For years, bacteria dominated gut health research. Now, the gut virome is gaining attention as a major player in health and disease. Bacteriophages, which are viruses that infect <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-think-they-found-two-key-bacteria-that-cause-multiple-sclerosis/">bacteria</a>, make up around 90% of the gut virome.



Though small in biomass, they outnumber bacteria by up to tenfold. These tiny viruses shape microbial communities, influence immunity, and affect gut health.



A landmark review published recently in Precision Clinical Medicine reveals how the gut virome links to diseases like inflammatory bowel disease (<a href="https://www.cdc.gov/inflammatory-bowel-disease/about/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IBD</a>), <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/colonoscopy-vs-stool-tests-doctors-found-out-which-is-better-at-detecting-cancer/">colorectal cancer</a>, and Clostridium difficile infection (<a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15548-c-diff-infection" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CDI</a>).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gut-s-virome-changes-across-life-stages">Gut's virome changes across life stages</h2>



The gut virome changes constantly throughout life. Infants show high <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-that-eat-forever-chemicals-discovered-in-contaminated-soil/">diversity</a> in gut bacteriophages (also called phages), which is shaped by birth method, diet, and antibiotic exposure.



As individuals grow, diet and hormones refine the virome. In adults, phages and bacteria form a stable, <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41579-021-00536-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">balanced community</a>.



However, aging shifts this balance. Older adults show more lysogenic phages, which integrate into bacterial genomes and potentially alter metabolism and immune interactions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-and-environment-shape-the-virome">Diet and environment shape the virome</h2>



Diet greatly <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9455721/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">influences</a> the virome. High-fiber diets support beneficial phages by encouraging helpful bacteria. Western diets, rich in fat and sugar, promote harmful <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-bacteria-breathe-by-creating-electricity/">phages</a>.



Urbanization reduces exposure to natural viruses. Studies show that rural diets which are rich in fiber boost gut virome diversity.



Host genetics and immunity also play roles. Genetic variants can affect viral detection and clearance. Immune defenses, like <a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/interferons" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">interferons</a> and <a href="https://www.immunology.org/public-information/bitesized-immunology/receptors-molecules/immunoglobulin-iga" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IgA</a>, keep the virome balanced.



However, immune dysfunction can trigger viral imbalances, worsening conditions like HIV and gut inflammation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-viruses-and-bacteria-interacting">Viruses and bacteria interacting</h2>



Viruses, including phages, along with bacteria and fungi form a complex and dynamic ecosystem in the gut. The components interact in positive and negative ways, thus affecting host metabolism, immune regulation and resistance to disease. 



The gut virome plays a crucial regulatory role in these intricate interactions. Phages interact with bacteria through lytic, lysogenic, and budding cycles, which regulate bacterial populations and gene flow. 



In a form of microbial arms race, the bacteria defend against phages using <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/crispr-used-to-remove-extra-chromosomes-in-down-syndrome-and-restore-cell-function/">CRISPR systems</a> and the phages evolve escape mechanisms.



Some phages even boost bacterial metabolism and biofilm formation, affecting disease risk. For instance, phages can transfer genes that enhance bacterial survival in acidic conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-virome-s-influence-on-immunity">Virome’s influence on immunity</h2>



The virome affects gut immunity deeply. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/when-bacteria-get-hungry-they-turn-on-each-other/">Phages</a> can anchor to gut mucus and form a protective barrier. They also shape our own <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459471/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">T and B cell</a> activity and regulate macrophages. In addition, viruses that infect eukaryotic cells affect immune pathways and maintain gut balance.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/virome_microbiome_human-gut_graphic_credit-PCM_1m.jpg"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/virome_microbiome_human-gut_graphic_credit-PCM_1s.webp" alt="This infographic illustrates four major therapeutic approaches—fecal microbial transplantation (FMT), phage therapy, dietary interventions, and probiotics/prebiotics—that aim to restore gut health by modulating the microbiome and virome. Each strategy offers unique methods, benefits, and challenges in managing gastrointestinal disorders such as IBD, CRC, and CDI, highlighting the growing potential of virome-informed precision medicine. Credit: Precision Clinical Medicine" class="wp-image-1976450"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">This infographic illustrates four major therapeutic approaches—fecal microbial transplantation (FMT), phage therapy, dietary interventions, and probiotics/prebiotics—that aim to restore gut health by modulating the microbiome and virome. Each strategy offers unique methods, benefits, and challenges in managing gastrointestinal disorders such as IBD, CRC, and CDI, highlighting the growing potential of virome-informed precision medicine. Click image to enlarge. Credit: Precision Clinical Medicine</figcaption></figure>



However, infections and antibiotics can disrupt this harmony and lead to inflammation. Phages can trigger TLR9 pathways, causing excessive immune responses such as those linked to IBD.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-virome-s-role-in-disease">Virome’s role in disease</h2>



Imbalances in the gut virome have been linked to several gut diseases. In IBD, specific phages become abundant and worsen inflammation.



Certain groups of phages (such as Caudovirales) amplify immune responses, while norovirus and rotavirus can damage the gut lining. Viral imbalances are also common in IBS and CDI.



In colorectal cancer, phages and eukaryotic viruses like HPV and JC virus (polyomavirus) appear more often. They may promote tumor growth by altering bacterial communities and gene expression.



Studies suggest that some phages directly influence cancer risk by promoting biofilms and transferring harmful genes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-virus-based-treatments">Virus-based treatments</h2>



Several therapies now explore the virome’s potential to treat certain diseases or conditions. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) restores gut balance and reduces inflammation in IBD and CDI.



FMT works not only by shifting bacteria but also by transferring beneficial phages. Studies show that donor phages often align quickly with recipients and promote recovery.



Phage therapy, which uses viruses to kill specific bacteria, is another approach that is gaining traction. It can reduce harmful microbes while preserving beneficial ones.



Researchers have created phage cocktails that target specific gut pathogens like E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and this approach has had promising results in animal models.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-as-a-tool-to-reshape-the-virome">Diet as a tool to reshape the virome</h2>



Dietary strategies also reshape the virome. High-fiber diets boost beneficial phages and support bacterial diversity.



Whey protein has shown potential in managing Crohn’s disease by improving phage-bacteria interactions.



Other interventions, such as exclusive enteral nutrition and low-FODMAP diets, also show benefits in gut diseases.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-probiotics-prebiotics-and-phages">Probiotics, prebiotics, and phages</h2>



Probiotics introduce beneficial bacteria, while prebiotics feed them. Combining them, known as symbiotics, shows promise for restoring and maintaining gut health.



Recent research suggests that adding phages can enhance these effects. Phage-based products, such as PreforPro, have already shown benefits in clinical trials.



These products can reduce populations of harmful bacteria and improve probiotic performance, thereby creating a more stable gut environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-using-gut-viruses-to-detect-diseases-early">Using gut viruses to detect diseases early</h2>



The gut virome is now being studied as a diagnostic tool. Viral patterns are more stable than bacterial ones, making them reliable biomarkers.



Distinct virome signatures can predict IBD and colorectal cancer. Machine learning models already use virome data to detect these diseases early.



Virome profiling may also track treatment responses, such as FMT success in IBD and CDI.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-and-future-prospects">Challenges and future prospects</h2>



Despite the excitement over potential new treatments, many hurdles remain. Current methods struggle to capture the full virome due to technical limits.



Many phages are still unculturable, and their roles remain unclear. Researchers are working to improve viral databases and develop targeted therapies. Once these gaps close, virome-based therapies could change how we treat gut diseases.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://academic.oup.com/pcm/article/8/2/pbaf010/8152264" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Precision Clinical Medicine</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Move over microbiome, it's time for the human gut's 'virome' to shine

For years, bacteria dominated gut health research. Now, the gut virome is gaining attention as a major player in health and disease. Bacteriophages, which are viruses that infect bacteria, make up around 90% of the gut virome. Though small in biomass, they outnumber bacteria by up to tenfold. These tiny viruses shape microbial communities, influence immunity, and affect gut health. A landmark review published recently in Precision Clinical Medicine reveals how the gut virome links to diseases like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), colorectal cancer, and Clostridium difficile infection (CDI)....

Generative AI has revolutionized the digital landscape, captivating the world with its ability to create new data such as text, code, images, and videos.



Models like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/infant-learning-mirrors-chatgpts-training/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">OpenAI's GPT-4</a> and Stability AI's Stable Diffusion have showcased remarkable proficiency in these areas. 



However, these advancements come with a significant challenge: the immense data required to train these models is becoming increasingly scarce, potentially depleting available resources. 



As data scarcity looms, synthetic data emerges as a promising alternative. It's not only cheaper and virtually limitless but also poses fewer privacy risks and, in some cases, enhances AI performance. 



Yet, recent research by the Digital Signal Processing group at <a href="https://www.rice.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rice University</a> highlights a critical issue: the potential pitfalls of relying on synthetic data, with the stakes higher than ever before.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-problem-of-self-consuming-loops">Problem of "self-consuming" loops</h2>



This research reveals that a diet of synthetic data can significantly impact the future iterations of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gen-ai-and-social-media-divert-peoples-attention-from-climate-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">generative AI</a> models. 



But how does this occur? Professor Richard Baraniuk explained: “The problems arise when this synthetic data training is, inevitably, repeated, forming a kind of a feedback loop - what we call an autophagous or ‘self-consuming’ loop.”



The group's research has delved deep into these feedback loops and concluded that after several generations of such training, the new models can become irreversibly corrupted. 



This has been dubbed Model Autophagy Disorder or MAD, a term Baraniuk finds fitting by drawing an analogy to mad cow disease.



MAD cow disease, a fatal neurodegenerative illness in cows, spreads due to the practice of feeding cows the processed leftovers of their slaughtered peers - hence the term “autophagy,” from the Greek auto-, which means “self,” and phagy - “to eat.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unsettling-findings-behind-ai-and-data-security">Unsettling findings behind AI and data security</h2>



Baraniuk and his team presented their startling findings in a paper titled “Self-Consuming Generative Models Go MAD.” 



This paper is the first peer-reviewed work on AI autophagy and focuses on generative image models like the popular DALL·E 3, Midjourney, and Stable Diffusion.



The Rice University group studied three variations of self-consuming training loops to provide a realistic representation of how real and synthetic data are combined into training datasets for generative models. 



The study revealed that over time, and without enough fresh real data, the models would generate increasingly distorted outputs, lacking either quality, diversity, or both.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sinister-ai-futures-and-data-protection">Sinister AI futures and data protection</h2>



The study paints a chilling picture of potential <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/truth-deception-future-of-ai-artificial-intelligence-lie-detection-machines/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AI futures</a>. Image datasets of human faces become gradually distorted with grid-like scars, referred as “generative artifacts,” or increasingly resemble the same person. Datasets of numbers morph into indecipherable scribbles.



“Our theoretical and empirical analyses have enabled us to extrapolate what might happen as generative models become ubiquitous and train future models in self-consuming loops,” said Baraniuk.



"Some ramifications are clear: without enough fresh real data, future generative models are doomed to MADness."



To make their simulations more representative, the researchers introduced a sampling bias parameter to account for “cherry picking” - the tendency of users to favor data quality over diversity. 



This choice preserves data quality over a greater number of model iterations but causes an even steeper decline in diversity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-mad-to-catastrophe-doomsday-scenario">From MAD to catastrophe: Doomsday scenario</h2>



“One doomsday scenario is that if left uncontrolled for many generations, MAD could poison the data quality and diversity of the entire <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/internet-addiction-where-do-you-fall-on-the-spectrum/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">internet</a>,” warned Baraniuk.



The implications are staggering. As yet unseen unintended consequences could arise from AI autophagy, even in the short term.



As artificial intelligence continues to evolve, it is crucial to understand and rectify these potential issues before they trigger a digital apocalypse. 



The path to success would require careful navigation to avoid the pitfalls of MAD and continue harnessing the power of AI safely.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solutions-to-combat-madness">Solutions to combat MADness</h2>



To tackle the challenges of Model Autophagy Disorder, innovative strategies are needed to mitigate its impact on generative <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-model-gives-air-quality-forecasts-that-are-similar-to-weather-forecasts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AI models</a>. One effective approach is integrating diverse data sources into the training process, reducing reliance on repetitive synthetic datasets and enhancing the richness of training data.



Establishing robust data curation practices is also crucial. By implementing protocols to assess the quality and relevance of both real and synthetic data, we can maintain high standards and minimize the risk of generating distorted outputs. Collaborations between AI developers, data scientists, and ethicists can ensure ethical data sourcing and promote integrity.



Exploring adaptive learning algorithms that dynamically adjust training strategies based on incoming data quality and diversity is another key avenue. This adaptability would help AI models self-correct and evolve alongside real-world information.



Lastly, fostering transparency and collaboration within the AI community can facilitate the sharing of insights and best practices. By working together, researchers and developers can address challenges like MAD and develop effective solutions.



While the risks associated with synthetic data and self-consuming loops are significant, proactive measures can ensure a sustainable future for generative AI. Prioritizing diversity, quality, and collaboration can help harness the full potential of AI while safeguarding against MADness.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Could generative AI go MAD and wreck internet data?

Generative AI has revolutionized the digital landscape, captivating the world...

Ever wondered about the weather conditions down in the deep sea? Like the silent depths, the answer holds more intrigue and revelation than you might first imagine.



Just the latest word in from a compelling new study published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-024-01494-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Geoscience</a>. It seems the deep sea <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctic-circumpolar-current-speed-increasing-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">currents</a>, much like our terrestrial weather, are not quite as steady and predictable as we thought.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-weather-in-the-deep-sea">Weather in the deep sea</h2>



The seafloor, the ultimate destination for different kinds of particles, stores a wealth of information. From sand and mud to organic carbon food for seafloor organisms, even pollutants, they all end up there. 



These accumulations provide us invaluable clues to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-paradox-ocean-current-collapse-could-plunge-europe-into-cold/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">past climates</a>, natural hazards, and oceanic conditions. It's like a historical archive but with data that extends far beyond human records.



Dr. Mike Clare, the leading scientist on the project from the <a href="https://noc.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Oceanography Centre</a> (NOC), paints a vivid picture of the ocean deep.&nbsp;



“It is important to understand the behavior and pathways of currents that operate in the deep sea, in order to determine pathways of natural and human-made particles and make sense of those records preserved in deposits," said Dr. Clare.



“However, there have been very few direct measurements made of currents that flow across the seafloor in deep waters. Most are made high above the seafloor, over short timescales, and only at individual locations. Until now we have not understood how dynamic seafloor currents can be in the deep sea."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sensing-the-pulse-of-the-ocean">Sensing the pulse of the ocean</h2>



In a trailblazing effort, researchers from the UK, Canada, Germany, and Italy teamed up. Over four years, they analyzed data from the largest array of sensors ever deployed in the deep sea.&nbsp;



Thirty-four deep-sea moorings armed with high-frequency Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (think underwater speed cameras for currents) measured the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-ocean-warming-four-times-faster-than-global-average/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seafloor</a> currents at water depths up to 2.5 km.



The findings challenged longstanding assumptions. Contrary to previous models that suggested a continuous and steady flow of currents, the data collected indicated that the currents were anything but uniform.



The deep ocean currents were characterized by periods of acceleration, moments of slowdown, and even instances where they reversed direction entirely.



This variability was often influenced by local factors, particularly the irregular relief of the seafloor, which created a dynamic interplay that shaped the flow patterns in unexpected ways. 



Such insights not only deepen our understanding of oceanic currents but also highlight the intricate relationships between underwater topography and fluid dynamics.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-into-deep-sea-weather">Insights into deep-sea weather</h2>



Professor Elda Miramontes from MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences and the Faculty of Geosciences at the <a href="https://www.uni-bremen.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bremen</a>, is excited by the novelty and the potential implications of these measurements. 



"These are the first measurements of deep-sea currents across such a large area, long duration and so close to the seafloor. This makes them extremely valuable as they will help improve our models for reconstructing past changes related to climate change in the ocean," noted Professor Miramontes.



“The ocean bottom currents offshore Mozambique are far more variable than we expected," said study lead author Dr. Lewis Bailey. "Just like currents in the upper ocean, their intensity changes between seasons and can even flip backwards and forwards over the course of several hours."



Study co-author Dr. Ian Kane said that seeing how these currents behave is a bit like observing the weather in Manchester - always changing and often surprising. 



"But observing change in the deep sea is really challenging and, until now, we have had a poor understanding of what background conditions are like in the deep-sea," noted Dr. Kane.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-deep-sea-dynamics">Understanding deep sea dynamics</h2>



Amusing to Dr. Clare, this study underlines the importance of sustained deep-sea observations, which provide critical information on understanding the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/atlantic-ocean-currents-slowing-as-water-temperature-rises/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean</a>. 



"More detailed observations are critical for understanding the important role bottom currents play in transporting sediment, carbon and pollutants across our planet."



With these breakthrough findings, we have taken a significant stride towards understanding our oceans better. However, the mysteries of the deep are still far from fully unveiled. 



As we continue exploring, what other surprises might the deep sea have in store for us? Only time, and our ceaseless curiosity, will tell.



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-024-01494-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Geoscience</a>.



-----



Like what you read?&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a>&nbsp;for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and Earth.com.



-----

Weather in the deep sea is not as predictable as we thought

Ever wondered about the weather conditions down in the deep...

Hand,Opens,Universe,Shocking,Discovery,Life,Is,A,Computer,Simulation

Have you ever considered the possibility that our reality might be an intricately crafted computer simulation? There is a name for this theory -- Simulation Hypothesis -- and it is now being tested in quantum lab experiments.



Though it may initially resemble a plot from the latest sci-fi blockbuster, a dedicated group of researchers is rigorously exploring this intriguing concept.



They are investigating the philosophical implications and technological advancements that could render such a simulation plausible.



Are we merely <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/simulation-hypothesis-are-humans-living-in-a-simulated-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">characters in a grand digital narrative</a>, or is there a deeper truth waiting to be uncovered?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quantum-experiments-to-prove-simulation-hypothesis">Quantum experiments to prove Simulation Hypothesis</h2>



At California State Polytechnic University in Pomona (<a href="https://www.cpp.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CPP</a>), a remarkable team of scientists is preparing to embark on mind-bending experiments that could challenge and redefine the fundamental principles of physics.



Leading this ambitious initiative is <a href="http://www.doorwaytothefuture.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Thomas Campbell</a>, a distinguished former <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a> physicist renowned for his expertise in complex theoretical models and space exploration. His extensive experience and innovative perspective are invaluable assets to the team.



Collaborating closely with Campbell is <a href="https://www.cpp.edu/faculty/fkhoshnoud/index.shtml" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Farbod Khoshnoud</a>, who heads a dedicated research group at CalPoly, Pomona.



Together, they are venturing into uncharted realms of physics, pushing the boundaries of our understanding.



This partnership promises to enrich the academic community, aiming to ignite new ideas that could revolutionize our comprehension of the universe.



What implications might these discoveries have for our understanding of the natural world?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quantum-mechanics-where-reality-gets-weird">Quantum mechanics: Where reality gets weird</h2>



First, in order to really understand these experiments, we need to understand some basics about the mysterious world of quantum mechanics. This scientific field shakes and bakes our basic understanding of the universe.



So, what's weird about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/impossibility-paradox-calculating-incalculable-quantum-realm-particles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum physics</a>? 



Well, the smallest parts of our universe, like atoms and subatomic particles, don’t follow the normal rules of classical physics we see every day. They act in strange and unexpected ways.



Campbell is taking this a step further. He thinks quantum mechanics is more than just a way to decode how tiny particles behave. He believes it reveals deep truths about reality itself.



By studying complex and baffling ideas from the quantum realm like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/full-chemical-complexity-of-quantum-decoherence-finally-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">superposition</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-entanglement-discovery-is-a-revolutionary-step-forward/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">entanglement</a>, and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/radical-new-theory-finally-unites-gravity-spacetime-and-the-quantum-realm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">uncertainty principle</a>, Campbell suggests we might soon grasp how the universe works. This understanding could change how we see existence.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-our-universe-a-big-cosmic-video-game">Is our universe a big cosmic video game?</h2>



Campbell suggests that our reality operates in a manner <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/simulation-hypothesis-are-we-living-in-a-computer-simulation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">akin to a video game</a>, generating imagery and experiences "on demand" for its conscious observers, much like how a game creates environments based on player interactions.



"In essence, what you do not see does not exist," Campbell asserts, prompting us to reflect on the profound implications of this perspective.



This notion raises intriguing questions about the nature of perception and reality, challenging our fundamental understanding of existence.



While some may find this idea unconventional, it resonates with interpretations of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/matter-spacetime-gravitational-waves-fabric-of-the-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum mechanics</a>, which also emphasize the role of observation in shaping reality.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-simulation-hypothesis-the-experiments">Simulation Hypothesis: The experiments</h2>



The intriguing aspect of Campbell's work lies in its profound exploration of the relationship between consciousness and the very fabric of reality.



Unlike many traditional theories that treat consciousness as a mere byproduct of simulation, Campbell posits that it is fundamental to existence itself -- essentially the bedrock upon which the entire simulation operates.



Through a series of meticulously designed experiments, Campbell is placing his controversial theory under the microscope for rigorous examination.



These lab trials are not just a casual inquiry; they aim to delve deep into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/manipulating-quantum-dance-of-spinning-electrons/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">peculiar quantum effects</a> that have been observed in the famous double-slit experiment as well as in the intriguing quantum eraser setups.



Researchers are actively seeking evidence to support the notion that reality behaves in response to conscious observation, much like a simulation, rather than as a fixed and independent world.



Each experiment serves as a step toward unraveling the complex interplay between our minds and the universe around us, raising questions about the very nature of existence and perception.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-simulation-hypothesis-experiments-and-the-future">Simulation Hypothesis experiments and the future</h2>



If Campbell's experiments bear fruit, it could mean a paradigm shift in how we comprehend our universe and our role within it. However, these experiments are unlikely to bring absolute proof that we inhabit a simulation.



Science always seeks to refine our understanding and build up evidence, so think of these experiments as more of a launchpad than a destination.



For now, the research teams are busy as bees, setting up their experiments, ready to dive into the data. The world watches, curious brains included, anticipating what they unearth.



Check out <a href="https://www.testingthehypothesis.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">TestingtheHypothesis.com</a> if you're hungry for more details. The website houses a wealth of information about each experiment and acts as a hub for updates about this leading-edge research.



As we wait for the outcome, one certainty shines bright: the pursuit to decode the essence of reality keeps pushing the limits of science and philosophy. Whether we're in a simulation or not, the journey to discover the truth promises to enthrall.



The full premise behind this new study was published in the <a href="https://ijqf.org/archives/4105">International Journal of Quantum Foundations</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

'Simulation Hypothesis' has leaped into serious quantum lab experiments

Have you ever considered the possibility that our reality might...

A recent study led by Syed Ayaz, a graduate research assistant at the <a href="https://www.uah.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Alabama in Huntsville</a> (UAH), has investigated kinetic Alfvén waves and their potential role in heating the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-coronal-hole-from-geomagnetic-storm-prompts-aurora-alert-for-northern-us/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar corona</a>.&nbsp;



Ayaz's research, under the guidance of the <a href="https://www.uah.edu/cspar" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Center for Space Plasma and Aeronomic Research</a> (CSPAR), addresses the long-standing mystery of why the corona - the sun’s outer atmosphere - is significantly hotter than the sun’s surface.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-mechanism-behind-coronal-heating">The mechanism behind coronal heating</h2>



“For decades, Alfvén waves have been proven to be the best candidates for transporting energy from one place to another,” said Ayaz.&nbsp;



“This paper utilizes a novel approach to model energetic particles in space plasmas, as observed by satellites like Viking and Freja, to answer how the electromagnetic energy of the waves, interacting with particles, transforms into heat during the damping process as the waves move through space.”



This energy transport could be crucial in understanding the mechanism behind coronal heating, as these waves might transfer energy from the sun's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/solar-dynamo-sun-magnetic-field-origin-generated-near-surface/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">magnetic fields</a> to the plasma in the corona, raising its temperature.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-perplexing-heat-of-the-sun-s-corona">Perplexing heat of the sun's corona</h2>



The study primarily focuses on the perturbed electromagnetic fields, Poynting flux vector, and the power delivery rate of kinetic Alfvén waves within the solar atmosphere. 



The corona extends about eight million kilometers above the sun's surface and is perplexing because it reaches temperatures over a million degrees Kelvin, vastly exceeding the sun's surface temperature of approximately 6,500 degrees.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-study">Significance of the study</h2>



Dr. Gary Zank, director of CSPAR and the Aerojet Rocketdyne chair of the UAH Department of Space Science, emphasized the significance of Ayaz's work. 



“Syed is one of our outstanding students who is just starting out on his research career. His abiding interest in Alfvén waves has now resulted in his investigation of these waves at very small scales, the so-called kinetic scale in a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plasma-rain-sun/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plasma</a>."



Dr. Zank noted that this research offers important insights into the critical problem of how energy in a magnetic field is transformed to heat a plasma comprising charged particles like protons and electrons.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-kinetic-alfven-waves">The role of kinetic Alfvén waves</h2>



Kinetic Alfvén waves (KAWs) are oscillations of ions and magnetic fields in the solar plasma, originating from movements in the photosphere, the sun's outer layer that emits visible light. These waves are crucial in the energy transfer process in plasma environments.&nbsp;



“My primary interest in these waves was sparked by the launches of the Parker Solar Probe and Solar Orbiter missions, which raised the crucial question of how the solar corona is heated,” said Ayaz.



The research team focused on how KAWs facilitate heating and energy exchange within the corona. Observations from various spacecraft and theoretical studies have consistently shown that KAWs dissipate and contribute to heating the solar corona as they travel through space.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transferring-energy-to-plasma-particles-nbsp">Transferring energy to plasma particles&nbsp;</h2>



Kinetic Alfvén waves operate on small kinetic scales and are capable of supporting parallel electric and magnetic field fluctuations, which enable them to transfer energy to plasma particles.



“The present work utilizes and explores the Landau damping mechanism, which occurs when particles moving parallel to a wave have velocities comparable to the wave's phase velocity,” noted Ayaz.&nbsp;



The Landau damping mechanism allows for an exponential decrease in particular waveforms within the plasma, either transferring energy from the wave to the particles or vice versa, depending on their interaction.



The study's findings suggest that KAWs dissipate rapidly, transferring their energy to plasma particles, which then accelerates them over large distances. This energy transfer has significant implications for the dynamics of the solar plasma, contributing to the overall heating of the corona.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-energy-dynamics-within-the-sun-s-corona-nbsp">Energy dynamics within the sun's corona&nbsp;</h2>



The insights gained from this research are essential for understanding the complex processes at work in the sun's atmosphere.&nbsp;



The study advances our knowledge of the energy dynamics within the corona and provides a framework for future investigations into solar and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-jupiters-magnetosphere-will-help-us-predict-space-weather/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">space weather</a> phenomena.&nbsp;



Ayaz's work, supported by CSPAR and the Department of Space Science, represents a significant step forward in heliophysics research, with potential applications in understanding the behavior of plasmas in various astrophysical settings.



“The analytical insights gleaned from this study find practical application in understanding phenomena within the solar atmosphere, particularly shedding light on the significant role played by nonthermal particles in the observed heating processes,” concluded the researchers.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Why is the sun’s corona hotter than its surface? 

A recent study led by Syed Ayaz, a graduate research...

Migration is at the forefront of the climate crisis, as the globe faces unprecedented environmental challenges, including extreme weather events, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-are-the-biggest-drivers-of-biodiversity-loss/">bio</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-are-the-biggest-drivers-of-biodiversity-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diversity loss</a>, and resource scarcity.



Humanity's response needs to be reimagined, with a growing recognition that international collaboration and coordinated efforts are crucial. 



As rising temperatures and sea levels threaten landscapes and displace communities worldwide, the movement of people from their homes has become an urgent reality that cannot be ignored. 



Climate-induced migration is not a distant concern; it is a pressing issue that is happening now, demanding immediate attention and comprehensive action to address its complexities and impacts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urgent-need-to-rethink-climate-migration">Urgent need to rethink climate migration</h2>



An impactful study published recently by climate and social scientists from reputed institutions such as <a href="https://www.wur.nl/en/education-programmes/wageningen-university.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wageningen University</a>, <a href="https://www.exeter.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Exeter</a>, and <a href="https://www.nju.edu.cn/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nanjing University</a> puts forth a strong argument.



The experts emphasize the importance of facilitating movement among different geographical locations to ensure stability and prosperity in the face of the climate crisis.



Professor Marten Scheffer of Wageningen University stated: "Millions of people are projected to be displaced by sea-level rise in the next decades, and two billion could be exposed to extreme heat beyond their experience by the end of the century."



Ignoring or underestimating the shift in human populations could lead to global discord and a divided world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breaking-borders-not-spirits">Breaking borders, not spirits</h2>



Countries have traditionally seen migration in terms of borders and national security only, but the researchers are urging a shift in perspective.



The study highlights the increasing instances of climate-related <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/is-migration-a-good-response-to-climate-change-the-answer-is-complicated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migration</a> within countries, where individuals leave areas affected by long-term agricultural productivity decline or escape from extreme conditions such as coastal erosion. This internal migration plays out differently across nations.



Large countries with varied climate zones have a relative advantage, while smaller nations face significant challenges. 



The study also points out the inherent wealth disparity that hinders internal and inter-state migration.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-barriers-to-climate-migration">Barriers to climate migration</h2>



"While many animal species are already changing their geographical distribution in response to climate change, humanity now faces increasing barriers to this," noted Professor Tim Lenton.



"Global warming exacerbates existing inequalities, making habitability a major political challenge of this century."



The researchers maintain that the solution lies in global cooperation to address migration flows and demand for labor, benefiting both the Global South and the developed world.



The paper also proposes a major reform in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-food-system-must-change-if-nations-hope-to-reduce-greenhouse-gas-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food system</a>, suggesting that migration can increase production while conserving nature. They suggest a shift towards plant-based diets and reducing meat consumption.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-migration-can-be-a-win-win">Climate migration can be a win-win</h2>



Far from seeing migration as a threat, the researchers argue that it can actually be a win-win for both people and the climate.



However, this requires global leaders to constructively communicate the economic benefits of migration and effective integration. 



"Every corner of the world needs to anticipate the coming <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-crisis-global-supply-chains-face-25-trillion-in-losses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate crisis</a> and promote the safe and beneficial movement of people as conditions change," said Professor Neil Adger.



Embracing this outlook on migration is not just about ensuring a better future for those on the move but for our planet as a whole. 



Integrating the movement of people into our strategies to combat climate change is not just necessary - it is urgent.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-technology-in-managing-migration">The role of technology in managing migration </h2>



Technology plays a crucial role in managing climate-induced migration by offering innovative solutions to make migration safer and more efficient.



Data analytics and GIS can predict <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-migration-patterns-will-result-in-rapidly-aging-coastal-populations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migration patterns</a> and identify at-risk areas, allowing for proactive resource allocation and reducing the humanitarian impact of displacement.



Additionally, technology enhances communication for migrants, providing information on safe routes, available services, and legal rights through mobile apps and platforms. Social media helps build networks and fosters a sense of community among migrants.



Investing in sustainable technologies, such as renewable energy and climate-resilient infrastructure, creates economic opportunities for displaced populations. 



By integrating technology into migration strategies, we can address immediate needs and build a more resilient future, turning migration into an opportunity for global collaboration and growth.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/one-earth/abstract/S2590-3322(24)00312-9?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2590332224003129%3Fshowall%3Dtrue" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">One Earth</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Climate migration is an urgent reality that cannot be ignored

Migration is at the forefront of the climate crisis, as...

The digital age is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, the internet and corresponding technological advancements are a blessing, creating a world more interconnected than ever. But on the other, they've paved the way for a pervasive issue - the misinformation and rumors that spreads like nuclear reactions.



In our modern climate of misinformation, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/more-than-48-million-americans-deny-that-climate-change-is-real/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">falsehoods, and rumors</a>, distinguishing truth from fiction as data zips around the planet often seems like an uphill battle.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spread-of-misinformation-and-rumors">Spread of misinformation and rumors</h2>



The research was carried out by Wenrong Zheng, a researcher from <a href="https://english.sdnu.edu.cn" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Shandong Normal University</a>, and his dedicated team. 



They've been working tirelessly to understand this digital-age phenomenon. And the critical findings of their study were recently published by the American Institute of Physics.



Can we look at rumor propagation in a new light? Yes, indeed! 



Ditching the conventional epidemic models, Zheng's team found inspiration in a somewhat unexpected place: nuclear reactions. 



According to their modified model, rumors act like neutrons, the particles that initiate nuclear fission. When individuals encounter these 'rumor neutrons,' they send them spiraling into other people, sparking a chain reaction. 



“When individuals encounter rumors, they are influenced by their personal interests and decide whether to spread or whether repeated exposure is needed before spreading,” said Zheng. 



“Based on different considerations of uranium fission thresholds, individuals are divided into groups based on the influence of their own interest thresholds, fully considering individual behavior and differences, which is more in line with the reality.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-the-real-world">Implications for the real world</h2>



Did you guess that education plays a crucial role in rumor propagation? 



“The extent of rumor propagation is closely related to the proportion of rational internet users. This reflects the importance of education: the higher the level of education, the easier it is to question rumors when receiving information that is difficult to distinguish between right and wrong,” Zheng corroborates. 



If you're educated, chances are you'll scrutinize the information before accepting it blindly.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-to-avoid-spreading-misinformation">How to avoid spreading misinformation</h2>



So, what can we do about the spread of misinformation? The team's research provides some vital pointers. 



The researchers found that rumors propagate on a smaller scale initially, so monitoring by official platforms is key.



When governmental and official media detect potential rumors, they should verify the content and offer corrections. This would enable rational citizens to prevent further <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gossiping-may-actually-be-beneficial-to-society/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rumor propagation</a> effectively.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-countering-disinformation">Countering disinformation</h2>



The research done by Zheng and his team is a major step in understanding and mitigating rumor propagation. 



Their nuanced, nuclear fission-inspired model offers fresh insights that could guide future strategies to combat disinformation. 



However, the battle against misinformation online is ongoing, and we, as responsible netizens, have a pivotal role to play.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-social-media-algorithms">Role of social media algorithms</h2>



In an era dominated by social media, the algorithms that dictate what content users see play a pivotal role in the dissemination of information. 



These complex systems curate feeds based on user preferences, often prioritizing engaging, sensational content over factual accuracy.



Algorithms are not inherently good or bad; it depends on how we choose to use them. This presents a unique opportunity -- by refining algorithms to promote accountability and accuracy, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/doomscrolling-threatens-our-mental-well-being/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social media platforms</a> could significantly reduce the reach of false information.



If users are consistently provided with a diverse range of reliable sources, they may be empowered to challenge misleading narratives and engage in healthy discourse.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-empowering-citizens-to-avoid-misinformation">Empowering citizens to avoid misinformation</h2>



As research indicates, empowering individuals with media literacy skills is crucial in the fight against misinformation. 



Educational initiatives aimed at enhancing critical thinking and analytical skills can equip citizens to evaluate information critically.



Workshops, online courses, or community programs can introduce individuals to techniques for fact-checking, recognizing bias, and analyzing sources. 



By fostering these competencies, society cultivates a more informed populace that can navigate the complex landscape of information.



An educated public is less susceptible to the allure of rumors, ultimately cultivating a culture of inquiry and discernment that significantly dampens the spread of disinformation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nuclear-reaction-and-spreading-misinformation">Nuclear reaction and spreading misinformation</h2>



In sum, misinformation, like a neutron starting a nuclear reaction, spreads rapidly in today's digital age. But all's not lost. 



Scientific research like Zheng's is helping us understand the spread dynamics better and providing cues for possible mitigation. 



Remember, staying educated, questioning the information we receive, and relying on only <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/political-views-change-our-perception-of-the-past-and-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">credible sources</a> can go a long way in combating this online avalanche of disinformation. After all, don't we all want a truthful, reliable digital world for ourselves?



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.aip.org/aip/adv/article/14/7/075326/3304858/A-rumor-propagation-model-based-on-nuclear-fission" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AIP Advances</a>.



-----



Like what you read?&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a>&nbsp;for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and Earth.com.



-----

Digital misinformation and rumors spread like nuclear reactions

The digital age is a double-edged sword. On the one...

It can be hard to wrap your head around quantum science and the 'out-there' concepts it embodies, like "trapped atoms" mentioned in this article title. But, in essence, it's all about exploring the untapped potentials of our universe... and turning them into reality.



With the power to enhance computer processing to levels currently unimaginable, scientists trapped cesium atoms on an integrated photonic circuit, creating a sophisticated system akin to a transistor but for light.



This breakthrough could potentially birth a quantum network based on cold-atom integrated nanophotonic circuits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quantum-transistors-and-trapped-atoms">Quantum transistors and trapped atoms</h2>



The brains behind this work is none other than Associate Professor Chen-Lung Hung of <a href="https://www.purdue.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Purdue University</a> College of Science, who also serves at the Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute. With an exceptional team by his side, they've shared their fascinating findings in Physical Review X.



“We developed a technique to use lasers to cool and tightly trap atoms on an integrated nanophotonic circuit,” explains Hung.



Think about light traveling through an incredibly thin photonic 'wire' or waveguide - so thin, it's about 200 times thinner than a strand of human hair.



The atoms are cooled down to temperatures just above absolute zero, making them almost stationary.



These chilled atoms can then be locked onto the waveguide using a 'tractor beam,' positioned merely 300 nanometers away (roughly the size of a virus).



"Using state-of-the-art nanofabrication instruments in the Birck Nanotechnology Center, we pattern the photonic waveguide in a circular shape at a diameter of around 30 microns (three times smaller than a human hair) to form a so-called microring resonator. Light would circulate within the microring resonator and interact with the trapped atoms," Hung enthused.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-atomic-transistor-is-a-game-changer">Atomic-transistor is a game changer</h2>



What sets their innovation apart is the ingenious use of confined atoms to manipulate the flow of light through the circuit. This process functions similarly to how a transistor controls electrical currents in traditional electronics.



When the atoms are in the right quantum state, they allow photons to pass through seamlessly, enabling efficient light transmission.



Conversely, when the atoms are in the wrong state, the photons are blocked, effectively halting the flow of light.



This precise control over light flow opens up exciting possibilities for advancements in optical computing and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secure-quantum-communication-one-step-closer-reality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communication technologies</a>, potentially leading to faster and more efficient data processing systems.



Xinchao Zhou, a Purdue Physics and Astronomy graduate student and recipient of this year's Bilsand Dissertation Fellowship, explains this first-of-its-kind phenomenon.



“We have trapped up to 70 atoms that could collectively couple to photons and gate their transmission on an integrated photonic chip. This has not been realized before,” says Zhou.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-of-trapped-atoms">Potential of trapped atoms</h2>



The implications of this technology are poised to transform the landscape of science. Could this platform become a crucial link in the future of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-computer-can-instantly-execute-a-task-that-would-normally-take-47-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum computing</a> based on neutral atoms?



It has the potential to advance our understanding of collective light-matter interactions and facilitate the synthesis of quantum degenerate gases or ultracold molecules.



The atom-coupled integrated photonic circuit, unlike conventional electronic transistors, operates on quantum superposition principles.



Chen-Lung Hung expounds, "This allows us to manipulate and store quantum information in trapped atoms, which are quantum bits known as qubits."



The circuit can then transfer this stored <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/molecules-scramble-quantum-information-equally-well-black-holes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum information</a> into photons, establishing a network with other similar circuits through the photonic wire.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-new-quantum-states">Exploring new quantum states</h2>



What lies ahead is equally, if not more, thrilling than our current endeavors. The team is poised to meticulously arrange the trapped atoms in an orderly array along the photonic waveguide, thereby enhancing their collective coupling to this innovative structure.



Additionally, they are contemplating the prospect of cooling the atoms further, approaching absolute zero, to engender a strongly interacting Bose-Einstein condensate gas.



This is just the beginning. Exploring new <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/using-artificial-intelligence-ai-to-make-quantum-computers-reality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum states</a> on an integrated photonic circuit, studying few- and many-body physics through atom-photon interactions, or even creating cold molecules from the trapped atoms; the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/building-quantum-computers-just-got-easier-with-new-technique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">possibilities are boundless</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-quantum-networks-and-trapped-atoms">Future of quantum networks and trapped atoms</h2>



We're on the cusp of a quantum revolution that promises to redefine our understanding of technology and information, literally <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-quantum-revolution-will-impact-all-aspects-of-society/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">transforming our world</a>.



Purdue University is at the forefront of this work, led by the brilliant Chen-Lung Hung and his dedicated team of researchers.



Their innovative efforts offer a fascinating glimpse into a future where quantum networks and advanced quantum computing could be seamlessly integrated into the fabric of our everyday reality, changing how we process information and how we connect and communicate.



For those who are just beginning to explore the vast ocean of quantum computing, this research highlights how these qualities can spark paradigm-shifting discoveries that push the boundaries of what's possible.



As we delve deeper into this exciting field, the implications for industries ranging from cybersecurity to drug discovery are immense and potentially life-changing.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://journals.aps.org/prx/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevX.14.031004" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physical Review X</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Trapped atoms are forced to serve as transistors for a quantum network

It can be hard to wrap your head around quantum...

In the world of astronomy, the 17th century was marked by significant and groundbreaking discoveries, particularly in the realm of solar activity. 



One intriguing contribution was Johannes Kepler’s sketches of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-sunspot-archipelago-15-times-wider-than-earth-spotted-by-nasa/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sunspots</a> in 1607, a record that laid the foundation for a fresh understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/strongest-solar-flare-in-7-years-prompts-gps-satellite-warnings-and-aurora-alert/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar phenomena</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-observations-in-sunspot-sketches">Observations in sunspot sketches</h2>



Johannes Kepler, celebrated for his monumental contributions to astronomy and mathematics, is known to have made one of the earliest instrumental records of solar activity during the early 17th century. 



He ingeniously employed a "camera obscura," an apparatus that projected the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/see-the-sun-in-exquisite-detail-in-rare-solar-orbiter-video/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sun's image</a> onto paper, to sketch visible features on the Sun's surface.



In May of 1607, Kepler documented what he initially misinterpreted as a transit of Mercury across the Sun, later identified as a collection of sunspots. These are darker areas on the sun's surface that develop due to intense magnetic activity within the sun's interior.



Sunspots play a key role in solar radiation and space weather. Their occurrence, frequency, and latitudinal distributions appear in cycles, paving the gateway to fresh revelations about solar activity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revisiting-kepler-s-observations">Revisiting Kepler’s observations</h2>



Led by a collaborative group from <a href="https://en.nagoya-u.ac.jp/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nagoya University</a> in Japan, an international team of researchers revisited Kepler’s eclipsed sunspot sketches with the help of modern techniques.



Using Spörer's law, they reconstructed the position of Kepler’s sunspot group, situating it at the end of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/suns-next-solar-cycle-26-has-already-begun/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar cycle</a> prior to the one observed by notable early telescopic pioneers like Thomas Harriot and Galileo Galilei.



These observations are extremely significant as they shed light on the solar cycles at the start of the 17th century. The cycles during this time mark the transition from regular solar cycles to the grand solar minimum known as the Maunder Minimum (1645–1715).



The grand solar minimum, characterized by an unusually prolonged period of low sunspot activity, holds great importance for researchers to understand solar activity and its effect on the Earth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sunspot-sketches-reveal-new-insights">Sunspot sketches reveal new insights</h2>



By examining Kepler’s records and matching them with contemporary data, alongside modern statistics, the researchers made four pivotal discoveries.



After methodically reinterpreting the sunspot sketches, they located Kepler’s sunspot group at a low heliographic latitude. This pointed to an inconsistency between Kepler’s original text and the two camera obscura images, which display the sunspot towards the upper left of the solar disk.



Using Spörer's law and modern sunspot statistics, the researchers determined that the sunspot group was positioned at the end of solar cycle -13 instead of the beginning of solar cycle -14.



This finding contradicted with later telescopic observations that showed sunspots at higher latitudes, indicating a typical progression from the preceding solar cycle to the following one in accordance with Spörer’s law.



The researchers also succeeded in estimating the transition between the previous solar cycle (-14) and the next solar cycle (-13) between 1607 and 1610. Kepler’s records proposed a regular duration for solar cycle-13, contesting alternate reconstructions that proposed an extremely long cycle during this period.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-legacy-of-kepler">The legacy of Kepler</h2>



Kepler’s contribution extends beyond observational expertise. His findings provide valuable context that helps to clarify changes in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/suns-fury-secrets-of-solar-energy-storms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar behavior</a> during a critical period when solar cycles transitioned to the grand solar minimum.



Kepler's records, which predate the existing telescopic sunspot records from 1610 by several years, stand as a testament to his scientific prowess. They continue to serve the scientific community today, extending the reach of his legacy into the present.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-solar-research">The future of solar research</h2>



As we continue to advance in solar research, the lessons learned from Kepler’s pioneering work are more relevant than ever. 



Modern technology, including satellite observations and advanced computational models, allow us to analyze solar activity with unprecedented precision.



However, historical data like Kepler’s sunspot sketches provides a critical context for understanding long-term solar cycles and their impact on Earth’s climate.



Kepler’s observations not only enrich our understanding of the sun’s past behavior but also illuminate pathways for future inquiry.



By honoring his legacy and applying modern techniques to historical data, we can unlock new insights into the intricate relationship between solar activity and life on Earth, ensuring that the mysteries of our star continue to inspire and inform generations to come.



Image Credit: NASA’s Solar Dynamic Observatory



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Sunspot sketches from 1607 unlock secrets of solar activity

In the world of astronomy, the 17th century was marked...

Data collection is set to transform dramatically with the "Ocean of Things," a future network where trillions of interconnected devices will transmit vast amounts of data globally. This advanced system promises to revolutionize how we&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/autonomous-vehicles-will-help-monitor-ocean-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">monitor our world</a>.



We are entering a new era. Everything, from the largest structures to the smallest gadgets, will become a source of data. These data sources will provide real-time insights across various domains.



However, with 71% of Earth's surface covered by water, gathering accurate and comprehensive information from these vast and often inaccessible oceans presents unique challenges that must be overcome.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-innovations-in-ocean-data-collection">Innovations in ocean data collection</h2>



Responding to these challenges, the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (<a href="https://www.darpa.mil" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DARPA</a>) developed an ambitious program called the "Ocean of Things." 



The initiative aims to create a vast network of data-collecting devices across the world's oceans to better understand and monitor these critical environments.



Enter the research teams from&nbsp;<a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/watson/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University's Thomas J. Watson School of Engineering and Applied Science</a>, who have taken on this challenge with enthusiasm and expertise.



Over the last decade, they have been hard at work, pushing the boundaries of technology and creating groundbreaking innovations under the banner of the Center for Research in Advanced Sensing Technologies and Environmental Sustainability (CREATES).



A significant part of their pioneering research has been funded by the Office of Naval Research, with a focus on developing bacteria-powered biobatteries capable of operating in the ocean for up to 100 years, providing a sustainable and long-lasting energy source for&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microrobots-tested-as-clean-up-crew-for-polluted-waters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">a</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biohybrid-jellyfish-robotics-ocean-exploration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quatic robots</a>&nbsp;and sensors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-introducing-the-bug-for-ocean-data">Introducing the "bug" for ocean data</h2>



Leading the way are Professor Seokheun “Sean” Choi, PhD student Yang “Lexi” Gao, and Anwar Elhadad, PhD, who have developed a self-powered aquatic "bug." 



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microrobots-tested-as-clean-up-crew-for-polluted-waters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microscopic robot</a> is a marvel of mechanical engineering, capable of skimming across the water and gathering critical environmental data. This robot’s technology builds upon the bacteria-powered biobatteries. 



Using a Janus interface that allows nutrients into the device and powers bacterial spore production, these skimmers can function in adverse conditions where solar, kinetic, or thermal energy systems might fail.&nbsp;



“When the environment is favorable for the bacteria, they become vegetative cells and generate power, but when the conditions are not favorable, they go back to spores. In that way, we can extend the operational life,” explained Professor Choi.



This innovation has allowed the Binghamton team to develop robots that generate close to 1 milliwatt of power, sufficient to operate mechanical movements and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/polar-bear-conservation-leaps-forward-with-new-tracking-technology/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">data-tracking</a>&nbsp;sensors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-upgrade-in-oceanic-surveillance">An upgrade in oceanic surveillance</h2>



The capacity to dispatch these robots wherever they're needed offers a significant improvement over the current "smart floats," which are stationary sensors anchored in one spot. 



The bugs can track a wide variety of environmental data, such as water temperature, pollution levels, commercial vessel and aircraft movements, and even the behaviors of aquatic animals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-optimizing-ocean-data-collection">Optimizing ocean data collection</h2>



The next phase for these aquatic robots involves ascertaining which bacteria are most efficient for energy production in the harsh ocean conditions.&nbsp;



“We used very common bacterial cells, but we need to study further to know what is actually living in those areas of the ocean. Maybe using <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/machine-learning-can-more-accurately-predict-ocean-currents/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">machine learning</a>, we can find the optimal combination of bacterial species to improve power density and sustainability,” said Professor Choi.



This research holds the potential to revolutionize not just the field of aquatic robotics, but our interactions with the "Ocean of Things" as well.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-environmental-monitoring">Implications for environmental monitoring</h2>



Self-powered aquatic robots like the "bug" mark important progress in monitoring and protecting the environment.



As these efficient data-gathering devices autonomously traverse vast and often inaccessible marine areas, they can provide real-time insights into the health of our oceans.&nbsp;



This capability is crucial for tracking the impact of climate change and assessing the efficacy of conservation efforts. Additionally, it enhances our understanding of marine ecosystem dynamics.



Such detailed data collection may inform policies aimed at preserving biodiversity while improving our ability to swiftly respond to environmental crises. 



Integrating machine learning to optimize bacterial efficiency demonstrates a forward-thinking approach to sustainable energy. It shows how cutting-edge technology can be used for ecological benefit, paving the way for a future where technology and environmental stewardship can co-exist in harmony.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/admt.202400426" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Advanced Materials Technologies</a>.



-----



Like what you read?&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a>&nbsp;for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and Earth.com.



-----

'Ocean of Things' robotic technology will transform ocean data collection

Data collection is set to transform dramatically with the "Ocean...

Have you ever considered how much value your passion brings to your work? Well, you might want to start. Recent study suggests that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/market-based-strategies-fall-short-on-forest-conservation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">buyers</a> are more likely to pay extra for products created by sellers who create them with passion.



The fascinating study comes from a collaborative effort of researchers Anna Paley, Robert W. Smith, Jacob D. Teeny, and Daniel M. Zane from <a href="https://www.tilburguniversity.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tilburg University</a>, <a href="https://www.northwestern.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northwestern University</a>, and <a href="https://www2.lehigh.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lehigh University</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-passion-products-on-marketplaces">Passion products on marketplaces</h2>



Moving with the times, peer-to-peer marketplaces like Etsy, Fiverr, and UpWork are flourishing, with projections indicating their value could reach an astonishing $355 billion by 2025, according to PricewaterhouseCoopers.



Here, traditional quality indicators like brand names take a backseat. Instead, we find ourselves in an intimate space where sellers directly communicate the nuances of their goods and services.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-joy-of-creation">Joy of creation</h2>



It appears that the key to attracting customers might just be one's love for their work.



“We suspect that many people who choose to sell things through peer-to-peer marketplaces enjoy making them. Yet, sellers rarely mention it. For example, in the profiles of 30,000 sellers across various peer-to-peer marketplaces, only about 1% of sellers mentioned production enjoyment,” noted Paley. 



Smith said that over 15 experiments, the team found consistent evidence that buyers are more interested in, are more likely to choose, and are willing to pay more for products or services that the seller enjoys producing.



But, here’s a strange paradox - the price that sellers who truly indulge in and enjoy their work are often willing to charge is actually less than those who view their products solely as a means to make money. 



When sellers are passionate about what they do, their intrinsic motivation and genuine connection to their craft can lead them to offer more reasonable prices. 



This approach not only reflects their love for their work but also fosters a loyal customer base that appreciates the value of authenticity and quality over mere profit.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychology-of-price-and-perception">Psychology of price and perception</h2>



The study interestingly investigates this anomaly between how a seller's passion influences both buyers' readiness to pay and sellers' pricing decisions. 



The results suggest that when sellers exhibit enjoyment in their work, it strikes a chord with buyers, leading to them perceiving the product or service as higher quality.



An important note to remember is that signaling enjoyment is most effective when the job demands significant skill. However, as more processes become automated, the impact of showcasing enjoyment may lessen. 



Zane provides insight, explaining that a producer's joy in crafting an item inevitably implies more dedication, leading to a presumed high quality of the product or service.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-buyers-on-products-created-with-passion">Buyers on products created with passion</h2>



Despite the buyers' affirmed readiness to pay more for products crafted with passion and care, sellers generally accept and charge less for the enjoyable work they produce. 



This phenomenon often stems from a deep-rooted belief among artisans and creators that the joy and satisfaction they derive from the production process itself serve as adequate compensation for their efforts. 



Many sellers prioritize the intrinsic rewards of their craft over monetary gain, which in turn influences their pricing decisions. 



As a result, they may undervalue their work, opting to keep prices lower to make their creations more accessible to a wider audience, even when there is a clear demand for higher-priced, quality products. 



This dynamic reflects a broader tension between passion-driven work and the realities of market pricing in creative industries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tips-for-sellers">Tips for sellers</h2>



Echoing throughout the findings of the study is a <a href="https://www2.lehigh.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">valuable lesson</a> for sellers: showcasing your genuine love and passion for your work can pique buyer interest and draw them to your products and services. 



When sellers express enthusiasm and commitment, it resonates with potential customers, making them feel more connected to the brand. 



Moreover, understanding when and how to signal this enjoyment - whether through engaging storytelling, personal anecdotes, or authentic interactions - can significantly impact your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-shocking-reality-of-website-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">business</a>.



By creating an emotional connection and demonstrating a true investment in what you do, you not only foster trust but also enhance customer loyalty, ultimately leading to increased sales and long-term success.



In essence, the study's findings present the power of passion. So next time you dive into a project you enjoy, remember to share your enthusiasm.



The study is published in the <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00222429241257913" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Marketing</a>. 



-----



Like what you read?&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a>&nbsp;for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and Earth.com.



-----

Buyers are willing to pay more for products made with passion

Have you ever considered how much value your passion brings...

How often have you rushed out of the door in the morning, skipping the first meal of the day? Recent research reveals the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/meal-timing-has-a-major-influence-on-our-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">regularity of breakfast</a> may be more significant to our overall happiness than we thought.



The research is the collective brainchild of Anglia Ruskin University (<a href="https://www.aru.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ARU</a>) and <a href="https://www.udla.cl" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Universidad de las Americas</a>. 



Study senior author Lee Smith, a renowned professor of public health at ARU, meticulously guided his team through data obtained from nearly 150,000 children across 42 countries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-skipping-breakfast-vs-life-satisfaction">Skipping breakfast vs. life satisfaction</h2>



According to the study, children who frequently skip breakfast are found to have lower life satisfaction compared to their contemporaries who regularly partake in their morning meal. It's certainly food for thought!



The experts discovered a near-linear relationship between higher frequency of breakfast consumption and greater life satisfaction among children and adolescents aged 10 to 17 years across these nations, including Britain.



The healthiest dollop of life satisfaction was observed in participants who ate breakfast daily. On the flip side, those who never partook in breakfast had the lowest life satisfaction scores.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-food-habits-around-the-world">Food habits around the world</h2>



The cultural diversity of food habits around the globe was evident in this study as well. Notably, Portuguese children who ate breakfast every day reported the highest levels of life satisfaction. 



In stark contrast, the lowest life satisfaction was found among children from Romania who never ate breakfast.



Even among the breakfast-eating population, not all countries fare the same. The study noted that children in England who had breakfast daily, did not score as high, coming in fifth in life satisfaction scores just ahead of Romania, Hungary, Germany, and Austria.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-behind-breakfast-and-happiness">Science behind breakfast and happiness</h2>



So, what's prompting this apparent correlation between breakfast and happiness? Professor Smith sheds light on some likely factors. Prior studies have indicated a link between low mood among adolescents who skip breakfast and higher instances of anxiety, stress, and depression.



Adding to this, breakfast sets the tone by providing the necessary energy and nutrients for optimal cognitive functioning. It's like oiling the gears for the day ahead, enhancing crucial functions such as concentration, memory, and learning.



Our daily breakfast also serves a cocktail of essential vitamins and minerals. Skipping these nutrients could potentially lead to lower life satisfaction over time. Plus, the regular routine of having breakfast can bring structure and a positive tone to the rest of your day.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakfast-choices-and-their-impact">Breakfast choices and their impact</h2>



The type of breakfast consumed also plays a pivotal role in shaping life satisfaction levels. The study highlighted that the nutritional quality of breakfast can significantly affect both physical and mental health. 



Nutrient-rich foods, such as whole grains, fruits, and dairy, are linked to improved mood and cognitive function. In contrast, sugary cereals and processed foods may lead to energy crashes and negatively impact emotional stability. 



As children are increasingly exposed to the lure of convenience foods, prioritizing wholesome breakfast options could serve as a simple yet effective strategy to enhance overall well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-to-avoid-skipping-breakfast">How to avoid skipping breakfast</h2>



Understanding the profound effects of breakfast on happiness underscores the importance of fostering healthy eating habits from a young age. 



Parents, educators, and policymakers must collaborate to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/health-risks-of-ultra-processed-foods-revealed-in-30-year-study/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">promote the knowledge</a> of the benefits of a nutritious breakfast. 



Schools could play an essential role by incorporating breakfast programs that not only provide healthy options but also educate students about the significance of nutrition in their daily lives. 



By instilling these habits early, we cultivate an environment where children savor the benefits of breakfast, ultimately paving the way for a healthier, happier generation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakfast-is-more-than-just-food">Breakfast is more than just food</h2>



However, there is a caveat. The study found that cultural diversity, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/modern-human-diets-pose-many-risks-health-environment/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lifestyles</a>, and socio-economic factors also had a significant influence, hence the inconsistencies between countries. 



Despite this, the conclusion was unanimous: Regardless of the country, life satisfaction is higher in those who eat breakfast.



So, taking the time to enjoy a morning meal could be a recipe for not just a healthy day, but a happier life too. It's more than just food on the plate; it's nourishment for your body, mind, and perhaps even your happiness.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://nutritionj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12937-024-00979-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">BMC Nutrition</a>.



-----



Like what you read?&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a>&nbsp;for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and Earth.com.



-----

Children who eat breakfast are happier in life

How often have you rushed out of the door in...

<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/western-diet-identified-as-major-cause-of-colon-cancer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cancer</a> is a highly complex, multifaceted disease that places a substantial health burden all over the world. Since treatment is many times unsuccessful, especially if cancer is detected late, recent years have witnessed a significant surge in devising prevention strategies.



Many cancer prevention strategies are focused on dietary changes and the consumption of certain dietary supplements. However, the precise role of nutrition in cancer prevention is not yet fully understood.&nbsp;



Now, a review study published in the journal <a href="https://www.xiahepublishing.com/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00001" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cancer Screening and Prevention</a> has attempted to provide more comprehensive dietary guidelines to prevent this frequently lethal disease.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-and-cancer-prevention-nbsp">Diet and cancer prevention&nbsp;</h2>



“Diet and supplements have a significant impact on the causes and prevention of cancer. It is generally accepted that nutrition plays an important part in cancer incidence,” wrote the study authors.



“However, even after decades of epidemiological research, several inconsistencies arise as to how exactly specific dietary factors are linked to cancer prevention, limiting the establishment of firm conclusions.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-factors-increasing-cancer-risk">Factors increasing cancer risk</h2>



It is generally agreed in the scientific world that factors such as obesity, or intake of high-calorie foods, sugary beverages, and processed products increase cancer risk.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-obesity">Obesity</h3>



Studies have found that obesity is linked to 14 percent of cancer deaths in men and 20 percent in women, with specific products such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-red-meat-risk-death/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">red meat</a>, alcohol, or aflatoxins being related to the development of a variety of cancer types.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fruits-and-vegetables-nbsp">Fruits and vegetables&nbsp;</h3>



On the other hand, consuming a high intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains appears to play a major role in cancer prevention.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vitamins-and-micronutrients">Vitamins and micronutrients</h3>



Moreover, various micronutrients and antioxidants found in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/common-dietary-supplement-proven-to-combat-breast-cancer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dietary supplements</a>, such as vitamin B12, C, D, selenium, folic acid, and carotenoids have also been shown to prevent the development of carcinogenic tumors and increase overall health. Yet, their indiscriminate use can be dangerous, as many studies attest. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-extracts-and-cancer-prevention-nbsp">Plant extracts and cancer prevention&nbsp;</h2>



Another promising direction of research in cancer prevention has focused on plant extracts such as polyphenols, which were found to prevent cancer emergence and development.&nbsp;



Polyphenols are mostly found in fruits, vegetables, and nuts and can be classified into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/organic-onions-antioxidants-flavonoids/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flavonoids</a>, phenolic acids, lignans, stilbenes, and other compounds.



“The main polyphenols found in plants are flavonoids and phenolic acids, which make up about 30% and 60% of all naturally occurring polyphenols, respectively,” noted the researchers.&nbsp;



“Some forms of cancer are well-protected against polyphenols: They have toxic effects on cells that can limit the growth of tumors and that cause apoptosis.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protective-effects-of-polyphenols-nbsp">Protective effects of polyphenols&nbsp;</h2>



According to the study authors, polyphenols appear to be effective chemopreventive drugs due to a number of protective actions they exhibit, including cell cycle signaling modification, activation of antioxidant enzymes, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest.



“The antioxidants (present in fruits, vegetables, and nuts) help to repair cells, have anti-inflammatory properties, and reduce excessive free radical formation in the body, which is the main mechanism of action of cancer cells.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-connecting-diet-and-cancer-prevention">Connecting diet and cancer prevention </h2>



The researchers also noted that data from epidemiological, preclinical, and clinical research have made a significant contribution to the knowledge connecting diet and cancer prevention.



However, up to date, there is only a limited understanding of the fundamental relationship between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-based-diet-improves-health-in-women-with-breast-cancer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diet</a> and cancer prevention. 



In addition, as the researchers argued, dietary supplements should not be administered indiscriminately since they may also have negative effects.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lack-of-conclusive-evidence">Lack of conclusive evidence </h2>



“Cancer research is challenging, and it is never easy to determine the true impact of just one of these factors because several lifestyle factors also have an impact on the risk of cancer. This is an important point regarding the efficacy of diet and supplements in the prevention of cancer,” noted the study authors.



“There is currently no conclusive evidence in favor of any one dietary regimen for lowering the risk of cancer.”



Yet, as they repeatedly stress, the findings of various studies indicate that general dietary modification has a positive impact on the prevention of cancer.&nbsp;&nbsp;



The experts concluded that while diet and dietary supplements enable cancer patients to actively participate in their care, it is important to make sure that the patient is aware of the risks associated with forgoing proven conventional treatments.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Which dietary changes are best for cancer prevention?

Cancer is a highly complex, multifaceted disease that places a...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



---



By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"]</div>



Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0dEcERCq61-2283382-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes why experts are studying zebrafish to gain a better understanding of how the immune system responds to injury. Zebrafish have the ability to repair and regenerate organs.



“Organ regeneration offers an exciting opportunity for studying the immune system and to inquire why some species can regenerate organs like the heart or missing limbs while others like humans cannot,” explained Dr. Tatjana Piotrowski.



Zebrafish sensory organ hair cells are an ideal system to investigate the pathways and cell types involved in regeneration since they are easily destroyed with antibiotics and begin regenerating within five hours. This enabled the researchers to identify the exact timing and genetic programs for each anti-inflammatory macrophage activation state.&nbsp;



“Our hypothesis is that human macrophages do not receive the proper chemical activation 'cocktail' to instruct pro-regenerative processes,” said Dr. Nicolas Denans. “Identifying the molecular recipe of macrophage activation in zebrafish may one day enable us to design regenerative immunotherapies in humans.”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



“The new evidence is a valuable resource for comparative studies on the genetic programs involved in macrophage-mediated repair and regeneration. In other words, different types of injuries may induce different kinds of inflammatory responses. We want to decipher whether this 'language' is universal or if there are a variety of dialects."



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How the immune system responds to injury

[sendtonews key="0dEcERCq61-2283382-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Stowers...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="3UUsNkFOuS-2487333-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

[sendtonews key="3UUsNkFOuS-2487333-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"]</div>



Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

News coming your way