Young aspen trees in Yellowstone are doing something they have not done in almost 100 years. Rather than sprouting and being eaten back to nubs by elk and bison, they're actually growing into tall, adult forest trees rising up towards the canopy.



This matters more than it might seem, because it shows what happens when a missing piece of an ecosystem returns.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-yellowstone-aspens-and-elk">Yellowstone, aspens, and elk</h2>



In the 1920s, people <a href="https://www.yellowstone.org/wolf-project/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eliminated wolves in Yellowstone</a>. At the time, with limited scientific knowledge, managers believed it was the right thing to do.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/from-wolves-to-dogs-did-domestication-begin-without-human-help/">Without wolves</a>, elk herds grew very large. Elk love to eat aspen shoots - the tender young growth is highly palatable to them.



For roughly 70 years, elk browsed aspen sprouts down to stub height, and the trees couldn't grow. 



If you had walked through Yellowstone in the 1980s, you would have seen many tiny aspen shoots covering the ground, but almost no young trees gaining height. 



The forest's regeneration was stalled. Old trees died, and no new ones replaced them.



In 1995 and 1996, park managers reintroduced wolves into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstone-supervolcano-eruption-study-sparks-new-debate-on-where-and-when-it-will-erupt/">Yellowstone Park ecosystem</a>. Scientists hoped and wondered whether this would change anything for the trees.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-aspen-matter-to-yellowstone">Why aspen matter to Yellowstone</h2>



Aspen groves provide habitat for many species. Birds nest in them. Beavers eat the bark and use the wood for dams. Butterflies and moths lay eggs on the leaves. 



Their canopy admits enough light for wildflowers and shrubs to grow beneath. When it rains, aspen groves hold water in the soil better than some other forest types.



In short, when aspen return, dozens of other species benefit. More trees support more insects, which in turn support more birds, enriching the ecosystem.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-checking-the-trees-three-decades-later">Checking the trees three decades later</h2>



<a href="https://fwcs.oregonstate.edu/users/luke-painter" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Luke Painter</a>, an ecologist at <a href="https://oregonstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oregon State University</a>, sought clear answers. His team returned to 87 aspen stands across Yellowstone that scientists had previously surveyed. 



They measured thousands of young trees, looked for bite marks, and counted how many stems were tall enough that elk could no longer reach the tips.



About a third of these stands now have many tall young aspens pushing toward the canopy. 



"About 26 of the 87 aspen stands we examined had large numbers of tall saplings throughout, a remarkable change from the 1990s when surveys found none at all," Painter said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-wolves-matter-to-yellowstone-aspens">Why wolves matter to Yellowstone aspens</h2>



Breaking it all down, the conclusions of this study are pretty simple. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wolves-move-pups-across-mountains-to-adapt-to-climate-pressure/">Wolves hunt elk</a>. When wolves came back, two things happened. First, elk numbers declined from unusually high levels. Second, elk changed their behavior. They spent less time in the same areas feeding.



With fewer elk and shorter feeding bouts, more aspen shoots survived long enough to exceed the browsing zone - about six to seven feet high. 



Once a sapling reaches that height, elk cannot easily reach the growing tip. The tree continues to grow.



"The reintroduction of large carnivores has initiated a recovery process that had been shut down for decades," Painter explained.



Scientists call this a <a href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/trophic-cascades-across-diverse-plant-ecosystems-80060347/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trophic cascade</a> - when adding or removing one species causes changes that ripple through the whole system.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-some-places-recover-others-don-t">Some places recover, others don't</h2>



Unfortunately, not every aspen stand has recovered yet. Some valleys still have many short, heavily browsed shoots, because it's not only elk eating them anymore. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstones-iconic-bison-have-merged-into-a-single-herd/">Bison herds have grown</a>, and bison browse on aspen as well. They are strong enough to break young trees. 



"Increasing numbers of bison may be emerging as a new constraint to aspen in some areas," Painter confirmed.



Additionally, winter snow depth varies; droughts stress trees; bears and mountain lions also hunt elk; and hunting outside the park influences elk distribution. 



All of these factors interact, which is why some sites show strong recovery, others show moderate recovery, and a few have changed very little.



The key pattern is that places with many tall saplings experience little browsing, and aspen groves that remain popular eating grounds today stay short. 



This fact is the strongest indication that tree recovery is linked directly to wolf presence, not solely to weather or soil conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-proof-in-the-measurements">Proof in the measurements</h2>



Painter's team did not rely on casual observation. They used the same methods as earlier researchers, measuring the same plots. 



They counted recruitment - when young trees surpass browsing height and begin progressing toward maturity. This measure is crucial. Sprouts are insufficient if they never grow; without recruitment, the forest cannot replace itself.



The results are robust. After being stalled for most of a century, Yellowstone's aspens are increasing in height. In recovering stands today, you will see saplings - six, eight, or ten feet tall - that were not present in the 1990s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-yellowstone-s-aspens">The future of Yellowstone's aspens</h2>



"This is a remarkable case of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-viruses-found-in-yellowstones-hot-springs-may-be-near-the-root-of-all-life-on-earth/">ecological restoration</a>," Painter concluded. "Wolf reintroduction is yielding long-term ecological changes contributing to increased biodiversity and habitat diversity."



Trees grow slowly, so even with wolves restored, it will take decades for these young aspens to form a full-grown forest. 



Some areas might never fully recover if bison numbers continue to rise or if the climate becomes too hot and dry.



Thanks to the work of Painter and his team, scientists are now certain that restoring the Yellowstone predator has restarted aspen forest regeneration. Not everywhere and not perfectly, but enough to be measured, creating hope for the future.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112725004499?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Forest Ecology and Management</a>.



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Yellowstone's aspen trees are growing again thanks to the reintroduction of wolves

Young aspen trees in Yellowstone are doing something they have not done in almost 100 years. Rather than sprouting and being eaten back to nubs by elk and bison, they're actually growing into tall, adult forest trees rising up towards the canopy. This matters more than it might seem, because it shows what happens when a missing piece of an ecosystem returns. Yellowstone, aspens, and elk In the 1920s, people eliminated wolves in Yellowstone. At the time, with limited scientific knowledge, managers believed it was the right...

Cockatoos are often celebrated as vibrant symbols of the wild, yet their true stories are far from ordinary. What if the assumptions we've held about them for over a century were wrong? What if their differences extend beyond appearances - reaching all the way down to their genes? 



These questions are transforming our understanding of these charismatic birds and redefining conservation efforts. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cockatoo-conservation-efforts">Cockatoo conservation efforts</h2>



Scientists at <a href="https://www.hku.hk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The University of Hong Kong</a> are leading this charge, making remarkable strides in preserving two cockatoo species: the sulphur-crested cockatoo and the critically endangered yellow-crested cockatoo.



With fewer than 2,000 yellow-crested cockatoos remaining in the wild, their survival hangs in the balance, threatened by habitat loss, illegal trade, and a rapidly changing environment.



These remarkable birds, once misunderstood, are now at the center of cutting-edge genetic research that could redefine their future and inspire more targeted, effective conservation strategies for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parrots-have-a-unique-voice-print-similar-to-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parrot</a> species worldwide.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-discoveries-and-cockatoo-conservation">Genetic discoveries and cockatoo conservation</h2>



The researchers conducted a genomic analysis, a cutting-edge tool that's redefining our understanding of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urbanization-is-a-threat-to-78-of-the-worlds-bird-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a> and setting the path for more efficient conservation efforts.



This innovation doesn't stop at improving our understanding. It nudges global legislation towards a much-needed update to align with the latest scientific insights.



The revelations could shape future cockatoo <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/effective-conservation-efforts-key-to-saving-biodiversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation</a> strategies, offering actionable solutions to prevent biodiversity loss, and could also influence laws protecting these and many other parrot species globally, ensuring their long-term survival.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-triton-cockatoo-s-distinct-identity">Triton cockatoo’s distinct identity</h2>



In a surprising turn of events, the research led to the confirmation of the Triton cockatoo as a distinct species, after a century of confusion.



The Triton and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cockatoos-learn-by-copying-others/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sulphur-crested cockatoos</a>, due to their uncanny resemblance, were believed to be a single species occupying Australia and New Guinea.



The new study has clarified that the Triton cockatoo is unique to the majority of New Guinea, while the sulphur-crested cockatoo is prevalent in Australia and a minuscule portion of southern New Guinea.



"Introducing the wrong species in the wrong place could jeopardize their long-term survival in the wild through hybridization or competition between the Triton cockatoo and the sulphur-crested cockatoo, potentially even disrupting ecosystems in the long term," noted Dr. Arthur Sands, the study's principal author.



He emphasized the need for reintroduction plans to be based on genetic information to avert such costly mistakes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-museomics-and-the-yellow-crested-cockatoo">Museomics and the yellow-crested cockatoo</h2>



The second part of the study focused on the critically endangered yellow-crested cockatoo.



Using a novel approach called "museomics," the researchers identified three genetically distinct groups across the Wallacean region. In the process, they drew on DNA from 100-year-old museum specimens. 



This approach enables scientists to gather critical biological data without disturbing endangered <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-wildlife-day-using-technology-to-protect-our-natural-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildlife</a>.



Based on the analysis, the researchers broadened their understanding of the genetic makeup of the yellow-crested cockatoo. The results also raised some intriguing questions about the cockatoo's evolution, distribution and conservation.



"One of the benefits of museomics is the ability to examine genetic data from taxa that are extinct, rare or inaccessible. In this case, it provides valuable information to inform conservation efforts, such as translocation, genetic rescue and breeding - steps that are crucial to avoid global extinction of&nbsp;C. sulphurea," noted Dr. Astrid Andersson, who led the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cockatoo-conservation-relies-on-genetic-research">Cockatoo conservation relies on genetic research</h2>



At the heart of these advanced studies is a simple truth: understanding the uniqueness of each creature is vital for their survival.



"Accurate identification of evolutionarily significant units and species is essential for the effective management and conservation of rare and threatened species," said study co-author Professor Juha Merilä.



"Our research highlights the genetic diversity within and among these iconic cockatoo species and highlights the importance of incorporating genetic data into conservation planning."



As we tread deeper into the 21st century, embracing such a refined approach towards conservation could be our best bet at preserving the planet’s diversity.



Without accurate genetic considerations, re-wilding initiatives and translocations could have harmful consequences, concluded the researchers.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/41/11/msae222/7840323" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Molecular Biology and Evolution</a>.



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Genetic discoveries offer new hope for cockatoo conservation

Cockatoos are often celebrated as vibrant symbols of the wild,...

Scientists at the Children’s Medical Research Institute (CMRI) have made a breakthrough discovery that could transform cancer treatment. 



The experts have uncovered why cancer cells respond differently to radiotherapy, with some cells dying in ways that alert the immune system and others dying silently.



This difference is linked to how cancer cells repair DNA damage caused by radiation.



The research, led by Dr. Radoslaw Szmyd and Professor Tony Cesare, sheds light on the role of DNA repair in determining how cancer cells respond to radiotherapy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mystery-of-cancer-cell-death">Mystery of cancer cell death</h2>



Radiation therapy is an essential tool for treating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/light-activated-molecules-kill-cancer-cells-with-precision/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cancer</a>, as it works by killing cancer cells. However, scientists have long been perplexed by a puzzling phenomenon: even within the same tumor, radiation causes cells to die in different ways.



This difference matters because the type of cell death determines whether the immune system notices and responds. 



Some cancer cell deaths go undetected by the immune system, meaning no further immune action is triggered. On the other hand, certain types of cell death activate the immune system, prompting it to attack remaining cancer cells.



Understanding why these variations occur is critical to improving <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microscopic-discovery-reveals-how-cancer-cells-grow-faster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cancer</a> treatment. If scientists can harness the immune-activating forms of cell death, they can enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy by combining it with immunotherapy. 



This combination could lead to more powerful treatments that not only kill cancer cells but also help the body recognize and destroy any remaining cancer.



“Our research reveals that DNA repair, typically a protective mechanism, determines how cancer cells die after radiotherapy,” explained Professor Cesare from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a>. 



“When radiation damages DNA, cells use various repair processes. These processes dictate whether the immune system recognizes the cancer cells.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unnoticed-cancer-cell-deaths-weaken-treatment">Unnoticed cancer cell deaths weaken treatment</h2>



The study revealed that how cancer cells repair DNA damage caused by radiation affects how they die. When <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ketogenic-diet-may-help-the-body-kill-cancer-cells/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cancer</a> cells use a DNA repair process called homologous recombination, they die during cell division. However, this type of death doesn’t alert the immune system, allowing the cancer to stay under the radar.



In contrast, when cells use other DNA repair pathways, they release byproducts that resemble a viral or bacterial infection. These byproducts signal the immune system to respond, enabling it to recognize and attack remaining cancer cells.



The researchers discovered that blocking homologous recombination changes the way cancer cells die. Instead of dying silently, they now die in a way that activates the immune system. This finding could pave the way for combining radiotherapy with drugs that inhibit homologous recombination.



This approach would boost the immune response, making radiotherapy more effective at destroying cancer and reducing the chances of recurrence.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-decades-old-question-answered">A decades-old question answered</h2>



“Live imaging allowed us to observe the complexity of outcomes following radiation therapy,” said Professor Cesare. “This technology was critical in solving the puzzle.”



Professor Harriet Gee, co-project lead, emphasized the clinical significance of these findings.



“We discovered that tumor cell death after radiotherapy depends on specific DNA repair pathways. This insight allows us to combine radiotherapy with immunotherapy to increase cure rates.”



Dr. Szmyd dedicated six years to this remarkable research. “The perseverance required for such a project is incredible. Knowing this discovery could improve cancer patients’ lives is deeply rewarding,” noted Professor Cesare.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-fight-against-cancer">The fight against cancer</h2>



This research from <a href="https://www.cmrijeansforgenes.org.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CMRI</a> solves a decades-old mystery about why cancer cells respond differently to radiation therapy. More importantly, it points to a new way to enhance <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/molecular-fingerprints-could-be-key-to-early-cancer-detection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cancer</a> treatment. 



By combining radiotherapy with drugs that inhibit specific DNA repair processes, and adding immunotherapy, scientists hope to create treatments that not only kill cancer cells but also alert the immune system to attack any remaining cancer.



This discovery highlights the power of teamwork and perseverance in scientific research. It also demonstrates how advanced tools, like live cell imaging, are essential for uncovering the complexities of cancer biology. 



Together, these efforts are opening new doors in the fight against cancer and bringing hope for more effective, life-saving treatments.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41556-024-01557-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Cell Biology</a>.



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Breakthrough: Scientists learn why cancer cells die, think it may transform treatment

Scientists at the Children’s Medical Research Institute (CMRI) have made...

We hear it time and time again, "age is just a number." Older Australian women are truly embracing this mantra and giving it a whole new meaning. They're hitting the roads solo, traveling across the expansive Australian landscapes, and challenging the traditional notions of aging.



Armed with caravans, campervans, or sturdy 4WDs, they journey across the country in search of self-discovery, freedom, and connection. From the rugged Oodnadatta Track to Tasmania’s serene wilderness, they chart new paths and challenge societal norms.



Margaret Yates, a retired nurse and PhD candidate at the University of Technology Sydney (UTS), examined this growing phenomenon. Her study, published in the&nbsp;Journal of Women and Aging, interviewed 29 women, most over 60, to uncover their motivations. 



“For many of these women, this isn’t just about travel,” Yates explained. “It’s about developing self-knowledge, experiencing the unknown, and taking control of their lives after years of caring for others.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-traveling-isn-t-just-a-hobby">Traveling isn’t just a hobby </h2>



The study explores how women in their sixties and seventies are challenging traditional roles. These women are reshaping how we view aging, showing that it can be a time of freedom and reinvention.



Vivian, a woman in her mid-sixties, is a perfect example. After managing a small business for years, she was inspired by a scuba diving trip in Far North Queensland. She decided to sell her business, rent her home, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-hidden-carbon-footprint-of-long-distance-travel/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">travel</a>.



“The best choice I ever made,” she said. Challenges only fueled her determination. “I knew there’d be hurdles and tough times. That probably made me even more determined,” she added.



This shift in behavior reflects broader societal changes. More women are financially independent, and advancements in healthcare, such as telehealth, give them more freedom. Additionally, changing attitudes toward aging encourage women to live unconventional lives. 



The COVID-19 pandemic has further influenced this change, with many now valuing experiences over material possessions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-traveling-at-any-age">Traveling at any age</h2>



Life on the road isn’t always smooth. From vehicle breakdowns to remote isolation, challenges abound. Yet these obstacles often become sources of empowerment, showing that traveling at any age brings unexpected growth.



“If you’re in the middle of nowhere and get a flat tire, you have to deal with it,” said Vivian. “I’ve learnt a lot about myself, my weak points, and my strong points.”



Women form informal networks at campgrounds, sharing tips and support. Social media also plays a role, allowing them to document and celebrate their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-environment-day-2024-a-call-for-land-restoration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">journeys</a>. Most report feeling safe and find immense joy in their achievements.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-healthier-happier-lifestyle">A healthier, happier lifestyle</h2>



This <a href="https://www.uts.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UTS</a> research uncovers unexpected health benefits for women, even those with chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, through traveling at any age.



Many report feeling less stressed and experiencing improved well-being while traveling. The freedom and sense of connection they gain from life on the road significantly boost their health and happiness.



Aria, in her early sixties, is a great example of this joy. Traveling with her dog, Rusty, she originally planned a one-year trip. 



“I’ve just fallen in love with what I’m doing,” she shared. “Years later, I’m still going and still loving it.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-traveling-solo-with-age">Traveling solo with age</h2>



These women challenge the typical stereotypes about aging, embracing both independence and adventure in ways that were once considered unconventional for their age.



As they <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-will-climate-change-affect-our-outdoor-activities/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">journey</a> through Australia’s vast and diverse landscapes, they are not just discovering new places, but are also redefining their own lives. They break free from societal expectations and carve out new paths for themselves.



Their experiences serve as an inspiration to others, encouraging people to rethink what’s possible at any stage of life. They prove that adventure, growth, and new beginnings have no age limit.



These stories remind us that it is never too late to seek out new horizons, face challenges head-on, and uncover the extraordinary within the everyday.



They encourage us to push past the boundaries of age and travel, embracing life’s adventures, big or small, knowing that each journey holds the potential for personal transformation.



The study is published in the <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08952841.2024.2431412" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Women &amp; Aging</a>. 



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More women are embracing solo travel as they age

We hear it time and time again, "age is just...

In the early 200s, the Iberian lynx, small in stature yet brimming with character, was a hair’s breadth from disappearing from the wild.&nbsp;



Conservation groups and government agencies knew the stakes were high, because a world without this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/protecting-lynx-habitat-in-a-shifting-landscape/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spotted feline</a> meant losing a living symbol of Mediterranean woodlands. Though it has taken decades of hard work, the Iberian lynx is finally bouncing back.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-race-to-protect-the-iberian-lynx">Race to protect the Iberian lynx</h2>



The Iberian lynx inhabits regions of southwestern Europe. It measures around 39 inches (100 cm) in length and stands about 18 inches (46 cm) at the shoulder.&nbsp;



Back in the early 2000s, fewer than 100 individuals roamed the wild, including only 25 reproductive females. The outlook was bleak until a dedicated breeding program took shape across the Iberian Peninsula.



This rehabilitation <a href="https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01871.x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">effort</a> is led in part by biologist and program director, <a href="https://apgvn.pt/speakers/en-dr-rodrigo-serra/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rodrigo Serra</a>, at the National Breeding Centre for Iberian Lynxes in Silves.&nbsp;



“The Iberian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/canada-lynx-survival-linked-to-life-cycle-of-snowshoe-hares/">lynx</a> was very, very close to extinction,” shared Serra at the end of a long observation shift. He works alongside other scientists who oversee the species’ reproduction in both Spain and Portugal.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-sabre-tooth-to-survival">From sabre-tooth to survival</h2>



There was a time when experts compared this cat’s precarious position to that of the ancient <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mummified-baby-saber-toothed-cat-found-with-fur-and-toes-intact/">sabre-tooth tiger</a>. “The only feline species that was threatened at this level was the sabre tooth tiger, thousands of years ago,” noted Serra at the end of a field visit.



Loss of habitat to agriculture, increased road traffic, and a devastating drop in wild rabbit numbers pushed this lynx to the edge. 



By the mid-2000s, Portugal had no native lynxes left. Meanwhile, captive-breeding efforts in Spain were showing promise, and Portugal soon followed suit with its own national conservation plan.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-going-the-extra-mile-in-silves">Going the extra mile in Silves</h2>



Conservation staff at the breeding facility in Silves have a clear, two-part mission: shape these cats into resourceful hunters and get them ready for life outside the center. A lot of attention goes into making sure they never grow too accustomed to humans.&nbsp;



“When we notice a litter is becoming a bit more confident, we go in and chase them and make noise so they are scared again,” said Serra. He then explained that this keeps them cautious around people, hopefully reducing future conflicts and accidents on farms or roads.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-iberian-lynx-s-release-strategy">Iberian lynx's release strategy</h2>



Once the animals reach the right age and temperament, they are released into the wild. Their genetic makeup often determines whether they will head to Spain or remain in Portugal, a decision that is aimed at reducing the chances of inbreeding.&nbsp;



Private landowners typically allow these cats to be set free on their properties, and agreements between conservation <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21091768/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">teams</a> and landholders provide a framework that supports both sides. The cats then select their paths.&nbsp;



Although lynxes have occasionally caused rumbles by raiding chicken coops, these incidents remain uncommon.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reintroducing-an-endangered-species">Reintroducing an endangered species</h2>



<a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=_zjEgOsAAAAJ&amp;hl=pt-PT" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Pedro Sarmento</a>, a researcher who has studied the Iberian lynx for three decades with the Portuguese Institute for Conservation of Nature and Forests (<a href="https://iucn.org/our-union/members/iucn-members/instituto-da-conservacao-da-natureza-e-das-florestas" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ICNF</a>), has seen up close what makes these cats so distinctive.&nbsp;



“It’s an animal with a fairly small head for its body and extraordinarily wide paws,” observed Sarmento after a day’s worth of fieldwork. He found their exceptional leaping ability to be a defining trait. 



Despite the lynx’s recuperating numbers, collisions with vehicles are still a leading cause of death, which reflects the constant balancing act between modern infrastructure and wildlife.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-iberian-lynx-is-a-cat-with-more-than-9-lives">Iberian lynx is a cat with more than 9 lives</h2>



One of the best-known <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317278807_First_captive-bred_individuals_released_in_the_Iberian_lynx_reintroduction_programme" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cases</a> in Portugal involved a cat named Lítio. Released into a part of southern Portugal, he stayed put for half a year, then wandered back into Spain’s Doñana National Park.&nbsp;



Lítio fell ill at one point and was returned for treatment in the Algarve. Right after getting a clean bill of health, he swam across the Guadiana River to Spain.&nbsp;



In time, he was again transported back, only to settle a short distance from the breeding center, find a mate, and stay put.&nbsp;



“He is the oldest lynx we have here, and he’s fathered plenty of cubs ever since,” said Sarmento.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-steady-climb-toward-a-safer-future">Steady climb toward a safer future</h2>



In recent years, the Iberian lynx has moved from Critically Endangered to Endangered on the <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IUCN</a> Red List. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227672841_The_Iberian_lynx_Lynx_Pardinus_Conservation_Breeding_Program" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Conservationists</a> hope that the population can grow to around 5,000 or 6,000 in the wild by 2035, a threshold that would grant them healthier genetic diversity. 



“I saw the species disappearing. It’s surreal that we’re in a place where we can see <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/canada-lynxs-historic-range-points-to-a-promising-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lynxes in nature</a> or through camera trapping almost daily,” Sarmento commented, still recalling how grim things looked a few decades ago. 



Roads still claim too many lives, and keeping habitats linked is a continuous hurdle, but the progress so far stands as proof that species on the brink can inch their way back.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-taking-pride-in-an-ongoing-mission">Taking pride in an ongoing mission</h2>



The program teams in Spain and Portugal are not slowing their efforts. They’re fine-tuning captive-breeding routines, improving veterinary procedures, and pushing for more wildlife corridors.&nbsp;



Volunteers and landowners often work side by side, placing warning signs in high-risk areas and stepping up habitat restoration projects. These steps reduce vehicle collisions and lessen friction where farmland meets wilderness.&nbsp;



Although new challenges appear, the Iberian lynx’s rise from a handful of scattered cats to more than 2,000 in the wild shows what patient, practical conservation can accomplish when many people devote years to a single cause.



More information can be found on the <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/12520/218695618" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Red List</a>.



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Saving the Iberian lynx: How humans rescued this rare feline from extinction

In the early 200s, the Iberian lynx, small in stature...

Scientists have unearthed a remarkable ancient forest preserved under ice on the Beartooth Plateau, providing a rare look into how warming climates could reshape alpine ecosystems. 



The study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (<a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2412162121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PNAS</a>), analyzes the remnants of a mature whitebark pine forest that once thrived at an elevation of 10,000 feet during a period of warmer temperatures roughly 6,000 years ago.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-exposed-by-melting-ice">Ancient forest exposed by melting ice</h2>



The forest, which endured for centuries before cooling temperatures forced it to retreat downslope, was sealed under ice approximately 5,500 years ago due to a shift in summer solar radiation and subsequent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanic-cooling-not-warming-caused-a-major-mass-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanic cooling</a>.&nbsp;



“This is pretty dramatic evidence of ecosystem change due to temperature warming. It's an amazing story of how dynamic these systems are,” said David McWethy, one of the study’s authors and an associate professor in Michigan State University (<a href="https://www.montana.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MSU</a>’s) Department of Earth Sciences.



Unlike glaciers, ice patches do not flow and instead preserve deposited materials such as pollen, charcoal, and macrofossils in their frozen layers. 



These conditions allowed the forest to remain intact until recent warming caused the ice to melt, exposing the ancient remnants.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decoding-climate-history">Decoding climate history</h2>



The idea to explore the Beartooth Plateau for ancient climate clues stemmed from earlier discoveries by Craig Lee, now an assistant professor at MSU. 



In 2007, Lee uncovered a 10,300-year-old atlatl fragment in the region, suggesting that layers of ice held vast records of cultural and environmental history.



“Most of our best long-term climate records come from Greenland and Antarctica. It's not a small thing to find ice patches that persisted for that long a time period at lower latitudes in the interior continent,” McWethy noted.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/fossilized-frozen-forest_whitebark-pine_yellowstone_alpine_credit-Daniel-Stahle_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/fossilized-frozen-forest_whitebark-pine_yellowstone_alpine_credit-Daniel-Stahle_1s.webp" alt="A whitebark pine subfossil revealed beneath a melting ice patch in the Yellowstone region indicates that a mature forest grew above current tree line about 6,000 years ago, when the temperatures were similar to 20th century conditions and cooler than present. Credit: Daniel Stahle" class="wp-image-1956500"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">A whitebark pine subfossil revealed beneath a melting ice patch in the Yellowstone region indicates that a mature forest grew above current tree line about 6,000 years ago, when the temperatures were similar to 20th century conditions and cooler than present. Credit: Daniel Stahle</figcaption></figure>



Building on this discovery, McWethy, Lee, and Greg Pederson, a paleoclimatologist with the <a href="https://www.usgs.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Geological Survey</a>, began investigating the ice patches in 2016. By 2018, their team expanded the project to study additional alpine ice patches in the region.&nbsp;



This collaborative effort involved tribes, federal agencies, and multiple universities and focused on reconstructing the area’s long-term <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-earths-temperature-has-changed-over-500-million-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate history</a> and its influence on Indigenous peoples.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reconstructing-the-ancient-alpine-ecosystem">Reconstructing the ancient alpine ecosystem</h2>



To piece together the story of the forest, the team examined multiple elements of this alpine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alpine-ecosystems-are-thrown-off-balance-by-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystem</a>. Using ice cores, they analyzed water isotopes and organic material, while Pederson harvested cross-sections of ancient wood for radiocarbon dating.&nbsp;



The findings confirmed that during a period of moderate and moist climate, tree lines shifted upward, allowing whitebark pine forests to thrive for 500 years.



“The plateau seems to have been the perfect place to allow for ice patches to establish and persist for thousands of years, recording important information on past climate, human activity and environmental change,” Pederson said.



The study suggests that as today’s climate warms, tree lines could rise again, transforming areas of alpine tundra into forest. 



However, Pederson cautioned that factors such as precipitation, wind, and snowpack would influence the density, distribution, and composition of these potential new forests. 



“Growing season temperatures are the primary control on tree line elevation and latitude, but other factors such as moisture, wind, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-driven-climate-change-is-to-blame-for-sharp-snowpack-declines-since-1980/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snowpack</a> and human disturbance may play an important role in dictating forest structure and elevational limits,” he explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-alpine-ecosystems">Implications for alpine ecosystems</h2>



The researchers warn that these changes could have profound impacts on the region’s ecosystem and resources. 



Rising tree lines might alter high-altitude snowpack, which serves as a critical water source for irrigation and hydroelectric power. 



Additionally, if forests encroach on tundra areas, they could increase the risk of wildfires due to changing fuel conditions.



Cathy Whitlock, a climate expert and MSU Regents Professor Emerita, emphasized the broader implications. 



She noted that reduced snowpack could strain water supplies, while McWethy added that the establishment of forests in tundra areas might fundamentally alter the region’s fire dynamics.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-learning-from-the-past-to-predict-the-future">Learning from the past to predict the future</h2>



The study emphasizes the importance of understanding past ecological changes to prepare for future challenges.&nbsp;



“That’s the reason why studies of past ecological change are more than interesting pieces of science. They have much larger implications for the resources we all depend on,” Pederson said.



As climate change accelerates, the Beartooth Plateau’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ancient forest</a> serves as both a stark reminder of the Earth’s dynamic ecosystems and a window into the potential future of high-altitude environments.



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Fossilized frozen forest discovery in the US reveals ancient alpine ecosystem

Scientists have unearthed a remarkable ancient forest preserved under ice...

It is now common knowledge that drinking tea offers many health benefits. Now, research has shown that the daily habit of drinking tea could also be delaying your biological aging.



Scientists embarked on an in-depth exploration of how our beloved brew might contribute to a longer, healthier life. 



The concept that tea, something as familiar and everyday, could hold such <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-plenty-of-tea-reduces-the-risk-of-type-2-diabetes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">profound health benefits</a> is truly fascinating.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-drinking-tea-on-human-aging">Impact of drinking tea on human aging</h2>



The research team behind this study is based at <a href="https://en.scu.edu.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sichuan University</a> in Chengdu, China. They mined data from a sizable sample of 5,998 British participants aged between 37 to 73, and 7,931 Chinese individuals aged 30 to 79. 



Participants opened up about their tea-drinking habits, shedding light on the type of tea they savored -- whether green, black, yellow, or oolong, and their daily consumption levels.



Published in The Lancet Regional Health journal, the study’s findings are eye-opening. Regular tea drinkers appear to flaunt signs of slower biological aging. 



The magic number seems to be around three cups or six to eight grams of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-microbes-in-tea-roots-grow-tastier-healthier-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tea leaves</a> each day, offering the most clear cut <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lifes-essential-8-may-slow-biological-aging-by-six-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">anti-aging benefits</a>.



However, there’s a catch. If you have stopped drinking tea, your biological aging might be accelerating faster. It seems that keeping up with your tea drinking habit regularly is the key to harness its benefits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-secret-behind-the-brew">Secret behind the brew</h2>



So, what makes tea such a secret weapon against aging? The scientists believe it's the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-buckthorn-berries-have-untapped-potential-as-a-superfood/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">polyphenols</a> -- the primary bioactive substances in tea. 



These play a crucial role in influencing the gut microbiota, affecting age-related changes related to immunity, metabolism, and even <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/matcha-tea-relieves-symptoms-of-depression/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive function</a>.



Regardless of whether it was a cup of UK black tea or Chinese green tea, the study didn’t find any significant differences in the anti-aging effects. 



The temperature at which the tea was consumed also didn’t impact the outcomes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-polyphenols-the-basics">Understanding polyphenols - the basics</h2>



Beyond making your meals tastier, polyphenols are packed with antioxidants, which help protect your cells from damage caused by free radicals. Think of free radicals as tiny troublemakers that can contribute to aging and various diseases. 



By neutralizing these bad actors, polyphenols play a key role in keeping your body healthy and functioning smoothly. Incorporating polyphenol-rich foods into your diet is a simple way to boost your overall health. 



Studies suggest that these compounds can reduce inflammation, improve heart health, and even lower the risk of certain cancers. Plus, there is evidence that they enhance brain function and help keep your memory sharp as you age. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-world-of-tea-and-aging">The world of tea and aging</h2>



Tea isn't a one-size-fits-all beverage. There are different types, each offering unique health benefits through their individual processing methods.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-green-tea-the-antioxidant-powerhouse">Green tea: The antioxidant powerhouse</h3>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/green-tea-and-coffee-lower-the-risk-of-fatal-cardiovascular-events/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Green tea</a> is known for its high antioxidant content and polyphenols. Regular consumption has been linked to improved heart health, weight loss assistance, and reduced risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-black-tea-the-robust-heart-health-enhancer">Black tea: The robust heart-health enhancer</h3>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-black-tea-lowers-mortality-risk-from-all-causes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Black tea</a> is not only flavorful but also packed with flavonoids that enhance heart health. It’s linked to lowering stroke risk, decreasing blood pressure, and reducing LDL cholesterol levels.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-white-tea-the-gentle-guardian">White tea: The gentle guardian</h3>



White tea, derived from the young leaves and buds of the Camellia sinensis plant, is praised for its antioxidant properties. It's known for enhancing skin health, supporting weight loss efforts, and containing less caffeine.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-oolong-tea-the-metabolism-booster">Oolong tea: The metabolism booster</h3>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oolong-tea-burns-fat-while-you-sleep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oolong tea</a> sits in between green and black tea in terms of oxidation. Celebrated for its diverse flavors, it’s also recognized for boosting metabolism and weight management.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-tea-slows-aging">How tea slows aging</h2>



Further to the potential slowing of aging, tea is also linked with enhanced mental alertness, thanks to its caffeine content. 



Tea's unique blend of caffeine and the amino acid L-theanine prompts enhanced attention, better memory, and faster reaction times, leading to improved mental performance.



Notably, tea, particularly green tea, also supports dental health. Filled with fluoride, it strengthens tooth enamel and reduces the risk of tooth decay. 



The polyphenols and catechins found in tea also combat bacteria responsible for cavities and gum disease.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-proceed-with-a-pinch-of-caution">Proceed with a pinch of caution</h2>



While the study provides promising insights, its limitations can’t be ignored. 



The size of the tea cups was not accounted for, and the findings, being observational, can't definitively conclude that tea drinking directly slows biological aging.



The UK, known for its firm tea-drinking tradition, has witnessed a decline in its younger population's demand for tea. 



But perhaps, understanding these potential health benefits may reignite the interest in the humble cup.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-should-you-join-the-tea-club">Should you join the tea club?</h2>



If you’re a tea lover, this research validates your indulgence. If you’re not, it might be time to consider embracing this simple pleasure for the potential significant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/true-biological-age-hidden-blood-markers-newly-identified/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">benefits to your health</a>. 



The key appears to be moderation, with around three cups of tea a day offering the most evident anti-aging benefits.



Whether green, black, white, or oolong is your cup of tea, each brew offers an enjoyable way to potentially support your well-being. 



So, as you settle down with your next cup of tea, take a moment to savor not only the taste but also the potential health benefits that might be steeping within.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanwpc/article/PIIS2666-6065(23)00273-0/fulltext" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Lancet Regional Health</a>.



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Drinking tea every day is proven to delay biological aging in humans

It is now common knowledge that drinking tea offers many...

The story of Earth's climate can be found locked away in tiny shells that are scattered across ancient rocks. These seemingly modest remains have just helped scientists crack open one of the most significant climate mysteries in our planet's history. 



Researchers at the University of St Andrews have made remarkable discoveries about the fundamental role of carbon dioxide (CO2) in shaping Earth's climate.



The study provides new insights into how CO2 regulated Earth's warming and cooling over hundreds of millions of years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-co-2-earth-s-climate-architect">CO2: Earth's climate architect</h2>



CO2 is the most influential <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/met-office-2024-co2-levels-will-surpass-the-point-of-no-return/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greenhouse gas on Earth</a>. It traps heat from the Sun by absorbing it and radiating some of it back toward the planet's surface. 



This natural process keeps the Earth warm enough to sustain life. However, when CO2 levels in the atmosphere increase, the planet becomes warmer, leading to significant climate changes.



While scientists understand how CO2 affects the climate today, its role in shaping Earth's climate millions of years ago has been harder to uncover. 



Much of this information on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-co2-emissions-rise-as-nations-tackle-fossil-fuel-dependence/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CO2</a> is hidden in geological records in the form of layers of rock and fossils that act like time capsules of Earth's past environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fossils-reveal-climate-secrets">Fossils reveal climate secrets</h2>



A team of scientists, led by Dr. Hana Jurikova at the <a href="https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of St Andrews</a>, has made a breakthrough in understanding this history.



The researchers studied a crucial period called the Late Paleozoic Ice Age, which occurred between 335 and 265 million years ago. This was a time of dramatic climate change when the Earth experienced extensive glaciation (ice ages) and subsequent warming.



The research revealed that CO2 levels played a central role in driving these massive climatic transitions. By unlocking the secrets of this ancient period, the team showed how CO2 fluctuations caused Earth to cool into ice ages and then warm as CO2 levels rose again.



This discovery sheds light on how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/carbon-sinks-are-losing-their-ability-to-absorb-co2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CO2</a> has been a powerful driver of climate shifts throughout Earth's history, influencing both the environment and the evolution of life on the planet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reconstructing-past-co-2-levels">Reconstructing past CO2 levels</h2>



The team used the fossilized shells of brachiopods - ancient, clam-like organisms that date back hundreds of millions of years - to reconstruct past atmospheric <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-absorb-31-more-co2-than-previously-estimated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CO2 levels</a>.



These shells, which are preserved across geological time, store chemical fingerprints of Earth's past climate. By analyzing these fingerprints, the researchers determined how atmospheric CO2 fluctuated during the Carboniferous and Permian periods.



"This showed that the Late Paleozoic Ice Age had prolonged low CO2 levels, unprecedented in Earth's history," explained Dr. Jurikova. "Atmospheric CO2 then rose abruptly, 294 million years ago, due to large-scale volcanic eruptions, warming the planet and melting back the ice."



The study demonstrates that these CO2 changes were instrumental in transitioning Earth out of an ice age and spurring the evolution of reptiles.



"The end of the Late Paleozoic Ice Age was a turning point in the evolution of life and the environment, leading to the rise of reptiles. Now we know it was paced by carbon dioxide," said Dr. Jurikova.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-the-present-and-future">Lessons for the present and future</h2>



The findings highlight the central role that CO2 has played in regulating Earth's climate over geological timescales.



Low CO2 levels during the Carboniferous period triggered extensive glaciation, while higher levels in the Permian period led to global warming and ice sheet melting.



"This time interval gives a potential geological analog for the impact of CO2 on our planet. CO2 emissions in the past caused major global warming and sea level rise, and if left unchecked, they will do so again in the future," noted Dr. James Rae, a co-author of the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-co-2-drives-major-climate-transitions">CO2 drives major climate transitions</h2>



This research highlights the immense power of CO2 levels in shaping Earth's climate over millions of years. CO2 has been a key driver of major climate transitions, including ice ages and periods of significant warming.



By studying how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/co2-levels-linked-to-cascading-effects-that-last-for-millennia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CO2</a> influenced the planet's ancient climate, scientists have gained valuable insights into the ways greenhouse gases affect Earth's environment over long timescales.



Today, humanity faces a similar challenge: rising CO2 levels due to human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation. This modern surge in greenhouse gases is causing global temperatures to rise, leading to melting ice caps, rising sea levels, and extreme weather events.



The findings from this research serve as a stark reminder that unchecked CO2 emissions can have dramatic and lasting impacts on our planet.



Understanding CO2's role in Earth's past climate transitions offers crucial lessons for addressing climate change today and highlights the urgent need for action to prevent further damage to the environment.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-024-01610-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Geoscience</a>.



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CO2 has regulated Earth’s climate for millions of years

The story of Earth's climate can be found locked away...

Lemurs - small, large-eyed primates that dwell in Madagascar’s treetops - are a fascinating puzzle in the story of evolution. When they first arrived on the island millions of years ago, they found an incredibly varied landscape, stretching from humid tropical forests in the east to the dry, desert-like regions in the southwest.&nbsp;



With few other mammals to compete with, these ancestral <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/endangered-lemurs-now-prey-for-equally-endangered-fosas/">lemurs</a> branched out into an astonishing range of shapes and sizes, from tiny mouse lemurs no bigger than a teacup to giant sloth lemurs that once roamed the forests.&nbsp;



Yet in a perplexing twist, even though many species boast remarkably high genetic diversity, nearly 90% of Madagascar’s more than 100 lemur species are on the brink of extinction.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-and-climate-effects-on-lemur-diversity">Human and climate effects on lemur diversity </h2>



Seeking answers to this paradox, an international team of anthropologists and biologists from <a href="https://www.umontreal.ca/en/">University of Montreal</a> (UdeM) and <a href="https://www.upf.edu/en/">Pompeu Fabra University</a> (PFU) in Spain pursued a genetic line of investigation.&nbsp;



By sequencing the genomes of 162 lemurs representing 50 different species - an effort larger than any attempted before - they exposed the remarkable variety locked within lemurs’ DNA.&nbsp;



The findings, published in the journal <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-024-02596-1">Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution</a>, shine a light on how both environmental conditions and human influence have shaped lemur populations over time.



The research was led by Professor Joseph Orkin, principal investigator at the UdeM multiomic primate evolution lab, and Spanish research professor Tomas Marques Bonet, head of PFU’s Institute of Evolutionary Biology,&nbsp;



The project uncovered how Madagascar’s ecology and climatic changes - alongside human presence - have molded lemur genetic diversity and affected their future survival.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lemurs-have-high-genomic-diversity">Lemurs have high genomic diversity </h2>



According to the study, gene flow between various lemur species has been taking place across hundreds of thousands of years.&nbsp;



“As <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-climate-shift-sheds-light-on-future-global-warming/">climatic shifts</a> periodically connected once-isolated habitats, lemurs from different species and populations would interbreed, sharing genetic material that boosted their overall diversity,” Orkin said.



“On top of that, the most diverse species appear to be the ones with fragmented populations in multiple ecosystems across the island. This pattern of isolation and reconnection seems to be building up and redistributing genetic variation across the island.”



Even though many lemurs are now critically endangered, they still possess extremely high genomic diversity.&nbsp;



“Many species of lemurs have super-high levels of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/butterflys-rapid-expansion-led-to-lower-genetic-diversity/">genomic diversity</a>, which seems counterintuitive when you consider that so many of them are critically endangered. It was really exciting to see how the ecology of Madagascar helped to shape the diversity of lemurs,” Orkin added.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-arrival-and-its-consequences">Human arrival and its consequences</h2>



Although Madagascar’s natural conditions favored diverse lemur populations for ages, human influence altered this balance. The study points to a striking link between the expansion of human populations, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-deforestation-crisis-how-can-we-stop-massive-forest-losses/">deforestation</a>, shifts in hunting, and the sharp decline in lemur numbers.&nbsp;



It remains unknown exactly when the first humans set foot on the island, but signs suggest a population surge around 1,000 years ago, followed by dramatic changes in the landscape by the 1700s.



“When we looked at the genetic evidence for population declines, we kept seeing these two consistent inflection points around 1,000 and 300 years ago. It was really striking to see such a clear overlap between the timing of human population expansion and the decline of lemur populations,” Orkin said.



Habitats fragmented by logging and clearing not only reduce lemur populations but also sever the natural routes that once facilitated gene flow. Without those connections, inbreeding becomes more likely, placing lemurs - already under threat - in even greater danger.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-expansion-and-biodiversity-loss">Human expansion and biodiversity loss</h2>



The story of Madagascar’s lemurs carries powerful messages for worldwide conservation efforts.&nbsp;



“This story isn’t unique to Madagascar,” Orkin said. “Human population expansion is accelerating the loss of biodiversity everywhere we look.”



“But the moral of the story is that humans are only one part of the natural world. The more we learn about how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/polar-light-sustains-biodiversity-over-millions-of-years/">biodiversity</a> is shaped by natural and human forces, the better chance we have of protecting it.”



By preserving natural habitats and ensuring that populations remain connected, there is hope for protecting the genetic richness that has allowed lemurs to thrive for so many millennia. 



If conservation strategies succeed, these remarkable creatures may continue to captivate scientists - and the rest of us - for generations to come.



Image Credit: Bernard Gagnon, CC BY-SA, via Wikimedia Commons



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Endangered lemurs: Millions of years of diversity at risk

Lemurs - small, large-eyed primates that dwell in Madagascar’s treetops...

Coral reefs around the world are facing escalating threats from climate change, including widespread bleaching events and increasingly intense storms.&nbsp;



Remote atolls, in particular, are at high risk, as their isolation limits connectivity to neighboring reefs, which could otherwise supply new coral larvae to aid recovery.&nbsp;



However, new research on Scott Reef, an isolated coral system off northwest Australia, reveals a surprising strength: local connections within the reef may play a critical role in its resilience.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increasing-resilience-in-reef-systems">Increasing resilience in reef systems</h2>



A study led by oceanographers at the <a href="https://www.aims.gov.au/">Australian Institute of Marine Science</a> (AIMS) highlights how larval exchange within isolated <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coral-reefs-may-be-more-resilient-than-we-thought/">reef</a> systems can help coral communities recover from disturbances.&nbsp;



“We know that communities connected across the reef system that receive high numbers of larvae from multiple sources can recover more rapidly from disturbances than less well-connected systems,” explained lead author Camille Grimaldi, an AIMS Research Scientist.



While most research has focused on large-scale connectivity among neighboring reefs, this study shifts the focus to fine-scale interactions within individual reef systems.&nbsp;



“Our study shows that the internal dynamics of a reef system play a key role and influence how effectively a reef can self-seed and recover from disturbances,” Grimaldi said.



This finding is particularly relevant as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-study-provides-answers-to-how-coral-reefs-can-survive-climate-change/">climate change</a> exacerbates the frequency and intensity of stressors on coral reefs. Understanding how local networks function may offer a blueprint for improving reef management and increasing resilience in isolated systems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scott-reef-a-case-study-in-resilience">Scott Reef: A case study in resilience</h2>



Scott Reef is a remote group of three coral atolls located 300 kilometers off Australia’s northwest coast. Over the past decade, these reefs have endured significant disturbances, including mass <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-worlds-largest-coral-bleaching-event-is-now-underway/">bleaching</a> events. Despite this, the system has shown remarkable signs of recovery.



For instance, surveys in 2024 revealed that coral cover had begun to rebound eight years after a major bleaching event in 2016. Similar recovery was noted after the devastating bleaching in 1998. Researchers were curious about how such isolated reefs, which receive minimal larvae from external sources, managed to recover.



Using 21 years of annual coral spawning data, the study modeled local larval dispersal patterns within Scott Reef. Results showed that about half of the coral larvae remained within the reef system, traveling between 100 meters and several kilometers from their release site. The other half dispersed into the open ocean, beyond the reef system.



These findings highlight the remarkable capacity of Scott Reef’s coral communities to rely on internal connections for recovery. Such localized dispersal supports a self-sustaining network, even in the face of repeated environmental shocks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-local-networks-boost-reef-resilience">Local networks boost reef resilience</h2>



The study underscores the importance of local larval dispersal in maintaining a well-connected reef network.&nbsp;



“We found that local-scale dispersal of coral larvae helps form a well-connected reef network, which in turn boosts larval exchange within reef patches and between different reef zones such as lagoons and reef flats,” Grimaldi said. “That bolsters the reef’s resilience by helping withstand environmental stressors such as heat-induced mortality.”



This internal connectivity allows coral communities within isolated reefs to assist each other’s recovery, provided that enough survivors persist across the system and environmental conditions remain favorable. By promoting gene flow and preventing genetic bottlenecks, these networks create a buffer against environmental disruptions.



Reef systems like Scott Reef demonstrate how nature’s intricate mechanisms can foster resilience in seemingly vulnerable ecosystems. However, these natural advantages must be supported by careful management to ensure their long-term effectiveness.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-reef-management">Implications for reef management</h2>



The study, published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.12720">Limnology and Oceanography</a>, has significant implications for the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-save-coral-reefs-with-selective-breeding/">conservation</a> of isolated reef systems.&nbsp;



“Enhancing and preserving local connectivity can have a substantial impact on the overall health and resilience of isolated reef ecosystems,” said co-author James Gilmour, a reef ecologist at the AIMS Research Office in Perth.



Local connectivity offers a practical target for conservation strategies. By safeguarding critical reef zones and minimizing disruptions to larval pathways, managers can enhance the natural recovery processes within isolated systems.&nbsp;



Gilmour emphasized that without considering the effects of local dynamics, efforts to understand or manage reef recovery may fall short.&nbsp;



“We have shown that reef systems benefiting from dispersal mechanisms that connect many different coral communities may have an enhanced likelihood of recovery following disturbances,” he said.



The study also underscores the need for long-term monitoring of reef systems. Consistent data collection can help identify patterns of resilience and vulnerability, providing a foundation for adaptive management strategies tailored to specific reef conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hope-for-isolated-reefs">Hope for isolated reefs</h2>



The findings suggest that targeted local management actions, such as preserving internal connectivity and protecting survivor populations, could significantly improve the resilience of remote coral reefs.&nbsp;



By focusing on local dynamics, conservationists may be better equipped to sustain these vital ecosystems in the face of climate change.



Scott Reef serves as a testament to nature’s resilience and highlights the potential for recovery, even in the most isolated corners of our oceans. The lessons learned here could inform global efforts to preserve coral reefs, offering a ray of hope for ecosystems under mounting pressure from human activity and environmental change.



As the challenges facing coral reefs grow, the study reinforces the importance of understanding and leveraging the natural processes that sustain them.&nbsp;



With careful management, even isolated systems like Scott Reef can continue to thrive, providing crucial ecological and economic benefits for generations to come.



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Isolated coral reefs survive with the help of their local network

Coral reefs around the world are facing escalating threats from...

In a significant breakthrough, researchers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison have discovered where an essential photoreceptor, cryptochrome-1 (CRY1), operates within plant seedling stems.



This finding could have profound implications for improving crop resilience and yield, especially for vital crops like soybeans.



The discovery sheds new light on how plant seedlings interact with their environment, detect sunlight, and decide their growth strategies. 



For farmers and researchers alike, understanding these processes during the vulnerable early stages of a plant's life could be key to promoting stronger, healthier crops.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-photoreceptors-influence-plant-seedlings">How photoreceptors influence plant seedlings</h2>



Photoreceptors are proteins that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-soil-day-2024-protecting-our-planets-lifeline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a> use to sense light and make growth-related decisions. They play a pivotal role in determining when a seedling should stop elongating, begin photosynthesis, and channel energy into survival and development. 



Until now, scientists understood these broad functions but lacked clarity about where in the seedling the photoreceptors acted.



“For the first time, we realized that the effect of these photoreceptors is not everywhere along the stem and that different photoreceptors control different regions of the stem,” explained Edgar Spalding, professor emeritus of botany at <a href="https://www.wisc.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UW–Madison</a>.



To unravel this mystery, Spalding, doctoral student Julian Bustamante, and data scientist Nathan Miller used a combination of techniques including genetic manipulation, high-resolution imaging, and machine learning.



The team photographed the growth of tiny seedlings with highly sensitive cameras and analyzed the data using UW–Madison’s advanced computing resources. This approach allowed them to pinpoint how specific photoreceptors influence distinct parts of the plant stem.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-light-detection-and-plant-survival">Light detection and plant survival</h2>



One of the most fascinating discoveries from this research is the critical role of the photoreceptor CRY1 in helping seedlings survive environmental challenges.



When a seedling first emerges from the soil, it uses stored energy to elongate its stem and reach sunlight, where it can begin photosynthesis. 



However, sometimes seedlings are covered again by soil due to wind, animals, or other environmental factors. Without sunlight, they can no longer produce energy through photosynthesis.



CRY1 acts as a kind of survival mechanism. Initially, it prevents the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/booster-plant-gene-discovery-amplifies-plant-growth-up-to-200-percent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant</a> from overextending its stem, conserving energy and leaving some growth potential in reserve. If the seedling gets buried again, CRY1 signals the plant to elongate further until it breaks through the soil and reaches sunlight once more.



This discovery is particularly significant for "stand establishment" - the phase when seedlings take root and begin to grow. Stand establishment is a critical determinant of crop success, and understanding how CRY1 functions during this period could help farmers enhance the resilience of their plants.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-crops-of-the-future">Crops of the future</h2>



The implications of this research extend beyond academic curiosity. By genetically enhancing the role of CRY1 in seeds, researchers could develop crops better equipped to handle environmental setbacks.



This innovation could prove invaluable for farmers, particularly in regions where soil conditions or weather events make early seedling survival more challenging.



“By isolating the effects of specific photoreceptors like CRY1, we’re able to focus on ways to create <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predicting-how-climate-change-will-alter-plant-growth-cycles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a> that are more adaptable to their environment,” noted Spalding.



“This research not only improves our understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/electric-soil-esoil-boosts-crop-production-by-50-in-just-15-days/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant</a> biology but also opens the door to practical applications that could benefit agriculture worldwide.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-efficient-and-resilient-farming-methods">Efficient and resilient farming methods</h2>



As the world’s population grows, the need for more efficient and resilient farming methods becomes critical. This study on plants photoreceptors and their influence on seedling growth offers insights that could transform agriculture by enabling the creation of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-have-sophisticated-strategies-to-balance-defense-and-growth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crops</a> better suited to handle environmental challenges.



By enhancing photoreceptor functions, particularly CRY1, scientists could engineer seeds that help plants recover from obstacles like being buried under soil. This innovation has the potential to increase yields, reduce crop losses, and provide a stable food supply, benefiting both farmers and consumers.



The research demonstrates the power of combining advanced genetic editing, machine learning, and traditional plant biology. It showcases how understanding plant-environment interactions can help develop crops that not only survive but thrive under adverse conditions.



The findings could pave the way for a future where agriculture is more sustainable, adaptable, and capable of meeting global food demands.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(24)01562-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a>.



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New understanding of light detection in plants may revolutionize farming

In a significant breakthrough, researchers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison...

It’s not every day that humble microbial cells make a splash, but recent research indicates that these tiny life forms have an unexpected capacity to exchange electrical signals and coordinate motions.



They might look simple on the outside, yet new findings suggest their internal teamwork is more complex than we once thought.&nbsp;



The research reveals that colonies of a single-celled organism called Salpingoeca rosetta actively synchronize their shape and movement through voltage-gated calcium signals.&nbsp;



This activity appears to happen at the edge of multicellularity, offering curious hints about how animals may have gained their early nerve and muscle systems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-signaling-in-microbial-cell-colonies">Signaling in microbial cell colonies</h2>



Biologists have known for years that these marine microorganisms can form small, ball-shaped clusters, yet only now are researchers uncovering the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-cells-communicate-with-each-other-through-rna/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communication channels</a> they use to coordinate their shape changes.&nbsp;



The study at the center of this buzz was spearheaded by first author <a href="https://www4.uib.no/en/find-employees/Jeffrey.John.Colgren" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jeffrey Colgren</a> and last author Pawel Burkhardt, from the Burkhardt group at the <a href="https://www.uib.no/en/michaelsarscentre/117326/publications-burkhardt-group" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Michael Sars Centre</a>, <a href="https://www.uib.no/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bergen</a>.&nbsp;



They found that, when these microbes link up into rosette-shaped colonies, they pull off synchronized stunts involving cell contraction and simultaneous flagellar "<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3042756/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pauses</a>."



The group observed that these moves can be switched on and off by altering the levels of calcium outside the cells.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-origin-of-multicellularity-in-microbes">Origin of multicellularity in microbes</h2>



“We found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-cells-message-each-other-using-rna-and-escort-proteins/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communication</a> among the cells of the colonies, which regulates shape and ciliary beating across the rosette,” explained Colgren.



He observed that each individual <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/memory-isnt-only-stored-in-our-brains-other-cells-can-remember-too/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cell</a> within the cluster uses its own voltage-gated calcium channels. That same type of channel is present in the muscles and nerves of animals.&nbsp;



At a glance, it might sound fancy for a microbe, but it highlights the possibility that simpler creatures already had the building blocks for complex body structures. 



The ability to start or stop movement on a dime allows each cell to respond to environmental changes with surprising speed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-parallels-in-microbial-cell-signaling">Parallels in microbial cell signaling</h2>



One intriguing parallel can be seen in certain sponges that also rely on active tissues to draw water through their bodies, even though they are <a href="https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/5/3/439/128677?redirectedFrom=fulltext&amp;login=false" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">without nerves or muscles</a>.



A sponge can briefly halt the beating of its <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6481868/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">collar cells</a> after sensing undesirable particles in the water. S. rosetta, for its part, demonstrates a small-scale version of this process by using coordinated pulses of calcium to stop ciliary beating.&nbsp;



Observers notice that this phenomenon can happen in unison across the entire colony, which is quite a feat for an organism that doesn’t even crack the millimeter mark.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-multicellularity-in-action">Multicellularity in action</h2>



“<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35337467/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">S. rosetta</a> is a powerful model for investigating the emergence of multicellularity,” says <a href="https://www4.uib.no/en/find-employees/Pawel.Burkhardt">Burkhardt</a>. The dividing line between single-celled and multicellular life can be fuzzy, and organisms like S. rosetta flip back and forth between being solitary and grouping up.&nbsp;



The fact that these microbes can share signals within a colony suggests that they possess at least some basic wiring for collaboration. That coordination might be especially useful in crowded or changing conditions.&nbsp;



Scientists suspect that if cells can pass electrical messages around the circle, then the whole cluster acts as a better-fed, more unified version of itself.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-for-early-nervous-systems">Importance for early nervous systems</h2>



“This evidence of how information flows between cells in choanoflagellate colonies demonstrates cell-cell signaling at the cusp of multicellularity,” stressed Colgren.



The big takeaway is that a group of cells - still lacking real nerve fibers - can synchronize movements using communication patterns similar to those used in animal neurons.&nbsp;



This discovery runs alongside the idea that ancient organisms may have started with basic electrical networks, eventually paving the way for today’s complex brains. 



It also raises the question whether other, simple life forms also have hidden <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cell-nuclei-play-unexpected-role-in-organ-formation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communication systems</a> that have not yet been detected.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-feeding-and-coordination">Feeding and coordination</h2>



By forming a rosette, these cells place their feeding structures on the outside surface.



This arrangement can help them capture bacterial prey with extra efficiency, especially if every cell coordinates its efforts. Prior <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15363407/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">analyses</a> hint that improved feeding was a key perk of <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18983257/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">early multicellularity</a>.&nbsp;



Researchers saw that when S. rosetta’s <a href="https://ciliopathyalliance.org/cilia" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cilia</a> pause, food particles sometimes get jostled loose, suggesting that minor “resets” keep the filter mechanism going at its best. 



Colonies might even share information about local bacterial levels, so everyone benefits from the best mealtime strategies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-microbial-cell-signaling-research">Future of microbial cell signaling research</h2>



“The tools developed and findings from this study open up a lot of new and interesting questions,” stated <a href="https://www4.uib.no/en/find-employees/Jeffrey.John.Colgren" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Colgren</a>. There is now an eagerness to investigate how, exactly, the signals hop from one cell to the next.&nbsp;



A line of inquiry also involves whether these mini-contractions might influence swimming direction, colony spacing, or survival in shifting environments. 



The researchers aim to see if other <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/choanoflagellate" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">choanoflagellate</a> species carry the same equipment or use different methods for cellular harmony. 



As the team refines their imaging and genetic approaches, the hope is that future experiments will keep revealing bigger clues about the earliest sparks of nerve and muscle function.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glancing-back-looking-ahead">Glancing back, looking ahead</h2>



The excitement around these discoveries reflects how little we know about the fine details of life’s transition from single celled organisms to multicellular animals and plants. 



What looks basic or primitive can teach us a lot about how real bodies coordinate movement, sense surroundings, and evolve new types of organization. 



Tiny though they may be, these rosette-forming microbes remind us that even the smallest corners of biology hold plenty of intrigue for those willing to take a closer peek.



The study is published in <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adr7434" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



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Microbial cells have a fascinating and unexpected communication system

It’s not every day that humble microbial cells make a...

The world of paleontology recently found itself in a mosh pit of excitement due to two unlikely rockstars named Punk and Emo. 



These are not your typical music icons, but a pair of 430 million-year-old fossils that challenge what we know about one of life's most diverse animal groups - the mollusks.



These 430-million-year-old relics, unearthed in Herefordshire, have made scientists rethink the long-standing assumptions about the early origins of this group of invertebrates. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-mollusks-were-complex">Ancient mollusks were complex</h2>



Dating back to the Silurian period, the fossils belong to the Aculifera group, which includes chitons and worm-like mollusks. Traditionally, scientists viewed these creatures as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-building-blocks-of-life-zinc-arrived-on-early-earth-planetesimals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">basic and primitive</a>.



However, this discovery paints a different picture, revealing their complexity and evolutionary ingenuity.



"Retrieving fossils that are so exceptionally well preserved and reveal details of the soft tissues is extremely rare," noted Dr. Mark Sutton, the study’s lead researcher from <a href="https://www.imperial.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Imperial College London</a>.



"We have been able to create ‘virtual fossils’ - 3D digital models - that provide us with a gold mine of information and help us understand that the branch of molluskan evolution containing Emo and Punk was much more evolutionarily rich and diverse than we thought." 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-the-mollusk-fossils-punk-and-emo">Meet the mollusk fossils, Punk and Emo</h2>



The names&nbsp;Punk ferox&nbsp;and&nbsp;Emo vorticaudum&nbsp;were chosen to reflect the distinctive traits of these ancient mollusks.&nbsp;



Punk, with its spiky, rugged appearance, reminded researchers of a rebellious punk rocker, with a bold and unconventional look. Its spines set it apart as a unique and striking figure among early mollusks.



Emo, on the other hand, was named for its elongated, folded posture, which suggested unusual and unconventional ways of moving. Its name reflects individuality and adaptability, much like the cultural association with the emo style.



These names capture the essence of the fossils’ individuality, and help convey the extraordinary features that set these ancient mollusks apart in the evolutionary history of their group.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-characteristics-of-mollusks">Characteristics of mollusks</h2>



The researchers used advanced imaging methods to study the fossils of Punk and Emo in incredible detail. First, they employed X-ray scanning to examine the internal structures of the fossils without causing any damage.



Then, they carefully ground the fossils down in extremely thin layers, taking high-resolution photographs at each stage. These images were combined to create detailed 3D digital models, showing both the internal and external features of the fossils.



This meticulous process revealed surprising details about how these ancient mollusks lived and moved.&nbsp;Emo&nbsp;likely moved in a manner similar to an inchworm. Its spines helped it grip surfaces, allowing it to push itself forward in a rhythmic motion.



In contrast, Punk remains more mysterious in terms of movement. However, researchers discovered it had a ridge-like foot and gills, a unique combination not seen in any modern mollusks.



These features suggest that Punk had an entirely different and now-extinct way of locomotion and survival, which gives new insights into the diversity of molluskan evolution.



Both fossils exhibited smooth undersides, suggesting a benthic lifestyle on the sea floor.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-mosaic-of-features">A mosaic of features</h2>



The mollusk fossils, Punk and Emo, showed a surprising mix of features that challenge traditional scientific classifications.&nbsp;



Punk combined characteristics typically seen in separate mollusk groups. It had spiny, worm-like traits but also possessed a broad foot and gills, which are features commonly found in chitons - a type of mollusk that is known for its protective, segmented shells.



Emo also had a spiny, elongated body, similar to that found in other worm-like mollusks. However, it stood out with unique adaptations such as a compressed body shape and shell-like structures. These traits are uncommon in its relatives, thus further blurring the lines between known categories of mollusks.



This mix of traits highlights the complexity and diversity of early mollusks, and suggests that their evolutionary history is far more intricate than previously understood. These fossils challenge existing classifications and provide new <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fossil-discovery-shifts-the-origin-of-lizards-back-35-million-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insights</a> into how ancient mollusks adapted to their environments.



"The branch of molluskan evolution containing Emo and Punk was much more evolutionarily rich and diverse than we thought," said Dr. Sutton.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fossils-rewrite-mollusk-evolution">Fossils rewrite mollusk evolution</h2>



The research provides a revolutionary look at how <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/mollusks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mollusks</a> evolved over millions of years.



By analyzing the fossils of Punk and Emo, scientists discovered that the group of mollusks known as Aculifera were more diverse and complex than previously thought.



These ancient creatures displayed unique adaptations, such as unconventional ways of moving and surviving, which helped them thrive in their environments.



The findings challenge old assumptions and show that even organisms that might appear simple at first glance can have surprisingly intricate and fascinating evolutionary histories. 



With advanced tools like 3D imaging, researchers continue to uncover these hidden stories that transform the way in which we understand the evolution of life on Earth.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08312-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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Fossils called Punk and Emo rewrite the story of mollusk evolution

The world of paleontology recently found itself in a mosh...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.



"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.



The research, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex
</div></figure>







Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



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What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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