Far beneath the Pacific, where the Philippine Sea Plate dives under Japan, researchers have finally caught a peculiar kind of earthquake in the act.



Instead of lurching violently, the shallow end of the Nankai Trough crept for weeks, shifting only millimeters at a time while instruments buried in the seabed recorded every move.



“It's like a ripple moving across the plate interface,” said Josh Edgington, who analyzed the data while completing his PhD at the <a href="https://ig.utexas.edu/">University of Texas Institute for Geophysics</a> (UTIG).



The event - technically a slow-slip earthquake - was first spotted in autumn 2015 and repeated in 2020. Each episode unzipped roughly 20 miles of the fault in slow motion, starting about 30 miles off Japan’s Kii Peninsula and migrating seaward toward the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-ocean-trenches-holding-water/">ocean trench</a>.



Onshore seismometers and GPS receivers were oblivious. Only a new network of borehole observatories, drilled hundreds of feet into the seabed, was sensitive enough to detect motion so subtle.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-detecting-earthquakes-from-below">Detecting earthquakes from below</h2>



Those boreholes are part of Japan’s ambitious scientific-<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drilling-hole-reveals-significant-presence-of-high-grade-gold-and-silver-navidad-deposit/">drilling</a> program, which set out to plug the blind spot in global earthquake monitoring.



Land-based arrays can pinpoint sudden jolts but cannot “listen” to the shallows of subduction zones - precisely the places where tsunami-spawning ruptures begin. Installed sensors measure fluid pressure, strain and tilt with exquisite precision, allowing scientists to see how strain accumulates and releases in real time.



For UTIG director Demian Saffer, who led the study, the advantage is obvious. Slow-slip signals, he said, give researchers a direct view of how the shallow plate boundary behaves between major quakes.



If this creeping zone regularly releases stress, it could limit the size of future <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/650-foot-mega-tsunami-sends-seismic-waves-around-world-dickson-fjord-swot-mission/">tsunamis</a>. If not, the locked portion of the fault farther down-dip might still be primed for a magnitude-8 or 9 shock, similar to 1946, when a great Nankai earthquake leveled towns and killed more than 1,300 people.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-water-helps-faults-slip">Water helps faults slip</h2>



Both slow-slip events tracked by the borehole array unfolded in regions where pore-fluid pressures are unusually high.



That correlation supports a popular but difficult-to-prove theory: overpressured fluids lubricate faults, allowing sections to move quietly rather than break catastrophically.



In the Nankai data, the link is as clear as it has ever been, offering a new metric for judging the tsunami potential of similar faults worldwide.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tsunami-signs-from-afar">Tsunami signs from afar</h2>



While parts of Nankai appear to “creak and groan” in slow motion, the equivalent shallow segment off the Pacific Northwest known as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-dangerous-part-of-this-west-coast-earthquake-fault-cascadia-subduction-zone/">Cascadia</a> may be silent. 



That worries scientists, because a silent, locked interface stores energy that can unleash one of Earth’s rare magnitude-9 megathrusts and the devastating tsunamis that follow.



“This is a place that we know has hosted magnitude 9 earthquakes and can spawn deadly tsunamis,” Saffer said.



“Are there creaks and groans that indicate the release of accumulated strain, or is fault near the trench deadly silent? Cascadia is a clear top-priority area for the kind of high-precision monitoring approach that we’ve demonstrated is so valuable at Nankai.”



Installing similar borehole observatories along Cascadia, Chile, and Indonesia - other corners of the Pacific “Ring of Fire” - could reveal whether those margins harbor their own stealthy slow quakes or remain locked tight to the trench. 



The answer would refine tsunami-hazard forecasts and perhaps buy coastal communities critical minutes of warning.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-creeping-fault-limits-big-earthquakes">Creeping fault limits big earthquakes</h2>



Taken together, the 2015 and 2020 Nankai slow-slip episodes suggest the shallow <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-dangerous-part-of-this-west-coast-earthquake-fault-cascadia-subduction-zone/">fault</a> functions more like a tectonic shock absorber than a ticking bomb. By periodically releasing energy, it might reduce how much strain transfers to deeper, more dangerous segments.



Yet the scientists caution against complacency. The deeper Nankai interface and neighboring segments could still fail suddenly, as history shows.



For now, geophysicists are analyzing the rich new dataset to model how fluids, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/solar-heat-and-earthquake-activity-is-there-a-connection/">temperature</a>, and rock composition govern the transition from silent creep to violent rupture.



Each slow-slip event is another frame in an expanding time-lapse of the earthquake cycle - one that could eventually reveal when the next big snap is likely to occur.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hearing-earthquakes-before-they-roar">Hearing earthquakes before they roar</h2>



Catch a fault in the middle of a slow-motion glide and you learn a simple truth: not every earthquake shouts. Some only whisper, rippling quietly through kilometres of rock.



By wiring the seabed for sound, scientists have begun to hear those whispers and, with them, the hidden conversations that decide when Earth decides to roar.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ads9715">Science</a>.



Image Credit: Japan Meteorological Agency 



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Scientists detect a rare slow-motion earthquake along Japan’s tsunami fault

Far beneath the Pacific, where the Philippine Sea Plate dives under Japan, researchers have finally caught a peculiar kind of earthquake in the act. Instead of lurching violently, the shallow end of the Nankai Trough crept for weeks, shifting only millimeters at a time while instruments buried in the seabed recorded every move. “It's like a ripple moving across the plate interface,” said Josh Edgington, who analyzed the data while completing his PhD at the University of Texas Institute for Geophysics (UTIG). The event - technically a...

A new study by the <a href="https://www.helsinki.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Helsinki</a> raises concerns about the long-term impacts of early summer salmon fishing. The research suggests a potential link between fishing pressure during the early season and a decline in the average size of Atlantic salmon. This change could be attributed to evolutionary processes influenced by human activity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-factor-in-salmon-size-and-growth">Genetic factor in salmon size and growth</h2>



Atlantic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/california-chinook-salmon-almost-extinct-due-to-drought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">salmon</a> possess a genetic variant that influences their growth and maturity patterns. Individuals carrying this variant adopt a life history strategy characterized by larger body size and later maturation. This strategy allows salmon to invest more energy in growth before diverting resources towards reproduction. 



Larger females can produce more eggs, and larger males have a competitive advantage during spawning. This increased potential for reproductive success over their lifetime provides an evolutionary benefit to salmon carrying the "large salmon variant." Larger fish also offer a more substantial catch, making them highly desirable to anglers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fishing">Fishing </h2>



"This finding suggests that the timing of fishing may cause evolutionary changes in the age and size that Atlantic salmon reach before maturation. Intensive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fishing-levels-can-destroy-or-save-coral-reef-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fishing</a> especially in the early fishing season may lead to the 'large salmon variant' becoming rarer and to salmon spawning at a younger age and smaller size," explained lead author Dr. Antti Miettinen.



The study revealed a concerning trend. Salmon possessing the "large salmon variant" were more likely to be caught during the early part of the fishing season. This isn't random. Early-arriving salmon tend to be larger and older, making them more attractive targets for anglers. Over multiple seasons, the consistent removal of larger fish with the valuable growth gene creates a form of artificial selection.



Fish populations naturally exhibit a range of genetic variations. When fishing pressure heavily targets a specific trait, like the larger size associated with the "large salmon variant," it disrupts the natural balance of these variations. 



Over time, fish with the variant become less common in the population. Conversely, salmon that mature earlier and are smaller in size – traits not targeted by early season fishing – survive and reproduce at a higher rate.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-term-consequences-for-salmon-populations-and-size">Long-term consequences for salmon populations and size</h2>



If this trend of targeting larger fish during the early season continues unchecked, it could have serious consequences for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/salmon-migration-routes-discovered-using-historical-data/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">salmon</a> populations in the long run. Here's why:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reduced-genetic-diversity">Reduced genetic diversity</h3>



Within a population, a wide range of genetic variations improves resilience. Different gene combinations provide a wider array of traits, offering better chances of some individuals adapting to diseases or changing environments.



Targeting larger fish disproportionately removes those carrying the "large salmon variant." This gene, which promotes size and later maturation, becomes less common over generations. The loss of this beneficial trait limits the population's potential to rebound when conditions improve.



Less genetic diversity can lead to inbreeding and make the population more susceptible to diseases. It can also hinder their ability to adapt to changes like warming water temperatures or shifts in prey availability.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-smaller-average-salmon-size">Smaller average salmon size</h3>



As larger salmon are consistently removed, the average size of the population gradually declines. Over many generations, this decrease could become substantial.



Salmon play a crucial role in their ecosystems, both as predators and prey. Smaller salmon may be less effective hunters and more vulnerable to their own predators. These changes can disrupt the delicate balance of the food web.



Large adult salmon carry a significant amount of nutrients back to freshwater when they spawn. These nutrients boost the growth of insects and other organisms, which in turn support birds and other wildlife. Smaller salmon contribute fewer nutrients, potentially affecting the entire ecosystem.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reproductive-success">Reproductive success</h3>



In fish, there's a strong correlation between body size and egg production. Larger females produce a higher number of eggs, which translates to more potential offspring.



When smaller salmon dominate the population, fewer eggs are produced overall. Without sufficient new members joining the population, it can gradually decline over time.



Reduced reproductive success makes it harder for populations to recover from natural fluctuations or additional pressures like habitat loss or reduced food availability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-case-of-the-baltic-salmon">Case of the Baltic salmon</h2>



The researchers focused on wild salmon in the northern Baltic Sea, where the impact was noticeable. Salmon caught early in the season, especially in upstream areas of the Tornio and Kalix Rivers, were more likely to have the "large salmon variant."



"Fishing in the early part of the fishing season targets salmon that spawn in the headwaters of these rivers, which should be accounted for in fisheries management to ensure the viability of these salmon populations," said Miettinen.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-conservation-and-fishing">Implications for conservation and fishing</h2>



This study highlights the complex ways our actions can shape wild animal populations. Fishing, if not carefully managed, can inadvertently drive evolutionary changes over time. Policymakers and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fishing-communities-are-on-the-frontline-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fishing</a> communities face the challenge of balancing immediate needs with the long-term health of salmon stocks.



"By analyzing the genetics of samples collected across the northern Baltic over many decades, this study shows how human activities could cause evolutionary changes in wild salmon populations," said study co-author Dr. Victoria Pritchard.



The researchers emphasized the need for continued monitoring and research. The genetic tools created in this study provide a way to track the effects of changing fishing practices. It's vital to find solutions that protect salmon populations while supporting sustainable fishing.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/eva.13690" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Evolutionary Applications</a>.



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Early fishing season actually alters the genetic evolution of Atlantic salmon size

A new study by the University of Helsinki raises concerns...

Star,Of,Our,Solar,System,3d,Illustration,Close,Shot.,Nebula

Solar activity has reached high levels in the past 24-36 hours, with background flux at or near M1.0. The most significant developments from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/team-creates-video-showing-the-sun-in-gamma-rays-over-a-14-year-period/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">the Sun</a> include the growth and merging of Regions 3664 and 3668, as well as the production of numerous M-class solar flares and two X-class solar flares from CMEs that are expected to arrive at Earth this weekend.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-region-3664-dominates-solar-activity-with-three-cmes">Region 3664 dominates solar activity with three CMEs</h2>



Region 3664, now combined with Region 3668, has grown to over 1,500 miles in size. This region has been the primary source of solar activity, producing many M-class flares and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-solar-flares-erupt-towards-earth-causing-radio-blackouts-ar3663/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">two X-class flares</a>. 



Associated with this activity were three halo coronal mass ejections (CMEs) expected to arrive on Earth between late May 10 and early May 11, 2024. 



A fourth halo CME, linked to the X2.2/3B flare, is visible in STEREO imagery but has yet to be fully analyzed due to pending updates in LASCO coronagraph imagery.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sunspot-region-3663-shows-signs-of-decay">Sunspot region 3663 shows signs of decay</h2>



<a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/news/r3-strong-radio-blackout-observed-030222-utc" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Region 3663</a>, approaching the western limb, exhibited signs of decay and appears to be losing its delta configuration.



Despite this, the region continued to produce optical flares, radio bursts, and an isolated M-class flare. Other spotted active regions remained stable and inactive.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solar-filament-eruption-and-cme">Solar filament eruption and CME</h2>



In addition to the activity in Regions 3664 and 3663, a 35° long filament erupted near E27N18. This eruption was accompanied by a CME moving primarily in a northeasterly direction. 



Analysis suggests a possible Earth-directed component with timing similar to the aforementioned halo CMEs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forecast-high-to-very-high-solar-activity-expected">Forecast: High to very high solar activity expected</h2>



Solar activity is expected to persist at high to very high levels from May 9-11. M-class flares (R1-R2/Minor-Moderate) are expected, and X-class flares (R3/Strong) are likely due to the continued flare potential of Regions 3663 and 3664.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-energetic-particle-activity-and-forecast">Energetic particle activity and forecast</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-electron-and-proton-flux-levels">Electron and proton flux levels</h3>



The greater than 2 MeV electron flux remained at normal to moderate levels, while the greater than 10 MeV proton flux was steady at background levels.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forecast-potential-for-minor-proton-flux-storm">Forecast: Potential for minor proton flux storm</h3>



The greater than 2 MeV electron flux is expected to continue at normal to moderate levels from May 9-11, 2024. 



There is a chance for the greater than 10 MeV proton flux to reach S1 (Minor) storm levels during this period due to the flare potential of Regions 3663 and 3664.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solar-wind-conditions-and-forecast">Solar wind conditions and forecast</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-near-background-conditions-with-elevated-solar-wind-speeds">Near-background conditions with elevated solar wind speeds</h3>



The solar wind environment reflected near-background conditions, with slightly elevated solar wind speeds likely attributed to residual coronal hole high-speed stream (CH HSS) influence. 



Total field strength remained steady near 3 nT, the Bz component had no significant southward deflections, Phi maintained a positive orientation, and solar wind speeds averaged near 470 km/s.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forecast-enhancements-expected-from-cme-arrivals">Forecast: Enhancements expected from CME arrivals</h3>



Enhancements in the solar wind environment are likely on May 9 following the anticipated glancing effects of a CME that departed the Sun on May 6. Stronger enhancements are expected late on May 10 and into May 11 as the two CMEs that left the Sun on May 8 are anticipated to arrive at Earth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geomagnetic-activity-and-forecast">Geomagnetic activity and forecast</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quiet-geomagnetic-field">Quiet geomagnetic field</h3>



The geomagnetic field remained at quiet levels over the past 24 hours.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forecast-unsettled-to-strong-geomagnetic-storm-conditions">Forecast: Unsettled to strong geomagnetic storm conditions</h3>



From mid to late day on May 9, unsettled to active conditions are possible as glancing effects from the <a href="https://twitter.com/drkstrong/status/1786237553470833127?t=142" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">May 6 CME</a> influence Earth. 



By late May 10, the arrival of the two halo CMEs from May 8 is expected to increase the geomagnetic response to G1 (Minor) storm levels. 



Early on May 11, conditions are likely to reach G3 (Strong) or G4 (Severe) storm levels as the bulk of four CMEs moves past Earth. 



While confidence in timing is fairly high, confidence in the magnitude and strength of the geomagnetic response to the CME arrival is low to moderate.



Please refer to this chart for an explanation of the <a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/noaa-scales-explanation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NOAA Weather Scales</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-impacts">Potential impacts</h2>



The area of impact is primarily poleward of 50 degrees Geomagnetic Latitude. Potential effects include:



<ul>
<li>Induced Currents: Power system voltage irregularities and false alarms on some protection devices.</li>



<li>Spacecraft: Surface charging and increased drag on low Earth-orbit satellites, potentially causing orientation problems.</li>



<li>Navigation: Intermittent satellite navigation (GPS) problems, including loss-of-lock and increased range error.</li>



<li>Radio: Intermittent HF (high frequency) radio communication.</li>



<li>Aurora: Northern lights may be seen as low as the southern states, down to Iowa in the Midwest, and down to Oregon in the Northwest.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-braces-for-impact-from-another-solar-storm">Earth braces for impact from another solar storm</h2>



In summary, as the Sun continues to showcase its immense power through high levels of solar activity, Earth prepares for the potential impacts of incoming CMEs. 



While the timing of these events remains fairly certain, the magnitude of their effects on our planet's geomagnetic field is still a subject of speculation. 



Regardless of the outcome, this period of heightened solar activity serves as a reminder of the intricate relationship between our star and the technology we rely on daily. 



As we monitor the developments in the coming days, it is crucial to remain vigilant and prepared for any challenges that may arise from this cosmic dance between the Sun and Earth.



Stay tuned to Earth.com and the NOAA's Space Weather Prediction Center (<a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SWPC</a>) for updates.



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Earth prepares for solar storm impact from three CMEs this weekend

Solar activity has reached high levels in the past 24-36...

Let's be honest – the whole idea of a "perfect" <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parents-often-feel-lonely-burnt-out-parenting-demands/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parent</a> is absurd. No matter how polished those Instagram snapshots or how organized your neighbor seems, no parent has it all together, all the time. Yet, the constant pressure to achieve some mythical ideal of perfect parenting is taking its toll on families everywhere and causing parental burnout in excess.



A new study from <a href="https://nursing.osu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Ohio State University College of Nursing</a>, summarized in the report "The Power of Positive Parenting: Evidence to Help Parents and Their Children Thrive," shows how damaging this "perfect" parent obsession can be.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-burnout-epidemic-impacting-parents">Burnout epidemic impacting parents</h2>



"We have high expectations for ourselves as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/personality-traits-are-not-strongly-inherited-from-parents/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parents</a>; we have high expectations for what our kids should be doing. Then on the flipside, you're comparing yourself to other people, other families, and there's a lot of judgment that goes on. And whether it's intended or not, it's still there," says Kate Gawlik, DNP, an associate clinical professor at Ohio State's College of Nursing, and one of the study's lead researchers.



The study revealed a truly startling fact: a whopping 57% of the 700 surveyed parents reported feeling burned out. So, what's behind this overwhelming feeling? 



Today's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parents-spend-the-most-time-on-devices-but-nature-offers-a-solution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parents</a> face a barrage of pressures, both from within and from society at large. They struggle to live up to their own ideals about what a "good parent" should be, while simultaneously feeling judged by others. The constant struggle to meet everyone's expectations - whether about keeping a spotless home, providing the perfect play experiences, or raising high-achieving children - is draining.



In our current society, achievement and success are celebrated (and sometimes even expected) from a very early age. This "culture of achievement" puts pressure on parents to push their kids to excel in all areas. They enroll children in multiple structured activities, hoping to give them every possible advantage. 



However, this often backfires, replacing relaxing family time and the freedom of unstructured play with stressful schedules and added pressure for everyone involved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-kids-beyond-parent-burnout">Impact on kids beyond parent burnout</h2>



Sadly, the problems don't stop with parental burnout. The study reveals worrying trends in children's mental health.



Parental burnout doesn't exist in a vacuum. The study found a direct link between burned-out parents and a greater likelihood of their children developing mental health issues. Children of these parents were more likely to experience anxiety, depression, ADHD, and other mental health challenges.



When parents are feeling completely overwhelmed and emotionally exhausted, it's incredibly difficult to respond to their children's needs with patience and understanding. Burnout can lead to harsh verbal reactions fueled by anger or criticism. 



It can even, in some cases, lead to physical punishment. These negative interactions are deeply harmful, further escalating the child's mental health struggles and creating a vicious cycle.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-positive-parenting-a-better-way-to-handle-parental-burnout">Positive parenting: A better way to handle parental burnout</h2>



So, what's a tired, well-meaning parent to do? The Ohio State experts say forget about perfection. Instead, focus on "positive parenting" with a few key strategies:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-connection-over-chaos">Connection over chaos</h3>



Instead of striving for a picture-perfect home, focus on building strong, loving relationships with your children. This means making time for genuine conversations, active listening, and shared experiences. 



Accept that sometimes – maybe even often – the house will be a little messy in favor of those precious moments of connection.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-catch-negative-thoughts">Catch negative thoughts</h3>



Parenting is full of doubt: "Am I doing this right?" or "Am I failing as a parent?" It's easy for such worries to spiral into negative self-talk and unrealistic expectations that set you up for failure. 



Develop the habit of recognizing negative thought patterns. Actively challenge them and replace them with kinder, more realistic internal narratives.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-re-adjust-priorities">Re-adjust priorities</h3>



Take an honest inventory of how you and your family spend your time and energy. Are there commitments or obligations that are draining your family's happiness without bringing true fulfillment in return? Don't be afraid to give yourself permission to let those things go, freeing up valuable time and emotional space for the things that truly matter.



"'Positive parenting is when you give your children a lot of love and warmth, but you also provide structure and guidance in their life. You gently teach them consequences of behaviors. So that is a much better goal to shoot for being a positive parent than a perfect parent,'" explains Dr. Bernadette Melnyk, vice president for health promotion and chief wellness officer at Ohio State.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-self-care-isn-t-selfish">Self-care isn't selfish</h2>



It's like the old "put your oxygen mask on before assisting others" advice on airplanes. "As parents, we can't keep pouring from an empty cup. If children see their parents taking good self-care, the chances are they're going to grow up with that value as well. It has a ripple effect to the children and to the entire family," notes Dr. Melnyk.



Let's cut this "perfect parent" myth down to size. You are not failing if you sometimes feel lost or tired. Parenting is hard! What truly matters is being present, loving, and modeling healthy behaviors for your child. "I would much rather have a happy kid than a perfect kid," says Gawlik.



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Parents report excess burnout due to unrealistic expectations

Let's be honest – the whole idea of a "perfect"...

The simple act of water freezing holds more complexity than initially meets the eye. While we often take the formation of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/control-ice-formation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ice</a> for granted, there are surprising aspects to this transformation, from supercooled states to the captivating phenomenon of dendritic crystal growth. These spectacular observations are documented in a <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=24TB1vPuzIU" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">video</a> from the American Chemical Society. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-supercooled-water-and-ice-nucleation">Supercooled water and ice nucleation</h2>



Water has the expected behavior of freezing at its standard freezing point of 32°F/0°C. However, under specific conditions, you can cool pure water below this temperature and it will remain in a liquid state. We term this unstable condition "supercooled" water.



For water to transition from a supercooled liquid to <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/ice-earths-atmosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ice</a>, a process called nucleation must occur. Nucleation is essentially the formation of a tiny ice crystal that serves as a "seed" around which other water molecules can align and freeze, resulting in the familiar solid state of ice. Even the smallest disturbance, such as a speck of dust or a vibration, can provide the impetus for nucleation to begin, leading to rapid freezing.



While the overall concept of supercooling and nucleation is understood, scientists still grapple with the exact processes that trigger nucleation events at a molecular level. Understanding these intricacies promises to offer better control over ice formation and its prevention when necessary.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-accidental-discovery-of-ice-formation">Accidental discovery of ice formation</h2>



The phenomenon of supercooled water, where it remains liquid even below its usual freezing point, has long fascinated scientists. It recently gained renewed public attention thanks to the curiosity of an individual named All George. 



His quest to create crystal-clear ice cubes led to an accidental rediscovery of dendritic crystal growth – a stunning process where ice forms in intricate, branching patterns. First observed centuries ago, this process continues to captivate researchers today.



The diverse ways in which water freezes still hold an element of surprise for scientists. Understanding the conditions and intricate patterns of ice formation offers valuable insights into the fundamental forces of physics and chemistry.



Ice research has deep relevance for various scientific fields. In meteorology, it aids in the prediction of weather patterns. In cell biology, it plays a crucial role in techniques like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biobanking-historic-initiative-aims-to-genetically-rescue-endangered-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cryopreservation</a>. 



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0JFSVUv19E-3606556-12187" type="single"]</div>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dendritic-growth-in-ice-formation">Dendritic growth in ice formation</h2>



When supercooled water contains even the slightest impurities, it can undergo a fascinating transformation as it begins to freeze. These impurities serve as nucleation points where ice crystals can start to form. 



As the freezing process initiates, it gives rise to delicate, branching structures called dendrites. These dendritic crystals are highly intricate and grow in fractal-like patterns that can extend in many directions, mimicking the shape of tree branches.



This dendritic growth is responsible for the cloudy or spiky appearance often observed in ice cubes. In pure water, freezing would typically result in a clear ice block because there are fewer sites for ice crystals to nucleate and grow in an unrestricted fashion. 



However, the presence of impurities disrupts this process, leading to the formation of multiple nucleation points. As a result, the crystals grow in numerous directions, colliding and intertwining with each other, which scatters light in various directions, thereby giving the ice its cloudy or textured appearance. 



This visual phenomenon not only highlights the intricate beauty of natural processes but also illustrates how minute changes in environmental conditions can drastically alter the physical structure of water as it freezes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenge-of-clear-ice">Challenge of clear ice</h2>



Creating pristine, clear ice cubes presents a significant challenge due to the natural occurrence of dendritic growth during the freezing process. Typically, when water freezes, it contains various impurities that act as nucleation points where ice crystals begin to form. 



As the water solidifies from all sides simultaneously, these dendritic ice crystals develop, spreading in complex, branch-like patterns. This scattered growth leads to the formation of cloudy and uneven ice, rather than the clear, smooth cubes desired for aesthetic presentations.



To achieve the crystal-clear ice often used in high-end restaurants, bars, and luxury events, specialized techniques must be employed that carefully control both the presence of impurities and the direction in which the ice freezes.



To remove impurities, the water used for these clear ice cubes often undergoes a process of filtration or distillation. This step is crucial because it eliminates the minerals and particulates that serve as nucleation points for dendritic growth. With fewer impurities, the water is less prone to forming the cloudy structures associated with regular ice.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-directional-freezing">Directional freezing</h2>



In addition to purifying the water, controlling the freezing direction plays a pivotal role in achieving clarity. By using a method called directional freezing, the water is frozen slowly from one direction, typically from the top down. 



This controlled approach allows air and remaining impurities to be pushed downwards and out of the ice, rather than being trapped within, forming the unwanted cloudy appearance. The technique mimics the natural formation of lake ice, which is typically clear due to the slow freezing process under insulated conditions.



These specialized methods, while more time-consuming and requiring more precise equipment than typical ice-making, result in stunningly clear ice cubes that not only enhance the aesthetic appeal of drinks but also melt more slowly due to their density, providing a functional benefit in cocktail presentation and enjoyment.



George's accidental discovery highlights the fact that even commonplace phenomena can harbor hidden depths. The study of ice continues to provide valuable insights into physics, chemistry, and the natural world. 



As we better understand the complexities of ice formation, we expand our knowledge with applications in a wide array of fields.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society



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Unexpected beauty revealed in ice formation

The simple act of water freezing holds more complexity than...

Researchers have identified a pattern of brain activity that helps prevent us from getting lost, described by scientists as a neural compass. 



This discovery sheds light on how the human brain orientates itself in space and navigates through the environment, providing new insights into the complex workings of our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brains-spatial-map-rewards/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">neural circuitry</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pinpointing-the-location-of-the-neural-compass">Pinpointing the location of the neural compass</h2>



The study, published in Nature Human Behaviour, was conducted by a team of researchers at the <a href="https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Birmingham</a> and <a href="https://www.lmu.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ludwig Maximilian University</a> of Munich. 



They were able to pinpoint the location of an internal neural compass within the human brain, which is comparable to the neural codes identified in rodents.



"Keeping track of the direction you are heading in is pretty important. Even small errors in estimating where you are and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elderly-people-lost-disoriented/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">which direction</a> you are heading in can be disastrous," emphasized Dr Benjamin J. Griffiths, the lead author of the study



"We know that animals such as birds, rats and bats have neural circuitry that keeps them on track, but we know surprisingly little about how the human brain manages this out and about in the real world," he continued.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-overcoming-challenges-in-measuring-neural-activity">Overcoming challenges in measuring neural activity</h2>



Measuring neural activity in humans while they are moving is a challenging task, as most technologies require participants to remain as still as possible. However, the researchers overcame this challenge by using mobile EEG devices and motion capture technology.



In the study, a group of 52 healthy participants took part in a series of motion-tracking experiments while their brain activity was recorded via scalp EEG. 



This allowed the researchers to monitor brain signals from the participants as they moved their heads to orientate themselves to cues on different computer monitors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-the-hippocampus-and-neighboring-regions">Exploring the hippocampus and neighboring regions</h2>



In a separate study, the researchers monitored signals from 10 participants who were already undergoing intercranial electrode monitoring for conditions such as epilepsy. 



This allowed them to record data from the hippocampus and neighboring regions, which are crucial for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-spatial-awareness-decisions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">navigation and orientation</a>.



The tasks prompted participants to move their heads, or sometimes just their eyes, and brain signals from these movements were recorded from EEG caps and intracranial EEG (iEEG).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-isolating-finely-tuned-directional-signals-in-the-neural-compass">Isolating finely tuned directional signals in the neural compass</h2>



After accounting for confounds in the EEG recordings, such as muscle movement or position of the participant within the environment, the researchers were able to show a finely tuned directional signal. This signal could be detected just before physical changes in head direction among participants.



"Isolating these signals enables us to really focus on how the brain processes <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-sense-smell-direction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">navigational information</a> and how these signals work alongside other cues such as visual landmarks," Dr Griffiths explained.



"Our approach has opened up new avenues for exploring these features, with implications for research into neurodegenerative diseases and even for improving navigational technologies in robotics and AI," he concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-neurodegenerative-diseases">Implications for neurodegenerative diseases</h2>



The identification of head direction signals within the brain has implications for understanding diseases such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pesticide-exposure-increases-the-risk-of-parkinsons-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Parkinson's</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alzheimers-disease-earliest-biomarker-protein-psd-95-identified/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer's</a>, where navigation and orientation are often impaired. 



By gaining a better understanding of how the brain processes navigational information, researchers can potentially develop new approaches for treating these conditions.



In future work, the researchers plan to apply their learning to investigate how the brain navigates through time, to find out if similar neuronal activity is responsible for memory. 



This could lead to further breakthroughs in our understanding of the complex workings of the human brain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-next-steps-for-the-brain-s-neural-compass">Next steps for the brain’s neural compass</h2>



In summary, this study highlights exciting new directions for understanding how the human brain navigates through space and time using its neural compass.



By isolating finely tuned directional signals within the brain, the researchers have taken a significant step towards unraveling the mysteries of spatial cognition and memory. 



Their findings shed light on the complex workings of the brain's internal compass and hold promise for future research into neurodegenerative diseases and advancements in navigational technologies. 



As scientists continue to explore the intricate neural pathways that guide us through our environment, we move closer to unlocking the secrets of the human brain and its remarkable ability to orient and navigate in the world around us.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-024-01872-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Human Behaviour</a>.



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Humans have an internal GPS system called a 'neural compass' used for navigation

Researchers have identified a pattern of brain activity that helps...

In a recent study utilizing the capabilities of the James Webb Space Telescope (<a href="https://webb.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JWST</a>), an international team of astronomers focused on young stellar objects within the NGC 346 cluster. 



Situated in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/open-star-cluster-in-the-small-magellanic-cloud/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Small Magellanic Cloud</a>, this vibrant open cluster is recognized as the most luminous star-forming region in the nearby dwarf galaxy, located approximately 202,000 light-years from Earth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Young stellar objects: The early stages of stars</h2>



Young stellar objects (YSOs) represent early stages in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astronomers-discover-a-new-way-that-stars-die/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life cycle of stars</a>, encompassing phases from protostars to pre-main sequence (PMS) stars.



These objects typically reside within dense molecular clouds rich in gas and interstellar material, making them ideal subjects for understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/ullyses-will-explore-the-evolution-of-stars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stellar evolution</a>.



The research was led by Nolan Habel from NASA's <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>. The team used JWST's advanced Near Infrared Camera (NIRCam) and Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) to delve deeper into the secrets of NGC 346. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">A treasure trove of stellar data in NGC 346</h2>



The research uncovered a wealth of data, revealing 203,891 unique sources within the cluster using NIRCam and MIRI. Of these, 196 were confidently identified as YSOs and PMS stars, earmarked for more detailed spectroscopic analysis. 



Additionally, 833 objects displayed significant mid-infrared excess, hinting at their identity as young stellar objects, which are often found near areas dense with diffuse dust and gas.



"In this paper, we present JWST imaging data of NGC 346 from 1.15–25.0 µm and provide an overview of the populations in the region, particularly the young populations, as determined from photometric analysis," noted the researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-detailed-spectral-analysis">Detailed spectral analysis</h2>



Further investigations involved spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting on 77 sources, which pinpointed 23 objects as young stellar objects with high certainty. 



These YSOs exhibited a broad range of sizes and masses, with radii stretching from 0.14 to 82.32 solar radii and masses between 0.95 to 4.15 solar masses. Their bolometric temperatures also varied widely, ranging from 2,051 to 17,930 Kelvin.



The study highlighted one particularly notable young stellar object, designated CN202153, recognized as the least massive extragalactic YSO confirmed thus far. 



The team suggested that further near-infrared spectroscopic studies with JWST are essential to refine our understanding of these 23 specifically identified young stellar objects.



The research not only enriches our comprehension of <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/messier-82-unlocking-the-mysteries-of-star-formation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a> in distant clusters but also underscores the invaluable role of advanced telescopes like the JWST in unraveling the complexities of the universe. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Young stellar objects&nbsp;</h2>



Young stellar objects form in dense regions of molecular clouds, where gravity pulls gas and dust together, leading to the accumulation of material that eventually becomes hot and dense enough to initiate nuclear fusion. 



The process begins with a protostar, which is the core that forms within a collapsing cloud of gas and dust, and is often obscured from view by the surrounding dense material.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Various stages </h3>



As a young stellar object continues to gather mass from its parent molecular cloud, it may go through various stages characterized by different amounts of accretion and outflow of material.&nbsp;



These stages include the deeply embedded Class 0 and Class I phases, which are mostly visible in infrared and radio wavelengths due to their thick dust envelopes. In later stages, such as Class II and Class III, the object becomes visible in optical wavelengths as it clears away its surrounding envelope.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Active accretion&nbsp;</h3>



Young stellar objects are often associated with phenomena such as Herbig-Haro objects, which are jets of gas ejected by the star that collide with the surrounding medium, creating visible shock waves. These are indicators of active accretion. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protoplanetary-disks">Protoplanetary disks </h3>



Another characteristic feature of YSOs is the presence of protoplanetary disks, rings of gas and dust that orbit the young star and can eventually form planets.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-young-stellar-objects">Studying young stellar objects </h2>



Observing YSOs can provide insights into the magnetic activity, stellar winds, and outflows that characterize the early lives of stars, which are much more active compared to their later stages.



Studying young stellar objects is crucial for understanding the processes that lead to star and planet formation and provides insights into the conditions of the early solar system.



The study is published as a preprint in the journal <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.16242" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arXiv</a>.



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Young stellar objects: Observing the early lives of stars

In a recent study utilizing the capabilities of the James...

A team of researchers led by <a href="https://www.ohsu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oregon Health Science University</a> (OHSU) has found significant risks associated with the combined use of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-cannabis-use-disorder-risk-varies-among-young-adults/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis</a> and nicotine during pregnancy.&nbsp;



The research highlights a greater likelihood of poor outcomes for newborns when both substances are used together compared to using either independently throughout pregnancy.



“These findings suggest that co-occurring maternal use of cannabis and nicotine products in pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of infant and neonatal death and maternal and neonatal morbidity compared with use of either substance alone,” wrote the study authors.&nbsp;



“Given the increasing prevalence of combined cannabis and nicotine use in pregnancy, these findings can help guide health care practitioners with preconception and prenatal counseling, especially regarding the benefits of cessation.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-combined-use-of-substances-during-pregnancy">Combined use of substances during pregnancy</h2>



What is particularly concerning, according to the researchers, is that half of individuals who use cannabis in pregnancy also use tobacco or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabidiol-could-help-cure-nicotine-addiction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nicotine</a> products. 



“Numerous studies have demonstrated the detrimental effects of prenatal tobacco exposure, primarily nicotine exposure, on perinatal outcomes, including prematurity, low birth weight, and stillbirth. Currently there is a paucity of epidemiological data regarding the effects of combined prenatal exposure to both cannabis and nicotine products.”



“Emerging evidence indicates that cannabis use exacerbates the negative impacts of nicotine product exposure, and dual abstinence may result in better outcomes following cessation.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cannabis-and-nicotine-use-nbsp">Cannabis and nicotine use&nbsp;</h2>



Study senior author Jamie Lo is an associate professor of obstetrics and gynecology at OHSU.&nbsp;



“With the growing legalization of cannabis around the country, there is often a perception that cannabis is safe in pregnancy,” said Professor Lo.



“Because we know that many people who use cannabis often use tobacco or nicotine products, we wanted to better understand the potential health implications on both the pregnant individual and the infant.”



“There is still a great deal of stigma around the use of substances during pregnancy,” she added. “With limited research to support official clinical recommendations, it can be a difficult topic for both patients and providers to navigate. Our hope is that this research supports more open and productive conversations that ultimately result in a healthier pregnancy.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-higher-rate-of-infant-mortality-nbsp">Higher rate of infant mortality&nbsp;</h2>



The research team analyzed data from over three million pregnant individuals, identifying significant increases in adverse outcomes such as small for gestational size, preterm delivery, and infant mortality when both cannabis and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/low-nicotine-tobacco-addiction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nicotine</a> were used.&nbsp;



Most notable was the rate of infant death, which was found to be four times higher in users of both substances compared with non-users. Moreover, the rate was almost two times higher compared with users of just cannabis or nicotine alone.



These findings will likely have a significant impact in future counseling and educational efforts in prenatal care.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decreasing-the-pregnancy-risks-nbsp">Decreasing the pregnancy risks&nbsp;</h2>



“Our findings suggest that avoiding use of just one of these substances can decrease the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/there-is-no-safe-level-of-caffeine-for-pregnant-women/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pregnancy risks</a> we see when both substances are used together, which is a critical piece of information providers can highlight when counseling patients,” said lead author Adam Crosland, an assistant professor of obstetrics and gynecology at OHSU.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mitigating-adverse-outcomes-nbsp">Mitigating adverse outcomes&nbsp;</h2>



The research also incorporated insights from other experts at OHSU, including Eliot Spindel and Cindy McEvoy, who are investigating methods to mitigate adverse outcomes among children born to parents who <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-who-smoke-just-one-cigarette-a-day-are-likely-addicted/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">smoke</a>.&nbsp;



One intervention highlighted is the supplementation of vitamin C to pregnant smokers, which has shown to significantly improve respiratory outcomes in offspring.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cannabis-and-nicotine-during-pregnancy-nbsp">Cannabis and nicotine during pregnancy&nbsp;</h2>



Looking ahead, the researchers aim to delve deeper into the effects of dual substance use during pregnancy, examining variables such as potency, frequency, and timing, to better educate pregnant patients about the associated risks.&nbsp;



The team also plans to continue exploring viable prenatal interventions, like vitamin C supplementation, to aid individuals who struggle to quit smoking during pregnancy.



“These findings suggest that more effective public health measures and counseling prior to conception and during pregnancy are warranted to mitigate the potential for adverse offspring outcomes from combined prenatal cannabis and nicotine use,” wrote the researchers.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.10151" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JAMA</a>.



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Cannabis and nicotine use during pregnancy linked to infant mortality

A team of researchers led by Oregon Health Science University...

The coming decade is set to witness a surge in lunar exploration, with numerous missions planned to explore and establish a presence on our natural satellite. This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lunar-anthropocene-how-humans-have-impacted-the-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">new era</a> will require a unified system for keeping time in order to ensure seamless communication and navigation among the various missions operating on and around the Moon.



The discussion, which began at ESA's <a href="https://www.esa.int/About_Us/ESTEC/European_Space_Research_and_Technology_Centre_ESTEC2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESTEC</a> technology center in the Netherlands last November, is part of a broader effort to establish a common 'LunaNet' architecture for lunar communication and navigation services.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-a-common-moon-time-reference-point">Importance of a common moon time reference point</h2>



“<a href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2021/lunanet-empowering-artemis-with-communications-and-navigation-interoperability/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LunaNet</a> is a framework of mutually agreed-upon standards, protocols and interface requirements allowing future lunar missions to work together, conceptually similar to what we did on Earth for joint use of GPS and Galileo,” explains Javier Ventura-Traveset, ESA's <a href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2021/05/Moonlight_-_Navigation_and_Telecommunications_for_the_Moon" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moonlight Navigation</a> Manager.



"Now, in the lunar context, we have the opportunity to agree on our interoperability approach from the very beginning, before the systems are actually implemented," he continued.



ESA navigation system engineer Pietro Giordano adds, "During this meeting at ESTEC, we agreed on the importance and urgency of defining a common lunar reference time, which is internationally accepted and towards which all lunar systems and users may refer to. A joint international effort is now being launched towards achieving this."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-of-keeping-time-on-the-moon">Challenges of keeping time on the Moon</h2>



Currently, each new <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/china-has-launched-a-spacecraft-to-the-far-side-of-the-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mission to the Moon</a> operates on its own timescale exported from Earth. Deep space antennas are used to keep onboard chronometers synchronized with terrestrial time while facilitating two-way communications. However, this approach will not be sustainable in the upcoming lunar environment.



The <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Exploration/Gateway" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Gateway station</a>, once complete, will be open to astronaut stays and resupplied through regular NASA Artemis launches. 



Meanwhile, numerous uncrewed missions will also be in place, with each <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grow-plants-on-moon-by-2026-nasa-artemis-iii-mission/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Artemis mission</a> releasing numerous lunar CubeSats. ESA will also be deploying its Argonaut European Large Logistics Lander.



These missions will not only be operating simultaneously on or around the Moon but will also be interacting with each other, potentially <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/china-will-build-a-surveillance-network-on-the-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">relaying communications</a>, performing joint observations, or carrying out rendezvous operations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-moonlight-lunanet-and-lunar-timekeeping">Moonlight, LunaNet, and lunar timekeeping</h2>



ESA is developing the <a href="https://www.esa.int/Applications/Connectivity_and_Secure_Communications/Moonlight" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moonlight program</a>, a lunar communications and navigation service that will allow missions to maintain links to and from Earth and guide them around the Moon and on its surface. 



Wael-El Daly, system engineer for Moonlight, explains, "Moonlight will need a shared common timescale in order to get missions linked up and to facilitate position fixes."



<a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a> is also sponsoring an equivalent service called the Lunar Communications Relay and Navigation System (<a href="https://esc.gsfc.nasa.gov/projects/LCRNS/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LCRNS</a>). To maximize interoperability, these two systems should employ the same timescale, along with the many other crewed and uncrewed missions they will support.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lunar-time-lessons-from-earth-s-gps-satellites">Lunar time lessons from Earth's GPS satellites</h2>



Interoperability of time and geodetic reference frames has been successfully achieved here on Earth for Global Navigation Satellite Systems. All of today's smartphones are able to make use of existing GNSS to compute a user position down to meter or even decimeter level.



"The experience of this success can be re-used for the technical long-term lunar systems to come, even though stable timekeeping on the Moon will throw up its own unique challenges – such as taking into account the fact that time passes at a different rate there due to the Moon's specific gravity and velocity effects," explaines Jörg Hahn, ESA's chief Galileo engineer.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-debate-on-setting-and-maintaining-moon-time">Debate on setting and maintaining moon time</h2>



Among the current topics under debate is whether a single organization should be responsible for setting and maintaining lunar time and whether lunar time should be set independently on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/moon-is-shrinking-moonquakes-potential-problems-for-astronauts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moon</a> or kept synchronized with Earth.



The international team working on this subject will face considerable technical issues. For example, clocks on the Moon run faster than their terrestrial equivalents, gaining around 56 microseconds per day. Their exact rate depends on their position on the Moon, ticking differently on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-want-to-put-fiber-optic-cables-on-the-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lunar surface</a> than from orbit.



"Of course, the agreed time system will also have to be practical for astronauts. This will be quite a challenge on a planetary surface where in the equatorial region each day is 29.5 days long, including freezing fortnight-long lunar nights, with the whole of Earth just a small blue circle in the dark sky," says Bernhard Hufenbach, a member of the Moonlight Management Team from ESA's Directorate of Human and Robotic Exploration.



But having established a working time system for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/china-aims-to-use-lunar-caves-to-build-an-underground-moon-base/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">the Moon</a>, we can go on to do the same for other planetary destinations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-need-for-a-common-frame-of-reference">Need for a common frame of reference</h2>



To work together effectively, the international community will also need to agree on a common 'selenocentric reference frame', similar to the role played on Earth by the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (<a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/site/jsgt/jtrf/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ITRF</a>). 



This allows for the consistent measurement of precise distances between points across our planet and is an essential ingredient of today's GNSS systems.



"Throughout human history, exploration has actually been a key driver of improved timekeeping and geodetic reference models," Javier Ventura-Traveset adds.



"It is certainly an exciting time to do that now for the Moon, working towards defining an internationally agreed timescale and a common selenocentric reference, which will not only ensure interoperability between the different lunar navigation systems, but which will also foster a large number of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-designs-nuclear-fission-reactor-to-provide-electricity-on-the-moon-and-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">research opportunities</a> and applications in cislunar space," he concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-and-rewards-of-keeping-time-on-the-moon">Challenges and rewards of keeping time on the moon</h2>



In summary, as we stand on the cusp of a new era in lunar exploration, the international space community must come together to establish a unified timekeeping system and a common selenocentric reference frame. 



These essential components will ensure seamless communication, navigation, and collaboration among the numerous missions set to operate on and around the Moon in the coming years. 



By working towards an internationally agreed-upon lunar timescale and a standardized reference frame, we will pave the way for successful lunar exploration while advancing a wealth of research opportunities and applications in cislunar space. 



The time has come to synchronize our efforts and create a robust foundation for the future of lunar exploration and discovery.



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Knowing what time it is on the Moon isn’t as easy as it may seem

The coming decade is set to witness a surge in...

Wave,Function,Series.,Artistic,Background,Made,Of,Colored,Sine,Vibrations,

A new theory has emerged from the theoretical realm of quantum physics, offering a glimpse into the behavior of the fundamental particles that makes up our world. 



This breakthrough, which defies previous assumptions, has the potential to revolutionize the design of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-computer-can-instantly-execute-a-task-that-would-normally-take-47-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum computers</a> and pave the way for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-realm-controlled-at-room-temperature-for-the-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">room-temperature</a> superconductors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pulci-the-cat-meets-quantum-dynamics">Pulci the cat meets quantum dynamics</h2>



Berislav Buca, a researcher at the <a href="https://nbi.ku.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Niels Bohr Institute</a> of the University of Copenhagen, is the architect behind this mind-bending theory. Published in the prestigious journal Physical Review X, Buca's work delves into the nearly impossible using "exotic" mathematics. 



His muse, a <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/pulci-cat_buca_Niels-Bohr_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">white cat named Pulci</a>, perhaps a cousin of Schrödinger's famous cat, adorns the illustrations of his research, with arrows through the cat's body symbolizing the quantum mechanical origin of its movements.



"Many physics disciplines are ultimately about explaining and predicting the world by understanding the laws of physics and calculating the behavior of the smallest particles. In principle, we would be able to answer any possible question about how all sorts of things behave if we were able to," says Buca.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Schrödinger's Cat: A thought experiment in quantum mechanics</h2>



For a moment, let's revisit the most famous cat in quantum physics and how it relates to Buca's work. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-computing-break-internet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Schrödinger's Cat</a> is a thought experiment proposed by Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger in 1935. 



It was designed to illustrate the paradoxical nature of quantum superposition, a fundamental principle of quantum mechanics.



The thought experiment involves a hypothetical cat, a flask of poison, a radioactive source, and a Geiger counter, all placed inside a sealed box. 



The radioactive source has a 50/50 chance of decaying within an hour, which would trigger the Geiger counter. If the Geiger counter detects the radioactive decay, it shatters the flask, releasing the poison and killing the cat.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">The paradox</h3>



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/full-chemical-complexity-of-quantum-decoherence-finally-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum mechanics</a>, the radioactive source is in a superposition of decayed and non-decayed states until it is observed. Consequently, the cat is said to be simultaneously alive and dead until someone opens the box and observes its state. 



This contradicts our everyday understanding of reality, where an object can only be in one state at a time.



The Copenhagen Interpretation suggests that the cat is neither alive nor dead until it is observed, and the act of observation collapses the superposition into a definite state. 



The Many-Worlds Interpretation posits that the cat is both alive and dead, existing in parallel universes that split at the moment of observation. 



Objective Collapse Theories propose that the superposition collapses spontaneously due to some objective physical process, such as gravity, without the need for observation.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Misconceptions and significance</h3>



Schrödinger's Cat is often misunderstood as a real experiment. However, it is purely a thought experiment and has never been conducted in reality. 



The experiment was not meant to suggest that cats can be both alive and dead, but rather to highlight the counterintuitive nature of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/full-chemical-complexity-of-quantum-decoherence-finally-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum superposition</a> when applied to everyday objects.



This thought experiment -- which, undoubtedly inspired Buca's to create his cat, Pulci -- has sparked ongoing debates about the nature of reality and the role of observation in quantum mechanics. 



It has also inspired various philosophical discussions about the relationship between the observer and the observed, as well as the nature of consciousness.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complexity-of-quantum-particles">Complexity of quantum particles</h2>



Turning our attention back to Buca, despite the potential to understand the behavior of everything in the universe from the microscopic laws governing particle dynamics, he emphasizes the need for caution. 



The interactions and movements of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/graviton-like-particle-observed-in-quantum-material-for-the-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum particles</a> in their systems are incredibly complex, with even the world's most powerful supercomputers only able to perform calculations on a dozen particles at a time.



"So in practice, it isn't possible. Not currently. However, my theory is a significant step in the right direction," explains Buca. 



"This is because it takes a kind of mathematical shortcut to understanding the dynamics of the whole, without computing power being lost in the details for a broad class of systems with many quantum particles. That is, without the need to calculate all of the individual particles in a system," he continued.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-guiding-the-hunt-for-quantum-particles">Guiding the hunt for quantum particles</h2>



Buca's theory has already made a name for itself by providing the first mathematical proof of the eigenstate-thermalization hypothesis -- a long-held assumption in theoretical physics that had yet to be explained mathematically. This hypothesis concerns the ability of mathematics to describe the motions of quantum systems as wholes.



The implications of this research extend beyond the realm of theoretical physics. The knowledge gained from Buca's theory could potentially lead to the discovery of quantum materials with unique properties that could transform our world. These materials are crucial for the development of stable quantum computers and room-temperature superconductors.



"We are looking for a material for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-quantum-computer-design-makes-them-more-useful/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum computers</a> that can withstand entropy -- a law of nature that causes complex systems -- e.g., materials -- to decay into less complex forms. Entropy destroys the coherence needed for quantum computers to be stable and keep working," Buca explains.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-road-map-for-researchers">Road map for researchers</h2>



Buca's theory provides a road map for researchers, guiding them across the vast landscape of possible materials by allowing for predictions of how these materials would behave under experimental conditions. 



This breakthrough gives researchers a way to target their search for quantum materials equipped with special properties.



"Until now, the hunt for these materials has been governed by chance. But my results can, for the first time, provide a guiding principle to navigate by when searching for unique properties in materials," says Buca.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-accomplishing-the-impossible-with-quantum-particles">Accomplishing the impossible with quantum particles</h2>



In summary, Berislav Buca's pioneering theory in theoretical physics opens up a world of possibilities, offering a mathematical shortcut to understanding the dynamics of quantum systems and guiding researchers in their search for quantum materials with extraordinary properties. 



As we stand on the brink of a new era in quantum computing and materials science, Buca's work provides a roadmap for navigating the complex landscape of quantum particles and their interactions. 



With the potential to revolutionize fields ranging from computing to superconductivity, this research brings us one step closer to unlocking the secrets of the universe and transforming our world through the power of quantum mechanics.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://journals.aps.org/prx/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevX.13.031013" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physical Review X</a>.



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Impossibility paradox: Calculating the incalculable in the quantum realm

A new theory has emerged from the theoretical realm of...

Researchers at the <a href="https://www.berkeley.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Berkeley</a> have recently found that green-rumped <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/small-parrots-explain-dinosaurs-fly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parrotlets</a> frequently engage in both infanticide and adoption to gain mating advantages and secure valuable nesting sites. 



The research, spanning nearly three decades, sheds light on the complex social behaviors of these small South American parrots, suggesting that their actions are driven by both competition and opportunity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-real-estate-and-love">Real estate and love</h2>



“In parrotlets, infanticide and adoption revolve around real estate and love,” said lead author Steven Beissinger, a professor of environmental science, policy, and management at UC Berkeley.&nbsp;



“Most of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/male-baboons-will-kill/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">infanticide</a> attacks happened when a breeding pair was attacked by another pair that was trying to take over a coveted nest site. It also occurred when males wanted to breed with a widow who already had offspring - but we were surprised to find that these new males were just as likely to adopt the offspring as attack them.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-research-nbsp">Focus of the research&nbsp;</h2>



The study began in 1988 when Beissinger started observing a community of these parrotlets on a Venezuelan cattle ranch. Unlike their forest-dwelling kin, green-rumped parrotlets prefer nesting in open areas, which allowed for detailed observation.&nbsp;



To facilitate this, Beissinger installed artificial nesting sites made from large PVC pipes across the ranch and used color-banding to track individual birds and their familial relationships.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovery-of-infanticide-among-parrots">Discovery of infanticide among parrots</h2>



The initial discovery of infanticide came unexpectedly. “We couldn’t tell if something had attacked them, or if they had died from disease, or something else,” Beissinger recounted. “But when we were watching some of the nests, all of a sudden in went a male who didn't belong - who wasn't a parent at that nest - and out he came with a little bit of blood on his beak.”



This observation prompted a closer examination of infanticide among the parrots, which revealed that it was a common strategy employed by birds trying to secure a prime nesting site. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-parrot-infanticide-and-population-density-nbsp">Parrot infanticide and population density&nbsp;</h2>



The study, which included data from more than 2,700 nests observed from 1988 to 2015, found that attacks often occurred during periods of high population density, which increased competition for nesting sites.



“At low population levels, it's all love and peace, right? But then when you get to high population densities, it's a bloodbath,” said senior author Karl Berg, an associate professor of biology at the <a href="https://www.utrgv.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Texas Rio Grande Valley</a>. 



“It's not that everybody's born a killer, but the urge to breed is very strong. When the resources provided by the environment aren't enough for all individuals to breed, they seek out alternative strategies. Unfortunately, that involves killing innocent little offspring.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adoption-as-a-non-violent-strategy-nbsp">Adoption as a non-violent strategy&nbsp;</h2>



Interestingly, the study also found that new mates of widowed parrots were just as likely to adopt existing offspring as to commit infanticide. This finding suggests a complex calculation where adoption might also serve as a non-violent strategy for ensuring genetic continuity.



“Adoption may be a lot easier to accept than infanticide, but it's actually more difficult to understand because it challenges Darwin's ideas about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/natural-selection-molding-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">natural selection</a>,” Berg explained. 



“It was very interesting to see that the reproductive fitness outcomes were about even between adoption and infanticide and suggests that they have an alternative strategy - adoption may be a non-violent means of getting genes into the next generation.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adoption-among-male-parrots-nbsp">Adoption among male parrots&nbsp;</h2>



Moreover, the study highlighted that males who adopted were able to start breeding at younger ages and secured bonds with widowed females, gaining both a new mate and a nest site.&nbsp;



“Stepfathers scored love - a new mate - and real estate - a nest site!” Beissinger concluded, emphasizing the multifaceted strategies these birds employ to thrive in their complex social and environmental landscape.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-green-rumped-parrotlets">Green-rumped parrotlets</h2>



Green-rumped parrotlets are charming little birds, part of the parrot family, known scientifically as Forpus passerinus. They are the smallest members of the parrot family found in the Americas, measuring just about 5 inches in length. These birds are particularly noted for their vibrant green plumage, which helps them blend seamlessly into their natural habitat.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-habitat">Habitat</h3>



Native to northern South America, green-rumped parrotlets thrive in a variety of environments, from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tropical-birds-can-handle-climate-variability/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tropical forests</a> to savannahs. They exhibit a strong preference for areas with abundant fruit-bearing trees and shrubs, which constitute a major part of their diet, along with seeds and small insects.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-lives">Social lives</h3>



Socially, green-rumped parrotlets are fascinating creatures. They are generally seen in pairs or small flocks when not breeding. During the breeding season, they become more territorial and prefer solitude or the company of their mate. They nest in tree cavities where the female lays between four to six eggs, which she incubates for about 18 days.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-communication">Communication</h3>



What sets these birds apart in the parrot family is their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parrots-prefer-talking-live-video-calls-more-than-watching-videos/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communication</a>. Research has shown that green-rumped parrotlets have a complex system of calls and can even use specific calls to identify their family members, a trait once thought to be exclusive to much larger parrots.



Despite their resilience and adaptability, habitat destruction poses a significant threat to their populations. However, green-rumped parrotlets are not currently listed as endangered due to their widespread distribution and stable population numbers in the wild.&nbsp;



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2317305121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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Infanticide or adoption? Why parrots kill each other's chicks

Researchers at the University of California, Berkeley have recently found...

Human,Body;,3d,Illustration

Our bodies are miraculous machines, governed by a complex orchestra of internal clocks. These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/circadian-medicine-light-therapy-could-help-millions-of-heart-patients/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain clocks</a>, known as circadian rhythms, tell our muscles when to repair, our skin when to regenerate, and our metabolism when to power up or down. 



But what happens when these rhythms get out of sync? Recent studies suggest that's a recipe for premature <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-healthy-diet-can-reduce-brain-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aging</a> – and that good communication between your brain and muscles might be the key to slowing it all down.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-suprachiasmatic-nucleus-scn">Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)</h2>



Deep within your brain lies a small but crucial structure called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). This region functions as your body's master clock, playing a pivotal role in regulating your brain and muscle circadian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microbes-in-an-infant-gut-have-their-unique-circadian-rhythms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rhythms</a>. 



Think of it as a control center that's highly attuned to changes in light throughout the day. The SCN processes this light information and uses it to maintain a roughly 24-hour internal schedule that influences a wide range of bodily functions.



The SCN doesn't work in isolation. It communicates constantly with a network of 'mini clocks,' or peripheral clocks, embedded within various organs, your muscles, and even your skin. 



This intricate communication system involves the SCN sending out signals to coordinate the timing of essential processes throughout your body. 



By keeping these peripheral clocks in sync, the SCN ensures a harmonious rhythm of sleep-wake cycles, hormone production, body temperature regulation, and much more.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-muscle-circadian-connection-to-aging">Brain-muscle circadian connection to aging</h2>



As we age, our internal timekeeping mechanisms can become less precise. Scientists believe that the signaling between our central <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-circadian-disturbances-trigger-mental-health-disorders/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain clock</a> and the peripheral clocks throughout our tissues may deteriorate over time. This disruption has far-reaching implications for our health.



Recent research emphasizes the vital communication network between your brain's central clock and the clocks embedded in your muscles and skin. If this communication falters, it can lead to a cascade of problems. 



Muscle tissue becomes susceptible to breakdown and wasting, leading to weakness and reduced function. At the same time, skin cells may struggle to maintain their regenerative cycles, hindering their ability to repair damage effectively.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aging-disrupts-brain-muscle-circadian-communication">Aging disrupts brain-muscle circadian communication</h2>



To understand the effects of disrupted communication between the brain and muscles, scientists studied mice with a genetic modification that interfered with a critical muscle clock gene called Bmal1. 



In these mice, the absence of Bmal1 function led to symptoms of premature <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/japanese-diet-puts-the-brakes-on-brain-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aging</a>, including significant muscle deterioration and weakness. 



Remarkably, when researchers restored the Bmal1 gene function in both the brain and muscle tissues, the mice showed notable improvements in muscle health. The coordination between the brain and muscle clocks helped prevent further muscle deterioration and restored muscle strength.



This experiment underscores the critical interplay between the brain's central clock and the clocks within your muscles. Maintaining proper communication across this network seems to be a vital factor in preventing age-related muscle decline and preserving strength as you get older.



"It is fascinating to see how synchronization between the brain and peripheral circadian clocks plays a critical role in skin and muscle health, while peripheral clocks alone are autonomous in carrying out the most basic tissue functions,"&nbsp;says&nbsp;Aznar Benitah from the <a href="https://www.irbbarcelona.org/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute for Research in Biomedicine</a> Barcelona in Spain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-meal-timing">Importance of meal timing</h2>



Scientists uncovered that restricting eating times for mice to their active phase at night partially compensated for a disrupted central brain clock. This change in feeding pattern helped strengthen their muscle <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-exercise-affects-the-body-at-different-times-of-day/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">clocks</a> and boost their ability to function independently.



This discovery highlights the remarkable adaptability of our biological clocks. It suggests that even if the master clock in the brain becomes less precise, positive lifestyle changes can help. A consistent meal schedule could help optimize the internal rhythms within muscle tissue.



This opens the door to exploring how simple changes to our daily routines could support muscle health and potentially influence the aging process.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-path-towards-healthy-aging-through-brain-muscle-clocks">Path towards healthy aging through brain-muscle clocks</h2>



While there's still much to learn about the intricate dance between our brain and muscle circadian clocks, these landmark studies offer invaluable insights and a hopeful outlook on how we can optimize our health as we age. Here's a deeper look at the takeaways and how you can implement them:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-power-of-routine">Power of routine</h3>



A predictable daily rhythm supports your body's natural master clock. Aim for a consistent bedtime and wake-up time. This regulates the production of sleep-inducing hormones and keeps everything in sync. Scheduling meals at regular intervals reinforces a healthy pattern for peripheral clocks which aids in metabolism and other key functions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protect-your-sleep-sanctuary">Protect your sleep sanctuary</h3>



Darkness is crucial for optimal sleep and proper circadian clock function. Make sure your bedroom is as dark, cool, and quiet as possible. Invest in blackout curtains, use a sleep mask, and consider minimizing electronic devices in the bedroom. Avoid stimulating activities right before bed and instead incorporate a relaxing wind-down routine like reading or taking a warm bath.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eating-schedule-matters">Eating schedule matters</h3>



Your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/muscles-defy-aging-with-remarkable-resilience/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">muscle</a> clocks may benefit significantly from a set eating pattern. Time-restricted feeding, where you eat your meals during a specific window each day (usually 8-12 hours), gives your body a longer fasting period. This fasting window can promote processes like cellular repair and optimize circadian rhythms in various tissues.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tune-in-to-body-s-cues">Tune in to body's cues</h3>



Chronic fatigue, weakness, and difficulty regaining muscle strength – even with exercise – may point to a disruption in your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-moonlight-affects-the-circadian-clocks-of-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">internal rhythms</a>. Don't hesitate to consult with your doctor if you notice a persistent lack of energy or a decline in physical function. They can help you determine if optimizing your circadian patterns could boost your well-being.



Remember, taking small, consistent steps to work with your body's natural rhythms can have a profound effect on your energy levels, muscle health, and overall vitality, potentially unlocking a path towards healthier aging.



The study is published in&nbsp;<a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adj8533" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.cell.com/cell-stem-cell/abstract/S1934-5909(24)00140-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cell Stem Cell</a>.



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Syncing brain and muscle circadian rhythms slows aging

Our bodies are miraculous machines, governed by a complex orchestra...

Whales, the majestic titans of the ocean, have always captured our imagination. From legendary sea monsters to the star of Moby Dick, these massive creatures bring wonder and awe. But what would it be like to understand what they say to each other? A recent study, conducted by researchers at <a href="https://www.csail.mit.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIT CSAIL</a> and <a href="https://www.projectceti.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Project CETI</a>, gives us exciting new insights into the complex world of <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/sperm-whale-physeter-macrocephalus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sperm whale</a> communication, and brings us one step closer to deciphering their "language."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-secret-communication-in-sperm-whales">Secret communication in sperm whales</h2>



Sperm whales, the largest toothed whales on our planet, are known for their exceptional brains – the largest of any animal. Their complex social structures within families and cultural groups likely require sophisticated ways to stay connected and coordinate. To communicate, sperm whales use a series of clicks known as codas.



Recent research provides insights into just how sophisticated this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-project-aims-to-help-humans-talk-to-whales/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communication</a> system may be:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-phonetic-alphabet">Phonetic alphabet</h3>



Scientists have discovered that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/robots-used-to-monitor-endangered-sperm-whales/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sperm whales</a> possess a kind of "phonetic alphabet" embedded within their codas. This means they can manipulate the rhythm, tempo, and even add extra clicks (called 'ornamentation') to create variations within their communication.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-combinations">Combinations</h3>



The meaning of a sperm whale's coda doesn't just come from the individual clicks. The specific sequence of clicks and pauses is essential. Changing the order can alter the message being sent. This system grants the whales a vast vocabulary of sounds with different meanings.



"This is a step toward showing that other species have levels of communication complexity that have not been identified so far, deeply connected to behavior," said Daniela Rus, director of CSAIL.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-did-scientists-figure-out-sperm-whale-communication">How did scientists figure out sperm whale communication?</h2>



Understanding sperm whale communication presents a unique challenge. To uncover their conversations, researchers employed a combination of cutting-edge technology and advanced analysis:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bio-logging-tags">Bio-logging tags</h3>



These specialized tags attach to free-swimming whales, providing an unprecedented level of detail. They precisely record the clicks these whales make, along with their movement data. This provides scientists with the raw information needed to decipher their communication.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-machine-learning-algorithms">Machine learning algorithms</h3>



The sheer volume and complexity of the recorded data require powerful analysis tools. Machine learning algorithms excel at finding patterns within massive datasets. These algorithms were crucial to identifying the subtle variations and combinations within sperm whale codas.



The data collected by the tags and analyzed with these algorithms revealed something remarkable: the patterns underlying sperm whale communication are far more complex and nuanced than previously imagined. This discovery indicates a surprisingly sophisticated communication system within these magnificent creatures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-whales-that-changed-the-world">Whales that changed the world</h2>



Whale research, especially understanding their communication, played a crucial role in sparking the "Save the Whales" movement. This successful conservation effort was ignited by the work of biologist Roger Payne, who was the first to document the hauntingly beautiful songs of humpback whales. 



"Roger's research highlights the impact science can have on society. His finding that whales sing led to the Marine Mammal Protection Act and helped save several whale species from extinction," said David Gruber, founder of Project CETI.



This research isn't just about whales. It's about the fundamental question of how intelligent beings communicate. Imagine trying to understand an alien civilization with a completely different way of seeing and interacting with the world - that's the kind of challenge researchers faced in this project.



"One of the intriguing aspects of our research is that it parallels the hypothetical scenario of contacting alien species," said Pratyusha Sharma, a PhD student at MIT.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-decoding-sperm-whale-communication">Future of decoding sperm whale communication</h2>



The potential to understand the messages and meanings within sperm whale communication is tantalizing, but we're still in the initial stages of this incredible scientific journey. This research has established a strong foundation for further exploration, opening up a range of exciting questions:



<ul>
<li>Understanding the meaning: Could those intricate changes in rhythm, tempo, and other click variations hold specific meanings? Could sequences of whale clicks function much like words within a sentence, with their arrangement changing the message?</li>



<li>The rules of whale communication: Is there an underlying "grammar" to these whale conversations? Do they follow a set of discoverable rules, or are their communications more instinctual and less structured?</li>



<li>Beyond the basics: As scientists learn more about the building blocks, they'll also want to observe whale communication in a broader context. Do whales modify their communication depending on social situations or the specific tasks they're undertaking?</li>
</ul>



Answering these questions won't just satisfy our curiosity about whales. This research deepens our understanding of how intelligent species communicate on Earth. It may even provide insights relevant to the search for extraterrestrial intelligence and communication.



"Scientists are particularly interested in whether signal combinations vary according to the social or ecological context in which they are given, and the extent to which signal combinations follow discernible 'rules' that are recognized by listeners," said Professor Robert Seyfarth from the University of Pennsylvania.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



Could we one day communicate something simple to a whale? Maybe something like the classic first message from humans to extraterrestrials – "We come in peace"? That's a long way off. But understanding animal communication is both fascinating and essential. 



Perhaps this research will help us appreciate the rich social lives of whales and the incredible diversity of communication on Earth, furthering conservation efforts along the way.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-47221-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Sperm whales' communication "alphabet" decoded with AI algorithm

Whales, the majestic titans of the ocean, have always captured...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes why experts are studying zebrafish to gain a better understanding of how the immune system responds to injury. Zebrafish have the ability to repair and regenerate organs.



“Organ regeneration offers an exciting opportunity for studying the immune system and to inquire why some species can regenerate organs like the heart or missing limbs while others like humans cannot,” explained Dr. Tatjana Piotrowski.



Zebrafish sensory organ hair cells are an ideal system to investigate the pathways and cell types involved in regeneration since they are easily destroyed with antibiotics and begin regenerating within five hours. This enabled the researchers to identify the exact timing and genetic programs for each anti-inflammatory macrophage activation state.&nbsp;



“Our hypothesis is that human macrophages do not receive the proper chemical activation 'cocktail' to instruct pro-regenerative processes,” said Dr. Nicolas Denans. “Identifying the molecular recipe of macrophage activation in zebrafish may one day enable us to design regenerative immunotherapies in humans.”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



“The new evidence is a valuable resource for comparative studies on the genetic programs involved in macrophage-mediated repair and regeneration. In other words, different types of injuries may induce different kinds of inflammatory responses. We want to decipher whether this 'language' is universal or if there are a variety of dialects."



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How the immune system responds to injury

[sendtonews key="0dEcERCq61-2283382-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Stowers...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

[sendtonews key="3UUsNkFOuS-2487333-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

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