Young aspen trees in Yellowstone are doing something they have not done in almost 100 years. Rather than sprouting and being eaten back to nubs by elk and bison, they're actually growing into tall, adult forest trees rising up towards the canopy.



This matters more than it might seem, because it shows what happens when a missing piece of an ecosystem returns.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-yellowstone-aspens-and-elk">Yellowstone, aspens, and elk</h2>



In the 1920s, people <a href="https://www.yellowstone.org/wolf-project/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eliminated wolves in Yellowstone</a>. At the time, with limited scientific knowledge, managers believed it was the right thing to do.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/from-wolves-to-dogs-did-domestication-begin-without-human-help/">Without wolves</a>, elk herds grew very large. Elk love to eat aspen shoots - the tender young growth is highly palatable to them.



For roughly 70 years, elk browsed aspen sprouts down to stub height, and the trees couldn't grow. 



If you had walked through Yellowstone in the 1980s, you would have seen many tiny aspen shoots covering the ground, but almost no young trees gaining height. 



The forest's regeneration was stalled. Old trees died, and no new ones replaced them.



In 1995 and 1996, park managers reintroduced wolves into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstone-supervolcano-eruption-study-sparks-new-debate-on-where-and-when-it-will-erupt/">Yellowstone Park ecosystem</a>. Scientists hoped and wondered whether this would change anything for the trees.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-aspen-matter-to-yellowstone">Why aspen matter to Yellowstone</h2>



Aspen groves provide habitat for many species. Birds nest in them. Beavers eat the bark and use the wood for dams. Butterflies and moths lay eggs on the leaves. 



Their canopy admits enough light for wildflowers and shrubs to grow beneath. When it rains, aspen groves hold water in the soil better than some other forest types.



In short, when aspen return, dozens of other species benefit. More trees support more insects, which in turn support more birds, enriching the ecosystem.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-checking-the-trees-three-decades-later">Checking the trees three decades later</h2>



<a href="https://fwcs.oregonstate.edu/users/luke-painter" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Luke Painter</a>, an ecologist at <a href="https://oregonstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oregon State University</a>, sought clear answers. His team returned to 87 aspen stands across Yellowstone that scientists had previously surveyed. 



They measured thousands of young trees, looked for bite marks, and counted how many stems were tall enough that elk could no longer reach the tips.



About a third of these stands now have many tall young aspens pushing toward the canopy. 



"About 26 of the 87 aspen stands we examined had large numbers of tall saplings throughout, a remarkable change from the 1990s when surveys found none at all," Painter said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-wolves-matter-to-yellowstone-aspens">Why wolves matter to Yellowstone aspens</h2>



Breaking it all down, the conclusions of this study are pretty simple. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wolves-move-pups-across-mountains-to-adapt-to-climate-pressure/">Wolves hunt elk</a>. When wolves came back, two things happened. First, elk numbers declined from unusually high levels. Second, elk changed their behavior. They spent less time in the same areas feeding.



With fewer elk and shorter feeding bouts, more aspen shoots survived long enough to exceed the browsing zone - about six to seven feet high. 



Once a sapling reaches that height, elk cannot easily reach the growing tip. The tree continues to grow.



"The reintroduction of large carnivores has initiated a recovery process that had been shut down for decades," Painter explained.



Scientists call this a <a href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/trophic-cascades-across-diverse-plant-ecosystems-80060347/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trophic cascade</a> - when adding or removing one species causes changes that ripple through the whole system.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-some-places-recover-others-don-t">Some places recover, others don't</h2>



Unfortunately, not every aspen stand has recovered yet. Some valleys still have many short, heavily browsed shoots, because it's not only elk eating them anymore. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstones-iconic-bison-have-merged-into-a-single-herd/">Bison herds have grown</a>, and bison browse on aspen as well. They are strong enough to break young trees. 



"Increasing numbers of bison may be emerging as a new constraint to aspen in some areas," Painter confirmed.



Additionally, winter snow depth varies; droughts stress trees; bears and mountain lions also hunt elk; and hunting outside the park influences elk distribution. 



All of these factors interact, which is why some sites show strong recovery, others show moderate recovery, and a few have changed very little.



The key pattern is that places with many tall saplings experience little browsing, and aspen groves that remain popular eating grounds today stay short. 



This fact is the strongest indication that tree recovery is linked directly to wolf presence, not solely to weather or soil conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-proof-in-the-measurements">Proof in the measurements</h2>



Painter's team did not rely on casual observation. They used the same methods as earlier researchers, measuring the same plots. 



They counted recruitment - when young trees surpass browsing height and begin progressing toward maturity. This measure is crucial. Sprouts are insufficient if they never grow; without recruitment, the forest cannot replace itself.



The results are robust. After being stalled for most of a century, Yellowstone's aspens are increasing in height. In recovering stands today, you will see saplings - six, eight, or ten feet tall - that were not present in the 1990s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-yellowstone-s-aspens">The future of Yellowstone's aspens</h2>



"This is a remarkable case of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-viruses-found-in-yellowstones-hot-springs-may-be-near-the-root-of-all-life-on-earth/">ecological restoration</a>," Painter concluded. "Wolf reintroduction is yielding long-term ecological changes contributing to increased biodiversity and habitat diversity."



Trees grow slowly, so even with wolves restored, it will take decades for these young aspens to form a full-grown forest. 



Some areas might never fully recover if bison numbers continue to rise or if the climate becomes too hot and dry.



Thanks to the work of Painter and his team, scientists are now certain that restoring the Yellowstone predator has restarted aspen forest regeneration. Not everywhere and not perfectly, but enough to be measured, creating hope for the future.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112725004499?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Forest Ecology and Management</a>.



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Yellowstone's aspen trees are growing again thanks to the reintroduction of wolves

Young aspen trees in Yellowstone are doing something they have not done in almost 100 years. Rather than sprouting and being eaten back to nubs by elk and bison, they're actually growing into tall, adult forest trees rising up towards the canopy. This matters more than it might seem, because it shows what happens when a missing piece of an ecosystem returns. Yellowstone, aspens, and elk In the 1920s, people eliminated wolves in Yellowstone. At the time, with limited scientific knowledge, managers believed it was the right...

The <a href="https://wmo.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">World Meteorological Organization</a> (WMO) is issuing a dire warning about the accelerated pace of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-warming-is-the-strongest-in-7000-years/">global warming</a>, indicating that recent record-breaking environmental changes pose a severe threat to the planet's climate stability. 



The Geneva-based agency's latest "State of the Global Climate" report underscores the failure of global efforts to curtail these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/januarys-record-heat-marks-an-alarming-milestone/">alarming trends</a> and raises concerns about reaching the critical climate threshold outlined in the Paris agreement.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sounding-the-red-alert">Sounding the red alert</h2>



"Never have we been so close – albeit on a temporary basis at the moment – to the 1.5° C lower limit of the Paris agreement on climate change. The WMO community is sounding the red alert to the world," said WMO's secretary-general Celeste Saulo.



Data from the European Union’s <a href="https://climate.copernicus.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Copernicus Climate Change Service</a> (C3S) revealed that the period from March 2023 to February 2024 surpassed the 1.5-degree Celsius increase over pre-industrial levels, averaging 1.56 C (2.81 F) higher. Although the year 2023 remained slightly below this threshold at 1.48 C (2.66 F), a record hot start to 2024 pushed the 12-month average beyond the limit.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-distress-call-from-the-earth">A distress call from the Earth</h2>



“Earth’s issuing a distress call. The latest State of the Global Climate report shows a planet on the brink. Fossil fuel pollution is sending climate chaos off the charts,” said U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres.



“So we cannot say definitively about 2024 is going to be the warmest year. But what I would say: There is a high probability that 2024 will again break the record of 2023, but let’s wait and see. January was the warmest January on record. So the records are still being broken,” added WMO’s chief of climate monitoring, Omar Baddour.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alarming-environmental-records">Alarming environmental records</h2>



The report presents numerous alarming environmental <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-heat-of-2023-likely-exceeds-that-of-the-last-100000-years/">records</a> set in 2023, including unprecedented ocean heat wave conditions affecting over 90% of the world's oceans, historic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-previously-stable-glaciers-are-now-rapidly-disappearing/">glacier ice loss</a>, and the lowest ever recorded levels of Antarctic sea ice.



“Topping all the bad news, what worries me the most is that the planet is now in a meltdown phase - literally and figuratively given the warming and mass loss from our polar ice sheets,” warned Jonathan Overpeck, dean of the <a href="https://umich.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Michigan</a> School for Environment and Sustainability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tumbling-climate-records">Tumbling climate records</h2>



“2023 was an exceptional year with climate records tumbling like dominoes. Temperatures during 2023 likely exceed those of any period in at least the last 100,000 years,” said Samantha Burgess, deputy director of the Copernicus Climate Change Service.



Managed by the European Commission, C3S compiles temperature readings from multiple sources, including weather stations, balloons, and satellites, to provide a comprehensive view of global air temperature.



“The extremes we have observed over the last few months provide a dramatic testimony of how far we are now from the climate in which our civilization developed,” said Carlo Buontempo, director of C3S, emphasizing the profound implications for the Paris Agreement and all human endeavors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urgent-climate-warning-nbsp">Urgent climate warning&nbsp;</h2>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-crisis-global-supply-chains-face-25-trillion-in-losses/">climate crisis</a>, according to Saulo, is a critical challenge that humanity must address, compounded by a growing crisis of inequality that manifests in food insecurity and migration patterns.



Despite the overwhelming evidence of climate change's impact, the report offers a sliver of hope with the significant increase in renewable energy capacity, highlighting the critical need for accelerated action to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-action-is-needed">Climate action is needed</h2>



The red alert warning has been released just ahead of a significant climate action meeting in Copenhagen on March 21-22. Experts and officials will discuss enhancing national commitments to combat global warming. 



The consensus among scientists and experts is clear: urgent and decisive action is necessary to prevent further catastrophic climate change and preserve the planet for future generations.



The full report from the World Meteorological Organization can be found <a href="https://wmo.int/publication-series/state-of-global-climate-2023" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a>.



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"Red alert" climate warning issued after 2023 smashed all records

The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is issuing a dire warning...

Leveraging the whimsical drinking bird toy as their muse, scientists from Hong Kong and Guangzhou, China, have ingeniously engineered a generator that taps into the power of water evaporation to produce electricity. 



Consequently, this innovative approach to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/kite-power-renewable-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">renewable energy solutions</a> transforms a familiar childhood novelty into a device capable of powering small electronics.



Detailed in a study published in the journal Device, this groundbreaking generator marks a major advancement. Furthermore, it showcases an efficient and sustainable method to meet modern energy needs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-genesis-of-an-idea">The genesis of an idea</h2>



The drinking bird toy demonstrates thermodynamics through a simple mechanism. It features two glass bulbs connected by a tube, filled with methylene chloride. 



When its felt-covered head dips into water, evaporation creates a pressure difference that moves the liquid up the tube, simulating drinking. Intriguingly, this action inspired researchers to explore converting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/light-can-drive-water-evaporation-without-heat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evaporation</a> energy into electricity.



Hao Wu, a professor at <a href="https://www.scut.edu.cn/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">South China University of Technology</a> and the first author of the study, recalls the eureka moment, "I still feel surprised and excited when witnessing the actual results." 



The realization that this toy could transcend its educational purpose to become a source of energy was pivotal. 



At the time, Wu was a postdoc in Prof. Zuankai Wang’s group at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (<a href="https://www.polyu.edu.hk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PolyU</a>). He recognized the potential to transform mechanical energy from evaporation into electricity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-drinking-bird-engine">The drinking bird engine</h2>



By reengineering the drinking bird toy, the team developed the "drinking bird triboelectric hydrovoltaic generator." 



This innovative device incorporates triboelectric nanogenerator modules on either side of a drinking bird engine, capturing the mechanical energy produced by the toy's motion. 



Remarkably, this setup can generate over 100 volts from just 100 milliliters of water. It surpasses other water-based <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/this-solar-powered-device-produces-both-clean-water-and-clean-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">electricity generation</a> techniques and maintains power for several days.



Furthermore, this generator serves to power various small electronics, such as liquid crystal displays (LCDs), temperature sensors, and calculators. However, the team encountered a significant challenge: overcoming friction in the generator. 



By cleverly integrating patterned fibers as charge transfer materials within the triboelectric nanogenerator modules, they managed to reduce friction and significantly enhance device efficiency.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-ahead">Looking ahead</h2>



The research team, led by Prof. Zuankai Wang, is not resting on their laurels. Eagerly, they aim to design a custom drinking bird engine, departing from commercial toys. Their ambitious goal is a system better optimized for converting water evaporation into electrical energy.



"Additionally, we will explore various application opportunities for this device with the ultimate aim of delivering a practical product that can be used in our daily lives," says Wang. This statement underscores the project's goal to weave this technology into the fabric of everyday life.



This study not only underscores the untapped potential of simple physical principles but also sets a precedent for sustainable energy generation. 



By reimagining a toy's playful mechanics for powering electronics, the researchers have introduced new paths for renewable energy solutions. This emphasizes the crucial role of innovation in addressing future energy challenges.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/device/fulltext/S2666-9986(24)00108-X" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Device</a>.



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Transforming the drinking bird toy into a power generator

Leveraging the whimsical drinking bird toy as their muse, scientists...

A new study has shaken up our understanding of early childhood development. They found that a simple set of five factors, called Thrive 5, when present in an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nutrition-for-neurons-the-role-of-breast-milk-in-shaping-our-brains/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">infant's first year</a>, sets them up for a lifetime of healthy development and success.



Right from the get-go, it's clear: To unlock a child's potential, these five conditions are non-negotiable. This discovery could drastically change how we approach parenting and public health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-thrive-5">Focus of the Thrive 5</h2>



The researchers studied over 200 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/conscious-awareness-when-does-our-sense-of-purpose-emerge/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">infants</a> and their mothers, investigating how supportive factors in early development affect the brain. At age 3, the children underwent brain scans, along with evaluations of their cognitive, social, and emotional development. 



The findings were remarkable: regardless of background, children who received stronger support in the Thrive 5 areas displayed healthier brain development, stronger cognitive skills, and better social-emotional well-being.



"When they have access to these basic supports, even in the face of adverse environments, it enhances their brain development, cognition (measures of IQ) and social-emotional <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/music-promotes-social-development-in-infants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">development</a>,” said Dr. Joan Luby of <a href="https://wustl.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Washington University in St. Louis</a>, one of the study's lead researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-the-thrive-5">What is the "Thrive 5"?</h2>



The Thrive 5 encompasses these crucial elements for a thriving baby:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">1. Nutrition</h3>



<ul>
<li>Breast milk benefits: If possible, breast milk is recommended as the primary source of nutrition. It's perfectly tailored to meet your baby's needs, providing the right balance of nutrients, antibodies, and hormones to support healthy development. </li>



<li>Formula as an alternative: For those who cannot or choose not to breastfeed, infant formula is a safe and nutritious alternative. It's important to choose a formula that meets your baby's nutritional needs and to follow preparation instructions carefully.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">2. Stimulation</h3>



<ul>
<li>Interactive play: Engage with your baby through playful interactions, facial expressions, and gestures. This not only strengthens your bond but also stimulates your baby's cognitive and emotional development. </li>



<li>Language exposure: Talk, read, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mothers-can-use-singing-to-engage-with-infants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sing</a> to your baby often. Exposure to language from an early age boosts cognitive development and can improve future language skills. </li>



<li>Sensory opportunities: Provide a variety of textures, sounds, and visual stimuli to explore. Sensory play supports brain development and helps your baby learn about their environment.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">3. Safety</h3>



<ul>
<li>Physical safety: Ensure your home is baby-proofed to protect against potential hazards. A secure environment allows your baby to explore safely as they grow. </li>



<li>Emotional security: A stable and loving environment where caregivers are responsive and sensitive to a baby's needs helps to build trust and emotional well-being.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">4. Positive Caregiving</h3>



<ul>
<li>Responsive care: Be attentive to your baby's cues and respond with love and consistency. Responsive caregiving supports emotional bonding and secure attachment. </li>



<li>Nurturing attention: Regular cuddles, smiles, and positive interactions reinforce your baby's sense of safety and belonging.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">5. Regular sleep</h3>



<ul>
<li>Consistent routines: Establishing regular sleep patterns and routines helps regulate your baby's circadian rhythms, crucial for overall health and well-being. </li>



<li>Sleep environment: Create a calm, comfortable sleeping environment to promote uninterrupted sleep, which is essential for growth and development.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-making-the-thrive-5-a-reality">Making the Thrive 5 a reality</h2>



"The Thrive Factor provides a solid foundation for healthy development. It has been underappreciated in primary care just how malleable the brain is to experience," Dr. Luby notes.



Moreover, the researchers acknowledge the challenges many families face in providing these vital elements to their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/maternal-chemical-signals-help-infants-bond-with-strangers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">infants</a>. 



Dr. Barch emphasizes how factors like poverty and unsafe living conditions make it difficult for even the most dedicated parents. "If you’ve never suffered from financial adversity, you don’t understand how hard that makes life," Barch states.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



While the importance of each individual factor is established, this study is pioneering in how it frames them together for maximum impact.



"The novelty here is putting them all together and thinking of them as a constellation of things that are necessary and important for a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/male-babies-talk-more-than-females-during-the-first-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">child</a> to be able to thrive" says Dr. Deanna Barch, another key researcher on the project.



This study arms pediatricians, policymakers, and parents with a powerful tool. It shows that even when circumstances are challenging, prioritizing the Thrive 5 can lay the foundation for a child's bright future.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-let-s-give-every-baby-the-chance-to-thrive-5">Let's give every baby the chance to thrive (5)</h2>



The Thrive 5 has the potential to revolutionize our approach to child development. Supporting families through education about the Thrive 5 and policy changes that address inequality is vital. 



As Dr. Barch stresses, "We need to make it so families can have the resources necessary to provide these core things to kids because it’s going to have such a big impact on kids’ <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/caregiver-speech-shapes-infant-language-development/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">development</a> across the course of their lifespan.”



By embracing the Thrive 5, we can create a future where all children have the opportunity to reach their full potential.



The study is published in <a href="https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2024.0143" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JAMA Pediatrics</a>.



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Five scientifically proven steps for thriving infant development

A new study has shaken up our understanding of early...

Hydrogen, or H2, is the most abundant element in the entire universe. Scientists have long suspected that hydrogen gas was the key energy source for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-may-have-learned-how-earth-got-its-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>'s earliest lifeforms. But the question was how?



Living things need a way to convert energy sources into usable forms. For our bodies, that means breaking down food to power everything we do. For the first cells, the challenge was figuring out how to utilize hydrogen.



New insights from teams across Germany and Asia point to a surprisingly simple answer. The research suggests that alkaline hydrothermal vents could be the missing link.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hydrothermal-vents-and-the-origin-of-life">Hydrothermal vents and the origin of life</h2>



Hydrothermal vents are openings in the sea floor where geothermally heated water emerges. They're found in places where the Earth's tectonic plates are moving apart or where volcanic activity is present. 



This hot, mineral-rich water, which can reach temperatures exceeding 752°F, mixes with the cold, deep-sea water around it.



Despite the extreme conditions -- immense pressure, scalding temperatures, and no light -- these vents teem with diverse life forms. 



Scientists are constantly intrigued by life thriving in such harsh conditions. They believe these vents could reveal how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/origins-life-simple-molecules/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's life started</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hydrogen-gas-in-pushing-electrons">Hydrogen gas in pushing electrons</h2>



So, how do the deep-sea creatures survive and even flourish? The research helps us understand one of the secrets to life at these vents: harvesting energy from hydrogen gas. 



Think of hydrogen gas as a kind of fuel for these microorganisms. But there's a catch. To extract energy from hydrogen, cells have to do something that seems to defy nature -- they have to move electrons in an energetically "uphill" direction.



"In order to harvest energy, cells first have to push the electrons from H2 energetically uphill," explains Max Brabender, one of the study's authors. "That is like asking a river to flow uphill instead of downhill, so cells need engineered solutions."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-iron-in-earth-s-origin">Role of iron in Earth's origin</h2>



The secret to this uphill energy transfer? It turns out, a humble metal – iron – may have played a starring role. 



At the alkaline pH of these vents, scientists discovered that iron, produced by natural processes in this environment, could split hydrogen and send those energy-carrying electrons in the right direction. 



No fancy enzymes or complex cellular machinery were needed!



"Metals provide answers," says <a href="https://www.mpi-marburg.mpg.de/martina-preiner">Martina Preiner</a> from the Max Planck Institute (MPI)&nbsp;. "At the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-clues-from-asteroid-bennu-about-the-origins-of-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">onset of life</a>, metals under ancient environmental conditions can send the electrons from H2 uphill, and we can see relicts of that primordial chemistry preserved in the biology of modern cells." But metals alone are not enough. 



"H2 needs to be produced by the environment as well," adds co-first author Delfina Pereira from Preiner's lab.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-from-hydrogen-gas-study">Insights from hydrogen gas study</h2>



"Several different theories have proposed how the environment might have pushed electrons energetically uphill...we have identified a process that could not be simpler and that works in the natural conditions of hydrothermal vents," notes William F. Martin, lead researcher from the <a href="https://www.hhu.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Düsseldorf</a>.



"That hydrogen can make metallic iron out of minerals is no secret," says Harun Tüysüz, an expert for high-tech materials at the <a href="https://www.kofo.mpg.de" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Mülheim</a> and co-author of the study. 



"Many processes in the chemical industry use H2 to make metals out of minerals during the reaction." The surprise is that nature does this too, especially at hydrothermal vents, and that this naturally deposited iron could have played a crucial role in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sulfur-may-have-played-key-role-origin-of-life-on-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">origin of life</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



The beauty of this discovery lies in its simplicity. The same process found in modern microbes might have been the key that kick-started life itself billions of years ago. 



It creates an image of Earth's earliest lifeforms. These organisms didn't rely on complex machinery. Instead, they tapped into a natural mechanism to gather the essential energy and make a crucial leap towards life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-hydrothermal-vents-and-hydrogen-gas">More about hydrothermal vents and hydrogen gas</h2>



As discussed above, hydrothermal vents, the seafloor's mysterious geysers, captivate scientists and oceanographers with their extreme conditions and unique ecosystems. These fascinating features of the deep sea offer insights into the origins of life, the limits of biological endurance, and the potential for life beyond Earth.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-definition-and-formation-of-hydrothermal-vents">Definition and formation of hydrothermal vents</h3>



Hydrothermal vents are fissures on the planet's surface from which geothermally heated water discharges. Located primarily on mid-ocean ridges, these vents form when seawater seeps through cracks in the ocean floor, heats up by the magma beneath the Earth's crust, and then gushes back into the ocean, creating plumes of mineral-rich water that support a diverse range of life forms.



The process begins with tectonic plates diverging at mid-ocean ridges, creating new oceanic crust and allowing seawater to penetrate the Earth's crust. As the water interacts with the hot magma, it becomes superheated, dissolving minerals and metals from the surrounding rocks. 



This superheated, mineral-rich water, which can reach temperatures of up to 400°C (752°F), then rises and exits through the seafloor, cooling rapidly as it mixes with the ocean water, causing the dissolved minerals to precipitate and form chimney-like structures around the vents.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-living-on-hydrogen-gas-in-extreme-conditions">Living on hydrogen gas in extreme conditions</h3>



Hydrothermal vents are home to unique ecosystems that thrive in conditions once thought to be inhospitable to life. These ecosystems rely not on photosynthesis, which is impossible in the dark depths of the ocean, but on chemosynthesis. 



Microorganisms at the base of the vent ecosystem convert the chemical energy from the vent minerals into organic compounds, serving as the primary producers and supporting a diverse community of organisms, including giant tube worms, clams, and unique species of fish and crustaceans.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-past-present-and-future-significance">Past, present, and future significance</h3>



Hydrothermal vents have significant scientific, economic, and environmental importance. They provide unique natural laboratories for studying the origins of life, as the chemosynthetic processes observed at vents are similar to those that might have occurred on the early Earth. 



Additionally, hydrothermal vents are of interest for bioprospecting, as organisms adapted to extreme conditions often produce unique enzymes and compounds that can be of pharmaceutical and industrial use.



Moreover, vents play a crucial role in the geochemical cycles of the ocean, influencing the composition of seawater and the global distribution of minerals. However, they also face threats from deep-sea mining and climate change, raising concerns about the need for their conservation and sustainable management.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-and-opportunities">Challenges and opportunities</h3>



Studying hydrothermal vents poses significant technical challenges due to their deep, remote locations and the extreme conditions present. However, advances in deep-sea exploration technologies, such as remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), are enabling more detailed and frequent studies of these fascinating systems.



The exploration of hydrothermal vents not only expands our knowledge of Earth's processes and life in extreme environments but also enhances our understanding of the potential for life on other planetary bodies. For instance, Jupiter's moon Europa and Saturn's moon Enceladus, both of which have subsurface oceans, may host hydrothermal vent-like conditions, suggesting the possibility of life beyond Earth.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-and-future-study">Implications and future study</h3>



In summary, hydrothermal vents, with their extreme conditions and unique ecosystems, continue to fascinate and challenge our understanding of life and the Earth's processes. 



As we explore these enigmatic features of the deep sea, we uncover the secrets of our own planet and open the door to discovering the potential for life in the far reaches of the solar system. 



The study of hydrothermal vents represents a thrilling intersection of geology, biology, and astrobiology, offering insights and opportunities that stretch the imagination and drive forward the frontiers of science.



The study is published in <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2318969121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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Earth's first living beings used hydrogen gas for energy

Hydrogen, or H2, is the most abundant element in the...

Woman,Suffering,Heat,Stroke,In,A,Town,Street,On,Summer

The impact of global warming in the United States is far more severe than previously thought. This is caused, in large part, by the heat index. While an increase of about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/emissions-gap-report-paris-pledges-are-not-enough-to-avoid-catastrophe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">3 degrees Fahrenheit</a> due to global warming might seem minimal, the actual "experience" of the heat tells a different story.



The research, centered on Texas's climate data from the summer of 2023, reveals that the heat index -- the measure of how hot it really feels, considering humidity -- has risen about three times faster than the actual temperature. 



On the most sweltering days, this means Texans are enduring feels-like temperatures between 8 and 11 degrees Fahrenheit hotter than what would be expected without the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/red-alert-climate-warning-issued-after-2023-smashed-heat-records/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">influence of climate change</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rethinking-the-heat-index-and-heat-stress">Rethinking the heat index and heat stress</h2>



David Romps, a professor of earth and planetary science at the <a href="https://www.berkeley.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Berkeley</a>, and the study's lead author, highlights a significant communication gap in conveying the real dangers of rising temperatures. 



Traditional measures, including the heat index itself, fall short of accurately capturing the heat stress experienced by individuals. This discrepancy is primarily caused by not fully accounting for the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-are-substantially-changing-the-seasons-of-the-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extremes of temperature</a> and humidity we now face. 



Forgetting these factors often leads to a dangerous underestimation of the risks of hyperthermia and heat-related mortality.



The findings from Texas echo a broader, national concern. For instance, Arizona reported a staggering 50% increase in heat-associated deaths from 2022 to 2023, with the majority of these deaths occurring among individuals aged 50 years and older. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-for-surviving-the-new-heat">Insights for surviving the "new" heat</h2>



These statistics underscore the urgent need for action to address the escalating risks posed by climate change. Romps stresses the imperative to halt <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unbearable-heat-could-make-some-parts-of-the-world-uninhabitable/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">further warming</a> by ceasing the burning of fossil fuels. 



"I mean, the obvious thing to do is to cease additional warming, because this is not going to get better unless we stop burning fossil fuels," Romps asserts.



"That's message No. 1, without doubt. We have only one direction we can really be taking the planet's average temperature, and that's up. And that's through additional burning of fossil fuels. So that's gotta stop and stop fast," he explained.



In the face of these challenges, Romps offers practical advice for coping with the heat, particularly for those without access to air conditioning. 



Strategies like seeking shade, using water, and employing fans can significantly aid in preventing hyperthermia. Simple actions, such as wetting one's skin and staying hydrated, can provide essential relief.



"You can coat yourself in water. Get a wet rag, run it under the faucet, get your skin wet and get in front of a fan. As long as you are drinking enough water and you can keep that skin wetted in front of the fan, you're doing a good thing for yourself," Romps advised.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-method-to-measure-the-heat-index">New method to measure the heat index</h2>



Romps, also an atmospheric physicist, alongside Yi-Chuan Lu, a graduate student turned postdoctoral fellow, embarked on a crucial journey to redefine our understanding of heat stress in the face of global warming. 



Their research pivots around the heat index, a measure devised in 1979 to gauge the stress exerted on the human body by combined heat and humidity. 



Despite its longstanding use, Romps identified a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/asymmetric-warming-between-day-and-night-impacts-all-life-on-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">critical gap</a>. As mentioned previously, original calculations used for measuring the heat index did not account for the extreme heat and humidity levels we encounter today.



Addressing this gap, Romps and Lu advanced the calculation of the heat index, extending its applicability to encompass even the most severe heatwaves, such as those Texas experienced in the summer of 2023. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-true-impact-of-the-scorching-summer-sun">True impact of the scorching summer sun</h2>



This enhancement reveals that the traditional method of extrapolating heat index values by the National Weather Service (<a href="https://www.nws.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NWS</a>), part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (<a href="https://www.noaa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NOAA</a>), significantly underestimates the stress experienced during extreme conditions.



The duo's findings come from a detailed case study of Texas, chosen due to its alarming heat index values. A particular focus was on Houston’s Ellington Airport, where on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/july-was-earths-hottest-month-in-120000-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">July 23, 2023</a>, they recorded a heat index of a staggering 167 degrees Fahrenheit (75 C), with global warming contributing to 12 degrees Fahrenheit (6 C) of this figure. 



“It sounds completely insane,” Romps said. “It’s beyond the physiological capacity of a young, healthy person to maintain a standard core temperature. We think it’s hyperthermic, but survivable.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wet-bulb-temperature-directly-impacts-survival">Wet bulb temperature directly impacts survival</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-temperature-threshold-can-the-human-body-handle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">This survivability</a>, as Romps points out, hinges on the body's ability to cool itself through evaporative cooling -- a process demanding significant cardiovascular effort due to intense sweating. 



The generally accepted threshold for maximum survivable temperature is a "wet bulb temperature" of 35 degrees Celsius, which is equivalent to a skin temperature when sweating of 95 degrees Fahrenheit, close to the average person’s core <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/depression-may-be-linked-to-higher-body-temperatures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">body temperature</a>. 



Their research suggests that while this may not necessarily result in death for young, healthy adults, it does pose a serious risk of hyperthermia.



"Heat index is very much like the wet bulb thermometer, only it adds the metabolic heat that a human has that a thermometer does not have," Romps explained, expanding on the concept of the wet bulb temperature.



"We think if you kept your skin wet and you were exposed to 167 degrees, even though we're approaching something like a setting on the oven, you'd still be alive. Definitely not happy. But alive," he emphasized.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-the-new-normal">Climate change and the new normal</h2>



Looking to the future, Romps acknowledges the increasing risk of hyperthermic conditions due to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-earth-energy-imbalance-temperature-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>, without attempting to predict specific occurrences. 



The study’s broader implication warns of a future where, if current fossil fuel consumption continues, a significant portion of the world's population could face life-threatening heat stress levels, especially those who are not young and healthy, or those working or exposed to direct sunlight.



In light of these findings, Romps is keen on investigating other regions using the refined heat index scale, expecting to uncover <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/2024-is-expected-to-exceed-the-1-5c-warming-limit/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">similar trends</a> across the globe. 



"If humanity goes ahead and burns the fossil fuel available to it, then it is conceivable that half of Earth's population would be exposed to unavoidably hyperthermic conditions, even for young, healthy adults," Romps said. 



"People who aren't young and healthy would be suffering even more, as would people who are laboring or are out in the sun -- all of them would be suffering potentially life-threatening levels of heat stress," he concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-implications-of-a-hotter-heat-index">Global implications of a hotter heat index</h2>



In summary, the research conducted by David Romps and Yi-Chuan Lu serves as a crucial wake-up call to the underestimated impacts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-accelerated-in-the-last-decade-making-it-the-hottest-on-record/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global warming</a> on heat stress, highlighting the inadequacies of current heat index calculations to capture the extremities of today's climate conditions. 



By extending the heat index calculations to cover all possible combinations of temperature and humidity, their work focuses on the severe, yet survivable, conditions experienced in Texas and around the U.S., offering a glimpse into a future where such extremities could become commonplace.



Their eye-opening study emphasizes the urgency for immediate action to curb fossil fuel consumption while advocating for the adoption of innovative strategies to adapt to the unavoidable increases in global temperatures, thereby safeguarding communities against the escalating threat of heat stress.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ad3144" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Research Letters</a>.



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Heat index, how hot it 'feels' outside, is rising faster than actual temperatures

The impact of global warming in the United States is...

Have you ever wondered why some <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coffee-improve-group-performance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">groups</a> click instantly, while others struggle to find their rhythm? Scientists think they may have found an answer, and it lies in the power of social bonding.



We humans are inherently social. Our lives revolve around building connections, being part of groups, and finding our place in the world. This study explores the importance of social bonding and the adaptability of our brains in social settings. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-bonding-among-groups">Social bonding among groups</h2>



To investigate, scientists at <a href="https://english.bnu.edu.cn" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Beijing Normal University</a> in China devised a clever experiment. They brought together 176 trios of participants who were strangers prior to the study. Within each group, a leader was democratically selected, leaving them with a leader and two followers in each trio.



Some groups were then assigned to go through a bonding exercise designed to foster a sense of connection which included icebreakers, sharing preferences, etc. Others started the task directly, with no time for bonding. 



Next, the groups played a few games that involved making decisions that could benefit their own group or potentially harm others. Scientists were monitoring everyone's brain activity during the games using a non-invasive technique. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changes-in-the-brain">Changes in the brain</h2>



Groups that went through the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/strong-social-bonds-promote-healthy-behaviors/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bonding</a> session communicated more freely and rapidly. Conversations flowed smoother, with less of that awkward pausing as people searched for the right words.



This communication boost was especially noticeable between leaders and followers who had bonded. It was like they were on the same wavelength.



The scientists found that two brain areas linked to social interaction went into overdrive – and in sync – for leaders and followers who had formed a bond. 



This was especially true in two areas of the brain: the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (rDLPFC) and the right temporoparietal junction (rTPJ). These areas are the social hubs in our brains, and when leaders and followers in bonded groups interacted, these areas lit up in sync. 



In other words, bonding might be the secret that helps leaders anticipate what their followers are thinking, leading to a smoother-running team dynamic.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-social-bonding-in-groups">Implications of social bonding in groups</h2>



The researchers suggest that social bonding might be the reason some <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/group-decisions-information-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">teams</a> work incredibly well together. When we form close connections with those around us, information seems to flow more easily. 



Crucially, this effect seems especially powerful in teams with clear hierarchies – those with defined leaders and followers. 



Having that bond means more effective communication and a greater understanding between a leader and those they guide.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-limitations-of-the-study">Limitations of the study</h2>



Before we start planning mandatory team trust falls, let's acknowledge that this research is still in its early stages. There are a few caveats worth considering.



The participants were all East Asian Chinese. Culture plays a huge role in how we form bonds and view leadership, so it'll be interesting to see if the results hold true in other societies.



The groups communicated mainly via text, leaving out crucial elements like facial expressions, tone of voice, and all the unspoken signals we rely on.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-connection">The power of connection</h2>



Even with its limitations, this research highlights why team-building and icebreakers can have a real impact. 



"Social bonding increases information exchange and prefrontal neural synchronization selectively among individuals with different social statuses, providing a potential neurocognitive explanation for how social bonding facilitates the hierarchical structure of human groups," said the researchers. 



Investing time and energy into genuinely connecting with those you work with - especially if you're the one leading the team - might give your team a brain-boosting edge.



After all, we evolved as social beings, and our brains seem to work their best when we feel a sense of belonging.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3002545" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLOS Biology</a>. 



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Social bonding can positively shape the success of a group

Have you ever wondered why some groups click instantly, while...

A,Quasar,Emits,Exceptionally,Large,Amounts,Of,Energy,Generated,By

In an unparalleled feat of cosmic cartography, astronomers have unveiled the most expansive map yet of the universe's active supermassive black holes, known as quasars.



Moreover, this new map catalogs a mind-boggling <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/quasar-map_1.3-million_bright-cosmos_ESA_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">1.3 million quasars</a> across the visible universe. Consequently, it represents a significant advance in our quest to unravel the mysteries of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-matter-does-not-exist-universe-27-billion-years-old-study/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dark matter</a> and the fabric of the cosmos.



Quasars - supermassive black holes at galaxy centers - are ironically the brightest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/feeding-frenzy-study-reveals-the-eating-habits-of-black-holes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cosmic objects</a>, illuminating space's darkest corners. 



Further, the new map tracks quasars across space and time. It notably features those from when the universe was merely 1.5 billion years old, offering a stark contrast to its current age of 13.7 billion years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-map-like-no-other">A map like no other</h2>



David Hogg, a senior research scientist at the Flatiron Institute’s <a href="https://astronyc.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Center for Computational Astrophysics</a> in New York City and a professor of physics and data science at <a href="https://www.nyu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York University</a>, emphasizes the uniqueness of this quasar catalog. 



"This catalog offers us a three-dimensional map of the universe's largest-ever volume," Hogg explains. Unlike other catalogs, this one may not have the highest number of quasars or the finest quality measurements. However, it excels in covering an unprecedented expanse of the universe.



The map, unveiled in The Astrophysical Journal, is the creation of Hogg's team, featuring lead author Kate Storey-Fisher, a postdoctoral researcher at Spain's <a href="https://dipc.ehu.eus/en">Donostia International Physics Center</a>. It's based on data from the European Space Agency’s Gaia telescope, which, while mainly mapping the Milky Way, also detects quasars and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/black-holes-shaped-the-universe-before-galaxies-existed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> beyond.



Storey-Fisher noted the significance of their work. "We've achieved measurements of early universe matter clustering that rival those from major international survey projects -- a remarkable feat considering our data came as a 'bonus' from the Gaia project, primarily focused on the Milky Way," she said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quasars-and-the-mystery-of-dark-matter">Quasars and the mystery of dark matter</h2>



Quasars illuminate dark matter's mysteries and the universe's expansion, revealing how dark matter clusters around them. 



Consequently, this map has sparked diverse scientific investigations. Researchers are exploring topics ranging from the cosmic web's formation to the distribution of cosmic voids. Additionally, they are examining our solar system's movement through space.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-gaia-to-the-cosmos">From Gaia to the cosmos</h2>



The team's work was enhanced by Gaia's third <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gaia-mission-has-obtained-new-details-about-two-billion-stars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">data release</a>, featuring 6.6 million quasar candidates, and data from NASA’s Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. 



This approach helped filter non-quasar objects and accurately measure quasar distances. They also created a map to identify areas where dust, stars, and other obstacles could block views of quasars, crucial for accurate interpretation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-universal-map-beyond-stars">A universal map beyond stars</h2>



Hogg reflected on the broader significance of their work. "This quasar catalog exemplifies the fruitful outcomes of astronomical projects. Gaia was tasked with mapping our galaxy's stars, yet it inadvertently provided us with a universal map through the discovery of millions of quasars," Hogg explained.



This monumental mapping effort enhances our understanding of the cosmos. It also exemplifies the unexpected discoveries that can emerge from scientific inquiry, paving the way for future explorations of the universe's mysteries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about supermassive black holes</h2>



As discussed above, supermassive black holes are among the most fascinating and extreme objects in the universe.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Unimaginable mass</h3>



Supermassive black holes, located at the centers of galaxies, can have masses millions to billions of times greater than that of the Sun. For example, the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, known as Sagittarius A*, has a mass about 4.6 million times that of the Sun.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Invisible giants</h3>



Despite their massive size, supermassive black holes themselves are invisible because they trap all light within their event horizon. However, they can be detected through their interactions with surrounding matter, such as the accretion disks of glowing gas that often orbit them, and the powerful jets of particles they can emit.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Foundational role in galaxies</h3>



Supermassive black holes are believed to play a critical role in the formation and evolution of galaxies. There is a strong correlation between the mass of a supermassive black hole and various properties of its host galaxy, suggesting a deep, intrinsic link between galaxies and their central black holes.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Quasars and active galactic nuclei</h3>



Some supermassive black holes are extraordinarily bright because they actively accrete matter from their surroundings at high rates. These actively feeding black holes can power quasars and other types of active galactic nuclei (AGN), making them some of the most luminous objects in the universe, visible across vast cosmic distances.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Gravitational waves</h3>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supermassive-binary-black-holes-secrets-revealed/">merger</a> of supermassive black holes can produce ripples in the fabric of spacetime, known as gravitational waves. Detecting these waves from supermassive black hole mergers requires future space-based observatories, as these events produce low-frequency waves that cannot be detected by current Earth-based facilities.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Einstein's predictions</h3>



The study of supermassive black holes and their effects on spacetime and matter around them has provided strong evidence in support of Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity. Observations of stars orbiting closely around Sagittarius A* have confirmed predictions of general relativity with high precision.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Mysterious formation of supermassive black holes </h3>



The formation of supermassive black holes remains an area of active research. One theory suggests they could form from the collapse of extremely massive clouds of gas in the early universe, while another proposes they grow from smaller black holes that merge and accumulate mass over time.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Event Horizon Telescope achievements</h3>



In 2019, the EHT collaboration released the first-ever "image" of a supermassive black hole, located in the galaxy M87. This historic achievement was actually a picture of the black hole's shadow against its surrounding accretion disk, providing direct visual evidence of a black hole's existence.



These facts highlight just how much supermassive black holes are at the heart of many of the most significant and intriguing astrophysical phenomena in the universe.



The full study was published in <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ad1328" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Astrophysical Journal</a>.



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1.3 million supermassive black holes cataloged in largest-ever map

In an unparalleled feat of cosmic cartography, astronomers have unveiled...

In a development that might soon render snow shovels and salt redundant, <a href="https://drexel.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Drexel University</a> researchers have unveiled a self-heating concrete technology poised to transform winter infrastructure in cold regions. 



This innovative concrete, infused with phase-change materials, can autonomously maintain warmth, effectively fending off snow, sleet, and freezing rain. 



This advancement promises significant reductions in both the environmental and economic costs associated with winter weather management. Furthermore, it extends the lifespan of concrete surfaces by preventing the wear and tear caused by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-sea-ice-cycles-show-impacts-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">freeze-thaw</a> cycles and deicing chemicals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-proof-on-campus">Proof on campus</h2>



Located on Drexel University's campus, two experimental concrete slabs have been successfully demonstrating this technology for over three years. 



These slabs, each measuring 30 inches by 30 inches, have consistently resisted winter's harshness without any manual intervention. They showcase the potential for a future where icy sidewalks and roads are things of the past.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-of-self-heating-surfaces">The science of self-heating surfaces</h2>



The driving force behind this innovation is the desire to create infrastructure that is both environmentally friendly and resilient against the rigors of northern <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-winters-are-getting-colder-while-world-is-getting-warmer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">winters</a>. 



The United States, particularly its northern region, spends billions annually on snow and ice removal, not to mention the substantial costs of repairing winter-damaged roads. 



According to Dr. Amir Farnam, associate professor at Drexel's College of Engineering, the key to prolonging the life of concrete surfaces lies in their ability to remain above freezing temperatures during winter, thus eliminating the detrimental freeze-thaw cycles.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bringing-self-seating-concrete-into-the-real-world">Bringing self-seating concrete into the real world</h2>



Over five years, Dr. Farnam's team refined the self-heating concrete mix to lessen the need for plowing and salting. Their breakthrough showed its effectiveness in real-world conditions, thanks to low-temperature liquid paraffin. 



This phase-change material releases heat during the liquid-to-solid transition, allowing the concrete to maintain surface temperatures between 42- and 55-degrees Fahrenheit for up to 10 hours in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/natural-antifreeze-could-revolutionize-the-future-of-concrete/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">freezing conditions</a>. This prevents ice formation and melts snow efficiently.



The researchers tested two methods for adding phase-change material to concrete. The first method involved pre-treating lightweight aggregate with paraffin. The second method involved mixing micro-capsules of paraffin directly into the concrete. 



Over two years and through 32 freeze-thaw events and heavy snowfalls, both methods successfully kept surface temperatures above freezing. This prevented the structural damage typically caused by expansion and contraction.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-comparing-warmth">Comparing warmth</h2>



The study revealed two key findings about concrete with phase-change materials. Concrete incorporating phase-change material in lightweight aggregate sustained warmth longer. Conversely, concrete with microencapsulated paraffin warmed up faster but also cooled down more quickly. 



This suggests the former is better for deicing, releasing heat slowly, especially in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-cause-last-winters-brutal-u-s-cold-snap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sub-zero temperatures</a>. 



However, effectiveness varies with factors like ambient temperature and snowfall rate. Although the self-heating concrete can't fully prevent heavy snow accumulation, it's very effective for snowfalls under two inches, providing a greener alternative to road salting.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-continuous-improvement-and-long-term-impact">Continuous improvement and long-term impact</h2>



As the Drexel team continues to refine this technology, their research underscores the potential of self-heating concrete to significantly reduce the incidence of freeze-thaw cycles, enhancing the durability of concrete surfaces compared to traditional materials. 



This promising development marks a significant stride toward more sustainable and resilient infrastructure capable of withstanding the challenges of winter weather.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/JMCEE7.MTENG-17048" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Materials in Civil Engineering</a>.



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The rise of self-heating concrete technology

In a development that might soon render snow shovels and...

A groundbreaking study led by the <a href="https://www.ulisboa.pt/en">University of Lisbon</a> raises the startling possibility that the Atlantic Ocean might one day vanish, consumed by an expanding subduction zone known as the "Ring of Fire."



According to the research, currently nestled beneath the Strait of Gibraltar - the sliver of sea separating Spain from Morocco - this subduction zone could extend westward into the Atlantic, potentially initiating the ocean basin's gradual closure.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-process-may-already-be-underway-nbsp">Process may already be underway&nbsp;</h2>



This significant geological shift is predicted to occur "soon" in geological terms, roughly in 20 million years, suggesting that humanity might witness this monumental change.



Subduction zones, where one <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/major-volcanic-events-linked-to-the-slowing-of-tectonic-plates/">tectonic plate</a> is forced beneath another, are hotspots for intense seismic events. Led by Professor João Duarte at the University of Lisbon's Faculty of Sciences, the study emphasizes that the formation of new subduction zones could herald the eventual disappearance of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/discovery-ancient-ocean-floor-surrounds-the-earths-core/">entire oceans</a>, a process that might already be underway with the Atlantic.&nbsp;



"We have good reason to think that the Atlantic is starting to close," Duarte said. "Subduction zones are what cause the oceans to close, by pulling their ocean floor back into the mantle, bringing the continents together."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-for-subduction-invasion-nbsp">Potential for subduction invasion&nbsp;</h2>



The Strait of Gibraltar, which is just 10 miles wide, marks the junction of the Eurasian and African Plates. Within this subduction zone, the African plate is diving beneath the Eurasian plate, stirring seismic activity and heightening <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earthquakes-have-long-lasting-impacts-on-forests/">earthquake</a> risks.&nbsp;



Presently, the subduction zone's activity is described as "sleeping," with plate movement into the Earth's mantle occurring at a notably sluggish pace. However, Duarte and his team speculate that subduction zones have the potential to expand, a phenomenon they term "subduction invasion."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-atlantic-ocean-could-vanish-gradually">Atlantic Ocean could vanish gradually </h2>



Though the Gibraltar subduction zone currently spans about 125 miles in length and reaches depths exceeding 350 miles, it's among the smallest globally. Yet, Duarte suggests it could stretch to approximately 500 miles in 20 million years.&nbsp;



Through computer simulations tracing the subduction zone's development from the Oligocene epoch (34 million to 23 million years ago) into the future, the researchers anticipate its westward migration through the narrow Strait of Gibraltar over the coming 20 million years.&nbsp;



These models forecast the emergence of a new Atlantic subduction system, akin to the Pacific Ocean's Ring of Fire, which gradually diminishes the ocean floor and draws continents closer, potentially leading to the Atlantic's disappearance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fundamental-process-in-earth-s-evolution-nbsp">Fundamental process in Earth's evolution&nbsp;</h2>



"The results suggest that the arc will propagate farther into the Atlantic after a period of quiescence," the authors wrote. "The models also show how a subduction zone starting in a closing ocean can migrate into a new opening ocean through a narrow oceanic corridor."



"Subduction invasion is likely a common mechanism of subduction initiation in Atlantic-type oceans and a fundamental process in the recent geological evolution of Earth."



This discovery also underscores the active nature of the Gibraltar subduction and its implications for regional seismic hazards. The devastating 1755 Great Lisbon Earthquake, which virtually obliterated Lisbon and claimed approximately 12,000 lives, serves as a stark reminder of the area's seismic vulnerability, necessitating ongoing preparedness efforts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-evidence-of-the-atlantic-subduction-system-nbsp">New evidence of the Atlantic subduction system&nbsp;</h2>



This research marks the first illustration of such an invasion occurring directly. A sophisticated, gravity-driven 3-D model forecasts the expansion of a subduction zone beneath the Gibraltar Strait into the Atlantic, laying the groundwork for an Atlantic subduction system. 



Duarte highlighted the technological advancements enabling this discovery: “Subduction invasion is inherently a three-dimensional process that requires advanced modeling tools and supercomputers that were not available a few years ago."



"We can now simulate the formation of the Gibraltar Arc with great detail and also how it may evolve in the deep future.”



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G51654.1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geology</a>.



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Why the Atlantic Ocean may ultimately vanish

A groundbreaking study led by the University of Lisbon raises...

We flush it, toss it, and watch it drift away – but our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/4200-harmful-plastic-chemicals-hidden-in-everyday-objects/">plastic waste</a> doesn't magically disappear. A recent Exeter-led study shows how microplastics affects different ocean animals. The experts found that some ocean animals are far more exposed to the dangers of microplastics than others.



Microplastics are tiny plastic fragments, often less than 5 millimeters in size. These insidious bits of pollution come from various sources, the breakdown of larger <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/300-million-tons-plastic-oceans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic items</a> like bottles and bags. Manufacturers may intentionally produce them for use in products like cosmetics and industrial cleaners.



Once in the ocean, they don't conveniently break down and disappear; they just get smaller and more difficult to remove.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ocean-victims-of-microplastics">Ocean victims of microplastics</h2>



<a href="https://biosciences.exeter.ac.uk/staff/profile/index.php?web_id=Adam_Porter" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Adam Porter</a> is a leading voice in the study and part of the ambitious <a href="https://convexseascapesurvey.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Convex Seascape Survey</a>. "We know very little about the global seafloor and the species living there, but the impact of plastic pollution is growing even in parts of the deep ocean never seen by humans," noted Porter.



You might think that filter feeders, animals that strain food from the water (such as mussels), would be most vulnerable since they are literally filtering the ocean. But that's not what researchers found.



Instead of filter feeders, it's the predators, omnivores (eating both plants and animals), and scavengers munching on the seafloor that are most likely to have plastic in their systems. Examples include crabs, starfish, sea cucumbers, and even squid.



Sadly, a sea urchin found using a piece of electrician's tape as camouflage. "Contrary to previous thinking, it turns out that many filter feeders have fairly effective methods of releasing unwanted particles rather than ingesting them," explained Dr. Porter.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ocean-location-and-microplastic-consumption">Ocean location and microplastic consumption</h2>



The "burden" of plastic within <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastic-pollution-found-in-every-aquatic-species-tested/">animal species</a> recovered from the seafloor gives scientists new insights. Researchers found the risk of exposure to plastic depends heavily on location. 



Animals in areas like the Mediterranean and Yellow Seas, heavily polluted by plastic, had the highest microplastic levels. For example, a shrimp from the Mediterranean was found with 164 microplastics inside its body.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications">Study implications</h2>



Seabed creatures play a vital role in our ecosystem. They break down waste, recycle nutrients, and form the foundation of the marine food web. 



When ocean animals ingest microplastics, those tiny pollutants can work their way up the entire food chain. The plastics could potentially ending up on our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/contamination-crisis-microplastics-found-in-88-of-protein-sources/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinner plates</a>. Additionally, if these hardworking recyclers are compromised, the health of our entire ocean is at stake.



"Organisms living in the seabed…may not seem that important, but they are essential for regulating and recycling the planet's resources and form the base of the food web," explained Professor Jasmin Godbold from the <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/campaigns/usa?utm_medium=cpc&amp;utm_source=google&amp;utm_content=university%20of%20southampton&amp;utm_value=&amp;gad_source=1&amp;gclid=CjwKCAjwkuqvBhAQEiwA65XxQEsz9CUhKzFPff2Mx4qAhk-tXvBuYOUc3B9eCfL2lVuSe8LXDVpaThoCIM4QAvD_BwE">University of Southampton</a>.



"Our findings suggest that previous assumptions about the risk of exposure to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nearly-all-seabirds-have-ingested-microplastics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic</a> in our oceans are likely, for better or for worse, to be far from the reality."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microplastics-and-ocean-life">Microplastics and ocean life</h2>



These findings underscore that not all ocean animals are equally threatened by microplastics. While some might have ways to protect themselves, the sheer amount of plastic is still a major concern. 



"These techniques of how we group animals when we look for the effects and fate of microplastics are important tools for us to understand and simplify the world," said Dr. Ceri Lewis, a co-author from the University of Exeter.



"We are now using these methods in the Convex Seascape Survey, to understand how animals interact with carbon on the seafloor and what the significance is of their behaviors in the fight against climate change."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-getting-rid-of-ocean-microplastics">Getting rid of ocean microplastics</h2>



"The only true conservation strategy is to stop producing so much plastic—especially single-use plastic," stressed Professor Tamara Galloway from the <a href="https://www.exeter.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Exeter</a>. 



"Such items may only be used for minutes or even seconds, but they persist in the ocean for hundreds of years."



While individual changes matter (reusable bags, bottles, and food containers), this study highlights the urgent need for larger solutions. Demanding change from businesses and governments is crucial. 



To combat the pollution crisis, reducing plastic production is essential. Additionally, investing in waste management infrastructure can significantly help. These steps, taken together, have the potential to reverse the tide of pollution.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-43788-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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‌

Microplastics harm some ocean animals more than others

We flush it, toss it, and watch it drift away...

Namibia's fairy circles have long captivated the imagination with their enigmatic presence in the dry grasslands on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mysterious-fairy-circles-are-likely-caused-by-termite-activity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Namib Desert's fringe</a>. These peculiar, circular, bald patches have puzzled scientists for decades, inspiring numerous theories about their formation. 



A recent study by researchers from the <a href="https://www.uni-goettingen.de/en/1.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Göttingen</a> in Germany and <a href="https://www.bgu.ac.il/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ben Gurion University</a> in Israel delves deep into this mystery, challenging previously held beliefs and providing new insights into the phenomenon.



The study, published in the journal Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, focuses on the lifecycle of freshly germinated grass within these circles and its struggle for survival. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-namibia-s-mysterious-fairy-circles">Studying Namibia's mysterious fairy circles</h2>



Contrary to the popular termite theory, the research reveals that these grass patches wither away due to a critical lack of water, not termite damage. 



The top 10 to 12 centimeters of soil, described as a "death zone," proves inhospitable for the young grass, which dies just 10 to 20 days following rainfall.



This research involved meticulous fieldwork, analyzing 500 individual grass plants across <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fairy-circles-cause-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">four Namib regions</a>. 



Through detailed measurements of root and leaf lengths, statistical analyses, and the comparison of photographic evidence, coupled with extensive soil moisture measurements during the 2023 and 2024 rainy seasons, the team uncovered startling findings. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-perennial-grasses-vs-new-sprouts">Perennial grasses vs. new sprouts</h2>



The topsoil within fairy circles dries out significantly faster and remains drier compared to surrounding areas, creating an environment where freshly sprouted grass cannot thrive.



In sharp contrast, the study observed that perennial grass clumps around the fairy circles flourish, benefiting from deeper soil moisture levels. These clumps, with well-developed root systems extending 20 to 30 centimeters below the surface, exhibit a remarkable ability to quickly absorb water after rainfall. 



"With their well-developed root system, these clumps of grass soak up the water particularly well. After the rain, they have a huge competitive advantage over the freshly germinated grasses in the fairy circle," explains Dr. Stephan Getzin from Göttingen University's Ecosystem Modelling Department.



"The new grass only loses a small amount of water via transpiration from its small leaves, resulting in insufficient ‘suction power’ to pull new water from deeper soil layers," he continued.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-soil-moisture-in-fairy-circles">Importance of soil moisture in fairy circles</h2>



The researchers also discovered that water's physical conductivity is highest in the soil's upper layers during the first 20 days after rain, favoring the established clumps of grass that primarily draw water from this zone. 



"This is the cause of the death of the new grass in the fairy circle. Continuous soil moisture measurements over several years support this conclusion. This is because the soil water in the fairy circle only decreases noticeably quickly with the strengthening and regrowth of the surrounding grass after rain," Gertzin explained further.



This phenomenon further exacerbates the difficulties faced by newly germinated grasses within the fairy circles, leading to their eventual death. 



Continuous soil moisture tracking over several years has reinforced these findings, highlighting the role of fairy circles as crucial water reserves for the drought-stricken grasses of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/dust-blows-off-the-coast-of-namibia-over-the-atlantic-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Namib</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disproving-the-popular-termite-theory">Disproving the popular termite theory</h2>



Interestingly, the study also challenges the sand termite theory, which suggests that termites feeding on the roots of new grass contribute to the formation of fairy circles. The researchers provide a compelling argument, backed by systematic data, debunking this theory. 



They emphasize the lack of concrete evidence linking termite activity to the creation of these circles, critiquing the misinterpretation of cited research within the termite theory's support base.



The fairy circles, according to Getzin and his colleague Dr. Hezi Yizhaq, represent a fascinating example of "swarm intelligence" or self-organization among plants, as they adapt to scarce resources in arid environments. This survival strategy, manifested in the circles' round shape, maximizes soil water availability, showcasing nature's ingenuity in the face of adversity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-one-step-closer-to-solving-this-namibian-mystery">One step closer to solving this Namibian mystery</h2>



In summary, this study has significantly advanced our understanding of Namibia's fairy circles, though many questions still remain. The scientists debunked the long-held termite theory and highlighted the crucial role of water scarcity in their formation. 



Through rigorous fieldwork and analysis, researchers have demonstrated that one significant cause of these enigmatic patterns results from the natural struggle for survival in harsh desert conditions, where perennial grasses outcompete newly germinated ones for limited water resources. 



This intriguing research highlights the adaptive strategies of desert flora and underscores the complexity and beauty of natural ecosystems, revealing the intricate balance that sustains life in one of the planet's most unforgiving landscapes.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1433831924000039?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics</a>.



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"Fairy circles" kill all newly-planted grasses, deepening their mystery

Namibia's fairy circles have long captivated the imagination with their...

Traffic,Jam,On,German,Highway.,Current,Discussion,About,Toll,Collect

It's official - the world has a serious car addiction. A comprehensive new study reveals the global dominance of cars, along with the striking regional variations in how people commute. 



On average, 51 percent of all commutes worldwide involve getting behind the wheel of a private automobile. However, some cities are bucking the trend and leading the way towards more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/auto-emission-climate-policies-save-children-boost-economies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable</a> transportation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-burden-of-car-commutes">Burden of car commutes</h2>



At the heart of this revelation is the work of Rafael Prieto-Curiel from the <a href="https://csh.ac.at" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Complexity Science Hub</a> and Juan Pablo Ospina from <a href="https://www.eafit.edu.co" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EAFIT University</a>. Their researchers looked at 61 countries and almost 850 million people to uncover the different ways we commute – cars, buses, bikes, and more.



"The takeaway is clear: we drive too many cars, and the burden of cars in cities is huge and goes beyond the combustion of petrol," said Prieto-Curiel.



"It is also the parking space required, the driving infrastructure, the noise they produce, the toxic materials used in manufacturing and road pavement, the crashes they cause, and others."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-europe-varying-car-commutes">Europe: Varying car commutes</h2>



The picture in Europe is far more nuanced. While car commuters still dominate in cities like Rome (66%) and Manchester (71%), many European hubs stand out for their commitment to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/walking-biking-work-extend-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">walking</a> and cycling.



Copenhagen (47%), Utrecht (75%), Bilbao (66%), and Bolzano (58%) all boast remarkably high rates of active commuting.



Public transportation also reigns supreme in many European cities. Paris (60%), London (45%), and cities across Eastern Europe like Minsk (65%), Prague (52%), Warsaw (47%), and Budapest (45%) have robust public transit systems that carry a large share of the commuting population.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-asia-public-and-active-transportation">Asia: Public and active transportation</h2>



Southern and Eastern Asian cities demonstrate a strong mix of public transportation and active mobility.



Hong Kong (77%), Seoul (66%), Mumbai (52%), and Tokyo (51%) all see a high percentage of commuters taking the bus, train, or metro. 



Additionally, walking and cycling are incredibly popular in megacities like Beijing (53%), Shanghai (47%), Dhaka (58%), Delhi (33%), and Mumbai (33%).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-america-lagging-behind">America lagging behind</h2>



Shockingly, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/california-moves-to-ban-gas-powered-cars-by-2035/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">North America</a> stands out from all the countries. A staggering 92% of commuters in the U.S. and Canada choose to drive.



“In contrast, the US exhibits minimal variation in modal share across cities of different sizes,” wrote the study authors. 



“The majority of cities in the US have been designed with a strong reliance on cars for transportation. While cities like New York City and Boulder have developed alternative mobility options, most cities in the US heavily depend on cars.”



That said, even within the US, there's variation. New York City shines as a public transit outlier (25% of commutes), along with high rates of walking and cycling (8%). 



Dense, pedestrian-friendly cities like San Francisco and Boston also have decent public transit use, as do college towns like Ithaca, Boulder, and Madison.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-electric-car-commuting-a-partial-solution">Electric car commuting: A partial solution?</h2>



With electric vehicles gaining traction, it's tempting to hope they'll <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/breakthrough-sunshine-will-soon-power-your-car-instead-of-gasoline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cure</a> our car woes. However, the study's authors issue a word of caution. 



"We must take into account manufacturing, infrastructure demands, congestion, particle pollution produced by tire wear, and others," said Prieto-Curiel. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-costs-electric-vehicle-tires-emit-20-more-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Electric cars</a> won't magically solve all the problems associated with our car-dependent culture.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-check-your-city-s-scorecard">Check your city's scorecard</h2>



The team has developed an interactive map of global mobility patterns, a tool that invites us to compare our local commuting habits with those of cities around the globe. 



Want to see how your commute stacks up against others worldwide? Explore this interactive map <a href="https://vis.csh.ac.at/citiesmoving/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-insights">Study insights</h2>



The study reveals just how important smart city planning is for the health of both people and the planet. Walkable cities with strong public transportation aren't just about ditching cars – they're about building healthier communities.



The researchers acknowledged that building walkable cities and expanding public transport is no small task, but it's a goal worth pursuing. "Changing travel behavior is exceptionally challenging," they note.



This study urges cities to act now, transforming into places where health and sustainability are top priorities.



The study id published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.108541" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environment International</a>.



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51% of all humans rely on car commutes every day

It's official - the world has a serious car addiction....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.



"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.



The research, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



-----



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex
</div></figure>







Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



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What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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