percent to the uncertainty in global projections, despite the Arctic's relatively small surface area.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-paris-agreement-nbsp">The Paris Agreement&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study underscores the significance of the 1.5°C and 2°C limits set by international agreements, such as the Paris Agreement. These limits are defined as the average global temperatures over a 20-year period being 1.5°C or 2°C higher than pre-industrial levels.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The Paris Agreement aims to keep global temperature rise "well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels" and pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unfolding-crisis-nbsp">Unfolding crisis&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The Arctic region has warmed by approximately 2.7°C since pre-industrial times, with this warming accelerating in the 21st century. The study's findings are critical in understanding and addressing global climate change.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Dr. Robbie Mallett noted that Arctic climate change is often overlooked by politicians because most of the region is outside national boundaries. "Our study shows how much the Arctic impacts global targets like the Paris Agreement, and hopefully draws attention to the crisis that’s already unfolding in the region.”</p>



<p>This research was supported by the Natural Environment Research Council (<a href="https://www.ukri.org/councils/nerc/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NERC</a>), the European Space Agency (<a href="https://www.esa.int" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>), and the Canada 150 Research Chairs Program.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://esd.copernicus.org/articles/14/1165/2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth System Dynamics</a></em>.&nbsp;</p>



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Arctic warming could speed up global 2°C temperature rise by eight years

A new modeling study led by researchers at University College...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic pollution.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-threat-in-urban-air"><strong>Invisible threat in urban air</strong></h2>



<p>City dwellers face an unseen danger with every breath. New findings from Emory University researchers suggest that fine particulate matter from <a href="http://earth.com/news/traffic-related-air-pollution-might-increase-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vehicle emissions may significantly elevate the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease</a>. The study examined brain tissue samples from 224 individuals who had confirmed diagnoses and volunteered their brains for scientific research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disturbing-connections-emerge"><strong>Disturbing connections emerge</strong></h2>



<p>Scientists analyzed neuritic plaques — protein clusters that characterize Alzheimer's — while mapping each participant's exposure to PM2.5 particles based on residential location and surrounding traffic density. The correlation proved more alarming than anticipated. Individuals experiencing higher pollution exposure showed nearly double the likelihood of elevated plaque accumulation in brain tissue.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-matters"><strong>Timing matters</strong></h2>



<p>The research team discovered that pollution exposure during the final year before death demonstrated the strongest association with brain changes. This timeline suggests relatively rapid impacts from environmental toxins on neural health. The connection remained robust even after accounting for various demographic and health factors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-vulnerability-patterns"><strong>Genetic vulnerability patterns</strong></h2>



<p>Perhaps most concerning, people lacking the APOE gene—which naturally predisposes individuals to Alzheimer's — exhibited more than twice the susceptibility to pollution-related brain damage. Study author Dr. Anke Huels noted this indicates environmental elements like air contamination could trigger the disease in cases where hereditary factors don't explain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-implications"><strong>Public health implications</strong></h2>



<p>These findings, published in <em><a href="https://www.neurology.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurology</a></em>, underscore the critical importance of air quality regulations in urban planning. The research suggests that implementing stricter emission controls and promoting alternative transportation could serve as powerful tools in Alzheimer's prevention.</p>



<p>As cities worldwide grapple with growing traffic congestion and aging populations, this study highlights an urgent need for comprehensive approaches to environmental health that protect both our lungs and our minds.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Traffic fumes may trigger Alzheimer's

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



<p>Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



<p>The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



<p>At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.</p>



<p>"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



<p>The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.</p>



<p>The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-earth-became-a-frozen-wasteland">When Earth became a frozen wasteland</h2>



<p>Imagine Earth as a giant snowball, frozen solid from the North Pole to the equator. This wasn't the plot of a science fiction movie – it was our planet's reality 700 million years ago during an extreme ice age that has puzzled scientists for decades.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-discovery">The discovery</h2>



<p>Australian researchers from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> have finally cracked one of geology's greatest mysteries: what caused the Sturtian glaciation and why it persisted for an unprecedented 57 million years. This period occurred long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth, when no complex plants or multicellular animals existed.</p>



<p>Dr. Adriana Dutkiewicz, the study's lead author, describes a world completely unlike today's climate. "Imagine the Earth almost completely frozen over," she explained. "The planet was blanketed in ice from poles to equator, and temperatures plunged."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-combination-of-climate-factors">The combination of climate factors</h2>



<p>The research team discovered that this massive freeze resulted from a "double whammy" of geological events. First, plate tectonic activity reduced volcanic carbon dioxide emissions to historically low levels. Volcanic activity typically releases CO2 into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm.</p>



<p>Simultaneously, weathering of volcanic rocks in what is now Canada actively absorbed atmospheric CO2, further reducing greenhouse gas concentrations. When atmospheric carbon dioxide levels dropped below 200 parts per million – less than half of today's levels – glaciation engulfed the entire planet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-climate-implications">Modern climate implications</h2>



<p>Published in the journal <em><a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geology</a></em>, this research provides crucial insights into Earth's climate system. While geological climate changes occur over millions of years, the study emphasizes that human-induced climate change is happening at a pace ten times faster than previously observed natural changes, highlighting the urgent need to understand our planet's delicate climate balance.</p>



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What caused the planet's longest ice age

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY 57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



<p>Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



<p>The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.</p>



<p>The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



<p>This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.</p>



<p>The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.</p>



<p>The full study was recently published in <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



<p>Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



<p>A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.</p>



<p>Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.</p>



<p>Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents".  In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively.   MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.</p>



<p>MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization.  The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



<p>Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.</p>



<p>Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



<p>The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.</p>



<p>A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



<p>Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.</p>



<p>This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



<p>The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.</p>



<p>PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



<p>AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.</p>



<p>In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



<p>The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.</p>



<p>As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.</p>



<p>The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.</p>



<p>For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.</p>



<p>The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.</p>



<p id="block-9bd989d6-2fd3-4580-957f-6cacce134f08">-----</p>



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<p id="block-1f9a227a-ec37-4140-81b8-ffa4a7cc6689">-----</p>



<p>MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a></p>



<p>Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a></p>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



<p>The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



<p>Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.</p>



<p>The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



<p>The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



<p>While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



<p>As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



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Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVywlgRJXsc
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Some children read facial expressions when making food choices.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-other-people-s-reactions-influence-children-s-eating-habits">Other people's reactions influence children's eating habits</h2>



<p>Many children are finicky eaters, but research explains how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-learned-why-so-many-kids-dislike-vegetables/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">watching others eat and social modeling</a> influence the eating habits of children.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Study Methodology Demonstrates Social Learning Impact</h2>



<p>Researchers at <a href="https://www.aston.ac.uk/hls/school-of-psychology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aston University School of Psychology</a> have published findings in Frontiers in Psychology that illuminate the neurobiological foundations of food preference development through observational learning. The investigation employed controlled video stimuli featuring adults consuming raw broccoli while displaying systematically varied facial expressions to measure participant responses.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Asymmetrical Response Patterns Identified</h2>



<p>The research, conducted with 204 female participants, revealed a pronounced asymmetry in social modeling effects. Negative facial expressions during vegetable consumption significantly diminished observer food preference ratings, while positive expressions failed to produce corresponding increases in vegetable appeal. This finding challenges conventional assumptions about the bidirectional nature of social influence in dietary behavior formation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Evolutionary Psychology Framework Applied</h2>



<p>Dr. Katie Edwards and her research team propose that these results reflect adaptive mechanisms developed through evolutionary processes. The heightened sensitivity to disgust expressions likely functions as a protective system, enabling individuals to identify potentially harmful foods through social cues without direct risk exposure.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Clinical and Educational Implications</h2>



<p>These findings carry substantial implications for pediatric nutrition interventions and family meal dynamics. The research suggests that parental expressions of distaste during vegetable consumption may inadvertently reinforce children's existing food aversions through unconscious social transmission pathways.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Future Research Directions</h2>



<p>The study establishes a foundation for expanded investigation into real-time social modeling effects and cross-demographic applicability. Researchers emphasize the necessity for longitudinal studies examining actual consumption behaviors rather than preference ratings alone, particularly within family contexts where social learning occurs most frequently.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>



<p></p>

Social modeling affects our food choices

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVywlgRJXsc Some children read facial expressions when making food choices....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JynHpMaNO8A
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Chaotic cancer protein finally controlled after decades of mystery</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cancer-causing-protein-bound-and-blocked">Cancer-causing protein bound and blocked</h2>



<p>In a discovery that can one day revolutionize cancer treatment, researchers at the <a href="https://www.ucr.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Riverside</a> have successfully developed a means of controlling MYC, a notoriously slippery protein that causes approximately <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chaotic-protein-that-fuels-75-of-cancers-can-be-controlled/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">75% of all cancers in humans</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-makes-myc-different">What makes MYC different</h2>



<p>MYC presents a unique challenge when studying cancer. Normally, this protein plays a vital role in healthy cells. It carefully controls transcription - the process that converts genetic information from DNA and RNA into proteins.</p>



<p>However, cancer changes everything. In cancer cells, MYC becomes a destructive force. It operates in overdrive mode with no regulation whatsoever.</p>



<p>Professor Min Xue, who led the research team, explains it simply: "MYC is less like food for cancer cells and more like a steroid. It drives cancer's aggressive growth." This superactive behavior makes MYC involved in three out of every four cancer cases.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-myc-is-hard-to-target">Why MYC is hard to target</h2>



<p>Despite its clear role in cancer, targeting MYC has been one of medicine's biggest challenges. The main problem lies in MYC's unusual structure - or rather, its complete lack of structure.</p>



<p>Professor Xue describes the protein as "basically a glob of randomness." This means conventional drug discovery methods don't work. These traditional approaches rely on sharply defined protein structures. MYC simply doesn't have one.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">A New Approach to Fighting MYC</h2>



<p>The UCR research team developed a clever solution. They designed a special peptide molecule that could selectively bind to MYC. More importantly, this peptide could block MYC's destructive activity.</p>



<p>The key was fine-tuning two specific features: the peptide's stiffness and its shape. Through careful adjustments, researchers achieved something remarkable. They reached "sub-micro-molar affinity" - meaning their peptide binds as strongly as antibodies do.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-results">Breakthrough results</h2>



<p>This accomplishment represents a major leap beyond previous attempts. The researchers enhanced their peptide's binding strength by two orders of magnitude. This dramatic improvement brings the work significantly closer to practical drug development goals.</p>



<p>The research opens new possibilities for treating the vast majority of cancers where MYC plays a destructive role.</p>



<p>The researchers are presently optimizing peptide-delivery systems based on lipid nanoparticles that deliver the peptide effectively into cancer cells. The<a href="https://www.nih.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> National Institutes of Health</a> and the <a href="https://www.defense.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Department of Defense</a> funded the study, which appeared in the Journal of the <a href="https://www.acs.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Chemical Society</a>.<br>This research offers renewed hope against cancer, and it can potentially open a door to more effective cancer therapies for most cancer patients worldwide.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

The protein that fuels 3 out of 4 cancers has been controlled

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JynHpMaNO8A Chaotic cancer protein finally controlled after decades of mystery...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



<p>On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.</p>



<p>This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.</p>



<p>Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.</p>



<p>The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators.  Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas.  These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.</p>



<p>Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



<p>Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.</p>



<p>Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



<p>385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.</p>



<p>The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.</p>



<p>Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



<p>The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."</p>



<p>This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a></em> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.</p>



<p>Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet <em>Archaeopteris</em>: the first modern tree</h2>



<p>The star of this ancient forest is <em>Archaeopteris</em> – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur <em>Archaeopteryx</em>. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.</p>



<p>William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.</p>



<p>Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



<p>These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.</p>



<p>This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



<p>The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified <em>Eospermatopteris</em>, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.</p>



<p>All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



<p>Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.</p>



<p>Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."</p>



<p>The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



<p>In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.</p>



<p>Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



<p>Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.</p>



<p>Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.</p>



<p>These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.</p>



<p>The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em>Current Biology</em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Veg4HmmRVZY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Our bodies hits two 'aging cliffs' at these ages.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-map-exact-ages-when-your-body-rapidly-ages">Scientists Map Exact Ages When Your Body Rapidly Ages</h2>



<p>Scientists have <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-bodies-begin-breaking-down-two-very-precise-ages/#google_vignette">discovered that aging</a> isn't the gradual, steady process many assume it to be. Instead, researchers from Stanford Medicine have found that our bodies undergo dramatic molecular changes at two specific ages: 44 and 60. This research, published in Nature Aging, reveals that aging happens in sudden bursts rather than smooth transitions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-waves-of-rapid-aging">Two waves of rapid aging</h2>



<p>The Stanford study tracked over 135,000 different molecules and microbes in 108 participants aged 25 to 75 over several years. Results showed that 81% of all molecules studied exhibited non-linear changes, meaning they shifted dramatically at certain ages rather than changing gradually over time.</p>



<p>Michael Snyder, chair of genetics at Stanford School of Medicine and the study's senior author, noted significant findings. "We're not just changing gradually over time; there are some really dramatic changes. It turns out the mid-40s is a time of dramatic change, as is the early 60s. And that's true no matter what class of molecules you look at."</p>



<p>The first wave of changes occurs around age 44, affecting molecules related to alcohol metabolism, caffeine processing, lipid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/age-related-changes-in-metabolism-dont-match-our-expectations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">metabolism</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heart-disease-remains-the-leading-cause-of-death-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular disease</a>, and skin and muscle function. The second wave hits around age 60, involving changes in carbohydrate metabolism, immune regulation, kidney function, and again cardiovascular and muscle health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-during-these-aging-bursts">What happens during these aging bursts</h2>



<p>During the mid-40s transformation, researchers observed significant changes in how the body processes alcohol and fats. This period often coincides with increased stress levels in many people's lives, potentially contributing to lifestyle factors that accelerate these molecular shifts.</p>



<p>"It's possible some of these changes could be tied to lifestyle or behavioral factors that cluster at these age groups, rather than being driven by biological factors," Snyder explained. For instance, alcohol metabolism dysfunction might result from increased consumption during the typically stressful mid-40s period.</p>



<p>The changes at age 60 are perhaps less surprising, as this is when many age-related diseases begin to manifest more prominently. The molecular shifts affect immune function and kidney health, both critical for maintaining overall wellness as we enter our senior years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-latest-research-confirms-aging-patterns">Latest research confirms aging patterns</h2>



<p>Recent 2025 studies have validated these findings. Research examining tissue samples from 76 people found similar aging patterns, noting an "inflection point" between ages 45 and 55.</p>



<p>Scientists discovered that blood vessels, particularly the aorta, age fastest among all body tissues. This vascular aging may drive aging in other body parts, highlighting cardiovascular health's central role in the aging process.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cellular-changes-and-microbiome-shifts">Cellular changes and microbiome shifts</h2>



<p>The Stanford research revealed that these aging bursts affect our microbiome – the trillions of bacteria, viruses, and fungi living in and on our bodies. These microbial communities undergo substantial shifts during both aging periods, potentially affecting everything from digestion to immune function.</p>



<p>Additionally, researchers found that protein production and gene expression begin to fall out of sync as we age. This breakdown in cellular communication becomes especially pronounced during the two aging waves, contributing to the accumulation of damaged proteins associated with diseases such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alzheimers-may-not-be-brain-disorder-important-data-was-fabricated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer's</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-implications-and-longevity-considerations">Health implications and longevity considerations</h2>



<p>Understanding these aging patterns has important implications for healthcare strategies. Research suggests that people should pay particular attention to their health during their 40s and 60s, when these dramatic molecular changes occur.</p>



<p>Snyder emphasized the importance of proactive health measures. "I'm a big believer that we should try to adjust our lifestyles while we're still healthy," he noted. This might include increasing exercise to protect heart health and maintain muscle mass, or reducing alcohol consumption in the 40s as the body's ability to metabolize it declines.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-approaches-to-anti-aging-treatment">New approaches to anti-aging treatment</h2>



<p>Aging research has seen notable advances in 2025. Harvard Medical School scientists developed chemical cocktails that reverse cellular aging without genetic modification. These six combinations restored aged cells to youthfulness in under a week, offering safer alternatives to gene therapy.</p>



<p>Researchers identified new biomarkers like "InflammAge," a saliva-based test measuring chronic inflammation associated with aging. This non-invasive approach could change how we monitor aging and intervention.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions-in-aging-research">Future directions in aging research</h2>



<p>Emerging technologies including artificial intelligence, cellular reprogramming, and senolytic therapies, are opening new possibilities for extending healthspan. Companies develop treatments targeting aging's fundamental mechanisms rather than just managing age-related diseases.</p>



<p>The Stanford findings provide a roadmap for implementing preventive measures. Rather than waiting for symptoms, people can prepare for and potentially mitigate these predictable aging waves.</p>



<p>As aging understanding evolves, one thing becomes clear: aging isn't inevitable decline, but specific biological events we may learn to prevent or reverse. The key is recognizing when these transitions occur and taking proactive health steps during vulnerable periods.</p>



<p>The study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/nataging" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Aging</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Scientists discover we age in bursts

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Veg4HmmRVZY Our bodies hits two 'aging cliffs' at these ages....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlF0XKzHY4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The hidden science behind tickling.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-discover-the-brain-s-tickling-command-center">Scientists discover the brain's 'tickling command center'</h2>



<p>Researchers have finally solved one of humanity's most enduring mysteries: why we can't <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/after-centuries-of-debate-we-still-dont-know-how-tickling-works/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tickle</a> ourselves and what makes some people incredibly ticklish while others barely react? Recent scientific discoveries are revolutionizing our understanding of this peculiar human behavior.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-discovery-in-the-brain">Breakthrough discovery in the brain</h2>



<p>In 2023, Dr. Michael Brecht's team at <a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humboldt University</a>-<a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Berlin</a> made a major discovery published in the <a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(22)01991-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">journal <em>Neuron</em></a>. They identified the brain's actual "tickling command center" – specific neurons in a region called the periaqueductal gray that control both tickling responses and play behavior.</p>



<p>When researchers used cutting-edge optogenetic technology to shut down these neurons in laboratory rats, something remarkable happened. The animals completely lost their ability to be tickled or engage in playful behavior.</p>



<p>"We found that global blockade of the rat periaqueductal gray with either muscimol or lidocaine interfered with ticklishness and play," the research team reported in their study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-types-of-tickling-revealed">Two types of tickling revealed</h2>



<p>What we call "tickling" is two completely different phenomena, according to the latest research. Light tickling – that feathery sensation that makes you want to scratch – is essentially your body's sophisticated bug detection system. This alerts you to potential insects or parasites on your skin.</p>



<p>Deep tickling – the kind that makes you laugh uncontrollably – involves complex brain circuits and is fundamentally social. You literally cannot tickle yourself with this type of stimulation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-self-tickling-is-impossible">Why self-tickling is impossible</h2>



<p>Your cerebellum acts like a prediction machine, recent findings show. When you move your own hand to touch yourself, your brain generates precise predictions about what you will feel and then cancels out the tickling sensation through neural inhibition.</p>



<p>When someone else tickles you, your brain can't predict their movements, so the full tickling response activates. It's like your brain's way of distinguishing between self and others.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-individual-differences-explained">Individual differences explained</h2>



<p>Individual differences in ticklishness depend on genetics, psychology, and even trust. Dr. Xinzhong Dong at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Johns Hopkins University</a> notes that people with denser nerve endings tend to be more sensitive.</p>



<p>Psychological factors matter just as much. You respond more strongly when tickled by people you trust, and anxiety completely shuts down tickling responses. This explains why the same physical stimulus can produce completely different reactions depending on who's doing the tickling.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-controlling-your-ticklishness">Controlling your ticklishness</h2>



<p>Science offers answers for controlling your ticklishness. You can reduce tickling sensitivity through systematic desensitization – gradual exposure in controlled settings.</p>



<p>Dr. Konstantina Kilteni's 2025 research, published in <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adt0350" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em>, reveals another technique: place your hand on the tickler's hand. This allows your brain to partially predict the sensations, reducing the tickling response by up to 90 percent.</p>



<p>"Your brain is essentially learning to override its own reflexes," Kilteni explained in her review of tickling research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-purpose-discovered">Evolutionary purpose discovered</h2>



<p>From an evolutionary perspective, tickling serves vital functions according to <a href="https://www.umd.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Maryland</a> researcher Dr. Robert Provine's extensive studies. It trains our defense reflexes for vulnerable body areas and facilitates social bonding between family members.</p>



<p>Tickling-induced laughter is actually one of the first forms of communication between infants and caregivers. "Tickle involves a neurological self/nonself discrimination, providing the most primitive social scenario," Provine noted in his research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clinical-applications-emerge">Clinical applications emerge</h2>



<p>Research shows people with autism spectrum disorder perceive touches as more ticklish than people without the condition. Investigating this difference could provide insight into brain differences and help advance autism research.</p>



<p>People with schizophrenia tend to experience self-touches similarly to external tickles, allowing them to essentially tickle themselves. This suggests altered sensory prediction mechanisms in the condition.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animal-research-reveals-universal-nature">Animal research reveals universal nature</h2>



<p>Scientists have discovered that many species beyond humans are ticklish. Rats emit ultrasonic "laughs" when tickled, while chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans all respond to tickling stimulation.</p>



<p>This widespread occurrence across species suggests that tickling serves fundamental biological and social functions that evolved long before humans developed complex language and culture.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



<p>Dr. Kilteni argues that tickling research deserves more scientific attention. "It is a complex interplay of motor, social, neurological, developmental, and evolutionary aspects," she stated in her recent review.</p>



<p>New haptic technologies and advanced research methodologies now permit scientists to investigate tickle sensation with unprecedented precision. Standardized experimental methods using mechanical tickling devices ensure consistent results across studies.</p>



<p>Recent findings published in <em>Science Advances</em> show that tickling research is opening new doors in neuroscience, potentially leading to a better understanding of social behavior, sensory processing, and neurological conditions.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Scientists solve the mystery of tickling

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlF0XKzHY4 The hidden science behind tickling. Scientists discover the brain's...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elr4948_uOU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Dr. Ronald Mallett from the University of Connecticut reveals secret mission to create working time travel device.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-could-an-equation-truly-bend-time-a-physicist-s-decades-long-quest-to-rewrite-reality">Could an equation truly bend time? A physicist's decades-long quest to rewrite reality</h2>



<p>Imagine the impossible: stepping back through time in a time machine, not in fantasy, but through a scientific endeavor driven by profound personal loss. For <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astrophysicist-says-hes-cracked-the-equation-for-time-travel/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Ronald Mallett</a>, a distinguished astrophysicist and professor emeritus at the <a href="https://uconn.edu/">University of Connecticut</a>, this deeply human longing has fueled a lifelong mission. He claims to have discovered the equation that could unlock temporal displacement, pushing boundaries once deemed purely science fiction.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-profound-grief-that-forged-a-vision">A profound grief that forged a vision</h2>



<p>Mallett's extraordinary pursuit began with devastating tragedy in 1955. At merely 10 years old, he endured his father Boyd's sudden death—a television repairman whose passion for science had ignited a similar spark in his young son. Boyd Mallett, only 33, succumbed to a heart attack, leaving behind a grief-stricken child searching for solace.</p>



<p>That solace came through H.G. Wells' <em>The Time Machine</em>. Within its pages, Mallett found a captivating concept: "Time is only a kind of Space." These words transformed from a literary phrase into a guiding principle, becoming the driving force behind his unwavering commitment to unraveling time's fundamental mysteries.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-humble-beginnings-to-academic-heights">From humble beginnings to academic heights</h2>



<p>Mallett's journey was far from straightforward. After serving in the Air Force during the Vietnam War era, he utilized the GI Bill for higher education, earning his Ph.D. in physics from Pennsylvania State University in 1973 at the age of 28.</p>



<p>In 1975, he made history as the first African American professor in the University of Connecticut's physics department, achieving full professorship in 1987 before retiring in 2024 as professor emeritus.</p>



<p>Throughout these successful academic years, Mallett harbored his radical ambition as a closely guarded secret. "I kept my time travel goal a secret," he confessed. "I worried people would think I was nuts." His public research centered on black holes, serving as a "cover story" while he quietly developed his revolutionary time travel theory.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-breakthrough-moment">The breakthrough moment</h2>



<p>His pivotal insight arrived while hospitalized for a heart condition—a profound irony given his father's heart attack started this journey. The breakthrough was elegantly simple yet revolutionary: "If gravity can bend time, and light can create gravity, then light can bend time."</p>



<p>"It turns out that black holes can create a gravitational field that could lead to the creation of time loops that could allow us to go back in time," he explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-blueprint-for-a-temporal-vortex">The blueprint for a temporal vortex</h2>



<p>Mallett's vision for a functioning time machine replicates spacetime-warping phenomena around black holes. He offers a compelling analogy: "Picture a cup of coffee. Stir it with a spoon, and the coffee swirls. A spinning black hole does the same to spacetime."</p>



<p>In Einstein's general relativity, the universe is a dynamic fabric woven from space and time. Massive objects like black holes warp this fabric—an effect we perceive as gravity. Mallett theorizes that an intense, continuous, circulating beam of light from a ring of powerful lasers could replicate this gravitational torsion, effectively twisting time into a loop.</p>



<p>This "time loop" would theoretically allow information—or perhaps matter—to travel backward in time. He detailed this mathematical concept in his 2006 autobiography, <em>Time Traveler: A Scientist's Personal Mission to Make Time Travel a Reality</em>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-published-research-and-recognition">Published research and recognition</h2>



<p>His work, published in respected journals including <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/physics-letters-a" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physics Letters A</a></em> and <em><a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/10701" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Foundations of Physics</a></em>, suggests circulating laser light could generate gravitational fields potent enough to create closed timelike curves, enabling time travel for data.</p>



<p>Mallett's research has gained worldwide media attention, featured on <a href="https://www.thisamericanlife.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Public Radio's <em>This American Life</em></a>, the <a href="https://www.history.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">History Channel</a>, and <a href="https://www.today.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NBC's <em>Today Show</em></a>. The widespread interest reflects both his compelling personal story and rigorous scientific approach.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-galactic-hurdles-and-persistent-skepticism">The galactic hurdles and persistent skepticism</h2>



<p>While Mallett's equations captivate imagination, the path to reality faces immense obstacles. The energy requirement is staggering—Mallett acknowledges needing "galactic amounts of energy," far beyond current technological capabilities.</p>



<p>There's also a poignant limitation: even if realized, his machine could only send information back to when it was first activated, meaning it couldn't transport him to 1955 to prevent his father's death.</p>



<p>The scientific community remains skeptical. Physicists Ken Olum and Allen Everett argue that Mallett's proposed laser ring would need to be larger than the observable universe to achieve the necessary spacetime distortion. They invoke Stephen Hawking's chronology protection conjecture, suggesting physics may prevent macroscopic time travel.</p>



<p>Astrophysicist Paul Sutter has voiced doubts about Mallett's underlying mathematics, while science writer Brian Clegg finds the concept intriguing enough to warrant experimental investigation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-legacy-that-transcends-time">A legacy that transcends time</h2>



<p>Now approaching 80, Dr. Mallett remains steadfast. "I believe my work will show time travel is possible," he asserts. "Future generations will build on it in ways we can't yet imagine."</p>



<p>His equations, though yet to physically bend time, have bent our collective imagination. Ongoing public interest, evidenced by his continued media appearances and Spike Lee's film adaptation of his memoir, underscores his ideas' profound impact.</p>



<p>More than a scientific pursuit, Mallett's story testifies to human resilience, intellectual courage, and hope's enduring power. Whether his theoretical time machine ever materializes, his legacy is immeasurable—inspiring countless individuals to challenge conventional limits and perceive time not as an unyielding barrier, but as a boundless frontier awaiting exploration.</p>



<p></p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Retired professor claims he solved time travel

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elr4948_uOU Dr. Ronald Mallett from the University of Connecticut reveals...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



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https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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