<p>Two iconic dinosaurs - <em>Tyrannosaurus rex</em> and <em>Brachylophosaurus canadensis</em> - have yielded a fresh line of evidence that traces of their original biology can survive for tens of millions of years. </p>



<p>In new work, researchers at <a href="https://www.ncsu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">North Carolina State University</a> identified hemoglobin - the oxygen-carrying protein in blood - and its iron-bearing heme group in bone extracts from both animals.</p>



<p>The finding strengthens a growing body of data showing that certain biomolecules can persist in exceptional fossils. It also clarifies how they change as fossils form.</p>



<p>Researchers have debated and re-examined soft, stretchy tissues from these same specimens for nearly two decades. </p>



<p>Teams have used high-resolution imaging, antibodies, and protein sequencing to argue that the materials are genuine remnants of dinosaur biology rather than modern contaminants. The latest study adds another tool - and another confirmation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-light-unlocks-dinosaur-chemistry">Light unlocks dinosaur chemistry</h2>



<p>The team turned to <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/resonance-raman-spectroscopy" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy</a>. In this method, laser light is tuned to a molecule’s electronic transitions. This causes only that molecule to “sing” back with a strong signal.</p>



<p>“Raman spectroscopy essentially uses light waves to identify a molecule’s energetic ‘fingerprint,’” said physicist Hans Hallen, the study’s corresponding author. </p>



<p>“Resonance Raman, which we use here, takes that process one step further by using light already tuned to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seeking-the-origins-of-the-molecule-that-made-the-universe/">molecule</a> of interest - so only that type of molecule will resonate.”</p>



<p>That resonance dramatically boosts the signal from specific bonds - crucial when your targets are rare, damaged molecules embedded in a complex fossil matrix.</p>



<p>“This strong signal allows us to find the needle (hemoglobin remnants) in the haystack (messy fossil) to see how this molecule has changed from the functional living state, revealing the chemical changes molecules undergo in deep time,” Hallen added.</p>



<p>RR spectra from <em>T. rex</em> and <em>Brachylophosaurus</em> extracts showed signatures consistent with heme still bound to globin proteins. In addition, they indicated heme bound to goethite, an iron oxide mineral linked to oxidized iron.</p>



<p>The researchers cross-checked those signals against demineralized modern <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/discovery-of-a-cretaceous-ostrich-mexidracon-longimanus-with-extremely-long-arms/">ostrich</a> bone and human blood to anchor their interpretations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-blood-molecules-traced-to-dinosaurs">Blood molecules traced to dinosaurs</h2>



<p>Because Raman detects bonds rather than whole molecules, skeptics often point out that generic signals could arise from modern microbes or other contaminants. </p>



<p>That’s where the extra selectivity of RR - and the structural information in the spectra - matters.</p>



<p>“RR identifies both bonds and structure," said paleobiologist Mary Schweitzer, a co-author on the work. </p>



<p>"We know that heme is there and that it is still bound to hemoglobin protein - contaminants like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reusable-water-bottles-are-breeding-ground-for-strep-and-fecal-bacteria/">bacteria</a> don’t have those specific bonds, so we can say that the molecules are from the animal, or in this case, the dinosaur,”</p>



<p>The team also mapped how those spectral fingerprints shift as hemoglobin decays. After death, the protein breaks down, damaging the heme ring and oxidizing the iron inside it. </p>



<p>RR data show that goethite forms on that iron, and the heme can bind to the mineral surface.</p>



<p>Tellingly, the researchers observed the early stages of the same degradation pathway in modern samples, suggesting that key steps happen relatively quickly and then stabilize.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dinosaur-blood-survived-fossilization">Dinosaur blood survived fossilization</h2>



<p>Beyond confirming what the molecules are, the spectral changes reveal a plausible route for how they survived. </p>



<p>Goethite is a bio-related mineral - it often forms in association with biological activity - and the new data hint that it doesn’t just grow near proteins; it can latch onto and stabilize fragments. "We didn’t know that it could bind to and stabilize <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-modified-plant-proteins-to-create-delicious-meat-alternatives/">protein</a> fragments,” Hallen said.</p>



<p>That matters because it shows a mechanism that locks delicate organics in place and protects them during fossilization. </p>



<p>Researchers already know that heme persists in sediments far older than the age of dinosaurs, but the path from fresh blood to ancient rock has remained murky.</p>



<p>Pinning down the chemistry helps explain why hemoglobin, in particular, shows up as a survivor - and why some fossils preserve molecular vestiges while others do not.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-view-of-fossil-preservation">A new view of fossil preservation</h2>



<p>The study reinforces a shift in paleontology: under the right conditions, original biochemistry can endure deep time, and modern tools can detect and interpret it. </p>



<p>Instead of a binary “preserved or not,” researchers are piecing together degradation pathways, mineral partnerships, and microenvironments that favor survival.</p>



<p>For dinosaur biology, that means more than just curiosity. Hemoglobin and heme in blood play key roles in metabolism, oxygen transport, and overall physiology. </p>



<p>Their presence, and the way they degrade, defines how tissues fossilize and what information we can still extract.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/dinosaur-bone_hemoglobin_preserved_NCSU_1m.jpg"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/dinosaur-bone_hemoglobin_preserved_NCSU_1s.webp" alt="Vessels isolated from Tyrannosaurus cortical bone by demineralization in EDTA. Credit: NC State University" class="wp-image-1985867"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em>Vessels isolated from Tyrannosaurus cortical bone by demineralization in EDTA. Click image to enlarge. Credit: NC State University</em></figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-blood-chemistry-spans-eons">Blood chemistry spans eons</h2>



<p>For dinosaur fossil science, mineral–organic interactions like heme–goethite may help preserve blood proteins and molecular fragments throughout Earth’s history.</p>



<p>“Heme has been identified in sediments that are much, much older than dinosaurs, so we know that it persists,” Schweitzer noted. </p>



<p>“Understanding why <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-human-genetics-could-optimize-medical-care/">hemoglobin</a> preserves, and the role that heme plays in the process, is really important if we want to know how these ancient molecules survive through time.”</p>



<p>The upshot is both practical and provocative. Resonance Raman pinpoints specific ancient molecules within messy fossils, and the chemistry it reveals also serves as a preservation roadmap. </p>



<p>That’s a powerful combination for anyone trying to read life’s oldest diaries written in stone.</p>



<p>The study is published in the <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspa.2025.0175" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Proceedings of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences</em></a>.</p>



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Hemoglobin and other blood molecules found preserved in dinosaur fossils

Two iconic dinosaurs - Tyrannosaurus rex and Brachylophosaurus canadensis - have yielded a fresh line of evidence that traces of their original biology can survive for tens of millions of years. In new work, researchers at North Carolina State University identified hemoglobin - the oxygen-carrying protein in blood - and its iron-bearing heme group in bone extracts from both animals. The finding strengthens a growing body of data showing that certain biomolecules can persist in exceptional fossils. It also clarifies how they change as fossils form. Researchers...

<p>Researchers have demonstrated that artificial intelligence (AI) models can detect <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-pose-great-threat-to-biodiversity-in-mountain-ranges/">biodiversity</a> from animal sounds in tropical rainforests, specifically in reforested areas.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The goal of the research, led by the <a href="https://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/en/university/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Würzburg</a>, is to monitor the return of biodiversity in previously deforested tropical zones.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monitoring-biodiversity-nbsp">Monitoring biodiversity&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Tropical forests play an essential role in keeping our planet healthy. They provide habitats for unique wildlife,&nbsp; play a role in the carbon cycle, and influence the climate on a global scale. Yet, these rainforests are under increasing pressure from relentless overexploitation.</p>



<p>"Tropical forests play a key role in the global carbon cycle and are central to Nature-based Climate Solutions, both in terms of climate adaptation and mitigation," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"They are also fundamental to global biodiversity conservation, harboring 62% of terrestrial vertebrate species. As such, restoring tropical forests is key to counteract two of the major crises of our times, biodiversity loss and climate change."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animal-sound-analysis">Animal sound analysis</h2>



<p>In tropical regions that are getting a much-needed boost from reforestation, it becomes crucial to monitor biodiversity. The researchers have recently shown that animal sounds provide a helpful monitoring tool.</p>



<p>"To be effective, all conservation measures require cost-efficient and robust biodiversity monitoring, which is lagging behind carbon monitoring due in part to the lack of scalable, reproducible and cost-effective sampling methodologies," explained the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>The researchers chose northern Ecuador as their study site, specifically focusing on abandoned pastures and former cocoa plantations undergoing forest reclamation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The goal of the study was to determine if autonomous sound recorders, combined with AI, can recognize species compositions of birds, amphibians, and mammals.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-researchers-learned-nbsp">What the researchers learned&nbsp;</h2>



<p>"The research results show that the sound data reflect excellently the return of biodiversity in abandoned agricultural areas," said Professor Jörg Müller, head of the Ecological Station Fabrikschleichach at Julius-Maximilians-Universität (JMU) Würzburg&nbsp;</p>



<p>A notable finding was the alignment of vocalizing species communities with recovery gradients. A preliminary set of 70 AI bird models described entire species communities, even capturing shifts in nocturnal insects.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-on-animal-sounds">Future research on animal sounds </h2>



<p>The research team plans to refine these AI models. The goal is to record an even broader spectrum of species and establish these models in other protected zones, including the Sailershausen JMU Forest and Germany's venerable national park in the Bavarian Forest.</p>



<p>"Our AI models can be the basis for a very universal tool for monitoring biodiversity in reforested areas," said Müller. He suggests their applicability in biodiversity credits, which are comparable to carbon dioxide emissions trading.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These credits, which offset adverse environmental impacts of activities, can be procured by companies or organizations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>"Our results demonstrate that automated bioacoustics monitoring can be used to track tropical forest recovery of animal communities from agricultural abandonment beyond vocalizing vertebrates, suggesting its broad use to assess restoration outcomes," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>The study was designed within the framework of the research group Reassembly, which is funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG).</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-monitoring-biodiversity">More about monitoring biodiversity</h2>



<p>As discussed above, biologists and conservationists actively monitor biodiversity to assess the health and stability of ecosystems around the world. This crucial activity helps us understand the effects of human activity on natural habitats and the steps necessary to protect them.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Importance of biodiversity monitoring</h3>



<p>Monitoring biodiversity allows scientists to detect changes in ecosystems, revealing trends such as species decline or habitat loss. This information is vital for developing strategies to mitigate negative impacts and for restoring ecosystems.</p>



<p>Conservationists use biodiversity monitoring to assess the effectiveness of their efforts. By tracking changes in species populations and habitat conditions, they can adapt their strategies to be more effective, ensuring the long-term survival of diverse species.</p>



<p>Data gathered from monitoring biodiversity informs policy and decision-making processes. Governments and organizations rely on this information to implement regulations that protect natural habitats and promote sustainable practices.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Animal sounds and other biodiversity monitoring techniques</h3>



<p>Remote sensing technology, including satellite imagery and aerial photography, provides a comprehensive view of large ecosystems. This method allows for the monitoring of changes in land use, vegetation cover, and habitat fragmentation on a global scale.</p>



<p>As discussed previously in this article, bioacoustics monitoring involves recording and analyzing animal sounds. This technique helps identify species presence and abundance, offering insights into the health of ecosystems without intrusive methods.</p>



<p>Citizen science initiatives engage the public in biodiversity monitoring. Through apps and community projects, individuals contribute valuable data on local species, expanding the reach and scale of scientific research.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Collective effort for a sustainable future</h3>



<p>In summary, monitoring biodiversity is a collective effort that requires the participation of scientists, conservationists, policymakers, and the public. </p>



<p>By understanding and tracking the changes in our ecosystems, we can take informed steps towards protecting our planet's biodiversity for future generations.</p>



<p>The research is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-41693-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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AI can monitor biodiversity through animal sounds

Researchers have demonstrated that artificial intelligence (AI) models can detect...

<p>A new study led by the <a href="https://www.univie.ac.at/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vienna</a> has highlighted the puzzling diversity of ancient rays that thrived 150 million years ago. </p>



<p>The investigation not only reveals a new species of ray but also significantly enriches our comprehension of these prehistoric cartilaginous fish, shedding light on the marine ecosystems of the past.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-late-jurassic-fossils">Late Jurassic fossils</h2>



<p>The scientists meticulously examined 52 fossil specimens from the Late Jurassic period, a time when much of Europe was submerged under a sea similar to the modern Caribbean, dotted with islands. These specimens are among the oldest known fully preserved rays, providing a rare and invaluable glimpse into the group's early evolution.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-body-shape-variation-among-ancient-rays">Body shape variation among ancient rays</h2>



<p>Typically, only the teeth of fossil rays are found, making these complete skeletal finds from Germany, France, and the UK pivotal for understanding their early diversity.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The research marks the first in-depth analysis of body shape variation among these ancient rays, previously unexplored despite the fossils' long-standing recognition.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-new-species-of-ancient-rays">Two new species of ancient rays</h2>



<p>The study's findings challenge previous notions of diversity within Late Jurassic rays, increasing the count of confirmed species from three to five.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Until now, only three holomorphic ray species have been confirmed from the Late Jurassic, but thanks to this study, a total of five species have now been identified," said lead author Julia Türtscher, a paleobiologist at the University of Vienna.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This includes the validation of a fourth <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-species-are-moving-away-from-the-equator/">species</a> long debated among scientists and the discovery of a new species, <em>Aellopobatis bavarica</em>. This new species, distinguished from the smaller French <em>Spathobatis bugesiacus</em> by its larger size (up to 170 cm in length) and distinct skeletal and body shape, highlights the hidden diversity within these ancient seas.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evidence-of-a-complex-ecosystem-nbsp">Evidence of a complex ecosystem&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers also noted the localized distribution of these five species, suggesting a complex ecosystem but cautioning against premature conclusions regarding their specific <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/habitat-shifts-shaped-the-evolution-of-life-on-earth/">habitats</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Further studies on the tooth morphology of the specimens and subsequent comparisons with isolated teeth from other sites may help to reconstruct the palaeogeographic distribution of Late Jurassic rays," Türtscher said.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ongoing-discovery-of-ancient-rays-nbsp">Ongoing discovery of ancient rays&nbsp;</h2>



<p>These findings not only enhance our understanding of ray biodiversity and evolution during the Upper Jurassic but also inform the identification of fossil ray species known solely through isolated teeth.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The ongoing discovery of these ancient creatures illuminates the dynamics of past <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-ecosystems-survive-extinctions/">marine ecosystems</a> and emphasizes the value of well-preserved fossils in piecing together Earth's geological history.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-past-to-protect-living-species">Understanding the past to protect living species</h2>



<p>"We can only draw accurate conclusions about living species if we also understand the past of a group, including its evolution, its adaptations to changing environmental factors over time, and the extinction this group has faced during its evolutionary history,” said co-author Patrick L. Jambura, a paleobiologist at the University of Vienna.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Palaeobiological knowledge enables us to better understand the dynamics behind evolution and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animal-extinction-risk-is-heavily-influenced-by-climate-change/">extinction</a> of species and thus aids to develop more effective conservation measures for today's endangered species," he concluded.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-rays">Modern rays</h2>



<p>Rays are a fascinating group of cartilaginous fish that are closely related to sharks. These creatures are known for their distinctive flat bodies and long, wing-like pectoral fins which span their entire width, giving them a shape reminiscent of a bird or a bat in flight. This unique form allows rays to glide gracefully through the water.&nbsp;</p>



<p>There are several types of rays, including stingrays, manta rays, electric rays, and eagle rays, each adapted to different environments and lifestyles.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stingrays">Stingrays</h3>



<p>Stingrays are perhaps the most well-known, recognized by their whip-like tails equipped with one or more venomous barbs, which they use defensively against predators.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-manta-rays">Manta rays</h3>



<p>Manta rays, on the other hand, are giants that can reach a wingspan of up to 7 meters. Unlike stingrays, they do not have a venomous stinger and are harmless to humans. They feed on plankton, which they filter from the water by swimming with their mouths open wide.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-electric-rays-nbsp">Electric rays&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Electric rays have the ability to produce an electric shock, which they use to stun prey and deter predators. Their bodies contain special organs capable of generating significant voltage.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eagle-rays">Eagle rays</h3>



<p>Meanwhile, eagle rays are known for their spotted appearances and deep bodies, often seen leaping out of the water, possibly to escape predators or to dislodge parasites.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-role">Ecological role</h3>



<p>Rays play crucial roles in their ecosystems, acting as predators to keep populations of smaller marine organisms in check, and also as prey for larger marine animals. They are found in oceans worldwide, from shallow coastal waters to deep ocean basins.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-multiple-threats">Multiple threats</h3>



<p>Despite their beauty and ecological importance, many ray species face <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nearly-two-thirds-of-coral-reef-sharks-and-rays-face-extinction/">threats</a> from overfishing, habitat loss, and pollution, leading to declining populations in some areas. Conservation efforts are crucial to ensuring the survival of these remarkable creatures for future generations.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/spp2.1552" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Papers in Paleontology</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Ancient rays were more diverse than previously thought

A new study led by the University of Vienna has...

<p>Did you know that millions of years ago, a dolphin bigger than a car roamed the rivers of the Amazon basin? Named <em>Pebanista yacuruna</em>, the species is the largest of its kind ever recorded, measuring over 11 feet in length.</p>



<p>Paleontologists from the University of Zurich (<a href="https://www.uzh.ch/en.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UZH</a>) have discovered the fossil of a massive freshwater <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/amazon-river-dolphins-are-at-great-risk-of-extinction-due-to-human-activities/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dolphin</a> that lived in the Peruvian Amazon region around 16 million years ago. </p>



<p><em>Pebanista yacuruna</em> takes its name from the mythical 'Yacuruna', an aquatic people believed to inhabit the Amazon in local folklore. This legendary connection seems fitting, given how incredible and mysterious this creature would have been.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-amazon-and-pebanista">Amazon and <em>Pebanista</em></h2>



<p>"Sixteen million years ago, the Peruvian Amazonia looked very different from what it is today," said lead author <a href="https://www.pim.uzh.ch/apps/cms/pageframes/staff.php?show=1197&amp;get=cv" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aldo Benites-Palomino.</a></p>



<p>Instead of a dense rainforest, the Amazon of <em>Pebanista</em>'s time was dominated by a vast system of interconnected lakes and swamps known as "Pebas". </p>



<p>This unique environment teemed with life, offering a bountiful habitat for the enormous <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/dolphin-everything-you-need-to-know-about-these-magical-mammals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dolphins</a>. Imagine a landscape closer to today's Florida Everglades than the jungles we associate with the Amazon.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pebanista-s-unexpected-cousins"><em>Pebanista</em>'s unexpected cousins</h2>



<p>We discovered that its size is not the only remarkable aspect," noted Benites-Palomino. "With this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/280-million-year-old-fossil-of-tridentinosaurus-antiquus-proven-to-be-a-forgery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil</a> record unearthed in the Amazon, we expected to find close relatives of the living Amazon River dolphin – but instead the closest cousins of Pebanista are the South Asian river dolphins (genus Platanista)."</p>



<p>This tells us that <em>Pebanista</em> belonged to a group called Platanistoidea, a lineage of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bottlenose-dolphins-have-a-newly-discovered-super-sense/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dolphins</a> that ruled the world's oceans many millions of years ago. These ocean-dwelling ancestors journeyed into freshwater, making a home in the newly forming Amazon.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-characteristics-of-pebanista-yacuruna">Characteristics of <em>Pebanista yacuruna</em></h2>



<p><em>Pebanista</em> wasn't just impressive due to its size. It had a suite of unique features that set it apart as a true freshwater specialist. The researchers suggest the following characteristics:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-size">Size </h3>



<p>As discussed, at an estimated 9.19 to 11.48 feet long, <em>Pebanista yacuruna</em> takes the crown as the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trachelosaurus-fischeri-worlds-oldest-long-necked-marine-reptile-rediscovered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">largest</a> freshwater dolphin ever discovered. This suggests it was likely a formidable predator within its ecosystem.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-skull-built-for-the-river">A skull built for the river</h3>



<p>The skull of <em>Pebanista</em> reveals a long snout with large teeth, well-developed crests above the eyes, and a deep basin around the nostrils. All of these point towards a dolphin perfectly designed to navigate, hunt, and thrive in its freshwater world.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-powerful-snout">Powerful snout</h3>



<p>Its snout, particularly strong and wide compared to other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/endangered-dolphins-suffer-from-the-highest-known-levels-of-pfas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dolphins</a> in its family, and the presence of large teeth suggest <em>Pebanista</em> had a unique feeding strategy, likely involving large or hard-shelled prey.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eyes-on-the-sides">Eyes on the sides</h3>



<p>While <em>Pebanista</em> had eyes, the most striking feature of its skull is the large crests above its eye sockets. This is a strong indication that, like modern river <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dolphins-use-baby-talk-to-communicate-with-their-young/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dolphins</a>, it relied heavily on echolocation to navigate muddy waters and find prey with incredible precision.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pebanista-extinction"><em>Pebanista</em> extinction</h2>



<p>Sadly, despite its early success, <em>Pebanista</em> eventually went <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cape-lions-had-extremely-rich-genetic-variety-before-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extinct</a>. Scientists think the reason lies in dramatic changes to its environment. </p>



<p>"Much of the Amazonian plain was covered by a large system of lakes and swamps called Pebas,” said Benites-Palomino. </p>



<p>Around 10 million years ago, this system gradually dried up and transformed into the Amazon basin we know today. This habitat shift likely made the giant dolphin's usual prey scarce, leading to its demise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-amazon-river-dolphins">Amazon river dolphins</h2>



<p>Interestingly, the disappearance of <em>Pebanista</em> paved the way for a new group: the smaller ancestors of today’s Amazon River dolphins. </p>



<p>Just like <em>Pebanista</em> before them, these newcomers left the ocean to adapt to the abundant freshwater habitats of the Amazon.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



<p>"After two decades of work in South America we had found several giant forms from the region, but this is the first dolphin of its kind,” added <a href="https://www.pim.uzh.ch/apps/cms/_downloads/sanchez_marcelo_CV.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Marcelo R. Sánchez-Villagra</a>, director of the Department of Paleontology at UZH. “We were especially intrigued by its peculiar biogeographical deep-time history.”</p>



<p>The tale of <em>Pebanista yacuruna</em> showcases the dynamic history of the Amazon. It's a reminder that landscapes we take for granted were once vastly different. </p>



<p>And somewhere out there, beneath those tangled vines and vibrant flowers, more secrets of this prehistoric world still await discovery.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adk6320" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Giant new dolphin species, Pebanista yacuruna, discovered in Peru

Did you know that millions of years ago, a dolphin...

Little,Auk

<p>Seabirds, specifically the little auk (Alle alle), the most populous seabird of the North Atlantic, animate the serene yet dynamic Arctic landscape with their vibrant calls at night. </p>



<p>Recent research led by the Arctic Research Center at <a href="https://www.arc.hokudai.ac.jp/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hokkaido University</a>, Japan, and the Department of Ecoscience at <a href="https://www.au.dk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aarhus University</a>, Denmark, provides an unprecedented look into the nightly behaviors of these captivating birds amidst the perpetual daylight of the Arctic summer.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-echoes-in-the-arctic-silence">Echoes in the arctic silence</h2>



<p>This innovative study, conducted in the remote expanses of Northwest Greenland, actively utilizes passive acoustic and <a href="https://youtu.be/f_9Q7o1xKRY" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">imaging technologies</a> to explore the hidden nocturnal activities of little auk colonies.</p>



<p>Meanwhile, about 60 million birds flock to the region each summer for breeding and foraging, marking their omnipresence. Yet, despite this abundance, the scientific understanding of their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-survival-can-shorebirds-adjust-to-changes-in-their-diet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">daily routines</a> and vocal patterns remains scant.</p>



<p>Surprisingly, the research reveals a significant increase in Arctic seabird vocalizations during the night. This finding starkly contrasts with the expected dawn chorus observed in mid-latitude regions. </p>



<p>The nocturnal surge links to the reduced presence of birds in the afternoon, affecting both calling and wing-flapping rates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-arctic-seabirds-at-night">Arctic seabirds at night</h2>



<p>Associate Professor Evgeny A. Podolskiy, leading the study at Hokkaido University, emphasizes its insights into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-arctic-terns-may-navigate-the-challenges-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">avian behavior</a> under constant daylight. </p>



<p>"These findings provide a fascinating glimpse into the intricate rhythms of Arctic life, and remind us that bird counts depend on the time of day," he remarks. </p>



<p>The observed acoustic patterns in little auks mirror their behavioral cycles, including attendance, feeding, and fledging. These patterns offer valuable insights into their ecological dynamics.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-guardians-of-the-arctic">Guardians of the Arctic</h2>



<p>Dr. Anders Mosbech of Aarhus University points out the little auk, or dovekie, as essential for tracking Arctic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-geese-adapt-by-finding-a-new-migratory-route/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental shifts</a>. </p>



<p>"Understanding their behavior is key to effective conservation and ecosystem management, especially as the region undergoes rapid environmental transformations," he emphasizes.</p>



<p>The significance of this research extends to its methodological advancements. "The crucial role of passive acoustic monitoring in studying wildlife behavior in remote and difficult-to-access regions cannot be overstated," adds Podolskiy. </p>



<p>This approach stands out for being non-invasive and efficient, making it especially advantageous over traditional field observation methods. Traditional methods prove more laborious and frequently impractical in the remote Arctic seabird breeding colonies.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-and-the-future-of-arctic-seabirds">Implications and the future of Arctic seabirds</h2>



<p>Monica Ogawa, a Ph.D. candidate at the Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, and co-author of the study, discusses the future implications of their work. </p>



<p>"By integrating audio data with other monitoring techniques, such as time-lapse cameras or radar systems, and involving local communities, conservation efforts for seabird populations can be enhanced, promoting sustainability," she explains.</p>



<p>Looking ahead, the research team is eager to further investigate the acoustic ecology of Arctic seabirds. Through interdisciplinary collaborations, the team aims to deepen our understanding of avian biology and its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-arctic-may-be-ice-free-sooner-than-we-expected/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental impacts</a>. They seek to illuminate the complex interactions sustaining life in one of Earth's most extreme environments.</p>



<p>This study expands our knowledge of the Arctic's ecological dynamics. Additionally, it exemplifies the potential of innovative research methods in contributing to global conservation efforts.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-024-05954-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Communications Biology</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Arctic seabird audio recordings show they have a very active nightlife

Seabirds, specifically the little auk (Alle alle), the most populous...

<p>Killer whales, also called <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sign-of-the-times-solitary-orcas-are-hunting-great-whites/">orcas</a>, are renowned for their intelligence, social bonds, and deadly hunting skills. But, they are not all the same. There are populations of killer whales around the world specializing in different diets and hunting strategies. </p>



<p>Scientists from the University of British Columbia&nbsp;are diving into the world of a less-understood group of these stunning creatures. The study sheds light on some of their secrets by focusing on a subpopulation of whales that frequents the deep canyons off the California coast. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transient-killer-whales">Transient killer whales</h2>



<p>Imagine a group of killer <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/southern-resident-killer-whales-are-undernourished/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">whales</a> patrolling the California coast. Chances are, you're picturing the kind that go after fish, the gentler giants of their species. The researchers focused on an entirely different breed: the transient killer whale. </p>



<p>These are the true hunters, honing their skills to capture some of the ocean's most capable creatures – seals, sea lions, even the calves of giant whales.</p>



<p>Scientists are realizing that within the "transient" category, there are smaller, specialized clans. Some keep to the coastline, while others venture into the open ocean, a realm with its own unique challenges and rewards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hunting-strategies-of-transient-killer-whales">Hunting strategies of transient killer whales</h2>



<p>"These results suggest that the outer coast whales are a distinct subpopulation that has developed specialized hunting techniques to catch marine mammals in this deep-water habitat," explained the study authors. So, what does a whale hunt in the open ocean actually look like?</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-head-on-ram">The head-on ram</h3>



<p>This technique involves a killer whale propelling itself at full speed towards its prey, leading with its head to create a forceful collision. This method is particularly effective in stunning or even killing the prey upon impact. </p>



<p>The suddenness and intensity of the attack leave the prey disoriented or incapacitated, making it easier for the killer whale to secure its meal. This method showcases the killer whales' understanding of their own physical prowess and their ability to utilize it with precision.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-tail-slap-ko">The tail-slap KO</h3>



<p>In this method, killer whales use their powerful tails to deliver a crushing blow to their prey. The force of the tail slap can be so immense that it disorients the prey, making it vulnerable to further attack. In some instances, smaller prey, such as sea lions, can be catapulted out of the water by the force of the tail slap. </p>



<p>This technique highlights the killer whales' ability to leverage different parts of their body as tools for hunting, demonstrating their adaptability and ingenuity.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-coordinated-ambush">The coordinated ambush</h3>



<p>This strategy involves a group of killer whales working together to herd their prey towards the slopes of underwater canyons, effectively trapping them. The coordinated nature of this ambush prevents the prey from escaping and makes it easier for the killer whales to attack. </p>



<p>This method also showcases their knowledge of the topography of their hunting grounds and how to use it to their advantage.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-killer-whales-group-huntings">Killer whales group huntings</h2>



<p>In the vast ocean, transient killer whales excel at hunting, skillfully using their environment. Additionally, their exceptional communication aids in tracking prey. They also employ echolocation, similar to natural radar, emitting clicks and listening for echoes to pinpoint locations, even in total darkness.</p>



<p>When the whales find a group of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lack-of-prey-is-changing-the-behavior-of-killer-whales/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">prey</a>, say sea lions, they work together to trap them. Some whales dive below the sea lions, blocking any escape into the deep canyon. Others charge straight ahead! The sea lions have nowhere to go.</p>



<p>When a killer whale attacks, the water bursts with noise and movement. They even slap their powerful tails to stun their prey. These are deadly, well-planned hunts. But they're not easy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hunting-reactions">Hunting reactions</h2>



<p>Seals are quick, sea lions fight back, and even whale calves under their mothers' protection are a formidable force. Killer whales risk injury or worse, demonstrating the hunger that drives them to master these techniques.</p>



<p>The most incredible part? Researchers believe these skills aren't purely instinctual. "Their distinct foraging behaviors may be culturally transmitted from generation to generation," explained the experts. Young killer whales likely learn from their elders, carrying on traditions just as rich as our own.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



<p>“Transient (mammal-hunting) killer whales have been studied primarily in coastal shallow water habitats, and there is currently little known regarding their behavior in offshore and deep pelagic systems," noted the researchers.</p>



<p>This study highlights the complex foraging behavior and ecology of transients and how they act as apex predators in productive&nbsp; deep submarine canyon systems and how their behavior is linked to multiple marine mammal prey populations in the North Pacific Ocean.”</p>



<p>It reminds us that protecting these amazing creatures means protecting the complex habitats they thrive in. And, most importantly, it reveals a piece of our planet as captivating as it is mysterious.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-killer-whales">More about killer whales</h2>



<p>Killer whales are instantly recognizable by their black and white coloring, which helps them blend in with the changing light underwater. Their powerful bodies and tall dorsal fins (especially on male whales) are built for speed and long-distance travel. </p>



<p>Inside those streamlined bodies are highly developed brains that power their complex social lives and clever hunting tactics. Remarkably, killer whales thrive in a huge range of ocean habitats, from icy seas to warm tropical waters.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-structure">Social structure</h3>



<p>The social lives of killer whales are some of the most complex in the animal kingdom. They live in tight groups called pods, which are often led by a wise, experienced female. Pods are like extended families, including offspring, relatives, and even multiple generations living and hunting together.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pod-dynamics">Pod dynamics</h3>



<p>Pods usually have anywhere from a few whales up to over 40 members. They do everything as a team: hunting, sharing food, swimming in sync, and communicating with their own unique language of whistles, clicks, and pulsed calls.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-culture-and-learning">Culture and learning</h3>



<p>Different pods of killer whales have their own distinct cultures – think of it like different human communities each having their own traditions. These include specialized hunting strategies for their local prey and even variations in their calls and whistles. </p>



<p>As discussed, young killer whales learn these behaviors from their families, showing a form of cultural learning that's rarely seen outside of humans.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-and-human-impact">Conservation and human impact</h3>



<p>Killer whales are top predators, but that doesn't mean they're safe. They face many threats caused by humans. Water pollution, reduced prey due to overfishing, and changes to their ocean habitats driven by climate change can all put their future in danger. </p>



<p>The more we learn about the biology and social lives of killer whales, the better equipped we'll be to make choices that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/southern-resident-killer-whales-endangered-by-inbreeding/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">protect</a> them for generations to come.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0299291" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLOS ONE</a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Killer whales use clever hunting strategies to outsmart prey

Killer whales, also called orcas, are renowned for their intelligence,...

<p>The Cape lion: a majestic predator vanished in the blink of an eye. Within a mere two centuries of European arrival, these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-lion-day-celebrating-the-king-of-the-jungle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">magnificent beasts</a> were ruthlessly hunted to extinction. Yet, their story might not have ended there. Could their legacy still echo within the genes of other lions, hidden in plain sight?</p>



<p>Scientists from the <a href="https://illinois.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign</a> decided to find out. Harnessing the power of genomics, they looked deep into the past, searching for answers. Were Cape lions truly a unique subspecies, forever lost to history?</p>



<p>The results were astonishing. While endangered populations typically lose genetic diversity as they approach extinction, leading to inbreeding, the Cape lion defied expectations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conflicting-cape-lion-descriptions">Conflicting Cape lion descriptions</h2>



<p>European naturalists might have seen the black mane as a defining feature. However, for those living alongside Cape lions, their story included a broader spectrum of looks.</p>



<p>“What’s interesting is that the scientific name of the Cape lion, Panthera leo melanochaitus, literally means black mane, but this description was based on a single specimen,” noted Julian Kerbis Peterhans, an emeritus professor at <a href="https://www.roosevelt.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Roosevelt University</a>.</p>



<p>But did <em>all</em> Cape lions share this trait? Indigenous accounts paint a different picture, describing lions with a range of mane colors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dna-of-extinct-cape-lions">DNA of extinct Cape lions</h2>



<p>The researchers focused on two well-preserved Cape lion skulls housed at the Field Museum, originally displayed in taxidermy mounts back in the 1800s. </p>



<p>"Unlike most other Cape Lion specimens around the world, these specimens had a traceable history and geographic collection location, so they had a pedigree,” explained Thomas Gnoske, a <a href="https://www.fieldmuseum.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Field Museum</a> biologist.</p>



<p>The team meticulously extracted DNA from these skulls and compared it to a wealth of genetic data from 118 other lions across 13 African countries. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-diversity-in-extinct-cape-lions">Genetic diversity in extinct Cape lions</h2>



<p>“One of the most surprising things was that we found such high genetic diversity in the Cape lion population,” said Alida de Flamingh, postdoctoral researcher and first-author of the study. </p>



<p>Even though the skulls came from the same region, they showed different DNA lineages and varied nuclear genomes. This reveals that the Cape region once held a remarkably diverse lion <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shrinking-lion-populations-dynasties/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">population</a>.</p>



<p>The findings become even more intriguing. Despite hunters pushing Cape lions to the brink of extinction, their genomes showed no typical signs of inbreeding or the diversity loss often seen in small, endangered populations.</p>



<p>This was unexpected. "Contemporary species that are critically endangered and at high risk of extinction, such as the rhino or black-footed ferret, often have really small effective population sizes, which leads to inbreeding and lack of heterozygosity," explained de Flamingh. </p>



<p>“The Cape lions didn’t have any of those genomic signatures. What this means is that the Cape lions were hunted so rapidly that their genomes didn't have time to accumulate the signatures of long-term small population size.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenging-old-views">Challenging old views</h2>



<p>“The information we gained from the genomic data and analysis didn't fit what was thought about Cape lions based on colonial descriptions," said <a href="https://anthro.illinois.edu/directory/profile/malhi" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ripan Malhi</a>, Professor of Anthropology. </p>



<p>"This study is good example showing that identifying type specimens using information from people who are not originally from that area can result in ignoring diversity in a population that is important for understanding evolution." </p>



<p>The Cape lion's extinction story is a stark reminder: even a genetically robust population with high diversity can vanish with shocking speed. The lack of inbreeding in these lions, despite their near extinction, underscores the critical role of genetic diversity in a species' survival. </p>



<p>This emphasizes the urgent need to protect current endangered species and maintain their genetic health to prevent a similar fate.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-you-can-support-lion-conservation">How you can support lion conservation</h2>



<p>The Cape lion's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lions-are-dangling-precariously-on-the-brink-of-extinction-immediate-action-is-needed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extinction</a> story offers a valuable lesson for conservation today. It highlights the importance of large, interconnected protected areas to maintain healthy lion populations. </p>



<p>Here's how you can become part of the effort to protect lions and their habitats:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adopt-a-lion">Adopt a lion </h3>



<p>Many conservation organizations offer symbolic adoption programs. Your support can fund vital research, anti-poaching efforts, and habitat restoration.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-support-local">Support local</h3>



<p>Purchase products from companies and organizations that back lion conservation. Your consumer choices can drive change and support communities living alongside these big cats.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-become-a-citizen-scientist">Become a citizen scientist</h3>



<p>Participate in wildlife monitoring programs. Your observations can help track lion movements, monitor populations, and even identify threats.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-educate-and-advocate">Educate and advocate</h3>



<p>Spread awareness about the challenges facing lions and other wildlife. Education can inspire action, and advocating for policy changes can protect critical habitats.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-volunteer">Volunteer</h3>



<p>Offer your time to conservation projects or zoos involved in education and preservation of wildlife. Hands-on involvement makes a tangible difference.</p>



<p>By engaging with conservation efforts, you can help ensure that lions continue to roam the wild. Together, we can turn the lessons learned from the Cape lion into a brighter future for all species sharing our planet.</p>



<p>The study is published in the <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esad081  ‌" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Heredity</a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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'Cape lions' had an extremely rich variety of genes before extinction

The Cape lion: a majestic predator vanished in the blink...

<p>World Frog Day, observed annually on March 20th, serves as a pivotal reminder of the ecological and biological significance of frog <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eu-responsible-for-extinction-of-frog-populations/">species</a> across the globe. </p>



<p>It's a day dedicated to celebrating these fascinating creatures, understanding their vital roles in our ecosystems, and acknowledging the severe threats they face due to human activity and environmental changes.</p>



<p>Frogs, belonging to the order Anura, are amphibians characterized by their long hind legs, smooth or warty skin, and their unique life cycle that typically involves metamorphosis from a larval stage (tadpole) to an adult form.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-distribution-of-frogs">Global distribution of frogs</h2>



<p>These creatures are found in a wide array of environments, from the deepest rainforests to deserts and even in urban areas, adapting to various habitats with remarkable versatility. Their global distribution, except for Antarctica, highlights their ecological importance and the need for concerted conservation efforts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-roles-of-frogs">Ecological roles of frogs</h2>



<p>The significance of frogs extends beyond their ecological roles as both predators and prey within food webs. They are integral for maintaining <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/healthy-ecosystems-are-needed-to-prevent-future-pandemics/">healthy ecosystems</a>, controlling insect populations that could otherwise lead to crop damage and spread diseases.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Additionally, frogs are bioindicators, their presence or absence provides crucial information about the health of the environment. Their permeable skin makes them particularly sensitive to pollutants, thus serving as early warning systems for ecosystem health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urgent-need-for-conservation-efforts">Urgent need for conservation efforts</h2>



<p>World Frog Day emphasizes the pressing need for conservation due to the alarming decline in frog populations worldwide. This decline is attributed to several factors, including <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hippopotamus-population-hit-hard-by-habitat-destruction/">habitat destruction</a>, climate change, pollution, invasive species, and the deadly chytrid fungus, which has devastated frog populations globally.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Conservation efforts on this day focus on habitat preservation, research into diseases affecting amphibians, and public education on the importance of frogs and the challenges they face.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fascinating-facts-about-frogs">Fascinating facts about frogs</h2>



<p>Frogs are incredibly fascinating creatures that exhibit a variety of interesting behaviors and traits. Here are some captivating facts about them:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diverse-species">Diverse species</h3>



<p>There are over 7,000 species of frogs, ranging from the tiny Paedophryne amauensis, the world's smallest vertebrate measuring just 7.7 mm in length, to the Goliath frog, which can grow up to 32 cm in length.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-remarkable-adaptations">Remarkable adaptations</h3>



<p>Frogs have various adaptations that help them survive. Some species can change color for camouflage, while others have developed resistance to freezing temperatures by producing antifreeze substances in their blood.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-powerful-legs">Powerful legs</h3>



<p>Frogs are known for their jumping abilities. Their powerful legs allow them to leap multiple times their body length. The record for the longest frog jump is held by the South African sharp-nosed frog, which can leap up to 3.3 meters.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vocal-abilities">Vocal abilities</h3>



<p>Male frogs have vocal sacs that they use to make loud croaking sounds to attract females or deter rivals. Each species has a unique call.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-life-cycle">Life cycle</h3>



<p>Frogs undergo a fascinating transformation in their life cycle, from egg to tadpole to adult. This process, known as metamorphosis, involves significant changes in their body structure and habitat.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-habitat-and-diet">Habitat and diet</h3>



<p>Frogs can be found in diverse environments, from tropical rainforests to deserts. Their diet mainly consists of insects, but some larger species can eat small animals like mice and other frogs.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breathing-and-skin">Breathing and skin</h3>



<p>Frogs breathe through their lungs and their skin, which must remain moist to facilitate gas exchange. This is why they are often found near water sources.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-significance-of-frogs">Cultural significance of frogs</h3>



<p>Frogs have been symbols of fertility, luck, and rain in various cultures throughout history. They are featured in folklore, mythology, and art around the world.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-engagement-in-world-frog-day">Engagement in World Frog Day</h2>



<p>World Frog Day activities spans across various sectors, from educational institutions hosting lectures and workshops to conservation organizations conducting field research and habitat restoration projects.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Social media campaigns and community clean-up events also play a significant role in raising awareness and fostering community involvement in frog conservation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reflecting-on-our-environmental-responsibilities">Reflecting on our environmental responsibilities</h2>



<p>As we celebrate World Frog Day, it's crucial to recognize the beauty and diversity of frog species, their indispensable contributions to ecosystems, and the urgent need for actions to ensure their survival. </p>



<p>This day calls for a collective effort to protect these remarkable creatures and the environments they inhabit, ensuring a balanced and healthy planet for future generations.</p>



<p>In essence, World Frog Day is not just a celebration but a call to action - a day to reflect on our environmental responsibilities and commit to making a difference in the preservation of frog populations and the broader <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-solutions-for-the-climate-and-biodiversity-crisis/">biodiversity</a> they represent.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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World Frog Day 2024: Addressing environmental threats to frogs

World Frog Day, observed annually on March 20th, serves as...

<p>We flush it, toss it, and watch it drift away – but our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/4200-harmful-plastic-chemicals-hidden-in-everyday-objects/">plastic waste</a> doesn't magically disappear. A recent Exeter-led study shows how microplastics affects different ocean animals. The experts found that some ocean animals are far more exposed to the dangers of microplastics than others.</p>



<p>Microplastics are tiny plastic fragments, often less than 5 millimeters in size. These insidious bits of pollution come from various sources, the breakdown of larger <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/300-million-tons-plastic-oceans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic items</a> like bottles and bags. Manufacturers may intentionally produce them for use in products like cosmetics and industrial cleaners.</p>



<p>Once in the ocean, they don't conveniently break down and disappear; they just get smaller and more difficult to remove.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ocean-victims-of-microplastics">Ocean victims of microplastics</h2>



<p><a href="https://biosciences.exeter.ac.uk/staff/profile/index.php?web_id=Adam_Porter" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Adam Porter</a> is a leading voice in the study and part of the ambitious <a href="https://convexseascapesurvey.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Convex Seascape Survey</a>. "We know very little about the global seafloor and the species living there, but the impact of plastic pollution is growing even in parts of the deep ocean never seen by humans," noted Porter.</p>



<p>You might think that filter feeders, animals that strain food from the water (such as mussels), would be most vulnerable since they are literally filtering the ocean. But that's not what researchers found.</p>



<p>Instead of filter feeders, it's the predators, omnivores (eating both plants and animals), and scavengers munching on the seafloor that are most likely to have plastic in their systems. Examples include crabs, starfish, sea cucumbers, and even squid.</p>



<p>Sadly, a sea urchin found using a piece of electrician's tape as camouflage. "Contrary to previous thinking, it turns out that many filter feeders have fairly effective methods of releasing unwanted particles rather than ingesting them," explained Dr. Porter.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ocean-location-and-microplastic-consumption">Ocean location and microplastic consumption</h2>



<p>The "burden" of plastic within <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastic-pollution-found-in-every-aquatic-species-tested/">animal species</a> recovered from the seafloor gives scientists new insights. Researchers found the risk of exposure to plastic depends heavily on location. </p>



<p>Animals in areas like the Mediterranean and Yellow Seas, heavily polluted by plastic, had the highest microplastic levels. For example, a shrimp from the Mediterranean was found with 164 microplastics inside its body.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications">Study implications</h2>



<p>Seabed creatures play a vital role in our ecosystem. They break down waste, recycle nutrients, and form the foundation of the marine food web. </p>



<p>When ocean animals ingest microplastics, those tiny pollutants can work their way up the entire food chain. The plastics could potentially ending up on our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/contamination-crisis-microplastics-found-in-88-of-protein-sources/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinner plates</a>. Additionally, if these hardworking recyclers are compromised, the health of our entire ocean is at stake.</p>



<p>"Organisms living in the seabed…may not seem that important, but they are essential for regulating and recycling the planet's resources and form the base of the food web," explained Professor Jasmin Godbold from the <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/campaigns/usa?utm_medium=cpc&amp;utm_source=google&amp;utm_content=university%20of%20southampton&amp;utm_value=&amp;gad_source=1&amp;gclid=CjwKCAjwkuqvBhAQEiwA65XxQEsz9CUhKzFPff2Mx4qAhk-tXvBuYOUc3B9eCfL2lVuSe8LXDVpaThoCIM4QAvD_BwE">University of Southampton</a>.</p>



<p>"Our findings suggest that previous assumptions about the risk of exposure to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nearly-all-seabirds-have-ingested-microplastics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic</a> in our oceans are likely, for better or for worse, to be far from the reality."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microplastics-and-ocean-life">Microplastics and ocean life</h2>



<p>These findings underscore that not all ocean animals are equally threatened by microplastics. While some might have ways to protect themselves, the sheer amount of plastic is still a major concern. </p>



<p>"These techniques of how we group animals when we look for the effects and fate of microplastics are important tools for us to understand and simplify the world," said Dr. Ceri Lewis, a co-author from the University of Exeter.</p>



<p>"We are now using these methods in the Convex Seascape Survey, to understand how animals interact with carbon on the seafloor and what the significance is of their behaviors in the fight against climate change."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-getting-rid-of-ocean-microplastics">Getting rid of ocean microplastics</h2>



<p>"The only true conservation strategy is to stop producing so much plastic—especially single-use plastic," stressed Professor Tamara Galloway from the <a href="https://www.exeter.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Exeter</a>. </p>



<p>"Such items may only be used for minutes or even seconds, but they persist in the ocean for hundreds of years."</p>



<p>While individual changes matter (reusable bags, bottles, and food containers), this study highlights the urgent need for larger solutions. Demanding change from businesses and governments is crucial. </p>



<p>To combat the pollution crisis, reducing plastic production is essential. Additionally, investing in waste management infrastructure can significantly help. These steps, taken together, have the potential to reverse the tide of pollution.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-43788-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.</p>



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Microplastics harm some ocean animals more than others

We flush it, toss it, and watch it drift away...

<p>Celebrated every year on March 20, World Sparrow Day is a special occasion dedicated to raising awareness about the protection of sparrows and other birds that share our environment. This day is a call to action - a reminder of the delicate beauty around us that must be protected.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-origins-of-world-sparrow-day">Origins of World Sparrow Day</h2>



<p>World Sparrow Day can be traced back to the collaborative efforts of the <a href="https://www.natureforever.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Forever Society of India</a>, founded by Mohammed Dilawar, the Eco-Sys Action Foundation of France, and numerous other global entities. </p>



<p>While the day is named after sparrows, it represents a broader mission - to draw attention to the beauty and biodiversity of all common birds that cohabit our urban and rural spaces.&nbsp;</p>



<p>It was Mohammed Dilawar's passion for conserving house sparrows in Nashik that sparked the official campaign. The inaugural World Sparrow Day was celebrated in 2010, marking the beginning of an ongoing global effort to conserve birdlife.</p>



<p>This initiative has provided a vital platform for bird conservationists to network, share ideas, and foster global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/half-of-the-worlds-bird-species-are-now-in-decline/">awareness</a> about species that are often overlooked yet integral to our ecosystems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-plight-of-the-sparrow">The plight of the sparrow</h2>



<p>House sparrows, known for their cheerful chirping and presence in green patches and backyards of urban areas, are facing threats that push them towards extinction.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Factors such as noise pollution, lack of nesting sites, pesticide usage, and food scarcity have been identified as significant contributors to their declining numbers. Despite their once common presence, sparrows now struggle to survive in environments that have evolved without considering their needs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fascinating-facts-about-sparrows-nbsp">Fascinating facts about sparrows&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Sparrows may be small, but they play a significant role in our ecosystems and cultures. Here are some interesting facts about sparrows:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adaptability">Adaptability</h3>



<p>Sparrows are incredibly adaptable to various environments, which is why they thrive in diverse habitats, including urban areas. Their ability to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/birds-have-mastered-the-art-of-coexisting-in-a-changing-world/">live close to humans</a> and make use of human-made structures for nesting and feeding is remarkable.</p>



<p>The house sparrow (Passer domesticus) is one of the most widely distributed bird species in the world, found on every continent except Antarctica.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-significance">Cultural significance</h3>



<p>Sparrows have been symbols of companionship, simplicity, and joy across various cultures throughout history. In ancient Egypt, they were believed to catch the souls of the recently deceased. Greek mythology associated them with Aphrodite, the goddess of love, due to their perceived lustfulness.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-creatures">Social creatures</h3>



<p>Sparrows are incredibly social birds. They live in colonies known as flocks and often engage in social activities such as dust or water bathing and "social singing," where groups of sparrows sing together in a chorus.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dietary-flexibility">Dietary flexibility</h3>



<p>While primarily seed-eaters, sparrows are opportunistic feeders and can consume a variety of foods based on availability. Their diet can include insects, fruits, and even discarded food from humans in urban areas.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distinctive-features">Distinctive features</h3>



<p>Although often perceived as plain, both male and female sparrows have distinctive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/savannah-sparrows-are-losing-their-unique-adaptations-in-the-bay-area/">markings</a>. Male house sparrows, for example, can be identified by their gray heads, white cheeks, black bibs, and rufous neck – whereas females and young sparrows sport a more uniform brown plumage.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nesting-habits">Nesting habits</h3>



<p>Sparrows are quite inventive when it comes to nesting. They prefer to nest in close proximity to humans, often utilizing nooks and crannies in buildings, as well as natural cavities. They can also reuse and adapt old nests of other birds.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vocal-variety">Vocal variety</h3>



<p>Sparrows have a wide range of calls and songs which they use to communicate with each other. Their songs are primarily used by males to attract mates and establish territories.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-declining-sparrow-populations">Declining sparrow populations</h3>



<p>Despite their adaptability, the population of house sparrows has been declining in many parts of the world. This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-report-confirms-that-bird-species-are-steadily-declining/">decline</a> is attributed to factors such as urbanization, pollution, and the loss of their natural habitats.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-symbolism-and-superstition">Symbolism and superstition</h3>



<p>Sparrows have been subjects of various superstitions and symbols. In some cultures, a sparrow flying into one's home symbolizes good luck and happiness.</p>



<p>In Greek mythology, the sparrow was the sacred bird of Aphrodite, the goddess of love, and symbolized true love and spiritual connection.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-growing-movement">A growing movement</h2>



<p>Over the years, World Sparrow Day has witnessed increasing participation from people across the globe. Individuals and communities are taking proactive steps by creating bird nests and shelters for sparrows and other common birds. Such initiatives not only aid in the conservation of these species but also reconnect people with nature.</p>



<p>World Sparrow Day serves as a reminder of the beauty and significance of sparrows and other common birds. It encourages us to observe, appreciate, and protect these tiny avian companions who share our spaces but often go unnoticed. The hope is that we can reverse the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/backyard-bird-diversity-declining-across-australia/">trend</a> of declining bird populations in communities worldwide.&nbsp;</p>



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Tiny but mighty: The significance of World Sparrow Day

Celebrated every year on March 20, World Sparrow Day is...

<p>A fossil discovered over a century ago has been confirmed as the oldest <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Trachelosaurus-fischeri_skeleton-comparison_Swiss-Journal-Paleontology_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">long-necked marine reptile</a>. A team of international scientists re-examined the <em>Trachelosaurus fischeri</em> fossil, transforming our knowledge of Triassic marine life.</p>



<p>This discovery by <a href="https://www.naturkundemuseum-bw.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart</a> provides a thrilling new chapter in the ancient marine ecosystems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovery-of-trachelosaurus-fischeri">Discovery of <em>Trachelosaurus fischeri</em></h2>



<p>The story of <em>Trachelosaurus fischeri </em>began in 19th century Germany, where its fossilized remains were discovered. However, its unusual anatomy caused confusion among scientists. For decades, the true identity of this perplexing creature remained shrouded in mystery.</p>



<p>"Through research on Chinese fossils of the long-necked marine reptile <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinocephalosaurus-240-million-year-old-chinese-dragon-was-a-fierce-predator/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dinocephalosaurus</a>, which I published with colleagues just a few weeks ago, we were able to solve the mystery of <em>Trachelosaurus fischeri</em>. The anatomy shows us that it is closely related to Dinocephalosaurus," explains <a href="https://www.stephanspiekman.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Stephan Spiekman</a>, an expert on this group of animals.</p>



<p>"Trachelosaurus fischeri is the first fossil of this reptile group to be found outside of China. It is also the oldest long-necked marine <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/are-chameleons-reptiles-yes-heres-why/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reptile</a> known to date."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-features-of-trachelosaurus-fischeri">Unique features of <em>Trachelosaurus fischeri</em></h2>



<p>The fossil offers a tantalizing glimpse into the evolutionary past. Following are the peculiar details of its anatomy.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disjointed-skeleton">Disjointed skeleton</h3>



<p>The partially disarticulated skeleton of <em>Trachelosaurus fischeri</em> provides valuable clues. It includes skull fragments, a substantial section of the spine, parts of the tail vertebrae, a well-preserved rib cage, sections of the pelvis, a femur, and even a possible foot bone. </p>



<p>These elements, though fragmented, give researchers a strong foundation for comparison with other early archosauromorphs.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-elongated-spine">Elongated spine</h3>



<p>Remarkably, <em>Trachelosaurus fischeri</em> boasts a long spine, with at least 21 neck vertebrae and 27 back vertebrae. This elongation is a hallmark of the tanysaurians. Furthermore, the ends of the spine's neural arches widen distinctively, unlike anything seen in other Triassic archosauromorphs. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unusual-ribs">Unusual ribs</h3>



<p>The creature's neck ribs are equally bizarre with their short, forked design, never extending past the length of the vertebra they belong to. This is another unusual trait unseen in its close relatives.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-additional-clues">Additional clues</h3>



<p>The fossil's right premaxilla reveals long, slightly curved teeth devoid of serrations – a feature resembling some tanystropheids and trachelosaurids. </p>



<p>Moving beyond the head, <em>Trachelosaurus fischeri</em> lacks a some parts of the pelvis, and its femur is surprisingly stout without a bend. Its barrel-shaped torso and rounded ribs show that this creature was built for life in the water.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-survival-strategies">Survival strategies</h2>



<p>Scientists suspect its signature long neck was a crucial weapon in its hunting arsenal. With lightning-fast strikes, it likely ambushed unsuspecting prey. </p>



<p>Furthermore, the discovery of land-dwelling animal footprints near the <em>Trachelosaurus fischeri</em> fossil paints a dramatic scene. It's possible the reptile ventured too close to the shore, or perhaps violent weather washed it ashore into shallow waters. </p>



<p>These footprints reveal the ever-changing nature of prehistoric coastlines, where the boundaries blurred between land and sea. The mix of marine and terrestrial creatures in the same rock layer suggests a thriving and diverse ecosystem. </p>



<p>The coastal waters were likely a bountiful hunting ground for Trachelosaurus fischeri. Yet, these same waters carried a deadly risk, as its fossilized remains tragically attest.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-the-trachelosaurus-fischeri-fossil-matters">Why the Trachelosaurus fischeri fossil matters</h2>



<p>The discovery of <em>Trachelosaurus fischeri</em> reveals the astonishing resilience of life. After the devastating Permian-Triassic extinction event 252 million years ago, Earth's biodiversity took a massive hit. </p>



<p>Yet, remarkably, life bounced back. Unique creatures like long-necked <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gondwana-ancient-reptile-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reptiles</a> evolved and thrived in the transformed marine world.</p>



<p>The story of <em>Trachelosaurus fischeri</em> is about more than just this single <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/280-million-year-old-fossil-of-tridentinosaurus-antiquus-proven-to-be-a-forgery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil</a>. It reminds us that museum collections hold vast, untapped potential. Old specimens, sometimes overlooked, can unveil incredible secrets when studied with new perspectives and advanced techniques. </p>



<p>This fossil's century-long journey, from discovery to re-examination, highlights how museums and universities continue to unlock the mysteries of our planet's past.</p>



<p>The study is published in the <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s13358-024-00309-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Swiss Journal of Palaeontology</a>.</p>



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Trachelosaurus fischeri: World's oldest long-necked marine reptile rediscovered

A fossil discovered over a century ago has been confirmed...

<p>A colossal freshwater turtle fossil, dating back to the late Pleistocene era (40,000 to 9,000 years ago), was unearthed by researchers from the <a href="https://uni-tuebingen.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Tübingen</a>. </p>



<p>Scientists named this remarkable creature "Peltocephalus maturin" after a colossal turtle in Stephen King's fictional universe. Remarkably, it is ranked among the largest known freshwater turtles that have ever existed.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-peltocephalus-maturin">Peltocephalus maturin</h2>



<p>The research was led by Dr. Gabriel S. Ferreira from the <a href="https://www.senckenberg.de/en/institutes/shep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment</a>. </p>



<p>Interestingly, the study was launched after gold miners in Brazil's Amazon rainforest found a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dna-remnants-found-in-six-million-year-old-sea-turtle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossilized turtle</a> jaw. This ancient relic holds a wealth of knowledge for paleontologists.</p>



<p>Dr. Ferreira's expertise transformed a mere bone fragment into a key piece of evolutionary history. His team's careful analysis not only identified the species but also established a compelling link to the modern big-headed Amazon turtle (Peltocephalus dumerilianus). </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-characteristics-of-peltocephalus-maturin">Characteristics of Peltocephalus maturin</h2>



<p>Peltocephalus maturin has several standout <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/green-turtle-recovery-greatly-depends-on-foraging-habitats/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">features</a> that define its place within the turtle family tree. The experts gathered the following evidence:</p>



<ul>
<li>Size: Scientists estimate Peltocephalus maturin's shell at about nearly 6 feet long.</li>



<li>Powerful jaws:&nbsp;The specimen includes mostly complete, massive, and fused dentaries. The robust, fused jawbone suggests a strong bite and potential for an omnivorous diet (plants and animals).</li>



<li>Hooked tip:&nbsp;A distinctive hooked tip at the front of the jaw likely played a role in the turtle's feeding habits.</li>



<li>Ridges and shape:&nbsp;Unique straight ridges and a U-shaped structure on the jawbone are notable, as is a well-developed hook at the front and a platform below the chewing surface.</li>



<li>Telling Pits:&nbsp;The jawbone has a small pit with two indentations, a pattern that differs from other related turtle species.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coexistence-with-humans">Coexistence with humans</h2>



<p>"In the past, we only know of a few <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-turtles-are-making-a-comeback-in-the-cayman-islands/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">turtles</a> living in fresh waters that had a shell length of more than 150 centimeters (4.9 feet)," explained Dr. Ferreira. "Such large animals are most recently known primarily from the Miocene, the period around 23 to 5 million years ago."</p>



<p>The discovery of Peltocephalus maturin changes things. This giant turtle was alive much more recently, meaning it likely co-existed with early humans in the Amazon.</p>



<p>"People settled in the Amazon region around 12,600 years ago," noted Dr. Ferreira. "We also know that large tortoises have been on the diet of hominins since the Paleolithic."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-human-expansion">Impact of human expansion</h2>



<p>The researchers are uncertain whether Peltocephalus maturin and other megafaunal species fell <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-turtles-are-now-ingesting-disposable-face-masks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">victim</a> to human expansion in the region. </p>



<p>"Whether freshwater turtles, which are much more difficult to catch due to their agility, were also eaten by early humans and whether Peltocephalus maturin - together with the South American megafauna - fell victim to human expansion is still unclear."</p>



<p>To shed light on this mystery, Dr. Ferreira emphasized the need for further exploration. "Here we need more data from the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene deposits of the Amazon Basin."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovery-of-peltocephalus-maturin">Discovery of Peltocephalus maturin</h2>



<p>Ancient turtles hold a special fascination for paleontologists. These remarkably long-lived creatures, with fossils dating back over 220 million years, have survived mass extinctions and adapted to an astonishing variety of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-level-rise-threatens-turtle-breeding-grounds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environments</a>. </p>



<p>The discovery of Peltocephalus maturin expands our understanding of the remarkable diversity of ancient life. It also raises fascinating questions about the interactions between early humans and the megafauna that once roamed the Amazon. </p>



<p>Moreover, ancient turtles were not just passive observers – they actively shaped their environments. Their size and diet, revealed through fossils, offer clues about their place in the food chain and how they interacted with other species. This knowledge informs our understanding of how ancient <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/freshwater-turtles-improve-the-health-of-river-systems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystems</a> functioned.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2024.0010">Biology Letters</a>.</p>



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Peltocephalus maturin: Giant turtle named after Stephen King novel

A colossal freshwater turtle fossil, dating back to the late...

<p>Aetosaurs, a group of heavily armored reptiles akin to modern crocodiles, dominated the landscapes of the Triassic era, long before the reign of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-dinosaurs-benefited-from-changes-in-global-climate/">dinosaurs</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These ancient crocodile ancestors, which thrived approximately 200 million years ago, have left behind fossils scattered across all continents except Antarctica and Australia, revealing a rich diversity in form and function.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extensive-bony-armor-nbsp">Extensive bony armor&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Unlike the more celebrated dinosaurs, aetosaurs were characterized by their extensive bony armor, which has historically posed a significant challenge to scientists attempting to classify and understand these prehistoric beings due to the scarcity of complete fossilized skeletons.</p>



<p>In a groundbreaking study led by researchers from the <a href="https://www.utexas.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Texas at Austin</a> (UT), a remarkably preserved aetosaur armor provides new insights into the anatomy and evolutionary history of these ancient reptiles (<a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/1019646">image</a>). </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-well-preserved-specimen-nbsp">Well-preserved specimen&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study, centered around an aetosaur carapace that is around 70% complete, marks a significant departure from the norm, offering a comprehensive view of the creature's protective bony plates spanning from the neck to the tail.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"We have elements from the back of the neck and shoulder region all the way to the tip of the tail," said lead author William Reyes, a doctoral student at the UT Jackson School of Geosciences, emphasizing the rarity of finding such well-preserved material.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-armadillo-like-version-of-a-crocodile">Armadillo-like version of a crocodile</h2>



<p>The study introduced <em>Garzapelta muelleri</em>, a new species of aetosaur named in honor of the area of its discovery (Garza County, Texas), the Latin word for shield (pelta), and the paleontologist who first unearthed it, Bill Mueller.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Garzapelta's appearance, heavily armored with bony plates and flanked by curved spikes for added defense, drew parallels to an armadillo-like version of a modern American <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-and-ecology-shaped-250-million-years-of-crocodile-evolution/">crocodile</a>, suggesting an omnivorous diet, in contrast to the carnivorous nature of today's crocodiles.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-convergent-evolution-within-the-aetosaur-lineage">Convergent evolution within the aetosaur lineage</h2>



<p>The research highlights the significance of osteoderms, the bony plates embedded in the skin of aetosaurs, in species identification. These osteoderms, while crucial for protection, also serve as a key to understanding the evolutionary adaptations of aetosaurs.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study unveils the phenomenon of <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/are-there-cases-of-convergent-evolution-between-reptiles-and-amphibians/">convergent evolution</a> within the aetosaur lineage, with Garzapelta's armor showcasing similarities to other species despite a distant genetic relationship, suggesting independent evolutionary paths leading to similar protective strategies.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-relationships-among-aetosaurs-nbsp">Evolutionary relationships among aetosaurs&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Addressing Garzapelta's placement within the aetosaur phylogenetic tree proved to be a complex endeavor, as the research team navigated the intricacies of convergent evolution.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Depending on which armor features were emphasized, Garzapelta's phylogenetic position varied, underscoring the challenges in disentangling evolutionary relationships within this group.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Convergence of the osteoderms across distantly related aetosaurs has been noted before, but the carapace of <em>Garzapelta muelleri</em> is the best example of it," Reyes explained, highlighting the evolutionary dynamics at play and their implications for understanding phylogenetic relationships.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-museum-collections">Importance of museum collections</h2>



<p>Housed in the <a href="https://www.ttu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Texas Tech University</a> fossil collections, Garzapelta spent decades on a shelf before catching the attention of Reyes. The study underscores the value of university and museum collections as repositories of untapped scientific knowledge, awaiting discovery and analysis by researchers.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Bill Parker, an aetosaur specialist and park paleontologist at <a href="https://www.nps.gov/pefo/index.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Petrified Forest National</a>, who was not involved in the research, praised this study for bringing to light specimens that have languished in obscurity, emphasizing the importance of museum collections in advancing our understanding of prehistoric life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-further-exploration-of-aetosaur-evolution">Further exploration of aetosaur evolution</h2>



<p>Further exploration of aetosaur evolution, including the influence of age or sex on armor characteristics, remains a focal point of ongoing research. Reyes's continued examination of Jackson School’s aetosaur <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/preparing-fossils/">fossils</a>, primarily excavated in the 1940s, promises to shed additional light on the complexities of these ancient reptiles.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This research not only enriches the taxonomy of the aetosaur family but also deepens our comprehension of the ecological roles and evolutionary strategies of these Triassic giants, offering a glimpse into a world where armored crocodile-like creatures roamed the Earth long before the age of dinosaurs.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.25379" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>The Anatomical Record</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Experts identify a new "aetosaur" that lived 200 million years ago

Aetosaurs, a group of heavily armored reptiles akin to modern...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



<p>Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



<p>The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



<p>At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.</p>



<p>"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



<p>The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.</p>



<p>The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.</p>



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



<p>On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.</p>



<p>This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.</p>



<p>Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.</p>



<p>The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators.  Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas.  These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.</p>



<p>Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



<p>Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.</p>



<p>Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



<p>385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.</p>



<p>The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.</p>



<p>Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



<p>The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."</p>



<p>This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a></em> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.</p>



<p>Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet <em>Archaeopteris</em>: the first modern tree</h2>



<p>The star of this ancient forest is <em>Archaeopteris</em> – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur <em>Archaeopteryx</em>. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.</p>



<p>William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.</p>



<p>Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



<p>These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.</p>



<p>This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



<p>The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified <em>Eospermatopteris</em>, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.</p>



<p>All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



<p>Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.</p>



<p>Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."</p>



<p>The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



<p>In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.</p>



<p>Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



<p>Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.</p>



<p>Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.</p>



<p>These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.</p>



<p>The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em>Current Biology</em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

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<p></p>



<p>Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. </p>



<p>Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. </p>



<p>These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.</p>



<p>Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. </p>



<p>For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.</p>



<p>Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. </p>



<p>Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.</p>



<p>This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. </p>



<p>With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>-----</p>

What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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<p>A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. </p>



<p>Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. </p>



<p>Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. </p>



<p>Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. </p>



<p>The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.</p>



<p>Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.</p>



<p>Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.</p>



<p>This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. </p>



<p>The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the <em><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



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https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?</p>



<p>One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ACS Reactions</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;</p>



<p>'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."</p>



<p>"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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<p>Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.</p>



<p>The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."</p>



<p>"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."</p>



<p>"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."</p>



<p>The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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<p>Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.</p>



<p>According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."</p>



<p>Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. </p>



<p>Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> </em>Staff Writer </p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"] Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.</p>



<p>"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."</p>



<p>Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.</p>



<p>"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."</p>



<p>Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.</p>



<p>In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.</p>



<p>The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.</p>



<p>The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.</p>



<p>The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. </p>



<p>Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.</p>



<p>The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.</p>



<p>At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.</p>



<p>"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."</p>



<p>The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.</p>



<p><em>Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."</p>



<p>The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.</p>



<p>"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



<p><em>Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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