Tiny bits of plastic no wider than a human hair have turned up in some unexpected places, including the human bloodstream. 



Now, data presented at the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology meeting shows that these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-spread-deep-into-the-ocean-far-below-the-surface/">fragments</a> have breached the fluids that surround eggs and travel with sperm.



The research team led by Dr. Emilio Gómez‑Sánchez of Next Fertility Murcia in Spain scanned <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/follicular-fluid" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">follicular fluid</a> from 29 women and seminal fluid from 22 men.



The experts found microplastics in 69 percent of the women and 55 percent of the men they studied. According to Dr. Gómez‑Sánchez, the team was surprised to find that the particles were so widespread.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plastics-in-human-reproductive-fluids">Plastics in human reproductive fluids</h2>



The study detected polymers such as <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/polytetrafluoroethylene" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">polytetrafluoroethylene</a> and <a href="https://adrecoplastics.co.uk/polypropylene-uses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">polypropylene</a>, materials better known for slick frying pans and food packaging. Seeing them next to human eggs turns a theoretical hazard into a measurable one.



Back in 2021, Italian obstetricians spotted twelve plastic fragments in every placenta they examined, confirming that particles smaller than five millimeters can cross the <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33395930/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">maternal‑fetal boundary</a>.



Similarly sized particles have been uncovered deep in <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35364151/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lung tissue</a> removed during surgery, proving that inhalation is a realistic delivery route for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/simple-way-to-remove-microplastics-from-tap-water-home-faucet/">plastic</a> dust.



Researchers in the Netherlands have even measured plastic mass circulating in human blood samples, an <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35367073/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">observation</a> that explains how fragments migrate to distant tissues.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-plastics-enter-the-human-body">How plastics enter the human body</h2>



Most people take in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-in-human-brains-may-affect-mental-health/">plastic</a> flecks by eating, drinking, or breathing, because everyday products shed invisible dust whenever they are heated, abraded, or exposed to sunlight. 



Once swallowed or inhaled, particles small enough can slip through the gut wall or the thin air‑blood membrane in the lungs.



Animal studies suggest that fragments under one micrometer can enter cells directly, whereas larger shards get trapped in tissue and spark local irritation. Either way, they bypass the body’s usual waste filters.



Laboratory work on mice shows that digestive uptake rises when <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/airborne-microplastics-where-they-come-from-and-where-they-go/">microplastics</a> hitchhike on fats, a detail that matters for fertility research because reproductive hormones ride on similar lipid highways. 



The overlap raises worry that plastics may act as endocrine mimics or carriers for other chemicals.



Dr. Gómez‑Sánchez’s team avoided laboratory contamination by collecting every human sample in glass vials and verifying the absence of background plastic. This means the polymers they found were genuine residents, not stray lab dust.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plastic-harms-fertility">Plastic harms fertility</h2>



Mice exposed to polystyrene fragments shed sperm with damaged DNA and sluggish movement, effects traced to <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31896473/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oxidative stress</a> that overwhelms antioxidant defenses.



Separate <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36948006/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">work</a> on rodent Leydig cells shows shriveled mitochondria after nanoplastic exposure, which throttles testosterone production and shrinks litter sizes.



Reviews published in 2024 concluded that microplastics can disrupt the <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38750730/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hypothalamic‑pituitary‑gonadal axis</a>, leading to hormonal imbalances and faulty egg maturation.



Because human oocytes develop over months, chronic exposure could matter more than a short spike. That makes the repeated detection of PTFE in both eggs and sperm especially noteworthy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plastic-levels-in-eggs-and-sperm">Plastic levels in eggs and sperm</h2>



In the current data set, PTFE appeared in 31 percent of sampled egg fluid and 41 percent of semen. PP ranked second among women and <a href="https://www.chemicalsafetyfacts.org/chemicals/polystyrene/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">polystyrene</a> second among men, with <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/polyethylene-terephthalate" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">polyethylene terephthalate</a> also present but in smaller numbers.



Annual plastic output has climbed from under two million tons in 1950 to about 460 million in 2019, a 230‑fold jump documented by the <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36969097/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Minderoo‑Monaco Commission on Plastics and Human Health</a>.



Each uptick in production increases litter, weathering, and fragment release, tightening the feedback loop between plastics and people. Reproductive cells, delicate by design, stand on the front line.



Gómez‑Sánchez reported that most reproductive samples contained only one or two plastic particles, amounts considered low compared with overall debris in the fluids. Yet fertility specialists note that even trace metals can derail embryo development, so particle counts alone may not predict risk.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-fertility-research-must-include-plastics">Human fertility research must include plastics</h2>



“They should be considered an additional argument in favor of avoiding the generalized use of plastics in our daily lives,” said Professor Carlos Calhaz‑Jorge of the University of Lisbon. He also noted that further research is needed to prove causation.



The research team will now study hundreds of patients and link particle loads to embryo quality during <a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/22457-ivf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">in vitro fertilization cycles</a>. Those correlations could supply the first direct human evidence beyond laboratory rodents.



They plan lifestyle questionnaires to test whether habits such as heavy bottled‑water use or microwaving food in plastic correlate with higher particle counts. The approach could convert abstract exposure theory into personal advice.



“Microplastics are just one variable in a complex equation,” said Dr. Gómez‑Sánchez. He urges moderation of plastic use rather than alarm. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-simple-habits-to-lower-exposure">Simple habits to lower exposure</h2>



Switching from plastic bottles to glass or stainless steel lowers ingestion because heat and time no longer leach particles from container walls. Replacing scratched nonstick pans can cut PTFE flakes in the diet.



Researchers advise skipping plastic cutting boards and using ceramic or bamboo instead, because knife action liberates shavings that cling to food. Letting take‑out cool before transferring it from polystyrene boxes also helps.



Air purifiers with HEPA filters capture airborne fibers shed by synthetic textiles, a step especially useful for nurseries. Regular vacuuming with a sealed system keeps particles from resuspending.



These tweaks are not foolproof, yet they come with side benefits like removing chemical additives that ride on plastic dust. They buy time while science sorts out the clinical stakes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-efforts-to-cut-human-plastics-pollution">Efforts to cut human plastics pollution</h2>



Public‑health researchers argue that personal choices alone cannot outrun a supply chain making more than a billion pounds of new plastic every day. 



Negotiators at the United Nations are hammering out a global treaty that could cap production and streamline recycling.



<a href="https://www.bc.edu/bc-web/schools/morrissey/departments/biology/people/faculty-directory/Phil-Landrigan.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Philip Landrigan</a> of Boston College calls the treaty a once‑in‑a‑generation chance to protect human health, because curbing output remains the only sure way to slow microplastic fallout. He points to the emerging fertility data as evidence that time is short.



Whether lawmakers act or not, the science of sub‑visible plastic is moving fast thanks to sharper imaging tools and nanomechanical sensors. Studies that once took months now finish in days, filling the literature with fresh clues.



Every new dataset sharpens the same picture: plastics weather into dust, the dust goes everywhere, and living tissue keeps no closed doors. Eggs and sperm, it turns out, are no exception.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://academic.oup.com/humrep#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Human Reproduction</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Tiny plastic particles found in human egg and sperm fluids

Tiny bits of plastic no wider than a human hair have turned up in some unexpected places, including the human bloodstream. Now, data presented at the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology meeting shows that these fragments have breached the fluids that surround eggs and travel with sperm. The research team led by Dr. Emilio Gómez‑Sánchez of Next Fertility Murcia in Spain scanned follicular fluid from 29 women and seminal fluid from 22 men. The experts found microplastics in 69 percent of the women and 55...

Shellfish waste is emerging as a revolutionary solution to the persistent problem of short shelf life for produce and fruits - a challenge that has cost consumers and the agricultural industry millions of dollars each year. 



This unexpected ally in the fight against food waste has come to light through research conducted by the <a href="https://umd.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Maryland</a>.



The innovative use of shellfish waste promises to extend the freshness and safety of agricultural harvests, potentially transforming produce preservation across the globe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovering-the-power-of-shellfish">Discovering the power of shellfish</h2>



The researchers have unlocked an extraordinary use for what was once simply regarded as disposal material - shellfish waste.



By tapping into the potential of crab and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-improve-cement-with-shrimp-shell-nanoparticles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">shrimp shells</a>, the experts have ingeniously engineered a versatile material that extends the shelf life of agricultural harvests.



This remarkable innovation could dramatically transform the preservation of produce across the globe, offering a sustainable and effective solution to a longstanding problem.



The derived material forms a microscopic nanocrystal layer on treated produce, effectively removing harmful chemical residues. This not only safeguards the taste and appearance of the produce but also significantly extends its shelf life. 



The result is fresher, safer fruits and vegetables that last longer, benefiting both consumers and the agricultural industry.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bigger-than-freshness">Bigger than freshness</h2>



"This work offers a viable solution to improve <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/food-waste-could-be-greatly-reduced-with-better-labels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food safety</a> associated with our daily life," said Qin Wang, one of the study's collaborators.



Food safety is a crucial consideration given that pesticide residues on fruits and vegetables have been associated with severe health issues, such as increased cancer risks, Alzheimer's disease, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-innovative-shellfish-solutions-for-produce">Innovative shellfish solutions for produce </h2>



Most households use various cleaning solutions, such as vinegar, baking soda, hydrogen peroxide, and ozone, to get rid of pesticides and herbicides from their produce. 



However, these methods have proven to be either ineffective or detrimental to the produce's aesthetics and flavor. 



Moreover, the vigorous washing process often required can result in "micro-wounds" on the fruits' surface, which not only diminishes their visual appeal but also shortens their shelf life.



To combat this pervasive problem, the research team developed a novel porous material comprising chitosan, abundantly found in shellfish waste, and copper, recognized for its potent antimicrobial properties.



The material was sprayed on strawberries and proved successful in absorbing and neutralizing chemical residues. This advanced coating not only significantly increased the fruit's shelf life but can also be easily rinsed off, ensuring a safe and user-friendly consumer experience.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-safe-and-effective-technology">Safe and effective technology </h2>



By leveraging natural waste materials, this solution offers a sustainable, effective, and consumer-friendly approach to produce preservation.



This technology is not just effective but remarkably safe too. Its components are listed in the Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) category by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, ensuring that it poses no risk to consumers. 



Beyond its safety profile, the shellfish waste solution is also easy to implement, cost-effective, and highly scalable. These attributes make it a practical option for widespread adoption, from small-scale farms to large agricultural operations.



By revolutionizing the way we store and consume our produce, the technology represents a major breakthrough in food safety and preservation.



It has the potential to drastically reduce <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/transforming-food-waste-compost-into-biodegradable-bioplastics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food waste</a>, enhance the nutritional quality of our diets, and contribute to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly agricultural system. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainability-and-environmental-impact">Sustainability and environmental impact</h2>



In addition to its benefits for food safety and shelf life, this innovative preservation technique also promotes <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sustainable-food-systems-are-gaining-momentum/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainability</a> by addressing the issue of shellfish waste.



Each year, millions of tons of shellfish are discarded, contributing to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-deadly-and-widespread-environmental-pollutants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental pollution</a> and waste. 



By repurposing this material, researchers are not only reducing landfill contributions but also creating a valuable product that can benefit consumers and farmers alike.



This sustainable approach aligns with global efforts to minimize waste and foster circular economies. As producers and consumers become increasingly conscious of their environmental footprint, adopting such eco-friendly practices can contribute to a healthier planet while enhancing the quality of our food supply.



The synergy between food preservation and environmental responsibility signifies a promising future for our health and the health of our planet.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/matter/abstract/S2590-2385(24)00323-0?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2590238524003230%3Fshowall%3Dtrue" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Matter</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Shellfish waste can be used for fresher, safer produce

Shellfish waste is emerging as a revolutionary solution to the...

Stone,Age,Hut,Of,Reeds,In,The,Woods

Imagine what life might have been like thousands of years ago, when hunter-gatherers roamed the earth. We have an image in our minds of how the days of early humans were crafted around their survival tasks - hunting, gathering, moving, and surviving.



But, have you ever stopped to wonder what their homes might have looked like or how they organized them? 



Recent archaeological discoveries from the famous Mesolithic site of Star Carr in North Yorkshire have given us a whole new perspective, shedding light on the domestic lives of our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-lush-green-sahara-desert-helped-early-humans-migrate-out-of-africa/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ancient ancestors</a>.



Distinct behavioral patterns inside their dwellings imply that they meticulously created 'zones' for specific household chores.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hunter-gatherers-stone-age-houses">Hunter-gatherers' Stone Age houses</h2>



Unfolding the secrets of Star Carr, researchers from two esteemed institutions, the <a href="https://www.york.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of York</a> and the <a href="https://www.ncl.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Newcastle</a>, undertook an exciting exploration. 



The microscopic study of stone tools, found within what are believed to be cone-like or dome-shaped structures, reveals intriguing details about how people lived more than 11,000 years ago.



The investigation reveals that a variety of activities such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-humans-ancestors-woodworking-sophisticated-techniques/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">woodwork</a>, bone and antler craftsmanship, plant processing, hide tanning, meat and fish preparation likely took place inside these prehistoric dwellings. 



The spatial patterns of these activities were then meticulously plotted to understand where these activities might have occurred within the dwellings.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-organized-living">Organized living</h2>



Dr Jess Bates, from the University of York, shared some surprising findings. 



“We found that there were distinct areas for different types of activity, so the messy activity involving butchery, was done in what appears to be a designated space, separate to the ‘cleaner’ tasks such as crafting bone and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-humans-masters-woodworking-crafting-wooden-hunting-weapons/">wooden objects</a>, tools or jewelry," Dr Bates revealed.



This level of organization is unexpected. It’s well known that hunter-gatherers led a highly mobile lifestyle, necessitated by the constant need to find food and adapt to changing environments.



Yet, despite their transient existence, it seems they took a rather organized and thoughtful approach to their homes, creating designated areas for various activities, reminiscent of how we meticulously arrange our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/neanderthals-homo-sapiens-living-spaces-organized-similarly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">living spaces</a> today.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-than-just-shelter-for-hunter-gatherers">More than just shelter for hunter-gatherers</h2>



Our homes serve more than just a functional purpose - they are imprinted with social norms, emotional attachments, and provide a sense of identity and belonging.



It seems this was as true for our distant ancestors as it is for us, reflecting a universal human desire for order and comfort.



Furthermore, there is compelling evidence suggesting that these ancient homes were kept clean and tidy, with the insides being regularly swept and maintained, indicating a surprising level of care and attention to their living environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-architecture-of-ancient-dwellings">Architecture of ancient dwellings</h2>



These early human abodes were not just functional but also showed signs of architectural thought. 



The construction of these dwellings used wood from felled trees, coverings perhaps made from plants like reeds, or animal hides. 



The reasons behind why these hunter-gatherers built such structures and continued to throughout the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hazelnut-shells-offer-clues-ancient-landscapes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mesolithic period</a> remain a mystery.



"In modern society we are very attached to our homes both physically and emotionally, but in the deep past communities were highly mobile so it is fascinating to see that despite this there is still this concept of keeping an orderly home space,” according to Dr Bates.



This study shows a completely new facet of the hunter-gatherer’s life, one that values the sense of home as more than just a physical space, but a realm of organization, cleanliness and social order.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-community-in-domestic-life">Role of community in domestic life</h2>



The social dynamics within hunter-gatherer <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-humans-used-conch-shell-sounds-to-organize-communities/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communities</a> significantly shaped their domestic lives. These groups were tightly-knit communities that relied on cooperation and shared responsibilities. 



Archaeological evidence shows communal activities like food preparation and tool-making, fostering a sense of belonging and mutual support.



Social interactions likely influenced the organization of living areas, with communal spaces for group activities like storytelling or shared meals, strengthening social bonds. 



Artifacts such as decorated pottery and shared tools indicate a culture rich in collaboration and collective identity.



Emotional connections were vital, much like in modern societies. Burial practices at sites like Star Carr, where individuals were interred together, suggest a belief in interconnectedness beyond life.



Understanding these social dynamics offers a deeper appreciation of our ancestors' sophisticated social structures, balancing individual needs with communal responsibilities, making their lives meaningful beyond mere survival.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Stone Age hunter-gatherers had a very organized domestic life

Imagine what life might have been like thousands of years...

Selection,Of,Food,High,In,Sugar,,Written,Sugar

Do the foods we eat affect how young or old we feel or look? Researchers at the <a href="https://www.ucsf.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, San Francisco</a>, have had a riveting revelation. They found a critical link between a nutrient-rich, low-sugar diet and a younger biological age at the cellular level.&nbsp;



The research was led by Dr. Dorothy Chiu, a postdoctoral scholar at the <a href="https://osher.ucsf.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCSF Osher Center for Integrative Health</a>.&nbsp;



"The diets we examined align with existing recommendations for preventing disease and promoting health and highlight the potency of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory nutrients in particular. From a lifestyle medicine standpoint, it is empowering to see how heeding these recommendations may promote a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/true-biological-age-hidden-blood-markers-newly-identified/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">younger cellular age</a> relative to chronological age," said Dr. Chiu.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sugary-diet-and-biological-age">Sugary diet and biological age</h2>



The crux of this research aimed to see how different measures of healthy eating affected the "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/epigenetic-dna-clocks-predict-biological-age-more-accurately/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">epigenetic clock</a>." This biochemical test can estimate both health and lifespan. The exciting discovery was, the healthier the diet, the younger the cells appeared.



However, there was also a correlation between added sugar and cellular aging. Even with a health-conscious diet, every gram of added sugar consumed was associated with an increase in the epigenetic age. The study deepens our understanding of why sugar is detrimental to health.



"We knew that high levels of added sugars are linked to worsened metabolic health and early disease, possibly more than any other dietary factor," said Professor Elissa Epel, a co-senior author of the study.



"Now we know that accelerated epigenetic aging is underlying this relationship, and this is likely one of many ways that excessive sugar intake limits healthy longevity."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-added-sugar-consumption">Added sugar consumption</h2>



The women in the study reported consuming an average of 61.5 grams of added sugar per day.&nbsp;



To put this in perspective, a bar of milk chocolate has about 25 grams of added sugar, while a 12-ounce can of cola packs about 39 grams.&nbsp;



The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommends that adults consume no more than 50 grams of added sugar per day.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-diet-on-age">Impact of diet on age</h2>



The researchers thoroughly analyzed the food records of 342 women with an average age of 39. The individual diets were compared with epigenetic clock measures, which were derived from saliva samples.



The results of the analysis showed a strong correlation between adherence to a Mediterranean-style diet, rich in antioxidants and anti-inflammatory components, and a lower epigenetic age. In essence, consuming lesser added sugar led to a slow-down in biological aging.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionizing-health-through-diet">Revolutionizing health through diet</h2>



Barbara Laraia, a co-senior author of the study, provided an interesting proposition.&nbsp;"Given that epigenetic patterns appear to be reversible, eliminating 10 grams of added sugar per day is akin to turning back the biological clock by 2.4 months, if sustained over time," noted Laraia.



"Focusing on foods that are high in key nutrients and low in added sugars may be a new way to motivate people to eat well for longevity."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-nutritional-education">Role of nutritional education</h2>



Understanding the complex link between diet and cellular aging requires solid nutritional education. When people are knowledgeable, they can make informed choices such as prioritizing nutrient-dense foods and avoiding processed options that are high in added sugars.



This educational approach could be crucial in changing dietary habits. It fosters a culture that values healthy eating. Ultimately, this contributes to a broader societal shift towards longevity and well-being.



Initiatives to integrate nutritional lessons into schools and community programs are essential, as they lay a foundation for lifelong healthy eating practices.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-food-age-and-the-way-forward">Food, age, and the way forward</h2>



The findings from this unique research provide valuable insights into the role of diet in influencing our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-tea-delays-biological-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biological age</a>. Eliminating sugars from our diets can potentially roll back the years and allow us to maintain our vitality and vigor.



So, next time you reach for that sugary treat, remember, you might be stealing a little youth from your future self. Can we sustain a diet rich in necessary nutrients and low in added sugars?



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/article-abstract/2821611" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JAMA Network Open</a>.



-----



Like what you read?&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a>&nbsp;for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and Earth.com.



-----

Want to reverse your age? Take sugar out of your diet 

Do the foods we eat affect how young or old...

A recent study has uncovered a unique breeding behavior in the Andamanese Charles Darwin's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-frog-day-addressing-environmental-threats-to-frogs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">frog</a> (Minervarya charlesdarwini), endemic to the Andaman Islands. 



The research was led by a team of biologists from the <a href="https://www.du.ac.in/%C3%B9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Delhi</a>, the Zoological Survey of India, <a href="https://www.harvard.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Harvard University</a>, and the University of Minnesota.



Published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.3099/0006-9698-577.1.1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Breviora</a> of the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology, the research describes how this frog species exhibits a combination of unusual reproductive traits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-reproductive-strategy-of-darwin-s-frog-nbsp">Unique reproductive strategy of Darwin's frog&nbsp;</h2>



The Andamanese Charles Darwin's frog, part of the Dicroglossidae family, displays a distinctive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tree-frogs-live-in-trees-but-lay-eggs-on-the-ground/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reproductive strategy</a>. 



Unlike many frogs, these frogs lay terrestrial eggs inside tree cavities or root buttresses above the water surface. The eggs hatch into tadpoles, which then drop into the water below to continue their development.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-upside-down-spawning-a-highly-specialized-trait-nbsp">Upside-down spawning: A highly specialized trait&nbsp;</h2>



During egg-laying, the mating pair adopts an unusual upside-down posture, clinging to the vertical walls of the tree cavity, completely out of the water. This behavior is unprecedented among frogs.



“Upside-down spawning is the most remarkable behavior in this frog,” said study lead author Professor S. D. Biju. “No other frog is known to lay terrestrial eggs inside tree holes in an upside-down position.”



Professor Biju noted that this discovery is fundamental for understanding how the species interacts with its environments and which habitats are essential for its survival.&nbsp;



“Such specialized traits also yield insights into the evolution of reproductive modes and behaviors among anuran amphibians.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-vocalizations-used-to-find-mates-nbsp">Complex vocalizations used to find mates&nbsp;</h2>



Additionally, the male frogs exhibit complex vocal behaviors, producing three different types of advertisement calls to attract females, along with an aggressive call used during male-male competition.&nbsp;



When vocal displays fail to deter rival males, physical combat ensues, involving kicking, boxing, and biting. During these altercations, the defending male and the female often move higher up the tree cavity walls to avoid interference from rival males.



Professor James Hanken is curator of herpetology at the Museum of Comparative Zoology and a professor of biology in the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard.



“This finding is an example of the remarkable diversity of amphibians and reproductive behaviors that are still unknown to science, especially from unexplored regions in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-dictates-biodiversity-hotspots/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity hotspots</a> of tropical Asia,” said Professor Hanken.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unusual-breeding-sites-of-darwin-s-frog-nbsp">Unusual breeding sites of Darwin's frog&nbsp;</h2>



Despite their specialized breeding behavior, these frogs have adapted to breed in a variety of unusual and unnatural sites, especially in disturbed forest areas.&nbsp;



The researchers observed them breeding in places like artificially watered plastic sapling bags and discarded containers, such as plastic and metal vessels, left at the forest's edge.&nbsp;



The adaptation to these suboptimal breeding sites is likely a response to habitat loss and competition for limited resources, posing a threat to the species' survival.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-efforts-to-protect-darwin-s-frog-nbsp">Conservation efforts to protect Darwin's frog&nbsp;</h2>



The study emphasizes the urgent need for conservation efforts to protect the natural breeding habitats of Minervarya charlesdarwini. The species is currently listed as “Vulnerable” on the <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a>, and the degradation of its natural habitat could severely impact its population.



“The frogs’ use of trash for breeding is both surprising and worrying. We now need to know its causes and long-term consequences, and devise ways to protect the natural breeding sites that are critical for the survival of the species,” said co-lead author Sonali Garg.



The research was conducted over three years on the remote islands of the Andaman archipelago, requiring over 55 nights of fieldwork during the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sonoran-monsoon-blaming-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">monsoon season</a>. 



The findings are detailed in a paper titled “Tree holes to trash: unique upside-down terrestrial spawning, agonistic interactions, complex mating calls, and unnatural breeding alteration in Minervarya charlesdarwini (Anura, Dicroglossidae),” published in the July 2024 issue of Breviora.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study-nbsp">Broader implications of the study&nbsp;</h2>



The research underscores the unique ecological adaptations of Darwin's frog and the pressing conservation needs of this endemic species.&nbsp;



The study also highlights the critical role of natural microhabitats and the potential threats posed by human-induced environmental changes.



“Our findings call for conservation attention to this habitat specialist, which, although locally abundant, is an endemic and threatened species of the Andaman Islands,” concluded the study authors.



Image Credit: S.D. Biju



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Darwin’s frogs are breeding in highly unusual places

A recent study has uncovered a unique breeding behavior in...

Have you ever wondered how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lifes-rules-natural-selection-change-significantly-often-daphnia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life on Earth</a> evolved with changing atmospheric conditions? The question is as vast as time itself. But a group of scientists have made it their mission to shed light on this intricate link between life and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-environment-day-2024-a-call-for-land-restoration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environment</a> that has been playing out for over 500 million years.



Enter Dr. Zunli Lu, a renowned geochemistry professor at <a href="https://www.syracuse.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Syracuse University</a> and lead author of an intriguing new study. Dr. Lu partnered with experts from <a href="https://www.stanford.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stanford</a> and <a href="https://www.ox.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oxford</a> Universities.



Together, they've taken a deep dive into Earth's past, examining the link between ancient life forms and their chemical environment during the Phanerozoic Eon, which started about 540 million years ago.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-of-life-and-environment">Evolution of life and environment </h2>



"One of our tasks was to summarize the most important discoveries about carbon dioxide and oxygen in the atmosphere and ocean over the past 500 million years," said Lu.



The team delved deep into how atmospheric changes affected marine life evolution. Still, they were quick to point out that it's a two-way highway; the evolution of life also affected the chemical environment.



"It's not a trivial task to understand how to build a habitable Earth over long time scales," noted Lu.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-life-and-environment-connection">Life and environment connection</h2>



Interestingly, the Phanerozoic Eon started with high levels of carbon dioxide and low oxygen levels. But life still found a way to thrive, thanks to some unsung heroes - ocean algae.



These tiny life forms embarked on a carbon dioxide munching spree. They locked-up this gas in organic matter and gave out oxygen through photosynthesis. In essence, ocean algae were the first maestros of the atmospheric symphony.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adapting-to-the-beat">Adapting to the beat</h2>



The process of life adapting to its environment and vice versa is incessant. Jonathan Payne, professor of Earth and planetary sciences at Stanford University, emphasized the role of oxygen levels in animal survival.



Algae's actions didn't go unchallenged. As they chomped down carbon dioxide and pumped up oxygen levels, their own carbon-fixation efficiency took a hit. 



But the algae weren't about to bow down just yet. They simply <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-lampreys-help-scientists-decode-stem-cell-origins/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolved</a> complex photosynthesis methods, creating internal compartments with controlled chemistry.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-drive-for-efficiency">The drive for efficiency</h2>



"For algae, it's changes in the environmental ratio of O2/CO2 that seems to be key to driving improved photosynthetic efficiency," noted Rosalind Rickaby, a professor in Oxford's Earth Sciences Department. This adaptability potentially broadened the habitability range for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microbes-laid-the-foundation-for-early-life-on-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">many life forms</a>.



Dr. Lu noted that the story of Phanerozoic Eon reads like a two-part novel. The first part sees life enhancing Earth's habitability. The second? Adaptation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ripple-effect-on-life-and-environment">Ripple effect on life and environment</h2>



As oxygen levels rose, the impact on Earth's ecosystems became profoundly evident. The increasing availability of oxygen facilitated the evolution of more complex life forms, culminating in the emergence of multicellular organisms. 



This transformation allowed for a greater diversity of species and interactions, establishing intricate food webs within marine and terrestrial environments. 



The interplay between life and its chemical surroundings prompted a cascade of evolutionary innovations, making ecosystems richer and far more diversified. The message is clear: the story of life on Earth is not just a narrative of survival but a tale of collaboration, adaptation, and interdependence.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-life-on-earth">Future of life on Earth </h2>



Today, the lessons learned from the Phanerozoic Eon bear significant implications for our current and future understanding of habitability. 



As climate change and other anthropogenic factors influence our planet's atmosphere and ecosystems, scientists hark back to the past to inform our pathway forward. Understanding the dynamics of life's evolution amid varying environmental conditions may arm us with solutions to modern ecological challenges.



If we can comprehend how life helped shape the Earth over millions of years, we may also find ways to sustain its habitability for generations to come. 



This continued exploration invites us to reflect on our role as stewards of the Earth and the responsibility we carry in preserving the delicate balance of our ecosystems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-co-evolution-of-life-and-environment">Co-evolution of life and environment</h2>



This study gives us a fascinating glimpse into our planet's co-evolutionary history. Yet, there's so much more to explore.



According to the authors, the future of this research lies in mapping the spatial patterns of ocean oxygen, biomarkers for photosynthesis, and understanding metabolic tolerance shown in fossil records.



Isn't it astonishing how life and our environment have been dancing this intricate ballet for over 500 million years? And the dance continues, as we humans learn to adapt to our ever-changing world. After all, life, it seems, always finds a way!



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://academic.oup.com/nsr/article/11/6/nwae099/7630191" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Science Review</a>.



-----



Like what you read?&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a>&nbsp;for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and Earth.com.



-----

How life and environment co-evolved over 500 million years

Have you ever wondered how life on Earth evolved with...

Liquid metals are at the forefront of a new strategy to combat industrial emissions. Despite the global shift towards <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-worlds-renewable-energy-capacity-will-take-a-record-leap-this-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">renewable energy</a>, the harsh reality remains that chemical production contributes to an estimated 10 to 15 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions.



An immense 10 percent of total energy consumption worldwide is expended in chemical plants, a number that is steadily climbing. 



The major culprit? Energy-intensive chemical reactions that are fundamental to producing a vast array of commodities.



In an intriguing turn of events, researchers from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> are proposing a radical approach to tackling these emissions - leveraging the "atomic intelligence" of liquid metals to trigger greener, more sustainable chemical reactions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chemical-reactions-heart-of-modern-existence">Chemical reactions: Heart of modern existence</h2>



At the helm of this innovative research is Professor Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh, head of the School of Chemical Engineering at the University of Sydney.



“People often forget that chemical reactions are at the heart of all we have and use; almost all modern products are created using some sort of chemical reaction," said Professor Kalantar-Zadeh. 



Indeed, from high-grade plastics in medical tools to ammonia in agriculture, the production process of most modern commodities involves chemical reactions that consume significant energy, consequently leading to burgeoning <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenhouse-gas-emissions-reach-another-all-time-high/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greenhouse gas emissions</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-liquid-metal-future-of-chemical-reactions">Liquid metal: Future of chemical reactions?</h2>



The research team proposes that many chemical reactions could be made more efficient using liquid metals. These reactions include green hydrogen production, synthesis of structured chemicals like polymers used in household items, and decomposition of materials like microplastics and PFAS. 



"Using liquid metals for chemical reactions is still a very new concept; most chemical reactions still rely on decades-old processes. Tapping into the ‘atomic intelligence’ of metals in liquid form to drive reactions remains largely unexplored but holds huge potential for transforming the future of chemical industries,” noted Professor Kalantar-Zadeh.



Last year, the team pioneered a technique using liquid metals, aiming to replace traditional, energy-guzzling processes that rely on solid catalysts (solid metals or compounds) for triggering chemical reactions.



The innovative methodology involves creating a range of products, including plastics, fertilizers, fuels, and feedstock.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-low-temperature-reactions-the-way-forward">Low-temperature reactions: the way forward?</h2>



The team's revolutionary approach allows chemical reactions to be incited at lower temperatures. This is a stark contrast with current methods requiring metals to be heated to several thousand degrees centigrade.



Liquid metals can dissolve catalytic metals like tin, copper, silver, and nickel at lower temperatures. This results in alloys that facilitate chemical reactions at low energy, thus presenting a profound stride towards a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nature-inspires-solutions-for-a-sustainable-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable future</a> for chemical industries.



The innovative research offers a roadmap demonstrating the transformative potential of altering the nature of chemical reactions.



As more industries recognize this potential, the possibilities are boundless, and a more sustainable future might just be within our reach.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-properties-of-liquid-metals">Unique properties of liquid metals</h2>



Liquid metals, such as gallium and mercury, exhibit remarkable properties that make them ideal candidates for revolutionizing chemical processes. 



One of the most significant advantages of liquid metals is their ability to remain in a liquid state at relatively low temperatures, allowing them to be used as efficient solvents and catalysts.



Additionally, liquid metals possess excellent thermal and electrical conductivity, which can further optimize reaction conditions and improve overall efficiency. This conductivity allows for better heat management during chemical processes, minimizing energy waste and enhancing the stability of reactions.



Furthermore, their unique atomic structure enables liquid metals to create dynamic environments for molecular interactions, potentially leading to the development of new materials and products.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-green-chemistry">The future of green chemistry</h2>



As researchers continue to explore the applications of liquid metals in chemical reactions, the potential for innovation is vast. 



From producing cleaner fuels to developing more sustainable materials, liquid metals may well serve as a cornerstone for the future of green chemistry, driving significant reductions in industrial emissions and paving the way for a more sustainable world. 



The integration of this technology would not only change the landscape of chemical production but could also contribute to global efforts in combating climate change.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn5871" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Liquid metals may create a greener future for chemical production

Liquid metals are at the forefront of a new strategy...

Is there more in a name than we realize? It seems like there is, according to a fascinating new study led by Dr. Yonat Zwebner from Reichman University’s <a href="https://www.runi.ac.il/en/schools/business/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arison School of Business</a>. Who would have thought that our names might have a role in shaping our faces?



Dr. Zwebner conducted the research in collaboration with Dr. Moses Miller, Professor Jacob Goldenberg, Noa Grobgeld, and Professor Ruth Mayo of <a href="https://en.huji.ac.il" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hebrew University</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-name-and-face-connection">Name and face connection</h2>



This study posits that a person’s face tends to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-do-not-have-free-will-stanford-scientist-robert-sapolsky/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolve</a> to mirror their name. How interesting is that? But how does this happen?



The researchers examined whether parents choose a baby’s name based on their appearance, or if the individual’s facial appearance changes over time to match the name given by their parents. The findings are genuinely incredible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-matching-names-to-faces">Matching names to faces</h2>



The researchers carried out an intriguing experiment where 9- to 10-year-old children and adults were asked to match faces to names. 



Both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/babies-use-their-mothers-scent-to-see-faces/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">children</a> and adults were able to correctly match adult faces to their respective names, significantly above what could be attributed to pure chance. However, when it came to matching children’s faces and names, the participants couldn’t make as many accurate associations.



It doesn't end there! In another part of this study, a machine learning system was presented with a vast database of human faces. 



The system recognized that the representations of adult faces with the same name were remarkably more similar to each other than faces of adults with different names.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-self-fulfilling-prophecy">Self-fulfilling prophecy</h2>



The bottom line? The researchers concluded that the similarity between a person’s face and their name can be seen as a self-fulfilling prophecy. 



Our facial appearance may change over a long period to align with the social stereotypes associated with our names. Just think about it – does your name influence how you look?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-social-expectations">Impact of social expectations</h2>



There's something profound that this study highlights – the broad impact of social expectations. Do you ever think about how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-with-many-facial-expressions-seem-more-social-and-likeable/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social constructs</a> shape us? According to Dr. Yonat Zwebner, the research demonstrates that social constructs do exist, a theory that has been difficult to prove.



“Our research highlights the broader significance of this surprising effect — the profound impact of social expectations. We have demonstrated that social constructs, or structuring, do exist — something that until now has been almost impossible to test empirically," said Dr. Zwebner.



"Social structuring is so strong that it can affect a person’s appearance. These findings may imply the extent to which other personal factors that are even more significant than names, such as gender or ethnicity, may shape who people grow up to be.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-personal-identity">Implications for personal identity</h2>



The implications of this study extend beyond mere curiosity about names and faces; they venture into the realm of personal identity and self-perception. 



If our names can indeed influence our physical traits, how does this shape our understanding of ourselves? It opens up a dialogue about the role of identity — are we merely shaped by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-power-of-diversity-in-friendships/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">societal expectations</a>, or do we possess agency over how we choose to present ourselves? 



The alignment of personal identity with societal constructs could potentially lead individuals to ingratiate themselves with the traits associated with their names, impacting everything from career choices to social interactions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



This groundbreaking research raises several intriguing questions, highlighting the need for further exploration. 



Future studies could delve into the extent to which various social constructs, such as cultural background or socioeconomic status, influence the connection between names and faces. 



Additionally, understanding whether these effects manifest similarly across different cultures could provide deeper insights into the universality of social expectations. 



As we broaden our inquiry into the interplay of names, faces, and identity, we may uncover further layers of complexity in the ways societal constructs shape our lives and perceptions.



What's in a name? Much more than we ever imagined, according to this study. It gives us food for thought about the powerful social structures that quietly shape our lives and even our faces, every day.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2405334121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

People's faces gradually evolve to match their names

Is there more in a name than we realize? It...

Another exciting chapter has recently unfolded in the endlessly fascinating universe. Astronomers around the globe were stunned by an event named the BOAT, short for the brightest-of-all-time gamma-ray burst (GRB).



Experts took a new look at the gamma-ray burst, which happened in October 2022, and made an amazing discovery. Using data from NASA’s Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, scientists have detected a feature that has never been seen before. 



The research was led by Maria Edvige Ravasio, who is associated with <a href="https://www.ru.nl/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Radboud University in Nijmegen</a>, Netherlands. She is also affiliated with Brera Observatory, part of the Italian National Institute of Astrophysics (INAF) located in Merate, Italy.



The team saw something unusual, a high-energy peak, which turned out to be the first high-confidence emission line ever seen in 50 years of studying GRBs.



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="UioMvapp4o-3764512-12187" type="single"]</div>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-s-an-emission-line">What's an emission line?</h2>



When matter interacts with light, energy can be absorbed and reemitted in specific ways. These interactions can either brighten or dim certain colors (or energies), creating key features when the light is dispersed across a spectrum, similar to the colors of a rainbow.



The features can tell us a lot about the interaction, such as what chemical elements were involved. 



At higher energies, these spectral features can reveal specific particle processes, like when matter and antimatter annihilate each other to produce gamma rays.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-feature-unique-to-the-boat">A feature unique to the BOAT</h2>



Study co-author Om Sharan Salafia from the INAF-Brera Observatory in Milan explained that while some previous studies reported possible evidence for absorption and emission features in other GRBs, they ended up being just statistical fluctuations.



What the experts saw in the brightest gamma-ray burst is different. They ran the numbers and determined that the odds this feature is just a noise fluctuation are less than one chance in half a billion.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-story-of-gamma-ray-bursts">Story of gamma-ray bursts</h2>



Gamma-ray bursts are the most <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-pinpoints-location-farthest-gamma-ray-bursts-in-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">potent explosions in the cosmos</a>. These massive cosmic fireworks emit an exorbitant amount of gamma rays, the highest-energy form of light.



The most typical type occurs when the core of a star exhausts all its fuel, causing it to collapse and form a rapidly spinning black hole. 



Matter falling into the black hole powers oppositely directed particle jets that blast through the star’s outer layers at nearly the speed of light. Earth detects a gamma-ray burst only when one of these jets points almost directly toward it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intensity-of-the-brightest-gamma-ray-burst">Intensity of the brightest gamma-ray burst </h2>



The BOAT, or GRB 221009A as it is formally known, erupted on October 9, 2022. It saturated most gamma-ray detectors in orbit, including those on Fermi, preventing them from measuring the blast's most intense part.



Reconstructed observations coupled with statistical arguments suggest that if the BOAT were part of the same population as previously detected GRBs, it would likely be the brightest burst to appear in Earth’s skies in a whopping 10,000 years.



The unusual emission line showed up almost 5 minutes after the BOAT's detection and well after it had dimmed enough to end saturation effects for Fermi. 



The emission line lingered for at least 40 seconds, peaking with energy of about 12 MeV (million electron volts). To put this into perspective, the energy of visible light ranges from 2 to 3 electron volts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-made-the-spectral-feature">What made the spectral feature?</h2>



The team suspects the most likely cause of this spectral feature is the annihilation of electrons and their antimatter counterparts, positrons. 



“When an electron and a positron collide, they annihilate, producing a pair of gamma rays with an energy of 0.511 MeV,” said study co-author Gor Oganesyan at&nbsp;<a href="https://www.gssi.it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Gran Sasso Science Institute</a>&nbsp;in L’Aquila, Italy. 



“Because we’re looking into the jet, where matter is moving at near light speed, this emission becomes greatly blueshifted and pushed toward much higher energies.”



So, to produce an emission line peaking at 12 MeV, the annihilating particles were likely moving toward us at roughly 99.9% the speed of light.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-many-unknowns-in-gamma-ray-bursts">Many unknowns in gamma-ray bursts</h2>



“After decades of studying these incredible cosmic explosions, we still don’t understand the details of how these jets work,” noted Elizabeth Hays, the Fermi project scientist at&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center</a>&nbsp;in Greenbelt, Maryland. 



“Finding clues like this remarkable emission line will help scientists investigate this extreme environment more deeply.”&nbsp;



In the end, it's just another day in the universe. Each second brings <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-helping-nasa-swift-pinpoint-location-gamma-ray-bursts-grbs-most-violent-explosions-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">new discoveries</a>, new mysteries, and new chances to understand the cosmos around us better. This latest finding is yet another milestone in our quest to unravel the cosmic truths.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center



Image Credit: NASA



-----



Like what you read?&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a>&nbsp;for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and Earth.com.



-----

Brightest gamma-ray burst ever recorded had a rare energy peak

Another exciting chapter has recently unfolded in the endlessly fascinating...

“Every picture tells a story,” or so the saying goes. True enough, but what if those <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/negev-petroglyphs-ancient-art-rock-carvings-face-erosion-fungi-lichens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pictures</a> tell the story of an ancient culture and its intricate relationships with the natural world? 



In the wilderness of the Colombian Amazon, a secretive canvas of rock art explores this very tale. It takes us back to the early settlers of the continent - meeting, marveling, and making meaning of the animals they encountered.



This adventure into human history is led by an international team of researchers from the <a href="https://www.exeter.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Exeter</a>, <a href="https://www.udea.edu.co/">Universidad de Antioquia</a>, Medellín, and the <a href="https://unal.edu.co" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Universidad Nacional de Colombia</a>. The findings take us on a visual journey through time, culture, and ecology.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-amazon-rock-art">Ancient Amazon rock art</h2>



Located in the Serranía de la Lindosa, Cerro Azul – a free-standing table-top hill near the Guayabero River – has proven to be a vital page in the storybook of man's early days in Amazonia. 



The hill hides a trove of rock art, a gallery of vivid ochre <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-humans-used-lava-tubes-for-homes-middle-east-saudi-arabia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">paintings</a> that serve as a testament to the lives and beliefs of the region's early settlers.



“These rock art sites include the earliest evidence of humans in western Amazonia, dating back 12,500 years ago," said Dr. Mark Robinson, associate professor in Exeter's Department of Archaeology and History.



"As such, the art is an amazing insight into how these first settlers understood their place in the world and how they formed relationships with animals.” 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-amazon-through-the-lens-of-rock-art">Amazon through the lens of rock art</h2>



The team's detailed study of animal remains from nearby excavations - alongside analysis of the artistic depictions - revealed an intriguing discrepancy. 



While the remains suggest a diverse diet that included mammals, reptiles, and even fish, it appears the artists weren't merely <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-cave-painting-discovered-in-indonesia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">painting</a> what was on the dinner table.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/amazon_prehistoric-rock-art_animals_panels2_UExeter_1s.jpg" alt="a) avian/human at Las Dantas, b) lizard with round, human-like head at Currunchos, c) bird/plant/human with penis at Principal, d) sloth/human at Demoledores, e) Unknown quadruped with tail and penis at Reserva, f) Deer/human at Principal. Credit: University of Exeter" class="wp-image-1940207"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">a) avian/human at Las Dantas, b) lizard with round, human-like head at Currunchos, c) bird/plant/human with penis at Principal, d) sloth/human at Demoledores, e) Unknown quadruped with tail and penis at Reserva, f) Deer/human at Principal. Credit: University of Exeter</figcaption></figure>



Interestingly, the animal bones' proportions didn't match the proportional representation of animals in the art. 



This raises fascinating questions about the significance of certain species in indigenous Amazonian culture, further underlining the complexities of the relationships these early settlers forged with the animals around them.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-art-and-the-supernatural">Art and the supernatural</h2>



Indeed, the visually stunning renditions of animals and humans transforming into one another alluded to a rich mythology that guided generations of Amazonians. 



This hints at a profound spiritual aspect, suggesting that certain species were revered and believed to possess supernatural connections, warranting complex rituals from specialists.



“The Indigenous people of Cerro Azul and the surrounding lands hunted and depicted a diverse array of animals from different ecologies – from aquatic fish to arboreal monkeys; terrestrial deer to aerial birds, both nocturnal and diurnal," noted Dr. Javier Aceituno, of Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín.



"They had intimate knowledge of the various habitats in the region and possessed the relevant skills to hunt animals and harvest plants from each, as part of a broad subsistence strategy.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-big-cats-and-power-symbols">Big cats and power symbols</h2>



Adding another layer of intrigue to the study are the species noticeably absent from the rock art. Big cats, despite their position as apex predators, were strikingly missing from the painted panels. 



This absence prompts the researchers to theorize that the artists may have been restricted from depicting powerful beasts, like the jaguar, adding a new dimension to their findings.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/amazon_prehistoric-rock-art_animals_panels1_UExeter_1s.jpg" alt="a) fishing; b, c, e) hunting; d) monkey leaping/transforming sequence; f) and an unknown animal with circular feet and curved head elements. Credit: University of Exeter" class="wp-image-1940205"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">a) fishing; b, c, e) hunting; d) monkey leaping/transforming sequence; f) and an unknown animal with circular feet and curved head elements. Credit: University of Exeter</figcaption></figure>



On the other hand, the abundant illustrations of figures combining human and animal characteristics reveal a complex mythology of transformation between animal and human states, a traditional belief still prevalent in many modern Amazonian communities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-learning-from-amazon-rock-art">Learning from Amazon rock art</h2>



The artwork not only paints a picture of humanity's relationship with animals but also showcases a broad understanding and exploitation of diverse environments in the region, including savannah, flooded forests, and rivers.



Professor Jose Iriarte of Exeter offered his perspective on the value of these findings. "Our approach reveals differences between what indigenous communities exploited for food and what is conceptually important to represent - and not represent - in art," said Inarte.



"Though we cannot be certain what meaning these images have, they certainly do offer greater nuance to our understanding of the power of myths in indigenous communities. They are particularly revealing when it comes to more cosmological aspects of Amazonian life, such as what is considered taboo, where power resides, and how negotiations with the supernatural were conducted.”



The findings shed light on the intricate tapestry of Amazonian life thousands of years ago, still echoing through the timeless rock art of Cerro Azul.



Our journey through the annals of human cultural history continues, filling the gaps one discovery after another, allowing us a glimpse into the complex rhythms of ancient life that continue to resonate in our modern world.



The study is published in the <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278416524000448?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Anthropological Archaeology</a>.



Image Credit: University of Exeter



-----



Like what you read?&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a>&nbsp;for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and Earth.com.



-----

Rock art reveals early human ties with Amazon animals

“Every picture tells a story,” or so the saying goes....

New research from the <a href="https://www.rom.on.ca/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Royal Ontario Museum</a> (ROM) highlights a significant, yet previously overlooked source of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenhouse-gas-emissions-reach-another-all-time-high/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greenhouse gas emissions</a>: drying lake beds, specifically Utah's Great Salt Lake. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-drying-lake-beds-and-climate-change-nbsp">Drying lake beds and climate change&nbsp;</h2>



The study, published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2024.07.001" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">One Earth</a>, reports that in 2020, the desiccated bed of Great Salt Lake released 4.1 million tons of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. 



This finding underscores the potential for drying lake beds to become substantial contributors to climate change, exacerbated by global warming.



“Human-caused desiccation of Great Salt Lake is exposing huge areas of lake bed and releasing massive quantities of greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere,” said Soren Brothers, the study’s lead researcher and ROM’s Allan and Helaine Shiff Curator of Climate Change.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-all-activities-contributing-to-emissions">Addressing all activities contributing to emissions</h2>



Brothers noted that the significance of lake desiccation as a driver of climate change needs to be addressed in greater detail and considered in climate change mitigation and watershed planning.



According to the study authors, it is crucial that all activities contributing to GHG emissions be fully accounted for as societies adopt strategies to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to halt the progress of climate change.



“Inland waters are a critical component of the global carbon cycle, emitting large quantities of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) to the atmosphere and annually burying a similar quantity of organic carbon as is buried in oceans,” the researchers added.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fluctuating-levels-of-saline-lakes">Fluctuating levels of saline lakes</h2>



Great Salt Lake’s water levels vary yearly, mainly depending on the volume of meltwater from surrounding mountains. However, human activities like agriculture, industry, and municipal water use have significantly depleted the lake over the years.&nbsp;



Globally, similar patterns are observed in other iconic saline <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-lakes-produce-less-methane-than-previously-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lakes</a> such as the Aral Sea, Lake Urmia, and the Caspian Sea. 



The drying of these lakes not only destroys critical habitats and degrades air quality but also accelerates climate change by emitting greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane from exposed sediments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-emissions-from-drying-lake-beds">Emissions from drying lake beds</h2>



The research team measured carbon dioxide and methane emissions from the exposed sediments of Great Salt Lake between April and November 2020.&nbsp;



These measurements were compared with estimates of aquatic emissions to determine the anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions associated with the lake's desiccation.&nbsp;



The findings indicated that the lake bed emitted 4.1 million tons of greenhouse gases, primarily carbon dioxide (94%), accounting for approximately a 7% increase in Utah's human-caused greenhouse gas emissions for that year.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-measuring-emissions-in-great-salt-lake">Measuring emissions in Great Salt Lake </h2>



Fieldwork was conducted while Soren Brothers was an assistant professor of limnology at <a href="https://www.usu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Utah State University</a> (USU). The lead author, Melissa Cobo, was a master’s student at USU, and co-author Tobias Goldhammer is a researcher at the <a href="https://www.igb-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Leibniz Institute for Freshwater Research </a>(IGB Institute) in Berlin, Germany. 



The team measured greenhouse gas emissions every two weeks using a portable analyzer attached to a closed chamber. They visited seven sites at the south end of the lake and sampled three additional locations during an intensive three-day campaign to determine spatial variability.&nbsp;



As <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-aims-to-reduce-methane-emissions-from-lakes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">methane</a> is 28 times more potent as a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide, the global warming impact was calculated in “carbon dioxide equivalents” to reflect methane's greater impact.



The data showed that greenhouse gas emissions from the dried lake bed were strongly related to warm temperatures, even at sites exposed for over two decades.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-driver-of-atmospheric-warming-nbsp">A new driver of atmospheric warming&nbsp;</h2>



To assess whether the lake had historically been a significant greenhouse gas source, the team also measured near-shore emissions and analyzed water chemistry.&nbsp;



The results indicated that the lake itself was not likely a significant greenhouse gas emitter, making the current emissions from the dried bed a novel driver of atmospheric warming.



As climate change exacerbates drought conditions in arid regions, the desiccation of rivers and lakes could contribute to feedback loops that accelerate climate change. This underscores the need for these emissions to be considered in global greenhouse gas output assessments and in the development of reduction policies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study-nbsp">Broader implications of the study&nbsp;</h2>



The implications of this study are broad and significant. If similar greenhouse gas emissions are occurring from other drying lakes around the world, the cumulative effect on global greenhouse gas levels could be substantial.&nbsp;



The research highlights the need for more comprehensive monitoring and mitigation strategies for drying lakes as part of global efforts to combat <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/safety-on-frozen-lakes-declining-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Drying lake beds are a major source of harmful emissions

New research from the Royal Ontario Museum (ROM) highlights a...

Prepare for an extraordinary celestial light show this week that promises to captivate your imagination! On July 30th, we will witness a remarkable occurrence: two meteor showers, the Delta Aquarids and the Alpha Capricornids, will peak simultaneously.



The Delta Aquarids are known for their bright and speedy meteors, while the Alpha Capricornids are famous for their slower, more colorful shooting stars.



This unique combo is set to light up the night sky in a stunning display of meteors, creating a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/double-meteor-shower-delta-aquarids-alpha-capricornids-light-up-night-sky-july-2024/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">breathtaking spectacle</a> you won’t want to miss.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-of-meteor-showers">Science of meteor showers</h2>



First, let's briefly explore the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/full-buck-moon-joins-perseids-meteor-shower-stellar-show-this-weekend/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">captivating phenomenon</a> of meteor showers. These celestial events occur when our planet passes through the debris left by comets or asteroids.



As Earth orbits the sun, it occasionally intersects these trails of cosmic remnants, leading to the awe-inspiring display of a meteor shower.



Meteoroids, the fragments we observe, vary significantly in size, ranging from minuscule grains of sand to sizable rocks. 



Upon entering our atmosphere, they travel at incredible speeds, often surpassing 100,000 miles per hour.



The intense friction generated during their descent heats these particles, causing them to glow and illuminate the night sky in a stunning spectacle. 



This dazzling display is commonly referred to as meteors or, in a more poetic sense, "shooting stars."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meteoroids-meteorites-and-meteors">Meteoroids, meteorites, and meteors</h2>



Now, let’s clarify some cosmic terminology to eliminate any confusion and learn the difference between meteoroids, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/iron-meteorites-reveal-unexpected-metal-distribution-in-solar-system/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">meteorites</a>, and meteors.



Meteoroids are essentially small rocks or particles that zip through the vastness of space. 



When they ignite upon entering the Earth's atmosphere due to the immense heat generated by their rapid descent, they transform into meteors.



But what happens if a meteoroid survives this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eta-aquarids-see-up-to-50-shooting-stars-per-hour-this-weekend/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fiery journey</a>? If a piece makes it through the atmosphere and lands on the Earth's surface, it is known as a meteorite.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/thousands-of-meteorites-vanish-in-antarctica-due-to-melting-ice/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Meteorites can provide valuable insights</a> into the composition of our solar system, as many of them are remnants from the early days of its formation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-the-stars-of-the-show">Meet the stars of the show</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-delta-aquarids">Delta Aquarids</h3>



The Delta Aquarids meteor shower is a captivating annual event that lights up the night sky, especially for those in the Southern Hemisphere. 



This shower gets its name because its radiant point -- the spot in the sky where the meteors appear to originate -- is near the star <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Aquarii" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Delta Aquarii</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarius_(constellation)" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">constellation Aquarius</a>.



The Delta Aquarids are believed to be remnants of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/96P/Machholz" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">comet 96P Machholz</a>, which orbits the Sun approximately every five years. As this comet travels close to the Sun, it sheds particles that spread out along its orbit. 



When Earth passes through this debris trail, the particles enter our atmosphere, causing the meteor shower. These particles, often just the size of a grain of sand, burn up due to friction with the atmosphere, creating the bright streaks we see as meteors.



One of the unique features of the Delta Aquarids is their long-lasting peak. Unlike other meteor showers that might peak for just one night, the Delta Aquarids have a broad peak period, typically from late July to early August. 



During this time, stargazers can see up to 20 meteors per hour under ideal viewing conditions. The meteors are known for their faint, long trails, which can be especially beautiful against a dark, moonless sky.



The Delta Aquarids are part of a larger family of meteor showers associated with the same comet. This shower's meteors travel at an average speed of around 25 miles per second (40 kilometers per second), which is relatively slow compared to other meteor showers. This slower speed allows the meteors to create longer-lasting trails.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alpha-capricornids">Alpha Capricornids</h3>



The Alpha Capricornids meteor shower is an intriguing celestial event that offers a stunning display of bright meteors. Originating from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capricornus" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">constellation Capricornus</a>, this shower typically peaks around late July.



The Alpha Capricornids are believed to be associated with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/169P/NEAT" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">comet 169P/NEAT</a>. As this comet orbits the Sun, it leaves behind a trail of debris. When Earth passes through this debris, the particles enter our atmosphere, causing the meteors we see. 



Unlike many meteor showers, the Alpha Capricornids are known for producing bright, slow-moving fireballs. These fireballs can be exceptionally brilliant and can stand out even in light-polluted areas.



One of the most striking features of the Alpha Capricornids is the relatively low number of meteors per hour, usually around five, but the quality makes up for the quantity.



The meteors tend to be larger and slower, providing a more prolonged and impressive display. The fireballs produced can sometimes be so bright that they cast shadows and are visible for several seconds.



The Alpha Capricornids are unique because they don't produce as many meteors as some other showers, but the ones they do produce are often very bright and impressive. 



These meteors travel at a slower speed of around 15 miles per second (25 kilometers per second), allowing for longer-lasting fireballs that are easier to observe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stargazing-101-watching-two-meteor-showers">Stargazing 101: Watching two meteor showers</h2>



The fusion of these two showers creates a unique astronomical spectacle, with meteors potentially visible every couple of minutes, providing stargazers with an enchanting experience that highlights the beauty and mystery of our universe.



For a truly comfortable and enjoyable viewing experience, it’s best to find a spot far away from the bright lights of the city.



Consider heading to a rural location or a designated dark sky park, where the atmosphere is free from light pollution that can spoil your stargazing experience and significantly hamper the visibility of these beautiful heavenly bodies.



Once you’ve settled in, give your eyes about 20 to 30 minutes to adjust to the darkness; this time allows your pupils to expand and enhances your ability to see the stars and meteors clearly. After this adjustment period, you’ll be ready to fully appreciate the celestial show above.



To ensure maximum comfort while you gaze up at the night sky, make sure to lie on a cozy blanket or settle into a reclining chair that supports your back and neck.



While you don’t necessarily need binoculars or telescopes to enjoy meteor showers, having a pair on hand can enrich your experience when observing constellations and planets.



A red flashlight is also a handy tool; it allows you to navigate around in the dark without disturbing your night vision or ruining the experience for others.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-meteor-showers-connecting-humans-and-space">Two meteor showers connecting humans and space</h2>



Experiencing a meteor shower transcends mere observation by serving as a compelling reminder of the vast wonders beyond our planet. 



As you recline and witness meteors blazing across the sky, you are not simply observing a natural spectacle but engaging with the universe in a significant manner. 



This is a moment to be shared with loved ones, providing an opportunity to appreciate the beauty and mystery of the cosmos.



The combination of these two meteor showers, Delta Aquarids and the Alpha Capricornids, presents a distinct chance to immerse yourself in the night sky's splendor.



Whether you are a seasoned stargazer or simply someone who delights in gazing upward, this celestial event promises to inspire awe and provoke reflection.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Two meteor showers combine tomorrow into one spectacular show

Prepare for an extraordinary celestial light show this week that...

When Northeastern graduate Camille Martin and associate professor Leila Deravi co-founded <a href="https://seaspireskincare.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Seaspire</a>, a skincare ingredients company inspired by pigments in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/octopus-and-squid-senses-linked-to-human-brain-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">octopus</a> and squid, they aimed to create products that benefit both the skin and the environment. Recent research indicates they are succeeding.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhancing-sunscreen-protection-nbsp-with-cephalopods">Enhancing sunscreen protection&nbsp;with cephalopods </h2>



A study published in the <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ics.12993" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Journal of Cosmetic Science</a> has revealed that Xanthochrome, a synthesized molecule found in cephalopods such as squid, octopus, and cuttlefish, enhances <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ultimate-natural-sunscreen/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sunscreen</a> protection when combined with zinc oxide without harming coral reefs.&nbsp;



Deravi, Seaspire's scientific adviser, noted that these safety findings are crucial because there are a lot of toxicities involved with (traditional) UV filters in sunscreens.



“Some of the chemical UV-filters in particular are known to create reactive oxygen species that are not only bad for the environment but can also seep into our skin and cause systemic toxicities,” said Deravi.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inspiration-for-natural-skincare-ingredients-nbsp">Inspiration for natural skincare ingredients&nbsp;</h2>



The industry is enthusiastic about environmentally friendly innovations, added Martin, who earned her PhD in chemistry from <a href="https://www.northeastern.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northeastern University</a> in 2019 and has served as Seaspire's CEO since its inception.&nbsp;



“Everything we do as a biotechnology company is centered around leveraging marine animals as a source of inspiration for the next generation of skincare ingredients,” explained Martin.



The goal of Seaspire is to make Xanthochrome accessible to skincare product manufacturers and distributors along the supply chain, ultimately incorporating it into a variety of products, including sunscreens, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/artificial-intelligence-identifies-new-anti-aging-compounds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">anti-aging</a> applications, and functional color cosmetics.&nbsp;



“We are just wrapping up the research and development on it now and actively looking for partnerships to bring this to market,” Deravi said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chemical-compounds-for-sunscreen-protection-nbsp">Chemical compounds for sunscreen protection&nbsp;</h2>



Xanthochrome, produced as a brown, textured powder, possesses potent antioxidant and skin restorative properties while providing light scattering qualities that protect against photoaging.&nbsp;



It is the trade name for a chemically synthesized version of xanthommatin, a molecule found in the skin of cephalopods and insects.&nbsp;



“The secret to the cephalopods' unique coloration is derived from its multifunctional chemical compounds, which we identified in our lab at Northeastern,” Deravi explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-antioxidant-properties-of-cephalopod-skin-nbsp">Antioxidant properties of cephalopod skin&nbsp;</h2>



Martin's Ph.D. work was the first to demonstrate that these small molecules inside cephalopod skin, contributing to the animal's camouflage, also have significant antioxidant properties.&nbsp;



“They're free radical scavengers, which are very important for skin health and skin barrier function,” Deravi said. Additionally, these molecules exhibit crucial optical properties that protect against sunlight exposure, functioning similarly to UV filters in sunscreens.



“We didn't create a new molecule. We were able to isolate and characterize the properties of the biomolecules found within cephalopods, engineer a bio-identical version of the naturally occurring material, and position Xanthochrome as a new active ingredient that provides a wide range of skincare benefits,” Martin explained. This innovation offers a single molecule with multiple functions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-boosting-the-power-of-zinc-oxide-nbsp">Boosting the power of zinc oxide&nbsp;</h2>



Unlike parabens often found in sunscreens, previous research showed that Xanthochrome is not an endocrine disruptor. The latest study indicates that it boosts the ultraviolet protection of zinc oxide, which the U.S. Food and Drug Administration deems a safe and effective sunscreen ingredient, by 28% and enhances visible light blocking potential by 45%.&nbsp;



Moreover, Xanthochrome did not adversely affect coral cuttings even at concentrations five times higher than those used in typical formulations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-commitment-to-sustainable-solutions">Commitment to sustainable solutions</h2>



Martin and Deravi hope that skincare manufacturers will recognize Xanthochrome as a next-generation ingredient akin to retinoids, vitamin C, and hyaluronic acid.&nbsp;



“We're creating products that can really be applied and adopted across a wide range of users,” Martin said. “We are creating something that is not only safe for all people but also the environment.”



Deravi emphasized the importance of proving the safety of new raw materials for both humans and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-plastic-pollution-has-become-a-global-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean</a>, where products eventually end up.



Seaspire's mission reflects a commitment to innovative, sustainable solutions in skincare, drawing inspiration from the natural world to address modern challenges in environmental and personal health. As they advance towards market readiness, their work underscores the potential for marine-inspired biotechnology to revolutionize skincare.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Octopus pigments boost the power of sunscreen protection

When Northeastern graduate Camille Martin and associate professor Leila Deravi...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



---



By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"]</div>



Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0dEcERCq61-2283382-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes why experts are studying zebrafish to gain a better understanding of how the immune system responds to injury. Zebrafish have the ability to repair and regenerate organs.



“Organ regeneration offers an exciting opportunity for studying the immune system and to inquire why some species can regenerate organs like the heart or missing limbs while others like humans cannot,” explained Dr. Tatjana Piotrowski.



Zebrafish sensory organ hair cells are an ideal system to investigate the pathways and cell types involved in regeneration since they are easily destroyed with antibiotics and begin regenerating within five hours. This enabled the researchers to identify the exact timing and genetic programs for each anti-inflammatory macrophage activation state.&nbsp;



“Our hypothesis is that human macrophages do not receive the proper chemical activation 'cocktail' to instruct pro-regenerative processes,” said Dr. Nicolas Denans. “Identifying the molecular recipe of macrophage activation in zebrafish may one day enable us to design regenerative immunotherapies in humans.”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



“The new evidence is a valuable resource for comparative studies on the genetic programs involved in macrophage-mediated repair and regeneration. In other words, different types of injuries may induce different kinds of inflammatory responses. We want to decipher whether this 'language' is universal or if there are a variety of dialects."



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How the immune system responds to injury

[sendtonews key="0dEcERCq61-2283382-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Stowers...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="3UUsNkFOuS-2487333-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

[sendtonews key="3UUsNkFOuS-2487333-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"]</div>



Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

News coming your way