After nearly four decades of stubbornly clinging to life, one of the largest icebergs ever recorded is entering its final act. A23a - the trillion-ton "megaberg," which once sprawled over an area more than twice the size of Greater London - has drifted into the warmer waters of the South Atlantic and has begun to disintegrate rapidly.



In recent weeks, satellite images show vast slabs calving away - some measuring hundreds of square miles - while a blizzard of smaller bergy bits spreads around it, posing hazards to ships as the giant wastes away.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-iceberg-freed-after-30-years">Iceberg freed after 30 years</h2>



A23a’s story stretches back to 1986, when it calved from Antarctica’s Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf and promptly ran aground in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-is-sea-ice-loss-affecting-biodiversity-in-the-weddell-sea/">Weddell Sea</a>, pinned to the seafloor for more than 30 years.



Freed at last in 2020, it joined “iceberg alley,” the conveyor belt of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctic-circumpolar-current-speed-increasing-rising-sea-levels/">Antarctic Circumpolar Current</a> that sweeps big bergs toward the South Atlantic.



By early 2025, it had loomed into view near South Georgia, raising fears it could block the island’s penguins and seals from their feeding grounds. The berg briefly grounded on shallow banks, then worked loose in late May and accelerated north.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-warming-seas-speed-its-demise">Warming seas speed its demise</h2>



Heat and waves are now doing what gravity and time could not. According to an analysis of Copernicus satellite data, megaberg A23a is down to roughly 683 square miles, with a maximum width of about 37 miles - less than half its size at the start of the year. 



Its drift speed has jumped too, at times topping 12 miles per day as it rides stronger currents and increasingly rough seas.



“It’s breaking up fairly dramatically,” said Andrew Meijers, a physical oceanographer at the <a href="https://www.bas.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">British Antarctic Survey</a> (BAS). “I’d say it’s very much on its way out - it’s basically rotting underneath." 



"The water is way too warm for it to maintain. It’s constantly melting…It won’t be really identifiable within a few weeks.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-made-megaberg-a23a-so-unusual">What made megaberg A23a so unusual</h2>



Iceberg calving is part of the normal life cycle of polar ice, and giant bergs are not unprecedented. But A23a’s persistence and path are striking.



“Most icebergs don’t make it this far,” Meijers said. “This one’s really big, so it has lasted longer and traveled farther than others.”



When BAS researchers sailed alongside it in late 2023 aboard the RRS Sir David Attenborough, the experience was otherworldly.



“It looked like a towering wall emerging from the ocean, stretching from horizon to horizon,” Meijers said. “Some portions were quite pitted and undercut by the action of waves and melt.”



That undercutting is the giveaway. As the berg moves into warmer, saltier water and meets heavier swell, melting hollows its base while cracks propagate through the plate-like ice. Running aground - whether at South Georgia or now on patches of the continental shelf - adds extra stress that hastens the breakup.



“Large bergs have made it a long way north before - one got within 1,000 kilometers (621 miles) of Perth, Australia - but they all inevitably break up and melt quickly afterward,” Meijers said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-danger-and-opportunity-collide">Danger and opportunity collide</h2>



Icebergs of this size can reshape local ecosystems as they pass. They can temporarily block straightforward routes from island rookeries to offshore feeding grounds, forcing adult <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/penguins-are-threatened-by-mercury-contamination/">penguins</a> and seals to detour and burn energy while chicks and pups wait ashore.



“Potentially, it could interrupt their pathway to feeding sites and force the adults to expend more energy to travel around it,” Meijers said of the South Georgia colonies, which is why the grounding in March drew concern. The berg’s drift around the island reduced that immediate risk.



There may also be benefits. As megabergs like A23a melt, they stir stratified waters and leak micronutrients such as iron into the sunlit surface layer - fertilizer for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-from-africa-sparked-a-massive-phytoplankton-bloom/">phytoplankton blooms</a> that can feed krill and fish, and ultimately seabirds and mammals.



BAS researchers sampled waters around A23a in December 2023 to gauge its biogeochemical “footprint.” They paired these results with past deployments of robotic ocean gliders around similar bergs. 



Together, the data show how iceberg-borne nutrients and upwelling can boost productivity and even enhance carbon sequestration as organic matter sinks to depth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-iceberg-s-collapse-tracked-by-satellites">Iceberg's collapse tracked by satellites</h2>



A23a’s decay has unfolded in near-real time thanks to daily satellite imagery, which captures both its changing outline and the swarms of fragments it sheds.



“It is easily observed from space, and daily visual-spectrum satellite snapshots make it easy to track its progress,” Meijers said. 



Ocean current maps - also derived from satellites - help project its likely path, though the precise route always depends on winds, waves, and where the berg next snags the seafloor.



For shipping, vigilance is everything. A single monster is easy to avoid; a broken field of smaller floes is not. “As it breaks up over time, the smaller bergs are much harder to track,” Meijers said. Fishing operators may temporarily write off entire regions until the ice debris disperses.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-icebergs-in-a-warming-world">Icebergs in a warming world</h2>



Scientists are careful to distinguish between calving - a natural release valve for ice shelves - and the broader, climate-driven changes transforming Antarctica.



“Icebergs, including megabergs like this one, are a completely normal part of the lifecycle of the Antarctic (and Greenland) ice sheets,” Meijers said. But the context has shifted.



“Observations show that the ice shelves have lost around 6,000 giga (billion) tons of their mass since the year 2000.” 



It is a loss “roughly matched by an increase in straight-up melt of the ice shelves” and aligned with measured mass loss from grounded Antarctic ice.



That matters for global sea level - because thinning shelves buttress <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-are-reshaping-landscapes-and-national-borders-around-the-world/">glaciers</a> less effectively - and for ocean circulation, as freshwater input alters density and flow. Scientists are especially concerned about potential “tipping points” in West Antarctica, where retreat could become self-sustaining.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-final-days-of-a-giant">Final days of a giant</h2>



No one can say exactly how A23a’s last weeks will play out, only that the megaberg's direction is one-way. Grounding events, wave attacks, and heat from above and below guarantee a cascade of fractures until the berg is a memory and a field of bergy bits.



“Now it’s grounded, it is even more likely to break up due to the increased stresses,” Meijers noted earlier; whether or not it’s currently snagged, the outcome is the same.



For scientists, though, this isn’t just spectacle. It’s a chance to watch, measure, and model how a true giant interacts with the Southern Ocean - how it fertilizes, how it freshens, how it fragments - and to fold those insights into a bigger picture of a warming world.



As Meijers put it, icebergs provide interesting natural laboratories for studying ocean physics, chemistry, and ecosystems. A23a’s long journey is nearly over. The lessons it leaves behind won’t melt away.



Image Credit: MODAPS at NASA/GSFC



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Antarctica’s megaberg faces its final days in the South Atlantic

After nearly four decades of stubbornly clinging to life, one of the largest icebergs ever recorded is entering its final act. A23a - the trillion-ton "megaberg," which once sprawled over an area more than twice the size of Greater London - has drifted into the warmer waters of the South Atlantic and has begun to disintegrate rapidly. In recent weeks, satellite images show vast slabs calving away - some measuring hundreds of square miles - while a blizzard of smaller bergy bits spreads around it, posing hazards...

Rooftop,Garden,In,Urban,Setting

When tackling the heat of urban environments, a fresh approach is making waves: cool roofs.



This innovative and low-tech solution could be the key to managing rising city temperatures, as found in a recent study overseen by researchers at <a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University College London</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-roofing-solutions-vary">Roofing solutions vary</h2>



The study, which leveraged a cutting-edge, three-dimensional <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tackling-urban-heat-experts-plan-to-cool-a-desert-city-by-4-5c/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">urban climate</a> model of Greater London, investigated the thermal effects of a variety of urban heat management systems.



The models examined included painted cool roofs, green roofs, rooftop solar panels, ground level tree vegetation and air conditioning. 



They were simulated to run during the two hottest days of the summer in 2018, which set a record high temperature for the city.



The results were revealing. Widespread implementation of cool roofs had the potential to reduce outdoor temperatures across the entire city by an average of 1.2 degrees C (2.2 degrees F), peaking up to 2 degrees C (3.6 degrees F) in some locales.



Other systems, including extensive street-level vegetation and solar panels, produced a smaller net <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cities-need-resilient-electricity-networks-to-cope-with-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cooling effect</a>, reducing temperatures by just about 0.3 degrees C (0.54 degrees F) on average throughout the city.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-cost-of-air-conditioning">Hidden cost of air conditioning</h2>



While <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-conditioning-is-both-a-cause-and-effect-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">air conditioning</a> is a popular and seemingly effective solution, it carries with it a significant drawback.



The process transfers heat from within buildings to the outside, potentially warming the outdoor urban environment by about 0.15 degrees C (0.27 degrees F) for the city as a whole. 



In the densely populated center of London, this increase could be as much as 1 degree C (1.8 degrees F).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-winning-advantage-of-cool-roofs">Winning advantage of cool roofs</h2>



Discussing the research findings, Dr. Oscar Brousse, the lead author, emphasized the effectiveness of cool roofs in combating urban heat. 



He noted, "We comprehensively tested multiple methods that cities like London could use to adapt to and mitigate warming temperatures, and found that cool roofs were the best way to keep temperatures down during extremely hot summer days." 



Dr. Brousse also mentioned that while other strategies offered various important advantages, they were not as effective in reducing outdoor urban heat as cool roofs.



Clearly, the climate is changing, and urban dwellers are particularly vulnerable. 



Cities are notorious for trapping heat, leading to the Urban Heat Island effect that heightens discomfort and can even increase mortality rates during <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heatwaves-are-threatening-the-health-of-people-in-the-uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heatwaves</a>.



Adapting to this reality has become a pressing concern for city planners and architects, spurring them to explore options like cool roofs, green roofs, expanded urban vegetation and interior methods like air conditioning.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-every-solution-has-its-place">Every solution has its place</h2>



Though cool roofs emerged as the clear overall winner, other methods also have their merits. 



For instance, green roofs contribute to water drainage and wildlife habitats, even though their net cooling efficiency was negligible on average. 



Similarly, photovoltaic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-increase-the-value-of-solar-panels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar panels</a> could theoretically power an extensive distribution of air conditioning units if installed to their maximum extent.



As cities continue to search for solutions to mitigate the impact of rising temperatures, cool roofs appear to be a promising and effective tool to maintain a comfortable, sustainable urban environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-investing-in-cool-roof-technology">Investing in cool roof technology</h2>



As we move towards broader implementation, the economic and environmental benefits of cool roofs are becoming increasingly evident. 



Not only do they reduce urban temperatures, but they also lead to substantial energy savings for building owners. By reflecting more sunlight and absorbing less <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urban-exposure-to-extreme-heat-has-tripled-since-the-80s/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heat</a>, cool roofs decrease the need for air conditioning, thus lowering electricity bills and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.



Moreover, cool roofs can extend the lifespan of roofing materials by reducing thermal expansion and contraction, which typically degrade conventional roofs over time. This results in lower maintenance costs and less frequent replacements, delivering long-term financial benefits.



Policy makers and urban planners are encouraged to consider incentives for cool roof installations, such as tax breaks or grants. These initiatives could accelerate adoption and amplify the positive impact on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humidity-increases-urban-heat-stress/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">urban climates</a>. 



Public awareness campaigns can also play a crucial role in educating homeowners and businesses about the advantages of cool roofs, driving community-wide efforts to combat rising city temperatures.



Communities, businesses, and governments can adopt cool roof technology. This collective effort can create cooler urban environments. It also promotes sustainability in cities.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2024GL109634" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a>.



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Cool roofs on city buildings are the secret to beating urban heat

When tackling the heat of urban environments, a fresh approach...

Recent research highlights the accelerating melt of the Antarctic ice sheet, particularly in West Antarctica, driven by global warming.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glaciation-of-antarctica-nbsp">Glaciation of Antarctica&nbsp;</h2>



An international team led by the <a href="https://www.awi.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alfred Wegener Institute </a>has discovered that the permanent glaciation of Antarctica began around 34 million years ago, initially confined to East Antarctica. 



Sediment samples and climate modeling indicate that West Antarctica remained ice-free until at least seven million years later.&nbsp;



These findings suggest that East and West Antarctica responded differently to external climatic changes, with East Antarctica glaciating first due to conducive climatic conditions and topography, while West Antarctica only later experienced ice sheet advances.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transition-to-an-icehouse-world-nbsp">Transition to an icehouse world&nbsp;</h2>



The transition from a greenhouse world to an icehouse world around 34 million years ago marks one of Earth's most significant climate shifts, leading to the formation of the Antarctic ice sheet.&nbsp;



However, data gaps, especially from West Antarctica, have left uncertainties about the exact timeline and mechanisms of this glaciation.&nbsp;



The experts filled these gaps by analyzing a drill core retrieved offshore from the Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers. The findings show that East Antarctica saw the first large-scale glaciation while West Antarctica remained ice-free, characterized by dense forests and a temperate climate.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-west-antarctica-s-ice-sheet-lagged-behind">West Antarctica's ice sheet lagged behind</h2>



Combining new sediment data with climate models, the researchers demonstrated that the conditions necessary for permanent ice formation were present only in East Antarctica's coastal regions, particularly Northern Victoria Land.&nbsp;



Here, moist air masses and the rise of the Transantarctic Mountains facilitated <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-ice-loss-increases-snowfall-over-west-antarctica/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snow</a> accumulation and ice cap formation, which then spread inland. 



In contrast, West Antarctica's ice sheet formation lagged by millions of years, requiring significantly colder conditions to develop due to its below-sea-level topography in many areas.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-differing-responses-to-climate-change-nbsp">Differing responses to climate change&nbsp;</h2>



These findings underscore the differing responses of East and West Antarctica to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctic-ice-sheet-melting-new-tipping-point-discovered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climatic changes</a>. Even slight warming can trigger significant ice melt in West Antarctica, a concern given current global temperature trends. 



The research provides crucial insights into the historical climate transition from greenhouse to icehouse conditions and improves climate models that predict the interactions between ice, ocean, and atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-closing-critical-knowledge-gaps-nbsp">Closing critical knowledge gaps&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers utilized advanced technology, including the MARUM-MeBo70 drill rig, during the 2017 expedition PS104 on the research vessel Polarstern, to extract sediment cores from previously inaccessible hard seabed off West Antarctica.&nbsp;



These technological advancements enabled them to uncover new data, closing critical knowledge gaps about Antarctica's glaciation history and enhancing our understanding of future <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctica-in-distress-the-escalating-consequences-of-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate dynamics</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-study">Significance of the study</h2>



Dr. Johann Klages of the Alfred Wegener Institute, who led the research team, emphasized the significance of these findings for contemporary climate studies.&nbsp;



“Even a slight warming is enough to cause the ice in West Antarctica to melt again - and that's exactly where we are right now,” Klages said. This knowledge is vital as the world faces potential fundamental climate changes akin to those experienced millions of years ago.



The integration of geological data with sophisticated climate models offers a more detailed and accurate picture of how Antarctica's ice sheets have evolved and how they might respond to future <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worst-case-climate-scenarios-are-no-longer-plausible/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate scenarios</a>. 



The study, published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adj3931" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>, not only illuminates past climate dynamics but also informs strategies to mitigate and adapt to ongoing and future climate impacts.



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Antarctic ice sheet: Past, present, and future

Recent research highlights the accelerating melt of the Antarctic ice...

Music has a wonderful way of capturing our hearts, minds, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/live-music-can-synchronize-the-heartbeats-of-the-audience/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emotions</a>, telling stories and expressing ideas through rhythms and melodies. And while we may not think about it, the songs and tunes we hum along to have changed drastically throughout the years.



Recent research presents compelling evidence that the complexity of popular song melodies has been on the decline since 1950.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-song-melodies-in-popular-music">Song melodies in popular music</h2>



In an extensive study, researchers delved deep into the rhythmic and pitch characteristics of the most <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-popular-songs-and-movies-shape-memory/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">popular songs</a> in America from 1950 to 2022, as determined by the Billboard year-end singles charts.



Across this wide expanse of time, the complexity of song rhythms and pitch arrangements appeared to decrease, even as the average number of notes played per second increased.&nbsp;



Interestingly, the researchers pinpointed two major dips in melodic complexity that occurred in 1975 and 2000, with a slightly lesser decrease in 1996.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changes-in-song-melodies-and-genre-shifts">Changes in song melodies and genre shifts</h2>



The study hints at a possibility that these significant changes in 1975 might be associated with the emergence of new&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-evolution-of-song-lyrics-less-complexity-and-more-emotion/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">musical genres&nbsp;</a>like new wave, disco, and stadium rock.



Similarly, the decreases noticed in 1996 and 2000 could well be tied to the rise of hip-hop or perhaps the advent of digital audio workstations that made it easier to repeat audio loops.



Contrary to what one might assume, these findings do not imply that other musical components, such as sound quality or sound combinations, have become simpler over time. The intricacies of sound quality, harmonic structures, and the blending of different sounds continue to evolve and remain as complex as ever.



The decline in melody complexity may be due to the rise in other musical complexities. Musicians use new techniques and technologies, enriching the music's overall texture. This allows for more detailed layers and nuances in other aspects, not just the melody.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unpacking-musical-complexity">Unpacking musical complexity</h2>



As the study proposes, the increase in the average number of notes played per second might be an effort to prevent the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/similar-patterns-music-language-found-across-all-cultures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">music</a>&nbsp;from overwhelming listeners.



Meanwhile, the growing popularity and availability of digital instruments could be shifting the expression of musical complexity from melody to sound quality.



In summary, while our favourite tunes may have become simpler to hum along to, the decrease in melodic complexity does not necessarily mean the music has become less complex overall.&nbsp;



These findings provide insightful perspectives on how the popular music landscape has evolved over the past 70 years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-technology-and-production">The role of technology and production </h2>



The advent of advanced recording technology and production techniques has also played a significant role in the evolution of song melodies.&nbsp;



Digital tools enable artists and producers to experiment with layers of sound and textures that were previously unimaginable.&nbsp;



This technological leap has allowed for more intricate soundscapes, even if the melodic lines remain simple.&nbsp;



The capacity to manipulate pitch,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-find-cultural-differences-in-how-we-interpret-rhythm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rhythm</a>, and effects digitally means that modern music can offer a rich auditory experience, compensating for the decrease in melodic complexity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-influences-on-music-trends">Influences on music trends</h2>



Cultural and sociological shifts have a profound impact on musical trends. As society evolves, so do its artistic expressions.&nbsp;



The rise of social media, for instance, has amplified the reach of certain genres and styles, influencing public taste and music production. Additionally, global movements and events often inspire new musical directions.&nbsp;



Understanding these cultural dynamics is crucial because they shed light on the reasons behind the changes in musical complexity over time. 



For example, as societies evolve, their values, tastes, and technological advancements also change. These shifts influence the way music is created and appreciated. The complexity of song melodies might have lessened due to a variety of factors such as the rise of new genres that prioritize rhythm or production techniques over melodic intricacy. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dynamics-of-song-melodies">Dynamics of song melodies</h2>



Additionally, cultural preferences may shift towards simplicity in music as a reflection of broader societal trends. Simultaneously, other musical elements like rhythm, harmony, or production quality could have thrived due to advancements in technology and changes in listener preferences. 



Understanding these dynamics helps us see the bigger picture of how music evolves and adapts to the cultural context in which it exists.



In summary, while our favorite tunes may have become simpler to hum along to, the decrease in complexity of song melodies does not necessarily mean the music has become less complex overall.&nbsp;



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-64571-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scientific Reports</a>.



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Song melodies have become much simpler since 1950

Music has a wonderful way of capturing our hearts, minds,...

Prejudice against fat people is pervasive in our society, and public health initiatives aimed at reducing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/obesity-now-affects-more-than-a-billion-people/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">obesity</a> have exacerbated the issue, according to Rekha Nath, an associate professor of philosophy at the <a href="https://www.ua.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Alabama</a>. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-widespread-aversion-to-fat-people">Widespread aversion to fat people</h2>



In her new book, <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Why-Its-OK-to-Be-Fat/Nath/p/book/9780367425456" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Why It’s OK To Be Fat</a>, Nath argues for a fundamental change in how society views fatness. Instead of treating it as a problem to be eradicated, she suggests we should focus on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oldest-mayan-monument-represents-a-time-of-social-equality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social equality</a> and address the systemic ways that society penalizes fat people for their body size.



“Being fat is seen as unattractive, as gross even. We view fat as a sign of weakness, of greediness, of laziness. And we have made the pursuit of thinness, bound up as it is with health, fitness, beauty, and discipline, into a moralized endeavor: making the ‘right’ lifestyle choices to avoid being fat is seen as a duty we each must fulfill,” she explained.&nbsp;



This collective aversion to fatness translates into an aversion to fat people, leading to widespread bullying, harassment, and discrimination in various areas, including healthcare, education, and the workplace.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-obesity-rates-have-tripled">Global obesity rates have tripled</h2>



Research cited in Nath's book shows that global obesity rates have tripled over the past 50 years, with severe obesity linked to lower life expectancy and higher risks of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/weight-loss-can-prevent-or-reverse-diabetes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diabetes</a> and heart disease. 



However, she delves deeper into the science of weight and health, revealing that diet and fitness may play a more significant role than weight alone. For example, a 2010 systematic review found that fit, obese individuals were less likely to die prematurely than unfit, normal-weight individuals.



Nath also highlights the ineffectiveness and potential harm of weight-loss advice, such as dieting. One review cited in her book found that many people who try to lose weight through <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tired-of-dieting-time-restricted-eating-is-a-safe-alternative/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dieting</a> end up heavier in the long run, with 41% of dieters weighing more four to five years after dieting than before they started.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stigmatizing-fatness-nbsp">Stigmatizing fatness&nbsp;</h2>



Public health campaigns aiming to help people lose weight often make the situation worse by stigmatizing fatness. “The consensus view in the literature on weight stigma is that it doesn’t help. Actually, it’s worse than that,” Nath said.&nbsp;



“Not only does subjecting fat people to weight stigma seem to make it less likely that they will become thin, but, moreover, weight stigma appears to seriously harm their physical and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mental-health-crisis-half-of-the-worlds-population-will-be-affected-by-age-75/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mental health</a> in many ways.” 



Research shows that people who feel stigmatized are less likely to lose weight and more likely to suffer from depression and low self-esteem.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prejudice-against-fat-people">Prejudice against fat people</h2>



In her book, Nath discusses at great length the profound prejudice fat people face, impacting their lives significantly. She cites studies showing that children as young as three prefer playmates who aren’t chubby, and that one in three American college students agree that becoming obese would be “one of the worst things that could happen to a person.”



Nath envisions a world where fat people enjoy equitable healthcare, workforce inclusion, and the ability to appear in public without shame. “It is OK to be fat because there’s nothing wrong with being fat. There’s nothing wrong with being fat, of course, except for all that our society does to make it bad to be fat: oppressing fat people for their body size by imposing on them the gross injustice of sizeism,” she said.



Thus, Nath’s work calls for a paradigm shift in addressing fatness, focusing on combating sizeism and promoting social equality for all body sizes.



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Fat people are bullied and harassed - even at the doctor's office

Prejudice against fat people is pervasive in our society, and...

The most complete <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaur-skin-is-more-diverse-than-previously-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinosaur</a> fossil found in Mississippi, considered “incredibly unusual” by state officials, remains 85 percent buried since its discovery in 2007.



Paleontologists have identified the specimen as a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nearly-complete-duck-billed-dinosaur-fossil/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hadrosaur</a>, a family of duck-billed, herbivorous dinosaurs that lived over 82 million years ago. The hadrosaur family includes at least 61 identified species, with potentially hundreds more having once roamed the Earth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dinosaur-remains-in-mississippi">Dinosaur remains in Mississippi</h2>



Researchers have unearthed portions of the spinal vertebrae, forearm, feet, and pelvic bones of this specimen. However, extracting the rest of the fossil from its location near Booneville in northeast Mississippi has proven challenging.



“This thing sat for a while because we didn't have anybody to work on it,” said James Starnes, an official with the state's geology office.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-3d-method-of-forensic-bone-analysis">3D method of forensic bone analysis</h2>



For nearly two decades, the specific species of this hadrosaur fossil remained unidentified. Researchers are now using a 3D method of forensic bone analysis called geometric morphometrics to solve the mystery before the fossil is fully unearthed.



Derek Hoffman, a geology graduate student at the <a href="https://www.usm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southern Mississippi</a> (USM), is analyzing the hadrosaur's remains with this method. “What geometric morphometrics does is it takes a shape-analysis approach,” he explained.



This method determines key features or 'landmarks' for a given bone sample and compares their distances and ratios via complex statistical models to identify differences and similarities with known bones.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mississippi-dinosaur-fossils">Mississippi dinosaur fossils</h2>



Hoffman's work is complicated by the fact that some pieces of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/preparing-fossils/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil</a> are in the hands of private collectors. His research primarily focuses on the bones held by the <a href="https://www.mdwfp.com/museum" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mississippi Museum of Natural Science</a>. 



“We have quite a few of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-mammals-adaptable-backbones/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vertebrae</a>,” said Museum paleontology curator George Phillips. “We have one humerus. We have one ulna. The ulna is the posterior of the forearm. We have some of the foot bones. Then we have the pubis.”



The adult hadrosaur's ulna measures about two feet long, and the humerus is around a foot and a half. A complete adult hadrosaur's foot bones can exceed 50 pounds in total weight. However, the dinosaur's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/puzzling-fossil-has-the-body-of-a-bird-skull-of-a-dinosaur/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">skull</a>, the most unique feature for differentiating hadrosaur species, has yet to be found.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hadrosaur-species-nbsp">Hadrosaur species&nbsp;</h2>



Different hadrosaur species evolved with a wide variety of crowns on their duck-billed heads, including structures like a rooster's comb. Paleontologists are still debating the biological purpose of these features, but their diversity has contributed to the recorded variety of the hadrosaur family.



Hoffman is focusing on the dinosaur's pubis, a bone from the front of the pelvis, as the next best choice for identifying the fossil's species.&nbsp;



Although differences between hadrosaur species' pubis bones are often too subtle for the naked eye, rigorous mathematical approaches like geometric morphometrics can reveal hidden distinctions. With these methods, Hoffman hopes to narrow down the potential species of this Mississippi fossil.



The hadrosaur likely measured about 25-26 feet long and stood around 16 feet tall when perched on its hind legs.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-well-represented-dinosaurs-in-the-fossil-record-nbsp">Well-represented dinosaurs in the fossil record&nbsp;</h2>



Researchers believe that the hadrosaur lineage started in North America and eventually migrated globally, with fossils found in Asia, South America, Europe, and North Africa. “They're the most well-represented dinosaurs in the fossil record, without a doubt,” Hoffmann said.



Hadrosaurs, whose name comes from the Ancient Greek for “stout lizard," ranged from about 2.2 to 4.4 tons. Examples of hadrosaur species include the Parasaurolophus, known for its long, backward-curving crest, and the Edmontosaurus, which had a crest made from soft tissue like a rooster.



Starnes described the 2007 hadrosaur discovery near Booneville as “incredibly unusual.”&nbsp;



“We just don't have a lot of skeletons. We have pieces and parts, but not a skeleton,” he said. Despite the nearly two decades it has taken to unearth just a fraction of the fossil, he hopes the project will eventually be completed.



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‘Incredibly unusual’ dinosaur unearthed in Mississippi

The most complete dinosaur fossil found in Mississippi, considered “incredibly...

Have you ever wondered about the secrets of the universe? Dark <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/existence-of-dark-matter-confirmed-by-new-study/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">matter</a>, dark energy, particles that move with lightning speed - these are the central focus of recent cosmic mysteries. Imagine we've been sharing our universe with particles that travel faster than light, known as tachyons.



This is the audacious new theory presented by scientists Samuel H. Kramer from the<a href="https://www.wisc.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> University of Wisconsin–Madison</a> and Ian H. Redmount from <a href="https://www.slu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saint Louis University</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dark-matter-and-dark-energy">Dark matter and dark energy</h2>



Dark matter and dark energy have been the "elephant in the universe" for scientists. These entities make up about 95% of the universe, but much about them remains a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coldest-quantum-detectors-in-the-world-enlisted-to-search-for-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mystery</a>.



Dark matter, making up 27%, is like the universe's invisible hand, influencing the movement of galaxies and galaxy clusters.



Dark energy, making up 68%, is like the universe's hidden fuel, driving the accelerated expansion of the universe. The new theory surrounding tachyons might shed some light on these enigmatic parts of our cosmos.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-race-against-light">The race against light</h2>



In the world of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-matter-does-not-exist-universe-27-billion-years-old-study/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hypothetical</a> particles, tachyons are the rebels, the non-conformists. Einstein's theory of relativity made the speed of light the cosmic speed limit, but tachyons laugh at these rules. 



They supposedly travel faster than light. Kramer's and Redmount's paper suggests a universe dominated by these cheeky particles might still fit within the framework of modern physics. 



If tachyons exist, they would possess properties that could influence <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-matter-influence-cosmos-galaxies-extends-much-farther-than-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cosmic phenomena</a> in ways we haven't imagined yet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-peculiar-properties-of-tachyons">The peculiar properties of tachyons </h2>



The experts propose a new model where the universe initially slows down before speeding up, a process they call "inflected expansion."



This shakes up the standard Lambda Cold Dark Matter (ΛCDM) model, which attributes acceleration to dark energy. 



In this new model, the pace of the universe's expansion is influenced by the peculiar properties of tachyons. 



Their speed, faster than light, gives them a unique form of kinetic energy that causes the shift from deceleration to acceleration.



To provide proof, the team used data from Type Ia supernovae, the "standard candles" of the universe. Their consistent luminosity makes them a reliable measure of distances across the universe.



Fitting their model to observed supernova data, the researchers found that a tachyonic universe could explain the observed acceleration.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-findings-of-the-study">Key findings of the study</h2>



The study examined two datasets of Type Ia supernovae to test a new cosmological model. The Hubble parameter (H0) measures the universe's expansion rate. It's expressed in kilometers per second per megaparsec (km/s/Mpc). 



The smaller dataset had 186 supernovae. It showed an H0 value of 66.6 ± 1.5 km/s/Mpc. This means the universe expands by 66.6 kilometers per second for every megaparsec of distance, with a margin of error of ±1.5 km/s/Mpc. The age of the universe from this dataset is about 8.35 ± 0.68 billion years.



The larger dataset had 1048 supernovae. It showed a slightly higher H0 value of 69.6 ± 0.4 km/s/Mpc. This suggests a faster expansion rate, with a smaller margin of error of ±0.4 km/s/Mpc. The universe's age from this dataset is about 8.15 ± 0.36 billion years.



These findings align with existing models like the Lambda Cold Dark Matter model. This agreement means the new tachyon-based model could be a valid alternative. 



The new theory suggests that tachyons, particles moving faster than light, might make up dark <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/black-holes-are-not-the-secret-source-of-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">matter</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-if-tachyons-are-real">What if tachyons are real?</h2>



If tachyons are proven real, it would revolutionize our understanding of physics, potentially upending existing theories and unveiling new avenues for research. 



Despite criticism and skepticism from the scientific community, the duo's model aligns well with current supernova data.



The implications could extend beyond cosmology, impacting fields like particle physics and general relativity. 



However, the tachyonic model must endure further testing and rigorous peer review before gaining acceptance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



Future research will compare this model with other cosmological data, including the cosmic microwave background and quasar microlensing. 



This explorative journey will help determine if tachyons can truly explain the universe's accelerated expansion.



The discovery of tachyons could have implications far beyond cosmology. It might even lead to new technologies based on faster-than-light travel, though that's purely speculative. 



Theoretical physicists would need to rewrite many principles, and new frameworks might emerge.



As with any revolutionary theory, it's essential to get everyone on board. Researchers across various fields will need to test and refine the tachyonic model. 



Collaborative efforts would result in designing new experiments and observations to detect tachyons or their effects.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-validating-the-tachyon-model">Validating the tachyon model</h2>



The research will need rigorous scrutiny by other experts in the field through the peer-review process. This crucial step will determine the credibility of the new theory. 



If validated, this model could revolutionize our understanding of the universe's past and future. It might reveal the nature of dark matter and its role in forming galaxies. It could also clarify anomalies in the cosmic microwave background and galaxy distribution.



The study is published in <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.13859" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arXiv</a>.



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Dark matter may consist of particles that travel faster than light speed

Have you ever wondered about the secrets of the universe?...

Earth's history is filled with marvelous creatures, some of which still leave experts baffled today, such as pseudosuchians. 



An example of one such creature is the new predatory reptile species discovered recently, located in the heart of Brazil, making a noteworthy addition to the tales of the Triassic period. 



This latest find sheds light on an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-and-ecology-shaped-250-million-years-of-crocodile-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ancient lineage</a> of crocodile-like reptiles known as pseudosuchians, named Parvosuchus aurelioi. Now, let's go on a journey to truly understand these "false crocodiles" and their role in our planet's past.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-triassic-tales-of-pseudosuchians">Triassic tales of pseudosuchians</h2>



Before dinosaurs took the stage, pseudosuchians strutted across Earth's surface for all to see. Inhabiting our planet approximately 252 to 201 million years ago, during the Triassic period, they were some of the most common quadruped reptiles of the time. 



Their existence is best depicted by those who were at the top of the food chain - the massive carnivorous pseudosuchians. 



Meanwhile, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/parvosuchus-aurelioi_ancient-crocodile-species_Matheus-Fernandes_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gracilisuchids</a>, smaller relatives to these apex predators, shared this period, with known traces of them in regions like China and Argentina.



Our tale's hero, Rodrigo Müller, a scientist from Brazil, has added color to our understanding of pseudosuchians. Let's delve deeper.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pseudosuchians-were-a-fascinating-clan">Pseudosuchians were a fascinating clan</h2>



The pseudosuchians, or "false crocodiles", belonged to an diverse clade of archosaurs, siblings to modern birds and crocodiles and their extinct kin. 



They thrived, diversified, and adapted, showing a range of sizes, shapes, and lifestyles that were as varied as the environments they called home. They can be classified into a few notable groups:



<ul>
<li>Aetosauria: Heavily armored, plant-eating creatures, most noted for their wide, flat bodies and short legs. </li>



<li>Ornithosuchidae: The "bird crocs", an interesting mix of bird and crocodile features, and likely were active predators. </li>



<li>Rauisuchidae: The true titans of their time, being large predators with robust limbs, and a fearsome bite. </li>



<li>Crocodylomorpha: The ancestors of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-croc-day-embracing-the-mighty-reptile/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">today's crocodiles</a>, which were at first small and terrestrial, but later evolved semi-aquatic capabilities.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-anatomy-of-ancient-adaptability">Anatomy of ancient adaptability</h2>



Pseudosuchians showcased a stunning array of anatomical features that embodied their adaptability and evolutionary success. Their skull shapes and teeth hinted at their varied diets and ways of life. 



The predator species had sharp, serrated teeth for tearing flesh, while those that were herbivores had flatter teeth for grinding plant material.



Similarly, their limb structures differed dramatically based on their lifestyle. For instance, the rauisuchids had strong, pillar-like limbs befitting their ground-dwelling predatory lifestyle. On the other hand, early crocodylomorphs had finer limbs, suited for both land and water.



Another significant feature seen in many pseudosuchians, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-identify-a-new-aetosaur-that-lived-200-million-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">especially aetosaurs</a>, was the presence of extensive body armor composed of bony plates, or osteoderms. This armor not only provided protection but may have also played a part in heat regulation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-triassic-ecosystem-and-pseudosuchian-roles">Triassic ecosystem and pseudosuchian roles</h2>



Pseudosuchians not only survived but thrived in various ecological niches. Species like the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vivaron-haydeni-new-species-of-reptile-from-212-million-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rauisuchids</a> ruled as dominant terrestrial predators, while aetosaurs served as their ecosystem's primary herbivores. Some pseudosuchians even enjoyed an omnivorous or generalist diet. 



Unfortunately, most pseudosuchians disappeared at the close of the Triassic period, succumbing to a cocktail of volcanic activity, climate change, and competition with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/armor-was-a-boomerang-trait-in-the-story-of-dinosaur-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emerging archosaurs</a> like early dinosaurs. 



However, the crocodylomorphs' lineage persisted and evolved into the variety of crocodilians we see today.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-brazilian-discovery-parvosuchus-aurelioi">New Brazilian discovery: Parvosuchus aurelioi</h2>



Let's return to our recent discovery by Rodrigo Müller. He found a new species of gracilisuchid from a specimen located in the Santa Maria Formation in Brazil. 



Aged around 237 million years old, the partial skeleton consists of a full skull, 11 dorsal vertebrae, a section of the pelvis, and partially preserved limbs. 



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/parvosuchus-aurelioi_ancient-crocodile-species_Matheus-Fernandes_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/parvosuchus-aurelioi_ancient-crocodile-species_Triassic_Matheus-Fernandes_1s.jpg" alt="Ancient crocodile-like reptile called Parvosuchus aurelioi, a pseudosuchian. Credit: Matheus Fernandes" class="wp-image-1937783"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Ancient crocodile-like reptile called Parvosuchus aurelioi, a pseudosuchian. Credit: Matheus Fernandes</figcaption></figure>



Christened Parvosuchus aurelioi, the name is a tribute to the amateur paleontologist Pedro Lucas Porcella Aurélio, who chanced upon the fossil materials.



This small croc-like creature is estimated to have been less than one meter in length, sporting long slender jaws filled with pointy teeth that curved backward. 



This fascinating find marks the first such species confirmed from Brazil and brings attention to the incredible diversity among pseudosuchians during the Triassic period.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-triassic-times-to-modern-day">From Triassic times to modern day</h2>



This journey through the Triassic period and the world of pseudosuchians serves as a testament to Earth's rich and diverse history. 



The discovery of Parvosuchus aurelioi in Brazil marks a significant milestone in unraveling the vast legacy of these ancient reptiles. It reminds us of the magnificent biodiversity that once painted our planet's landscapes, with creatures both great and small.



The understanding gleaned from studying pseudosuchians provides insights into our world's ecological past, showcasing the adaptability and resilience of life. 



As we continue unearthing the archives of Earth's past, every new discovery, like Parvosuchus aurelioi, brings us one step closer to understanding life's magnificent tapestry and how it has evolved over millions of years.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-63313-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scientific Reports</a>.



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Ancient crocodile-like reptile roamed Earth 250 million years ago

Earth's history is filled with marvelous creatures, some of which...

Microscopic organisms might be our new secret weapon in the war against <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/major-plastic-pollution-lurks-beneath-the-surface-of-rivers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic pollution</a>.



Recent studies have revealed that certain bacteria can disintegrate plastic into small particles, which can then find their way back into the recycling process. 



This promising discovery offers fresh hope in combating plastic waste, which is one of the most pronounced environmental crises of the 21st century.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tiny-titans-of-plastic-consumption">Tiny titans of plastic consumption</h2>



The groundbreaking research originated from <a href="https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Leiden University</a>, where scientists had compiled a vast repository of Streptomyces bacteria.



Initially intended as a resource for the discovery of novel antibiotics, PhD candidate Jo-Anne Verschoor found another compelling use for these microorganisms.



As she neared the completion of her doctorate program, Verschoor embarked on a unique exploration into how the microscopic organisms could tackle our macroscopic plastic problem.



She discovered that a substantial 20% of the bacterial strains could degrade specific forms of plastic. This groundbreaking finding reinforces the idea of turning <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microbes-found-that-can-digest-plastic-in-freezing-temperatures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbes</a> into environmental allies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-neutral-set-of-bacteria">Neutral set of bacteria</h2>



Importantly, this scientific breakthrough didn’t emerge out of nowhere. Verschoor's prior research had led her to suspect that these bacteria could potentially digest plastic. 



However, much like us, these bacteria don’t perform tasks in a vacuum - they require the right conditions. The bacteria analyzed in the study were not initially collected with plastic degradation in mind.



This neutral set of bacteria offered an opportunity to observe the effects of various substances and conditions on their ability to break down <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-can-break-down-pet-pollution-in-ocean-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PET plastic</a>, which is commonly found in food packaging and drink bottles.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hungry-bacteria-have-motivation">Hungry bacteria have motivation </h2>



A plastic bottle doesn't just disappear when left in the soil. Much like humans, bacteria require motivation to exert effort. This means that the external conditions are crucial for bacteria to initiate the breakdown process.



"Bacteria are just like people," said Verschoor. An example of this is our natural reaction to run from danger. Similarly, the bacteria in this study showed a heightened level of activity when "hungry."



This behavior was observed in lab settings as the researchers introduced plastic models to bacteria-filled plates. The results were pretty clear - starving bacteria would indeed devour plastic pieces presented to them.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plastic-puzzle-solved">Plastic puzzle solved</h2>



In a pivotal step in her research, Verschoor made two major discoveries. First, she found that 18% of the bacterial strains could degrade plastics if the conditions were right.



Interestingly, the presence of a gene called Lipase A boosted this process significantly. Organisms with abundant Lipase A were seen breaking down plastic more quickly.



In light of these findings, the horizon of bacteria-based plastic recycling looks pretty promising. 



The extensive gamut of bacteria that can ingest plastic is now expanded exponentially, paving the way for innovative <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-find-cheaper-method-of-recycling-plastics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic recycling</a> methods.



An exemplar of this promising future is the French enterprise Carbios, embarking on a pioneering voyage to test large-scale recycling of plastics using bacteria and their enzymes. 



As this method is further developed, we can envision a future where plastic pollution is not an insurmountable challenge, but a problem with a tangible and biological solution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-the-lab-to-the-real-world">From the lab to the real-world </h2>



While these lab-based discoveries are groundbreaking, translating them into real-world applications presents its own set of challenges. 



The transition from controlled environments to dynamic and variable conditions in nature requires meticulous planning and testing. Scaling up bacterial plastic degradation involves scientific innovation as well as logistical and economic considerations.



To bridge this gap, interdisciplinary collaborations are key. Engineers, environmental scientists, and policymakers need to work hand-in-hand to create effective systems for deploying these bacteria on a large scale. 



Potential applications include introducing these bacteria into waste management facilities, creating bio-reactors designed for plastic breakdown, and developing consumer products that incorporate bacterial enzymes.



Moreover, public awareness and education are crucial. For these innovations to be effective, societies must be informed about the benefits and limitations of bacteria-based plastic degradation. 



While the journey from lab to landfills is fraught with complexities, the potential for bacteria to revolutionize plastic recycling is immense. 



With continued research, interdisciplinary collaboration, and public support, we might soon witness a significant leap towards a cleaner, more sustainable planet.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-024-06414-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Communications Biology</a>.



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'Hungry' bacteria will devour plastic waste

Microscopic organisms might be our new secret weapon in the...

In the southern fringes of Israel, the arid plains of the Negev Desert cradle a precious cache of history. For millennia, the region's roving hunters, shepherds, and traders carved their stories on the rock canvases of this desert.



Their work, ancient petroglyphs, carved meticulously on a thin, naturally formed black coating known as 'desert varnish,' is a remarkable sight.



Among these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stone-age-artists-carved-incredibly-detailed-animal-tracks-onto-rocks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enduring illustrations</a>, representations of ibexes, goats, horses, donkeys, and domestic camels are common. They're not alone, though; abstract symbols and figures also make appearances.



However, a recent study featured in reveals an invisible threat to these invaluable artifacts: <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/desert-grass-survives-by-capturing-moisture-from-fog/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">desert</a>-adapted fungi and lichens.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fungi-and-lichens-on-rock-carvings">Fungi and lichens on rock carvings</h2>



The author of the study is Laura Rabbachin, a PhD student at the <a href="https://www.akbild.ac.at/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Academy of Fine Arts Vienna</a> in Austria.



"These fungi and lichens could significantly contribute to the gradual erosion and damage of the petroglyphs,” warns Rabbachin.



 “They are able to secrete different types of acids that can dissolve the limestone in which the petroglyphs are carved. In addition, the fungi can penetrate and grow within the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stone-tool-discovery-challenges-entire-theory-of-human-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stone</a> grains, causing additional mechanical damage.”



Rabbachin and her team embarked on a field trip to the central-western highlands of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Negev Desert</a>, where the climate is as harsh as it gets. 



Here, annual rainfall barely crosses 87mm (3.4 inches), and rock surfaces can reach a sweltering 56.3 °C (133.3 °F) in summer.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fungi-impact-the-rock-carvings">Fungi impact the rock carvings</h2>



For their research, the team took various samples from rocks bearing petroglyphs, unadorned rocks, and surrounding soil. 



They also collected airborne spores, casting a wide net in their quest to understand the nature and diversity of the fungi and lichen species involved.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/negev-petroglyphs_desert-loving-fungi_erosion_credit-Laura-Rabbachin_2s.jpg" alt="Negev petroglyph rock carvings are eroding from fungi and lichen. Credit: Laura Rabbachin" class="wp-image-1938417"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Negev petroglyph rock carvings are eroding from fungi and lichen. Credit: Laura Rabbachin</figcaption></figure>



Their research revealed that only a few species can survive in extreme conditions. They found several fungi on the rock carvings, specifically from the genera Alternaria, Cladosporium, and Coniosporium. 



These fungi are known for their resilience and ability to thrive in harsh environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lichens-deterioration-of-the-carvings">Lichens deterioration of the carvings</h2>



Additionally, they identified various lichens from the genus Flavoplaca. Lichens are symbiotic organisms composed of fungi and algae or cyanobacteria, which allows them to survive in conditions that are too extreme for most other organisms.



This combination of fungi and lichens illustrates a diverse but limited group of species capable of enduring such challenging environments.



Rabbachin's study noted that the greatest threat to the rock carvings comes from a group known as microcolonial fungi. 



“Microcolonial fungi are considered highly dangerous for stone artifacts. They have been implicated as a probable cause of the deterioration of stone cultural heritage in the Mediterranean,” she reported.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-there-a-remedy">Is there a remedy?</h2>



The sobering conclusion from the research team is that halting these natural weathering processes is unlikely. “Their speed of the weathering process depends heavily on whether and how the climate will change in the future,” says Prof Katja Sterflinger, the study’s senior author.



Instead, the team suggests a different approach. Document these valuable works of art in detail, including their materials, techniques, and historical significance. Monitor the microbial communities over time to understand their impact and evolution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-strategies-and-future-directions">Conservation strategies and future directions</h2>



While eradicating the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fungi-in-boreal-forests-are-sensitive-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fungi</a> and lichens is not feasible, there are strategies that can be implemented to slow down their damaging effects. 



Conservationists are exploring the use of biocides that are effective against these microorganisms but safe for the environment and the artifacts. 



Another approach involves environmental management, such as controlling the microclimate around the rock carvings to make it less conducive for fungi and lichen growth.



These methods require ongoing research and funding, but they offer a potential way to mitigate the impact of these natural processes. 



Looking ahead, a multi-disciplinary approach involving mycologists, archaeologists, and conservation scientists will be crucial in developing sustainable strategies to protect these irreplaceable cultural treasures.



This tale of the Negev Desert’s rock carvings is a humbling reminder of our tenuous hold on the past. Our ancestors’ stories, lovingly carved on stone, might be wearing away under nature's relentless forces. Yet, we can still preserve their memory in our shared histories and narratives.



The study has been published in the journal <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/fungal-biology/articles/10.3389/ffunb.2024.1400380/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Fungal Biology</a>.



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Ancient desert rock carvings face erosion from fungi and lichens

In the southern fringes of Israel, the arid plains of...

Picture Japan in the year 1181, just as the Genpei War (1180-85) was taking root. As political power was being redefined, an unexpected guest star, SN 1181, appeared in the sky. 



How do we know? The Azuma Kagami, an ancient diary, recounted not just the details of daily human lives and key events but also these celestial sightings, including the supernova.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-guest-star-sn-1181">Guest star (SN) 1181</h2>



Fast forward to the present day, and that once temporary guest star, now known as supernova (SN) 1181, is back in the spotlight. 



But not because it shone brightly in the sky, but rather because Takatoshi Ko, a doctoral student from the Department of Astronomy at the <a href="https://www.ioa.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Tokyo</a>, and his team of researchers have pieced together a mystery that has lasted for centuries.



"There are many accounts of this temporary guest star in historical records from Japan, China and Korea. At its peak, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/t-coronae-borealis-nova-explosion-nearby-star-light-up-earths-skies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star's brightness</a> was comparable to Saturn's," explained Ko.



"It remained visible to the naked eye for about 180 days, until it gradually dimmed out of sight. The remnant of the SN 1181 explosion is now very old, so it is dark and difficult to find."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-dwarf-stars-created-sn-1181">Two dwarf stars created SN 1181</h2>



SN 1181 may have faded from view around 840 years ago, but it's leaving a big impression today. It's the result of a rare and dramatic event - two <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/white-dwarf-stars-may-be-billions-of-years-older-than-estimated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">white dwarf stars</a> collided, leading to a supernova.



The remnant of this supernova was then left behind as a single, bright, and fast-rotating white dwarf, a cosmic wonder that has piqued the interest of modern astrophysicists.



The SN 1181 remnant presented a perplexing puzzle. Its remnant has two shock regions, but how did they form? 



Enter the power of computer modeling and observational analysis. With this tech, the University of Tokyo research team was able to recreate the remnant's structure and solve this cosmic conundrum.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tale-of-stars-and-supernova">Tale of stars and supernova</h2>



Traditional wisdom led them to believe that when two white dwarfs crash into each other, they should explode and vanish. 



But this collision left a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/t-coronae-borealis-blaze-star-explosion-visible-one-week/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">white dwarf spinning</a> in space. Was there a stellar wind involved, and if so, when did it start? Their adventurous exploration of space led them to fascinating findings.



According to their calculations, the wind might have started blowing within the last 20-30 years.



"If the wind had started blowing immediately after SNR 1181's formation, we couldn't reproduce the observed size of the inner shock region," said Ko.



"However, by treating the wind's onset time as variable, we succeeded in explaining all of the observed features of SNR 1181 accurately and unraveling the mysterious properties of this high-speed wind. 



The astronomers were also able to simultaneously track the time evolution of each shock region, using numerical calculations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-history-meets-astronomy">History meets astronomy</h2>



The tale of the SN 1181 is more than just a scientific discovery. It represents a fascinating blend of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/webb-travels-back-in-time-to-better-understand-supernovae-science/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">historical records</a> and modern astronomical techniques. But how does this work?



To begin with, the Azuma Kagami provided invaluable observational data. By analyzing these historical records, astronomers were able to gather crucial information about the appearance and timing of the supernova SN 1181.



In modern times, researchers used this historical data in conjunction with advanced astronomical tools and methods. They could cross-reference the ancient observations with current astronomical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/star-collapse-black-hole-instead-of-supernova-vanish-from-sky/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">data</a>. 



As a result, studies successfully pinpointed the exact location of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pillars-of-creation-new-3d-video-nasa-created-as-never-seen-before/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernova remnant</a> within the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cassiopeia-a-resembles-a-shiny-christmas-ornament-in-this-webb-telescope-photo/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">constellation Cassiopeia</a>.



This fusion of history and modern science showcases the importance of preserving and studying historical texts. Through such collaborative efforts, we can gain a more comprehensive understanding of the universe and its history.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-on-to-the-next-chapter">On to the next chapter</h2>



"The ability to determine the age of supernova remnants or the brightness at the time of their explosion through archaeological perspectives is a rare and invaluable asset to modern astronomy," said Ko. 



"Such interdisciplinary <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unraveling-the-mysterious-origins-of-the-crab-nebula/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">research</a> is both exciting and highlights the immense potential for combining diverse fields to uncover new dimensions of astronomical phenomena."



This exploration not only furthers our understanding of white dwarf collisions but also sets the stage for unraveling other historical celestial events. 



The interdisciplinary nature of this research underscores the importance of preserving ancient records, which serve as invaluable assets in modern scientific inquiries.



But the tale of the guest star (now known as supernova) isn't over yet. 



The team is now gearing up for more observations using the <a href="https://public.nrao.edu/telescopes/vla/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Very Large Array radio telescope</a> and the 8.2 meter-class <a href="https://subarutelescope.org/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subaru Telescope</a>. They're ready to delve deeper into the mysteries of the universe and hold the cosmos up to a mirror of the past.



Is there more to the tale of SN 1181? Time will tell.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ad4d99" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Astrophysical Journal</a>.



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Bright star documented in the year 1181 was actually a supernova

Picture Japan in the year 1181, just as the Genpei...

Have you ever gazed up at the night sky and wondered if humans are the only intelligent life in this vast universe? The twinkling stars, distant galaxies, and the sheer expanse above us evoke a sense of mystery and awe.



It's a question that has intrigued humanity for centuries, driving scientists, philosophers, and dreamers to explore the cosmos and seek answers to one of our most profound questions. 



What lies beyond Earth in our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/newly-discovered-stars-milky-way-are-old-as-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way galaxy</a>? Are there other forms of life out there, sharing the same curiosity and wonder?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-does-intelligent-life-need">What does intelligent life need?</h2>



New research brings us closer to understanding why we lack evidence of advanced extraterrestrial civilizations. 



Dr. Robert Stern, a geoscientist at the <a href="https://nsm.utdallas.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Texas at Dallas</a>, and Dr. Taras Gerya from the <a href="https://ethz.ch/en.html">Swiss Federal Institute of Technology</a> in Zurich, led the study.



“Life has been around on Earth for about 4 billion years, but complex organisms like animals didn’t appear until about 600 million years ago, which is not long after the modern episode of plate tectonics began,” said Stern. “Plate tectonics really jump-starts the evolution machine, and we think we understand why.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-drake-equation">Understanding the Drake Equation</h2>



In the 1960s, Dr. Frank Drake, a pioneer in the search for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aliens-dont-exist/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extraterrestrial intelligence</a>, developed an equation to estimate the number of intelligent civilizations in our galaxy capable of communication.



N = R*&nbsp;x&nbsp;fp&nbsp;x&nbsp;ne&nbsp;x&nbsp;fl&nbsp;x&nbsp;fi&nbsp;x&nbsp;fc&nbsp;x&nbsp;L



N:&nbsp;The number of civilizations in the Milky Way galaxy whose electromagnetic emissions (radio waves, etc.) are detectable.



R*:&nbsp;The number of stars formed annually.



fp: The fraction of those stars with planetary systems.



ne: The number of planets per solar system with an environment suitable for life.



fl: The fraction of suitable planets on which life actually appears.



fi: The fraction of life-bearing planets on which intelligent life emerges.



fc: The fraction of civilizations that develop a technology that produces detectable signs of their existence.



L: The average length of time (years) such civilizations produce such signs.



The above equation is known as the Drake Equation. Now famous in both scholastic and scientific circles, it considers variables like the rate of star formation and the fraction of stars with life-supporting planets.



Despite its optimistic predictions, we still have no contact with extraterrestrial civilizations. This mystery is called the Fermi Paradox. Named after nuclear physicist Dr. Enrico Fermi, it asks, "Where is everyone?"



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prerequisites-for-intelligent-life">Prerequisites for intelligent life</h2>



Dr. Stern and Dr. Gerya suggest that the Drake Equation may have overlooked the vital role that large oceans and continents play in fostering intelligent life.



According to their research, active, communicative civilizations (ACCs) not only need a stable environment but also long-term geological processes that shape and sustain their planet's surface.



Specifically, they argue that plate tectonics, the slow but powerful movement of a planet's outer shell, is crucial for the evolution of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alien-life-could-reside-in-dyson-spheres-across-1000-galaxies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">complex life forms</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deconstructing-plate-tectonics">Deconstructing plate tectonics</h2>



Plates aren’t just for dinner. In the realm of geosciences, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/long-lost-mega-plate-pontus-resurfaces-after-160-million-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plate tectonics</a> refers to the Earth's crust and upper mantle, which are fragmented into pieces that move ever-so-slowly over geological time scales.



Imagine continents as colossal rafts, floating and colliding, causing mountains to rise and oceans to form.



“It is much more common for planets to have an outer solid shell that is not fragmented, which is known as single-lid tectonics,” Stern said.



“But plate tectonics is much more effective than single-lid tectonics for driving the emergence of advanced life-forms.”



Without such dynamic processes, life may struggle to evolve beyond simple, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microbial-life-thats-8-billion-years-old-may-exist-on-nearby-exoplanets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbial forms</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-refurbishing-the-drake-equation">Refurbishing the Drake Equation</h2>



In their study, Stern and Gerya suggest refining a Drake equation factor, fi. This factor represents the fraction of life-bearing planets where intelligent life emerges.



They argue it should consider the necessity of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/asteroid-bennu-hints-at-the-possibility-of-life-on-an-ancient-planet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">large oceans</a>, continents, and plate tectonics for over 500 million years on those planets.



“In the original formulation, this factor was thought to be nearly 1, or 100% - that is, evolution on all planets with life would march forward and, with enough time, turn into an intelligent civilization,” Stern said. “Our perspective is: That’s not true.”



To put it simply, not every planet with life will necessarily develop an intelligent civilization. They suggest that the factor should consider the presence of significant continents, oceans, and long-lived plate tectonics.



This adjustment could drastically alter our estimates of the number of planets where advanced civilizations might arise.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intelligent-life-and-galactic-conditions">Intelligent life and galactic conditions</h2>



Their revised formula starkly shrinks the potential fraction of exoplanets with optimal conditions for advanced life.



According to Stern, the fraction of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-finds-17-exoplanets-that-have-oceans-and-possibly-alien-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exoplanets with enough water</a> and prolonged plate tectonics is likely much tinier than previously thought.



How tiny? Well, they estimate the values range from as low as 0.0002 to 0.01 for the volume of water and less than 0.17 for the duration of lasting plate tectonics.



“When we multiply these factors together, we get a refined estimate of fi&nbsp;that is very small, between 0.003% and 0.2%, instead of 100%,” Stern said.



“This explains the extreme rareness of favorable planetary conditions for the development of intelligent life in our galaxy and resolves the Fermi paradox.”



These numbers imply that the conditions necessary for the emergence of intelligent life are exceedingly rare.



Our role in the cosmos might just be a stroke of extraordinary luck. Stern's research suggests that the perfect alignment of geographical and geological factors required to birth intelligent life forms like us is more of a rare cosmic jackpot than a universal rule.



This understanding could potentially solve the Fermi Paradox by explaining why we haven't encountered other advanced civilizations despite the vast number of stars and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pluto-may-not-be-real-planet-but-has-real-big-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planets in the universe</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-searching-the-galaxy-for-intelligent-life">Searching the galaxy for intelligent life</h2>



NASA has confirmed well <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alien-worlds-unraveling-the-mysteries-of-exoplanets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">over 5,000 exoplanets</a> in the Milky Way alone, but currently, we aren't equipped to detect plate tectonics on these alien worlds.



Despite this limitation, scientists, including UT Dallas planet hunter Dr. Kaloyan Penev, continue their relentless pursuit of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-identified-85-new-exoplanets-that-could-harbor-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">habitable planets</a>.



The findings of Stern and Gerya might just shine a new light on their search, offering new parameters and considerations for identifying planets that could host advanced life.



“Biogeochemistry posits that the solid Earth, particularly plate tectonics, speeds up the evolution of species,” Stern said. 



“Studies like ours are useful because they stimulate thinking broadly about larger mysteries and provide an example of how we can apply our knowledge of Earth systems to interesting questions about our universe.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expanding-our-cosmic-comprehension">Expanding our cosmic comprehension</h2>



This research reminds us how much we still have to learn about the universe. It encourages us to think beyond Earth and consider how our planet's geological systems can offer insights into cosmic mysteries. 



Earth's history, with its tectonic movements, volcanic eruptions, and changing atmosphere, reflects processes that might happen on faraway worlds. 



By studying our planet, we learn about the potential for life and the workings of other planets.



The next time you look at the stars, remember that each one might have its own world, full of stories to tell. 



Picture the possibilities: planets with unique landscapes, climates, and maybe even life forms different from ours. The universe is vast and full of wonders. 



Our journey to understand it has just begun. As we learn more, we find more questions and discover that the cosmos is more complex and beautiful than we ever imagined.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-54700-x">Scientifi</a><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-54700-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">c</a><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-54700-x"> Reports</a>.



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New theory claims humans are 'probably' the only intelligent life in our galaxy

Have you ever gazed up at the night sky and...

The saying "you are what you eat" is more relevant than ever. New research reveals the health benefits of reducing processed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/12-of-americans-are-responsible-for-over-half-of-all-u-s-beef-consumption/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">meat consumption</a>. 



In the United States alone, a reduction in the consumption of processed meat could potentially prevent hundreds of thousands of cases of chronic disease within a decade.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-processed-meat-and-health">Processed meat and health</h2>



In a recent study, experts designed an innovative simulation tool that projects the health impacts of lowering processed meat and red meat consumption.



The research team, hailing from the <a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/global-agriculture-food-systems" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Edinburgh's Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Systems</a> and the <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill</a>, used the tool to predict multiple health outcomes.



The team's microsimulation, the first of its kind, utilized data from a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) national health survey. 



The simulation estimated the health effects of a range of meat consumption reduction -from five to 100 percent - on the U.S. adult population.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-research-nbsp">Focus of the research&nbsp;</h2>



“Cardiovascular disease and cancer are the two most common causes of death in the USA, including during the COVID-19 pandemic,” wrote the study authors.&nbsp;



“High processed meat consumption is associated with increased risks of cardiovascular disease; type 2 diabetes, and some cancers, particularly colorectal cancer.”&nbsp;



The researchers noted that in 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified consumption of processed meat as “carcinogenic to humans,” the same classification as tobacco and asbestos.&nbsp;



“The association of processed meat consumption with these chronic diseases is thought to be due to high haem iron, sodium, nitrites, nitrates, and saturated fat.”



“Compounds generated from high-temperature cooking - namely advanced glycation-end products, heterocyclic aromatic amines, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons - have also been implicated in chronic disease outcomes.”



Despite these findings, intake of processed meat in the United States has not been reduced over the past 20 years, said the researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-benefits">Potential benefits</h2>



The findings of the study are nothing short of impressive. The experts found that a 30 percent reduction in processed meat intake would have significant health benefits over a decade. 



This level of change would prevent more than 350,000 cases of diabetes. Additionally, it would result in 92,500 fewer <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/red-meat-consumption-linked-with-poorer-heart-function/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular disease</a> cases. There would also be 53,300 fewer colorectal cancer cases.



The microsimulation suggests that the health benefits of this scenario are very significant. White males would experience the most considerable benefits. Individuals with an annual household income of $25,000 to $55,000 would also see substantial health improvements.



Furthermore, the researchers considered the impact of cutting unprocessed red meat consumption alone, as well as reducing both processed and unprocessed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dietary-shift-to-forage-fish-could-prevent-millions-of-deaths/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">red meat intake</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-processed-meat-reduction">Impact of processed meat reduction</h2>



The study shows that empowering the public to reduce red meat consumption by 30 percent could have significant health benefits. 



A reduction in both processed and unprocessed red meat could result in 1,073,400 fewer diabetes cases. There would also be 382,400 fewer cardiovascular disease cases. Additionally, it could lead to 84,400 fewer <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seven-major-risk-factors-predict-colorectal-cancer-in-men/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">colorectal cancer</a> cases.



Moreover, reducing unprocessed red meat intake by 30 percent has a simple implication. It would mean eating around one less quarter-pound beef burger each week.



Interestingly, more disease cases were prevented by reducing unprocessed red meat compared to processed meat. This observation is attributed to the higher daily consumption of unprocessed red meat at 47g a day, compared to the 29g a day of processed meat.



The researchers caution that less is known about the effect of eating unprocessed red meat on chronic disease risk. They recommend interpreting these estimates with care and advocate for more research on the subject.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-climate-and-meat-consumption">Health, climate, and meat consumption</h2>



This research goes beyond the realm of public health, according to Professor Lindsay Jaacks, Personal Chair of Global Health and Nutrition at the University of Edinburgh.



"Cutting consumption of meat has been recommended by national and international organizations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, including the Climate Change Committee here in the UK and the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change or IPCC," said Professor Jaacks.



"Our research finds that these changes in diets could also have significant health benefits in the U.S., and so this is a clear win-win for people and planet."



This study presents a compelling case for individuals to consider less meat in their diets. The potential rewards are two-fold, promising a healthier population and a healthier planet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-encouraging-healthier-dietary-choices">Encouraging healthier dietary choices</h2>



Beyond individual efforts, public policy can play a crucial role in guiding healthier dietary choices. Implementing educational campaigns about the benefits of reducing meat consumption, along with incentives for choosing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-based-diets-lower-the-risk-of-major-diseases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant-based</a> alternatives, could amplify the positive health outcomes detailed in the study.



Governments should consider adopting policies like meat taxes and subsidies for healthier food options. These measures can make it easier for people to make beneficial dietary changes.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanplh/article/PIIS2542-5196(24)00118-9/fulltext" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Lancet Planetary Health</a>.



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Diseases linked to processed meat could easily be prevented

The saying "you are what you eat" is more relevant...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.



The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.



The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.



The full study was recently published in <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a>.



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Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.



Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.



Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents". In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively. MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.



MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization. The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.



Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.



A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.



This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.



PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.



In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.



As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.



The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.



For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.



The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.



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MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a>



Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.



The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVywlgRJXsc
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Some children read facial expressions when making food choices.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-other-people-s-reactions-influence-children-s-eating-habits">Other people's reactions influence children's eating habits</h2>



Many children are finicky eaters, but research explains how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-learned-why-so-many-kids-dislike-vegetables/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">watching others eat and social modeling</a> influence the eating habits of children.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Study Methodology Demonstrates Social Learning Impact</h2>



Researchers at <a href="https://www.aston.ac.uk/hls/school-of-psychology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aston University School of Psychology</a> have published findings in Frontiers in Psychology that illuminate the neurobiological foundations of food preference development through observational learning. The investigation employed controlled video stimuli featuring adults consuming raw broccoli while displaying systematically varied facial expressions to measure participant responses.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Asymmetrical Response Patterns Identified</h2>



The research, conducted with 204 female participants, revealed a pronounced asymmetry in social modeling effects. Negative facial expressions during vegetable consumption significantly diminished observer food preference ratings, while positive expressions failed to produce corresponding increases in vegetable appeal. This finding challenges conventional assumptions about the bidirectional nature of social influence in dietary behavior formation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Evolutionary Psychology Framework Applied</h2>



Dr. Katie Edwards and her research team propose that these results reflect adaptive mechanisms developed through evolutionary processes. The heightened sensitivity to disgust expressions likely functions as a protective system, enabling individuals to identify potentially harmful foods through social cues without direct risk exposure.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Clinical and Educational Implications</h2>



These findings carry substantial implications for pediatric nutrition interventions and family meal dynamics. The research suggests that parental expressions of distaste during vegetable consumption may inadvertently reinforce children's existing food aversions through unconscious social transmission pathways.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Future Research Directions</h2>



The study establishes a foundation for expanded investigation into real-time social modeling effects and cross-demographic applicability. Researchers emphasize the necessity for longitudinal studies examining actual consumption behaviors rather than preference ratings alone, particularly within family contexts where social learning occurs most frequently.



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Social modeling affects our food choices

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVywlgRJXsc Some children read facial expressions when making food choices....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JynHpMaNO8A
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Chaotic cancer protein finally controlled after decades of mystery</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cancer-causing-protein-bound-and-blocked">Cancer-causing protein bound and blocked</h2>



In a discovery that can one day revolutionize cancer treatment, researchers at the <a href="https://www.ucr.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Riverside</a> have successfully developed a means of controlling MYC, a notoriously slippery protein that causes approximately <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chaotic-protein-that-fuels-75-of-cancers-can-be-controlled/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">75% of all cancers in humans</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-makes-myc-different">What makes MYC different</h2>



MYC presents a unique challenge when studying cancer. Normally, this protein plays a vital role in healthy cells. It carefully controls transcription - the process that converts genetic information from DNA and RNA into proteins.



However, cancer changes everything. In cancer cells, MYC becomes a destructive force. It operates in overdrive mode with no regulation whatsoever.



Professor Min Xue, who led the research team, explains it simply: "MYC is less like food for cancer cells and more like a steroid. It drives cancer's aggressive growth." This superactive behavior makes MYC involved in three out of every four cancer cases.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-myc-is-hard-to-target">Why MYC is hard to target</h2>



Despite its clear role in cancer, targeting MYC has been one of medicine's biggest challenges. The main problem lies in MYC's unusual structure - or rather, its complete lack of structure.



Professor Xue describes the protein as "basically a glob of randomness." This means conventional drug discovery methods don't work. These traditional approaches rely on sharply defined protein structures. MYC simply doesn't have one.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">A New Approach to Fighting MYC</h2>



The UCR research team developed a clever solution. They designed a special peptide molecule that could selectively bind to MYC. More importantly, this peptide could block MYC's destructive activity.



The key was fine-tuning two specific features: the peptide's stiffness and its shape. Through careful adjustments, researchers achieved something remarkable. They reached "sub-micro-molar affinity" - meaning their peptide binds as strongly as antibodies do.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-results">Breakthrough results</h2>



This accomplishment represents a major leap beyond previous attempts. The researchers enhanced their peptide's binding strength by two orders of magnitude. This dramatic improvement brings the work significantly closer to practical drug development goals.



The research opens new possibilities for treating the vast majority of cancers where MYC plays a destructive role.



The researchers are presently optimizing peptide-delivery systems based on lipid nanoparticles that deliver the peptide effectively into cancer cells. The<a href="https://www.nih.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> National Institutes of Health</a> and the <a href="https://www.defense.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Department of Defense</a> funded the study, which appeared in the Journal of the <a href="https://www.acs.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Chemical Society</a>. This research offers renewed hope against cancer, and it can potentially open a door to more effective cancer therapies for most cancer patients worldwide.



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The protein that fuels 3 out of 4 cancers has been controlled

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JynHpMaNO8A Chaotic cancer protein finally controlled after decades of mystery...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Veg4HmmRVZY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Our bodies hits two 'aging cliffs' at these ages.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-map-exact-ages-when-your-body-rapidly-ages">Scientists Map Exact Ages When Your Body Rapidly Ages</h2>



Scientists have <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-bodies-begin-breaking-down-two-very-precise-ages/#google_vignette">discovered that aging</a> isn't the gradual, steady process many assume it to be. Instead, researchers from Stanford Medicine have found that our bodies undergo dramatic molecular changes at two specific ages: 44 and 60. This research, published in Nature Aging, reveals that aging happens in sudden bursts rather than smooth transitions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-waves-of-rapid-aging">Two waves of rapid aging</h2>



The Stanford study tracked over 135,000 different molecules and microbes in 108 participants aged 25 to 75 over several years. Results showed that 81% of all molecules studied exhibited non-linear changes, meaning they shifted dramatically at certain ages rather than changing gradually over time.



Michael Snyder, chair of genetics at Stanford School of Medicine and the study's senior author, noted significant findings. "We're not just changing gradually over time; there are some really dramatic changes. It turns out the mid-40s is a time of dramatic change, as is the early 60s. And that's true no matter what class of molecules you look at."



The first wave of changes occurs around age 44, affecting molecules related to alcohol metabolism, caffeine processing, lipid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/age-related-changes-in-metabolism-dont-match-our-expectations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">metabolism</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heart-disease-remains-the-leading-cause-of-death-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular disease</a>, and skin and muscle function. The second wave hits around age 60, involving changes in carbohydrate metabolism, immune regulation, kidney function, and again cardiovascular and muscle health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-during-these-aging-bursts">What happens during these aging bursts</h2>



During the mid-40s transformation, researchers observed significant changes in how the body processes alcohol and fats. This period often coincides with increased stress levels in many people's lives, potentially contributing to lifestyle factors that accelerate these molecular shifts.



"It's possible some of these changes could be tied to lifestyle or behavioral factors that cluster at these age groups, rather than being driven by biological factors," Snyder explained. For instance, alcohol metabolism dysfunction might result from increased consumption during the typically stressful mid-40s period.



The changes at age 60 are perhaps less surprising, as this is when many age-related diseases begin to manifest more prominently. The molecular shifts affect immune function and kidney health, both critical for maintaining overall wellness as we enter our senior years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-latest-research-confirms-aging-patterns">Latest research confirms aging patterns</h2>



Recent 2025 studies have validated these findings. Research examining tissue samples from 76 people found similar aging patterns, noting an "inflection point" between ages 45 and 55.



Scientists discovered that blood vessels, particularly the aorta, age fastest among all body tissues. This vascular aging may drive aging in other body parts, highlighting cardiovascular health's central role in the aging process.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cellular-changes-and-microbiome-shifts">Cellular changes and microbiome shifts</h2>



The Stanford research revealed that these aging bursts affect our microbiome – the trillions of bacteria, viruses, and fungi living in and on our bodies. These microbial communities undergo substantial shifts during both aging periods, potentially affecting everything from digestion to immune function.



Additionally, researchers found that protein production and gene expression begin to fall out of sync as we age. This breakdown in cellular communication becomes especially pronounced during the two aging waves, contributing to the accumulation of damaged proteins associated with diseases such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alzheimers-may-not-be-brain-disorder-important-data-was-fabricated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer's</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-implications-and-longevity-considerations">Health implications and longevity considerations</h2>



Understanding these aging patterns has important implications for healthcare strategies. Research suggests that people should pay particular attention to their health during their 40s and 60s, when these dramatic molecular changes occur.



Snyder emphasized the importance of proactive health measures. "I'm a big believer that we should try to adjust our lifestyles while we're still healthy," he noted. This might include increasing exercise to protect heart health and maintain muscle mass, or reducing alcohol consumption in the 40s as the body's ability to metabolize it declines.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-approaches-to-anti-aging-treatment">New approaches to anti-aging treatment</h2>



Aging research has seen notable advances in 2025. Harvard Medical School scientists developed chemical cocktails that reverse cellular aging without genetic modification. These six combinations restored aged cells to youthfulness in under a week, offering safer alternatives to gene therapy.



Researchers identified new biomarkers like "InflammAge," a saliva-based test measuring chronic inflammation associated with aging. This non-invasive approach could change how we monitor aging and intervention.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions-in-aging-research">Future directions in aging research</h2>



Emerging technologies including artificial intelligence, cellular reprogramming, and senolytic therapies, are opening new possibilities for extending healthspan. Companies develop treatments targeting aging's fundamental mechanisms rather than just managing age-related diseases.



The Stanford findings provide a roadmap for implementing preventive measures. Rather than waiting for symptoms, people can prepare for and potentially mitigate these predictable aging waves.



As aging understanding evolves, one thing becomes clear: aging isn't inevitable decline, but specific biological events we may learn to prevent or reverse. The key is recognizing when these transitions occur and taking proactive health steps during vulnerable periods.



The study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/nataging" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Aging</a>.



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Scientists discover we age in bursts

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Veg4HmmRVZY Our bodies hits two 'aging cliffs' at these ages....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlF0XKzHY4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The hidden science behind tickling.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-discover-the-brain-s-tickling-command-center">Scientists discover the brain's 'tickling command center'</h2>



Researchers have finally solved one of humanity's most enduring mysteries: why we can't <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/after-centuries-of-debate-we-still-dont-know-how-tickling-works/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tickle</a> ourselves and what makes some people incredibly ticklish while others barely react? Recent scientific discoveries are revolutionizing our understanding of this peculiar human behavior.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-discovery-in-the-brain">Breakthrough discovery in the brain</h2>



In 2023, Dr. Michael Brecht's team at <a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humboldt University</a>-<a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Berlin</a> made a major discovery published in the <a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(22)01991-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">journal Neuron</a>. They identified the brain's actual "tickling command center" – specific neurons in a region called the periaqueductal gray that control both tickling responses and play behavior.



When researchers used cutting-edge optogenetic technology to shut down these neurons in laboratory rats, something remarkable happened. The animals completely lost their ability to be tickled or engage in playful behavior.



"We found that global blockade of the rat periaqueductal gray with either muscimol or lidocaine interfered with ticklishness and play," the research team reported in their study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-types-of-tickling-revealed">Two types of tickling revealed</h2>



What we call "tickling" is two completely different phenomena, according to the latest research. Light tickling – that feathery sensation that makes you want to scratch – is essentially your body's sophisticated bug detection system. This alerts you to potential insects or parasites on your skin.



Deep tickling – the kind that makes you laugh uncontrollably – involves complex brain circuits and is fundamentally social. You literally cannot tickle yourself with this type of stimulation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-self-tickling-is-impossible">Why self-tickling is impossible</h2>



Your cerebellum acts like a prediction machine, recent findings show. When you move your own hand to touch yourself, your brain generates precise predictions about what you will feel and then cancels out the tickling sensation through neural inhibition.



When someone else tickles you, your brain can't predict their movements, so the full tickling response activates. It's like your brain's way of distinguishing between self and others.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-individual-differences-explained">Individual differences explained</h2>



Individual differences in ticklishness depend on genetics, psychology, and even trust. Dr. Xinzhong Dong at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Johns Hopkins University</a> notes that people with denser nerve endings tend to be more sensitive.



Psychological factors matter just as much. You respond more strongly when tickled by people you trust, and anxiety completely shuts down tickling responses. This explains why the same physical stimulus can produce completely different reactions depending on who's doing the tickling.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-controlling-your-ticklishness">Controlling your ticklishness</h2>



Science offers answers for controlling your ticklishness. You can reduce tickling sensitivity through systematic desensitization – gradual exposure in controlled settings.



Dr. Konstantina Kilteni's 2025 research, published in <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adt0350" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>, reveals another technique: place your hand on the tickler's hand. This allows your brain to partially predict the sensations, reducing the tickling response by up to 90 percent.



"Your brain is essentially learning to override its own reflexes," Kilteni explained in her review of tickling research.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-purpose-discovered">Evolutionary purpose discovered</h2>



From an evolutionary perspective, tickling serves vital functions according to <a href="https://www.umd.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Maryland</a> researcher Dr. Robert Provine's extensive studies. It trains our defense reflexes for vulnerable body areas and facilitates social bonding between family members.



Tickling-induced laughter is actually one of the first forms of communication between infants and caregivers. "Tickle involves a neurological self/nonself discrimination, providing the most primitive social scenario," Provine noted in his research.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clinical-applications-emerge">Clinical applications emerge</h2>



Research shows people with autism spectrum disorder perceive touches as more ticklish than people without the condition. Investigating this difference could provide insight into brain differences and help advance autism research.



People with schizophrenia tend to experience self-touches similarly to external tickles, allowing them to essentially tickle themselves. This suggests altered sensory prediction mechanisms in the condition.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animal-research-reveals-universal-nature">Animal research reveals universal nature</h2>



Scientists have discovered that many species beyond humans are ticklish. Rats emit ultrasonic "laughs" when tickled, while chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans all respond to tickling stimulation.



This widespread occurrence across species suggests that tickling serves fundamental biological and social functions that evolved long before humans developed complex language and culture.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



Dr. Kilteni argues that tickling research deserves more scientific attention. "It is a complex interplay of motor, social, neurological, developmental, and evolutionary aspects," she stated in her recent review.



New haptic technologies and advanced research methodologies now permit scientists to investigate tickle sensation with unprecedented precision. Standardized experimental methods using mechanical tickling devices ensure consistent results across studies.



Recent findings published in Science Advances show that tickling research is opening new doors in neuroscience, potentially leading to a better understanding of social behavior, sensory processing, and neurological conditions.



-----



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Scientists solve the mystery of tickling

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlF0XKzHY4 The hidden science behind tickling. Scientists discover the brain's...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elr4948_uOU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Dr. Ronald Mallett from the University of Connecticut reveals secret mission to create working time travel device.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-could-an-equation-truly-bend-time-a-physicist-s-decades-long-quest-to-rewrite-reality">Could an equation truly bend time? A physicist's decades-long quest to rewrite reality</h2>



Imagine the impossible: stepping back through time in a time machine, not in fantasy, but through a scientific endeavor driven by profound personal loss. For <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astrophysicist-says-hes-cracked-the-equation-for-time-travel/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Ronald Mallett</a>, a distinguished astrophysicist and professor emeritus at the <a href="https://uconn.edu/">University of Connecticut</a>, this deeply human longing has fueled a lifelong mission. He claims to have discovered the equation that could unlock temporal displacement, pushing boundaries once deemed purely science fiction.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-profound-grief-that-forged-a-vision">A profound grief that forged a vision</h2>



Mallett's extraordinary pursuit began with devastating tragedy in 1955. At merely 10 years old, he endured his father Boyd's sudden death—a television repairman whose passion for science had ignited a similar spark in his young son. Boyd Mallett, only 33, succumbed to a heart attack, leaving behind a grief-stricken child searching for solace.



That solace came through H.G. Wells' The Time Machine. Within its pages, Mallett found a captivating concept: "Time is only a kind of Space." These words transformed from a literary phrase into a guiding principle, becoming the driving force behind his unwavering commitment to unraveling time's fundamental mysteries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-humble-beginnings-to-academic-heights">From humble beginnings to academic heights</h2>



Mallett's journey was far from straightforward. After serving in the Air Force during the Vietnam War era, he utilized the GI Bill for higher education, earning his Ph.D. in physics from Pennsylvania State University in 1973 at the age of 28.



In 1975, he made history as the first African American professor in the University of Connecticut's physics department, achieving full professorship in 1987 before retiring in 2024 as professor emeritus.



Throughout these successful academic years, Mallett harbored his radical ambition as a closely guarded secret. "I kept my time travel goal a secret," he confessed. "I worried people would think I was nuts." His public research centered on black holes, serving as a "cover story" while he quietly developed his revolutionary time travel theory.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-breakthrough-moment">The breakthrough moment</h2>



His pivotal insight arrived while hospitalized for a heart condition—a profound irony given his father's heart attack started this journey. The breakthrough was elegantly simple yet revolutionary: "If gravity can bend time, and light can create gravity, then light can bend time."



"It turns out that black holes can create a gravitational field that could lead to the creation of time loops that could allow us to go back in time," he explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-blueprint-for-a-temporal-vortex">The blueprint for a temporal vortex</h2>



Mallett's vision for a functioning time machine replicates spacetime-warping phenomena around black holes. He offers a compelling analogy: "Picture a cup of coffee. Stir it with a spoon, and the coffee swirls. A spinning black hole does the same to spacetime."



In Einstein's general relativity, the universe is a dynamic fabric woven from space and time. Massive objects like black holes warp this fabric—an effect we perceive as gravity. Mallett theorizes that an intense, continuous, circulating beam of light from a ring of powerful lasers could replicate this gravitational torsion, effectively twisting time into a loop.



This "time loop" would theoretically allow information—or perhaps matter—to travel backward in time. He detailed this mathematical concept in his 2006 autobiography, Time Traveler: A Scientist's Personal Mission to Make Time Travel a Reality.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-published-research-and-recognition">Published research and recognition</h2>



His work, published in respected journals including <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/physics-letters-a" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physics Letters A</a> and <a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/10701" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Foundations of Physics</a>, suggests circulating laser light could generate gravitational fields potent enough to create closed timelike curves, enabling time travel for data.



Mallett's research has gained worldwide media attention, featured on <a href="https://www.thisamericanlife.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Public Radio's This American Life</a>, the <a href="https://www.history.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">History Channel</a>, and <a href="https://www.today.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NBC's Today Show</a>. The widespread interest reflects both his compelling personal story and rigorous scientific approach.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-galactic-hurdles-and-persistent-skepticism">The galactic hurdles and persistent skepticism</h2>



While Mallett's equations captivate imagination, the path to reality faces immense obstacles. The energy requirement is staggering—Mallett acknowledges needing "galactic amounts of energy," far beyond current technological capabilities.



There's also a poignant limitation: even if realized, his machine could only send information back to when it was first activated, meaning it couldn't transport him to 1955 to prevent his father's death.



The scientific community remains skeptical. Physicists Ken Olum and Allen Everett argue that Mallett's proposed laser ring would need to be larger than the observable universe to achieve the necessary spacetime distortion. They invoke Stephen Hawking's chronology protection conjecture, suggesting physics may prevent macroscopic time travel.



Astrophysicist Paul Sutter has voiced doubts about Mallett's underlying mathematics, while science writer Brian Clegg finds the concept intriguing enough to warrant experimental investigation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-legacy-that-transcends-time">A legacy that transcends time</h2>



Now approaching 80, Dr. Mallett remains steadfast. "I believe my work will show time travel is possible," he asserts. "Future generations will build on it in ways we can't yet imagine."



His equations, though yet to physically bend time, have bent our collective imagination. Ongoing public interest, evidenced by his continued media appearances and Spike Lee's film adaptation of his memoir, underscores his ideas' profound impact.



More than a scientific pursuit, Mallett's story testifies to human resilience, intellectual courage, and hope's enduring power. Whether his theoretical time machine ever materializes, his legacy is immeasurable—inspiring countless individuals to challenge conventional limits and perceive time not as an unyielding barrier, but as a boundless frontier awaiting exploration.







-----



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Retired professor claims he solved time travel

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elr4948_uOU Dr. Ronald Mallett from the University of Connecticut reveals...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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