<p>After nearly four decades of stubbornly clinging to life, one of the largest icebergs ever recorded is entering its final act. A23a - the trillion-ton "megaberg," which once sprawled over an area more than twice the size of Greater London - has drifted into the warmer waters of the South Atlantic and has begun to disintegrate rapidly.</p>



<p>In recent weeks, satellite images show vast slabs calving away - some measuring hundreds of square miles - while a blizzard of smaller bergy bits spreads around it, posing hazards to ships as the giant wastes away.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-iceberg-freed-after-30-years">Iceberg freed after 30 years</h2>



<p>A23a’s story stretches back to 1986, when it calved from Antarctica’s Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf and promptly ran aground in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-is-sea-ice-loss-affecting-biodiversity-in-the-weddell-sea/">Weddell Sea</a>, pinned to the seafloor for more than 30 years.</p>



<p>Freed at last in 2020, it joined “iceberg alley,” the conveyor belt of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctic-circumpolar-current-speed-increasing-rising-sea-levels/">Antarctic Circumpolar Current</a> that sweeps big bergs toward the South Atlantic.</p>



<p>By early 2025, it had loomed into view near South Georgia, raising fears it could block the island’s penguins and seals from their feeding grounds. The berg briefly grounded on shallow banks, then worked loose in late May and accelerated north.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-warming-seas-speed-its-demise">Warming seas speed its demise</h2>



<p>Heat and waves are now doing what gravity and time could not. According to an analysis of Copernicus satellite data, megaberg A23a is down to roughly 683 square miles, with a maximum width of about 37 miles - less than half its size at the start of the year. </p>



<p>Its drift speed has jumped too, at times topping 12 miles per day as it rides stronger currents and increasingly rough seas.</p>



<p>“It’s breaking up fairly dramatically,” said Andrew Meijers, a physical oceanographer at the <a href="https://www.bas.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">British Antarctic Survey</a> (BAS). “I’d say it’s very much on its way out - it’s basically rotting underneath." </p>



<p>"The water is way too warm for it to maintain. It’s constantly melting…It won’t be really identifiable within a few weeks.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-made-megaberg-a23a-so-unusual">What made megaberg A23a so unusual</h2>



<p>Iceberg calving is part of the normal life cycle of polar ice, and giant bergs are not unprecedented. But A23a’s persistence and path are striking.</p>



<p>“Most icebergs don’t make it this far,” Meijers said. “This one’s really big, so it has lasted longer and traveled farther than others.”</p>



<p>When BAS researchers sailed alongside it in late 2023 aboard the RRS <em>Sir David Attenborough</em>, the experience was otherworldly.</p>



<p>“It looked like a towering wall emerging from the ocean, stretching from horizon to horizon,” Meijers said. “Some portions were quite pitted and undercut by the action of waves and melt.”</p>



<p>That undercutting is the giveaway. As the berg moves into warmer, saltier water and meets heavier swell, melting hollows its base while cracks propagate through the plate-like ice. Running aground - whether at South Georgia or now on patches of the continental shelf - adds extra stress that hastens the breakup.</p>



<p>“Large bergs have made it a long way north before - one got within 1,000 kilometers (621 miles) of Perth, Australia -  but they all inevitably break up and melt quickly afterward,” Meijers said.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-danger-and-opportunity-collide">Danger and opportunity collide</h2>



<p>Icebergs of this size can reshape local ecosystems as they pass. They can temporarily block straightforward routes from island rookeries to offshore feeding grounds, forcing adult <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/penguins-are-threatened-by-mercury-contamination/">penguins</a> and seals to detour and burn energy while chicks and pups wait ashore.</p>



<p>“Potentially, it could interrupt their pathway to feeding sites and force the adults to expend more energy to travel around it,” Meijers said of the South Georgia colonies, which is why the grounding in March drew concern. The berg’s drift around the island reduced that immediate risk.</p>



<p>There may also be benefits. As megabergs like A23a melt, they stir stratified waters and leak micronutrients such as iron into the sunlit surface layer - fertilizer for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-from-africa-sparked-a-massive-phytoplankton-bloom/">phytoplankton blooms</a> that can feed krill and fish, and ultimately seabirds and mammals.</p>



<p>BAS researchers sampled waters around A23a in December 2023 to gauge its biogeochemical “footprint.” They paired these results with past deployments of robotic ocean gliders around similar bergs. </p>



<p>Together, the data show how iceberg-borne nutrients and upwelling can boost productivity and even enhance carbon sequestration as organic matter sinks to depth.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-iceberg-s-collapse-tracked-by-satellites">Iceberg's collapse tracked by satellites</h2>



<p>A23a’s decay has unfolded in near-real time thanks to daily satellite imagery, which captures both its changing outline and the swarms of fragments it sheds.</p>



<p>“It is easily observed from space, and daily visual-spectrum satellite snapshots make it easy to track its progress,” Meijers said. </p>



<p>Ocean current maps - also derived from satellites - help project its likely path, though the precise route always depends on winds, waves, and where the berg next snags the seafloor.</p>



<p>For shipping, vigilance is everything. A single monster is easy to avoid; a broken field of smaller floes is not. “As it breaks up over time, the smaller bergs are much harder to track,” Meijers said. Fishing operators may temporarily write off entire regions until the ice debris disperses.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-icebergs-in-a-warming-world">Icebergs in a warming world</h2>



<p>Scientists are careful to distinguish between calving - a natural release valve for ice shelves - and the broader, climate-driven changes transforming Antarctica.</p>



<p>“Icebergs, including megabergs like this one, are a completely normal part of the lifecycle of the Antarctic (and Greenland) ice sheets,” Meijers said. But the context has shifted.</p>



<p>“Observations show that the ice shelves have lost around 6,000 giga (billion) tons of their mass since the year 2000.” </p>



<p>It is a loss “roughly matched by an increase in straight-up melt of the ice shelves” and aligned with measured mass loss from grounded Antarctic ice.</p>



<p>That matters for global sea level - because thinning shelves buttress <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-are-reshaping-landscapes-and-national-borders-around-the-world/">glaciers</a> less effectively - and for ocean circulation, as freshwater input alters density and flow. Scientists are especially concerned about potential “tipping points” in West Antarctica, where retreat could become self-sustaining.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-final-days-of-a-giant">Final days of a giant</h2>



<p>No one can say exactly how A23a’s last weeks will play out, only that the megaberg's direction is one-way. Grounding events, wave attacks, and heat from above and below guarantee a cascade of fractures until the berg is a memory and a field of bergy bits.</p>



<p>“Now it’s grounded, it is even more likely to break up due to the increased stresses,” Meijers noted earlier; whether or not it’s currently snagged, the outcome is the same.</p>



<p>For scientists, though, this isn’t just spectacle. It’s a chance to watch, measure, and model how a true giant interacts with the Southern Ocean - how it fertilizes, how it freshens, how it fragments - and to fold those insights into a bigger picture of a warming world.</p>



<p>As Meijers put it, icebergs provide interesting natural laboratories for studying ocean physics, chemistry, and ecosystems. A23a’s long journey is nearly over. The lessons it leaves behind won’t melt away.</p>



<p>Image Credit: MODAPS at NASA/GSFC</p>



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Antarctica’s megaberg faces its final days in the South Atlantic

After nearly four decades of stubbornly clinging to life, one of the largest icebergs ever recorded is entering its final act. A23a - the trillion-ton "megaberg," which once sprawled over an area more than twice the size of Greater London - has drifted into the warmer waters of the South Atlantic and has begun to disintegrate rapidly. In recent weeks, satellite images show vast slabs calving away - some measuring hundreds of square miles - while a blizzard of smaller bergy bits spreads around it, posing hazards...

<p>A series of powerful solar flares and eruptions from the sun are set to trigger a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/noaa-issues-severe-geomagnetic-storm-watch-first-time-since-2005/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">severe geomagnetic storm</a>, potentially bringing breathtaking displays of auroras, the northern lights, to skies across the United States. </p>



<p>The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Space Weather Prediction Center (<a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SWPC</a>) issued a rare severe geomagnetic storm watch on Thursday, the first since 2005.</p>



<p>Today, as the storms began striking Earth, the forecast predicts that auroras could be visible as far south as Florida and Texas in the southeast and as low as southern California on the west coast.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solar-flares-and-auroras">Solar flares and auroras</h2>



<p>Observers have witnessed severe (G4) geomagnetic storm conditions today. Several additional Earth-directed Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) are in transit to Earth's outer atmosphere, making it highly likely that geomagnetic storming will persist for several days.</p>



<p>The CMEs are associated with a large and magnetically complex sunspot cluster, known as NOAA <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-prepares-impact-three-cme-events-solar-storms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">region 3664</a>, which continues to grow and now spans an impressive 17 times the diameter of Earth. Several strong flares have been detected in this region, contributing to the heightened alert level.</p>



<p>Shawn Dahl, a service coordinator at the SWPC in Boulder, Colorado, emphasized the significance of the event, stating, "We have a rare event on our hands."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-aurora-borealis">Understanding the aurora borealis</h2>



<p>The northern lights, or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-solar-wind-which-creates-beautiful-auroras-on-earth-is-now-less-mysterious/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aurora borealis</a>, are created when charged particles ejected from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sun-covered-with-moss-peculiar-structure-sunspot-groups/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">the sun</a> during solar storms collide with Earth's magnetic field. </p>



<p>These energetic particles interact with atoms and molecules in the planet's upper atmosphere, resulting in the mesmerizing, colorful displays we observe in the night sky. </p>



<p>While typically seen at high latitudes, intense periods of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/team-creates-video-showing-the-sun-in-gamma-rays-over-a-14-year-period/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar activity</a> can cause the auroras to be visible much farther south than usual.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-viewing-the-northern-lights">Viewing the northern lights</h2>



<p>The SWPC's aurora dashboard provides short-term forecasts for those hoping to catch a glimpse of the northern lights. For the best viewing experience, find a dark location far from city lights on a clear night. </p>



<p>Keep an eye on the dashboard and local weather forecasts to maximize your chances of witnessing this spectacular celestial event.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-impacts-of-severe-solar-storms">Potential impacts of severe solar storms</h2>



<p>While amplified northern lights displays are a breathtaking sight, severe solar storms can also have disruptive effects on Earth. </p>



<p>Coronal mass ejections, the clouds of plasma and charged particles unleashed by solar flares, have the power to disrupt communications and power grids on Earth and interfere with satellites in space when directed at our planet. </p>



<p>The SWPC has notified operators of these systems to take protective action in anticipation of the incoming solar activity.</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Induced Currents</strong>: Power system voltage irregularities and false alarms on some protection devices.</li>



<li><strong>Spacecraft</strong>: Surface charging and increased drag on low Earth-orbit satellites, potentially causing orientation problems.</li>



<li><strong>Navigation</strong>: Intermittent satellite navigation (GPS) problems, including loss-of-lock and increased range error.</li>



<li><strong>Radio</strong>: Intermittent HF (high frequency) radio communication.</li>



<li><strong>Aurora</strong>: Northern lights may be seen as low as Florida and Texas in the southern states, down to Missouri in the Midwest, and down to Southern California on the west coast.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increased-solar-activity-expected">Increased solar activity expected</h2>



<p>The sun's activity follows an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/solar-storms-will-intensify-then-slow-as-the-solar-cycle-peaks-in-early-2024/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">11-year cycle</a>, alternating between periods of minimum and maximum activity. The current cycle, which began in late 2019, is predicted to reach its peak in July 2025, according to NOAA and NASA forecasts. </p>



<p>As we approach this peak, we can expect more frequent and intense solar events, potentially leading to more opportunities to witness the awe-inspiring northern lights.</p>



<p>With several moderate to strong solar flares detected since Wednesday morning and at least five flares and their associated coronal mass ejections apparently directed at Earth, the SWPC warns that geomagnetic storm conditions could persist through the weekend. </p>



<p>As we eagerly await the arrival of this rare celestial event, remember to stay informed, stay safe, and, most importantly, take a moment to marvel at the wonders of our universe.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rare-opportunity-to-witness-our-universe-in-action">Rare opportunity to witness our universe in action</h2>



<p>In summary, as we eagerly anticipate the arrival of this rare and awe-inspiring celestial event, remember to stay informed about the latest updates from Earth.com and the NOAA's Space Weather Prediction Center.</p>



<p>Take necessary precautions to protect sensitive equipment, and find a dark, clear location to maximize your chances of witnessing the northern lights. </p>



<p>Embrace this opportunity to marvel at the wonders of our universe, and share the experience with friends and family. </p>



<p>The severe solar storm this weekend promises to paint the skies with breathtaking auroras, reminding us of the powerful and beautiful forces at work in the cosmos.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Auroras expected across the U.S. from massive solar storm

A series of powerful solar flares and eruptions from the...

"Severe Geomagnetic Storm" hits Earth, NOAA warning in effect all weekend

Update -- May 10, 2024 at 7:31 PM EDT NOAA...

<p>Microrobots are at the forefront of addressing a significant environmental challenge. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-pose-a-greater-threat-to-some-ocean-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microplastics</a> - tiny fragments measuring 5 millimeters or less - not only contaminate our oceans and waterways but also pose substantial threats to wildlife and human health. </p>



<p>In a new study from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Chemical Society</a>, researchers have pioneered the use of innovative microrobots designed to tackle and effectively manage microplastic pollution.</p>



<p>“These particles are pervasive in aquatic environments, posing ecological risks due to their potential ingestion by marine organisms and the subsequent entry to the food chain, possibly impacting marine ecosystems and human health,” wrote the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coexistence-of-bacteria-and-microplastics">Coexistence of bacteria and microplastics</h2>



<p>Originating from decomposed consumer products like old food packaging and children's toys, microplastics break down and attract harmful bacteria, including disease-causing pathogens. This complicates the cleanup process and intensifies the pollution problem.</p>



<p>“The coexistence of bacteria and microplastics complicates the task of their complete removal, exacerbating their impacts and posing a compounded threat to the environment and human well-being,” wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>“Despite the most recent advancements, the complex challenge of concurrently addressing the presence of free-swimming bacteria and microplastics remains largely unexplored, and ideas to reduce or prevent their interaction are yet to be discussed.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-harnessing-the-power-of-microrobots">Harnessing the power of microrobots</h2>



<p>Under the guidance of Martin Pumera and his team, the creation of these microrobots marks a significant breakthrough in environmental technology. The team engineered the robots by fusing magnetic microparticles with positively charged polymer strands. </p>



<p>These polymers, emanating from the microparticles' surface, allow the robots to attract both microplastics and microbial contaminants effectively. Remarkably, each microrobot is minuscule, measuring only 2.8 micrometers in diameter.</p>



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="hX9y3m3klT-3611156-12187" type="single"]</div>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Swarm dynamics and functionality of microrobots</h2>



<p>What's captivating about these microrobots is their swarming capability. When exposed to a rotating magnetic field, the robots cluster together in a manner similar to schools of fish. </p>



<p>The swarming behavior can be manipulated by varying the number of robots, which in turn affects the swarm's movement and speed. This innovative method was demonstrated in a video by the researchers, emphasizing the robots' efficiency in cleaning water.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-field-testing-and-results">Field testing and results</h2>



<p>The practical application of these microrobots was evaluated in a controlled laboratory environment. The team introduced fluorescent polystyrene beads and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria, which are known to cause infections such as pneumonia, into a water tank. </p>



<p>After adding the microrobots to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-spread-insects/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">contaminated water</a> and activating them with a rotating magnetic field, the results were encouraging. At a concentration of 7.5 milligrams per milliliter, the robots successfully captured about 80% of the bacteria. </p>



<p>Furthermore, the amount of microplastics in the water significantly decreased over time as they were drawn to the swarming robots.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reusability-and-sustainability">Reusability and sustainability</h2>



<p>Following the capture of microplastics and bacteria, the microrobots were collected using a permanent magnet. </p>



<p>The contaminants attached to the robots were then removed using ultrasound and exposed to ultraviolet radiation to ensure thorough disinfection. Remarkably, these cleaned microrobots could be reused. </p>



<p>Although they captured slightly lesser amounts during subsequent uses, their ability to be recycled highlights the sustainable potential of this technology.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The future of microrobots in environmental cleanup</h2>



<p>This microrobotic system offers a promising avenue for mitigating the impacts of plastic and bacterial pollution in water bodies. </p>



<p>According to the study authors, the technology not only addresses current environmental challenges but also opens up new possibilities for future advancements in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tiny-robotic-fish-developed-to-collect-microplastics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">robotic</a> environmental cleaning solutions. </p>



<p>“In summary, this multifaceted experiment demonstrated the ability of the self-propelled rotating microrobotic planes to capture bacterial contaminants and microplastics from water,” noted the researchers.</p>



<p>“The integration of qualitative and quantitative assessments emphasizes their robust performance and potential as materials for treating various environmental pollutants simultaneously.”</p>



<p>“This approach can stimulate the development of more sophisticated materials, including hybrid systems capable of capturing both positively and negatively charged contaminants at the same time. This is especially attractive for real-world water purification applications where contaminated water samples usually contain several types of pollutants.”</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.4c02115" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Nano</a></em>.</p>



<p>Video Credit: American Chemical Society</p>



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Microrobots tested as clean-up crew for polluted waters

Microrobots are at the forefront of addressing a significant environmental...

<p>In a remarkable feat, a team of scientists has taken the world's first X-ray signature of just one atom. This stunning achievement could revolutionize the way scientists <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-realm-vibrating-atoms-tune-single-electron-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">detect materials</a>.</p>



<p>The research team was led by <a href="https://www.ohio.edu/cas/hla" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saw Wai Hla</a>, Professor of Physics at Ohio University and scientist at <a href="https://www.anl.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Argonne National Laboratory</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-atoms-and-the-evolution-of-x-ray-technology">Atoms and the evolution of X-ray technology</h2>



<p>Since its discovery by Roentgen in 1895, X-rays have been used in various applications, from medical examinations to security screenings in airports. Even NASA's Mars rover, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasas-curiosity-rover-records-a-martian-day-from-dawn-to-dusk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Curiosity</a>, is equipped with an X-ray device to examine the materials composition of rocks on Mars.</p>



<p>Over the years, advancements in synchrotron X-ray sources and new instruments have greatly reduced the quantity of materials required for X-ray detection. </p>



<p>However, until now, the smallest amount one could X-ray a sample was in attogram, which is about 10,000 atoms or more. This limitation was due to the extremely weak X-ray signal produced by an atom, making it undetectable by conventional X-ray detectors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-realizing-a-long-standing-dream">Realizing a long-standing dream</h2>



<p>According to Hla, it has been a long-standing dream of scientists to X-ray just one atom, which is now being realized by his research team. </p>



<p>"Atoms can be routinely imaged with scanning probe microscopes, but without X-rays one cannot tell what they are made of. We can now detect exactly the type of a particular atom, one atom-at-a-time, and can simultaneously measure its chemical state," explained Hla, who is also the director of the Nanoscale and Quantum Phenomena Institute at <a href="https://www.ohio.edu/cas/nqpi" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ohio University</a>. </p>



<p>"Once we are able to do that, we can trace the materials down to the ultimate limit of just one atom. This will have a great impact on environmental and medical sciences and maybe even find a cure that can have a huge impact for humankind. This discovery will transform the world," Hla continued.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-to-x-ray-a-single-atom">How to x-ray a single atom</h2>



<p>The research team used a purpose-built synchrotron X-ray instrument at the XTIP beamline of Advanced Photon Source and the Center for Nanoscale Materials at Argonne National Laboratory. They chose an iron atom and a terbium atom, both inserted in respective molecular hosts, for demonstration. </p>



<p>To detect the X-ray signal of one atom, the team supplemented conventional detectors in X-rays with a specialized detector made of a sharp metal tip positioned at extreme proximity to the sample to collect X-ray excited electrons. This is a technique known as synchrotron X-ray scanning tunneling microscopy or SX-STM.</p>



<p>"The technique used, and concept proven in this study, broke new ground in X-ray science and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/golds-glow-luminescence-caused-quantum-realm-effects/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nanoscale</a> studies," said Tolulope Michael Ajayi, the first author of the paper and a Ph.D. student working on this project as part of his thesis. </p>



<p>"More so, using X-rays to detect and characterize individual atoms could revolutionize research and give birth to new technologies in areas such as quantum information and the detection of trace elements in environmental and medical research, to name a few. This achievement also opens the road for advanced materials science instrumentation," Ajayi concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decade-of-collaboration-ends-with-success">Decade of collaboration ends with success</h2>



<p>Hla has been involved in the development of an SX-STM instrument and its measurement methods for the last 12 years, together with Volker Rose, a scientist at the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory. </p>



<p>"I have been able to successfully supervise four OHIO graduate students for their Ph.D. theses related to SX-STM method development over a 12-year period. We have come a long way to achieve the detection of a single atom X-ray signature," Hla said.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-investigating-environmental-effects-on-rare-earth-atoms">Investigating environmental effects on rare-Earth atoms</h2>



<p>In addition to achieving the X-ray signature of one atom, the team's key goal was to use this technique to investigate the environmental effect on a single rare-earth atom. </p>



<p>"We have detected the chemical states of individual atoms as well," Hla explained. "By comparing the chemical states of an iron atom and a terbium atom inside respective molecular hosts, we find that the terbium atom, a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rare-earth-elements-are-waiting-to-be-discovered-in-waste/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rare-earth metal</a>, is rather isolated and does not change its chemical state while the iron atom strongly interacts with its surrounding."</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-mantle-may-contain-a-wealth-of-green-metals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rare-earth</a> materials are extremely important in creating and advancing technology, and are used in everyday devices such as cell phones, computers, and televisions. </p>



<p>Through this discovery, scientists can now identify not only the type of element but its chemical state as well, allowing them to better manipulate atoms inside different materials hosts to meet ever-changing needs in various fields.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-connecting-synchrotron-x-rays-with-quantum-tunneling">Connecting synchrotron X-rays with quantum tunneling</h2>



<p>Moreover, the research team has also developed a new method called "X-ray excited resonance tunneling or X-ERT" that allows them to detect how orbitals of a single molecule orient on a material surface using synchrotron X-rays. </p>



<p>"This achievement connects synchrotron X-rays with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/molecules-scramble-quantum-information-equally-well-black-holes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum tunneling</a> process to detect X-ray signature of an individual atom and opens many exciting research directions including the research on quantum and spin (magnetic) properties of just one atom using synchrotron X-rays," Hla excitedly concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-atoms-x-rays-and-future-technology">Atoms, x-rays and future technology</h2>



<p>In summary, the incredible feat of capturing the first-ever X-ray signature of a single atom marks a significant milestone in the field of X-ray science and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stunning-discovery-first-evidence-of-a-self-healing-metal/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nanoscale studies</a>. </p>



<p>This achievement, made possible by the dedicated efforts of a collaborative research team led by Professor Saw Wai Hla, opens up a world of possibilities for scientific research and technological advancements. </p>



<p>By pushing the boundaries of what was previously thought to be undetectable, this innovative technique has the potential to revolutionize various fields, from environmental and medical sciences to quantum information and advanced materials science instrumentation. </p>



<p>As scientists continue to explore the capabilities of this powerful tool, they pave the way for discoveries that could have a profound impact on our understanding of the world at the atomic level and beyond.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06011-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Breakthrough: X-ray of a single atom captured for the first time

In a remarkable feat, a team of scientists has taken...

Hearing,Aid,And,Painful,Ear,Ache.,Hearing,Issue

<p>Recent research has challenged a longstanding theory about how humans pinpoint the origins of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/noise-affects-sound-processing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sounds</a> through spatial hearing -- a discovery with significant implications for the future of auditory technology. </p>



<p>Originally proposed in the 1940s, the established model suggested that humans locate sounds using a complex <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alligators-spatial-hearing-mammals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">network of neurons</a> specifically tuned for spatial hearing. </p>



<p>This auditory spatial hearing model model has shaped the development of various auditory technologies, from hearing aids to smartphones, under the assumption that our auditory processing mirrors a highly specialized and intricate system.</p>



<p>However, recent findings from a team of researchers have turned this theory on its head. Their study demonstrates that, contrary to previous beliefs, our brains utilize a far less complex system for spatial hearing, similar to that of other mammals. </p>



<p>This revelation not only simplifies our understanding of human auditory processing but also paves the way for more efficient and adaptable hearing technologies.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-spatial-hearing-works">How spatial hearing works</h2>



<p>Also known as sound localization, spatial hearing is the ability of the auditory system to determine the location and direction of a sound source in three-dimensional space. </p>



<p>This ability is crucial for humans and many animals to navigate their environment, avoid dangers, and locate potential mates or prey. Key aspects of spatial hearing include:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Binaural cues</strong>: The brain uses differences in the timing and intensity of sound arriving at each ear to determine the location of the sound source. These cues are known as interaural time differences (ITDs) and interaural level differences (ILDs).</li>



<li><strong>Monaural cues</strong>: The shape of the outer ear (pinna) and the head itself affect the frequency spectrum of the sound reaching the eardrum. These spectral cues help in determining the elevation of the sound source and whether it is coming from the front or back.</li>



<li><strong>Head movements</strong>: Turning the head can help resolve ambiguities in sound localization, particularly in distinguishing between sounds coming from the front or back.</li>



<li><strong>The precedence effect</strong>: When a sound is followed by its echo, the auditory system gives precedence to the first-arriving sound, suppressing the perception of the echo. This helps in localizing sounds in reverberant environments.</li>



<li><strong>Auditory scene analysis</strong>: The brain can separate and group sounds from multiple sources based on their spatial locations, allowing us to focus on a particular sound source in a noisy environment (e.g., the "cocktail party effect").</li>
</ul>



<p>Spatial hearing is a complex process involving the interaction of various neural mechanisms in the brainstem, midbrain, and cortex.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spatial-hearing-and-auditory-processing">Spatial hearing and auditory processing</h2>



<p>The research, conducted by a distinguished team from <a href="https://www.mq.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Macquarie University</a>, utilized advanced hearing tests and brain imaging techniques to compare human auditory processing and spatial hearing with that of other mammals, including rhesus monkeys and gerbils. </p>



<p>What they discovered was surprisingly straightforward: rather than relying on a dense network of specialized neurons, both humans and other species employ a sparser and more energy-efficient neural network for spatial hearing.</p>



<p>"We like to think that our brains must be far more advanced than other animals in every way, but that is just hubris. We’ve been able to show that gerbils are like guinea pigs, guinea pigs are like rhesus monkeys, and rhesus monkeys are like humans in this regard," shares Distinguished Professor David McAlpine, the lead researcher.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-hearing-technology-and-beyond">Implications for hearing technology and beyond</h2>



<p>This simpler approach to auditory processing is not only fundamental for spatial hearing but also crucial for distinguishing speech from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/kids-blocking-background-noise-focus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">background noise</a>. This ability is vital in what's known as the 'cocktail party problem' -- the challenge of focusing on a single voice in a noisy environment.</p>



<p>Current technologies, including smart devices and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hearing-loss-linked-to-a-greater-risk-of-dementia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hearing aids</a>, struggle with this issue, but the new findings suggest a shift towards simpler, more efficient neural models could lead to significant improvements.</p>



<p>Professor McAlpine suggests that the focus should move away from large language models, which are effective in predicting text but may be less suited for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/covid-19-linked-to-hearing-loss-and-auditory-issues/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">auditory</a> functions. "LLMs are brilliant at predicting the next word in a sentence, but they’re trying to do too much," Professor McAlpine remarks. </p>



<p>Instead, he advocates for a model that emulates the 'shallow brain' strategy used by humans and other animals, which involves picking out brief sound snippets and using them to identify the sound's location and possibly its source, without the need for processing the language.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-auditory-research">The future of auditory research</h2>



<p>The team is now set to explore further how minimal auditory information can still achieve maximum spatial hearing resolution. </p>



<p>Their findings not only enhance our understanding of human and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-humans-hear-as-well-as-seals-underwater/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animal hearing</a> but also hold the potential to revolutionize how machines listen and interact with their environment. </p>



<p>By embracing the simplicity of our 'gerbil brain,' future technologies might be able to more effectively parse speech and sound in real-world settings, making them more intuitive and accessible for users worldwide.</p>



<p>This research marks a significant shift in our approach to designing auditory systems, both biological and mechanical, and could lead to a new generation of hearing devices that are both more natural in their function and more effective in their application.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982224004743" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Spatial hearing: How humans know where sounds come from

Recent research has challenged a longstanding theory about how humans...

Clean,Hydrogen,Energy,Concept.,Environment.,Eco-friendly,Industry.,And,Alternative,Energy

<p>The race for clean, sustainable energy is heating up, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/green-energy-create-jobs-coal/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">green</a> hydrogen is poised to take center stage. This versatile fuel has the potential to replace fossil fuels in everything from transportation to heavy industry. </p>



<p>There's just one catch -- producing green hydrogen in the massive quantities we need has seemed impossible due to its reliance on a super-rare metal: <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-activity-changing-planet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">iridium</a>.</p>



<p>But a breakthrough from the RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (<a href="https://www.riken.jp/en/research/labs/csrs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CSRS</a>) in Japan could be about to change everything. </p>



<p>Their new technique reduces the amount of iridium needed in green hydrogen production by a whopping 95% – a game-changer for scaling up this transformative technology.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-green-hydrogen">Green hydrogen</h2>



<p>Hydrogen, the most abundant element in the universe, can be extracted from water through electrolysis, a process that splits water into hydrogen and oxygen. When used as fuel, hydrogen emits only water vapor, making it a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-net-zero-world-will-require-75-trillion-of-investment-and-1-billion-electric-cars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">zero-emissions</a> energy source.</p>



<p>Traditionally, extracting hydrogen from water has required significant energy, often sourced from fossil fuels, which undermines the purpose of clean energy. </p>



<p>Electrolysis powered by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/u-s-utilities-may-be-100-percent-renewable-energy-by-2060/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">renewable energy</a>, like solar or wind, offers a solution. This process produces "green hydrogen" without leaving a carbon footprint.</p>



<p>Electrolysis needs efficient catalysts, and iridium, while highly effective, is both rare and expensive. This makes large-scale green hydrogen production costly and challenging.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-iridium-in-hydrogen-production">Iridium in hydrogen production</h2>



<p>The RIKEN team's innovation lies in the way they combined iridium with manganese oxide.&nbsp;Instead of using a large block of iridium,&nbsp;they isolated individual iridium atoms and strategically dispersed them across the surface of manganese oxide,&nbsp;a more common metal.&nbsp;This careful arrangement and bonding trigger unique chemical interactions.</p>



<p>This new catalyst achieves the same excellent hydrogen production rate as pure iridium would,&nbsp;but with a fraction (only 5%!) of the rare,&nbsp;expensive metal.&nbsp;This makes it a far more accessible and cost-effective solution.</p>



<p>In electrolysis,&nbsp;catalysts can degrade over time,&nbsp;decreasing efficiency and increasing costs.&nbsp;This breakthrough catalyst maintains consistent performance for a remarkable duration – 3000 hours translates to over four months of non-stop hydrogen generation without any performance loss.</p>



<p>Oxidation states refer to how many electrons an atom has lost or gained in a chemical bond.&nbsp;Researchers believe that the iridium bonded with manganese oxide achieves an unusual +6 oxidation state,&nbsp;which could be the reason behind its significantly enhanced performance.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-green-hydrogen">Significance of green hydrogen</h2>



<p>“We expect our catalyst to be easily transferred to real-world applications," says Ryuhei Nakamura,&nbsp;the study's lead researcher.&nbsp;This means existing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/green-energy-supporters-stand-strong/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">green</a> hydrogen plants might be upgradeable,&nbsp;making the transition smoother.</p>



<p>Less iridium means lower upfront costs, making green hydrogen more competitive and attractive for investment. Iridium's scarcity and high price create a huge barrier to scaling up green <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hydrothermal-vents-earths-first-living-beings-hydrogen-gas-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hydrogen</a> production. </p>



<p>This new technique dramatically lowers the amount of iridium required, making the whole process significantly more affordable to set up and run.</p>



<p>When the cost of a technology decreases,&nbsp;it becomes a more enticing investment opportunity. Lower upfront costs due to reduced iridium needs could bring in a wider range of investors,&nbsp;accelerating funding for green hydrogen projects and development.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-faster-transition">Faster transition</h2>



<p>This breakthrough could give us decades of breathing room as we develop truly sustainable catalysts made from common metals. Ideally, green hydrogen production wouldn't rely on rare metals at all. </p>



<p>However, developing efficient catalysts using earth-abundant metals takes time. This breakthrough buys us decades by greatly improving efficiency while we work toward fully sustainable solutions.</p>



<p>The global energy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-countries-are-lagging-behind-in-the-shift-to-green-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">transition</a> can't happen overnight.&nbsp;This technology provides a realistic pathway:&nbsp;increased green hydrogen production while giving us time to perfect catalysts that are completely independent of rare metals.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-green-hydrogen-is-a-part-of-the-bigger-picture">Green hydrogen is a part of the bigger picture</h2>



<p>The team is already collaborating with industry heavyweights to test their catalyst at scale. We could see this technology rolled out sooner rather than later. </p>



<p>Collaborating with industry players means moving quickly from the lab to testing in large-scale hydrogen production facilities. This significantly speeds up practical application.</p>



<p>If tests are successful,&nbsp;this technology could be integrated fairly quickly into existing hydrogen production processes.&nbsp;This means we might not have to wait years or decades for the benefits.</p>



<p>The RIKEN catalyst is fantastic news,&nbsp;but remember,&nbsp;it's one piece of a much larger puzzle.&nbsp;To really unleash green hydrogen's potential,&nbsp;we need:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Investment everywhere:</strong>&nbsp;Governments,&nbsp;companies,&nbsp;and investors need to step up their funding of green hydrogen infrastructure,&nbsp;from production to distribution.</li>



<li><strong>A team effort:</strong>&nbsp;Green hydrogen will work best alongside other renewables like solar and wind.&nbsp;Smart energy grids are needed to balance it all out.</li>



<li><strong>The consumer factor:</strong>&nbsp;Industries need incentives to switch,&nbsp;but so do we as individuals.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/costless-nudges-green-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Green</a> hydrogen-powered vehicles or energy storage solutions could become part of our daily lives in the future.</li>
</ul>



<p>This breakthrough reminds us of the incredible potential science has to address our global energy challenges.&nbsp;The green hydrogen revolution is still in its early stages,&nbsp;but progress like this makes it feel excitingly within reach.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Let's stay informed,&nbsp;engaged,&nbsp;and push for policies that accelerate innovation and drive down costs – a cleaner,&nbsp;greener future is waiting.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adg5193" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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'Green' hydrogen energy production just got a lot easier

The race for clean, sustainable energy is heating up, and green hydrogen...

<p>The universe brims with celestial objects whose beauty and complexity captivate our imaginations.&nbsp;From swirling spiral galaxies to colossal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hubble-photobombed-by-asteroid-beautiful-photo-galaxy-ugc-12158/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> clusters,&nbsp;telescopes like the VLT Survey Telescope (VST) in Chile offer breathtaking images of the cosmos,&nbsp;fueling our quest to understand its mysteries.&nbsp;</p>



<p>A recent release of VST images unveils a captivating array of cosmic phenomena,&nbsp;highlighting star birth,&nbsp;galaxy mergers,&nbsp;and the intricate workings of the universe on a grand scale.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vlt-survey-telescope">VLT Survey Telescope </h2>



<p>Managed by Italy's National Institute for Astrophysics (<a href="http://www.inaf.it/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">INAF</a>), the VLT Survey Telescope (<a href="https://vst.inaf.it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">VST</a>) features a 2.6-meter mirror and a wide-field camera called OmegaCAM. This setup allows the telescope to capture expansive sections of the sky in great detail. </p>



<p>The VST specializes in surveying large cosmic regions, enabling astronomers to study the evolution and clustering of galaxies over time. </p>



<p><a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/camera/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">OmegaCAM</a>'s wide-field capability covers one square degree of the sky per image, providing comprehensive data that contribute to our understanding of galaxy formation, interaction, and clustering in the universe.</p>



<p>The telescope has been operating since 2011 at the European Southern Observatory's Paranal Observatory in Chile. Since 2022, INAF has fully managed its operations. It collects detailed data across wide areas of the sky. This makes it valuable for large-scale astrophysics research and public outreach initiatives.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galaxies-captured-by-the-vlt-telescope">Galaxies captured by the VLT telescope </h2>



<p>Let's explore the scientific and aesthetic wonders of three galaxies featured in the VLT telescope release:</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eso-510-g13">ESO 510-G13</h2>



<p>Located approximately 150 million light-years away in the Hydra constellation, the lenticular galaxy <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/galaxy_lenticular_ESO-510-G13_VST_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESO 510-G13</a> stands out due to its prominent central bulge and distinctive dust lane. </p>



<p>This lane forms a distorted "S" shape, hinting at a turbulent past likely involving a merger or close encounter with another galaxy.</p>



<p>Lenticular galaxies like ESO 510-G13 are a transitional type between spiral and elliptical galaxies. They feature a central bulge and a surrounding disk with little to no spiral arm structure. </p>



<p>The distorted dust lane crossing the bulge obscures part of the galaxy's light. This provides evidence of past interactions or collisions that likely stripped away interstellar gas and altered its shape.</p>



<p>Galactic collisions, suspected in ESO 510-G13's case, are common and play a crucial role in galaxy evolution over billions of years. Gravitational forces between interacting galaxies can redistribute stars, gas, and dust, leading to new star formation and reorganizing galactic structures.</p>



<p>The distorted "S" shape of the dust lane suggests gravitational forces warped the disk, impacting the galaxy's morphology, triggering star formation bursts, and possibly fueling the central supermassive black hole.</p>



<p>In the VLT telescope image, other galaxies appear in the background. A pair of spiral galaxies shines brightly from about 250 million light-years away. Zooming in reveals even more galaxies that appear as tiny spots among the stars of the Milky Way.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hcg-90">HCG 90</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/VLT-galaxy-images.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hickson Compact Group 90 (HCG 90)</a> is a group of four <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/uma3-u1-faintest-star-system-found-orbiting-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a>. It is about 100 million light-years away in the Piscis Austrinus constellation. </p>



<p>Three galaxies - NGC 7173, NGC 7176, and NGC 7174 - are engaged in a gravitational dance. Their shapes are distorted, creating a shared halo of diffuse light from stripped stars and gas.</p>



<p>The elliptical galaxies NGC 7173 and NGC 7176 are linked to the spiral galaxy NGC 7174, which shows a distorted shape due to their gravitational influence. </p>



<p>This halo of light envelops the trio and highlights the long-term gravitational interactions shaping their current forms.</p>



<p>The fourth member, NGC 7172, appears less affected by the gravitational turmoil of its neighbors. Its core, crossed by dark dust clouds, hides a supermassive black hole actively devouring surrounding material. This active galactic nucleus (AGN) suggests a different evolutionary path within the group.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-abell-1689">Abell 1689</h2>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/galaxy-cluster_Abell-1689_VST_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Abell 1689</a> galaxy cluster is about 2 billion light-years away in the Virgo constellation. It acts as a colossal gravitational lens due to its immense mass. With over 200 galaxies, its combined mass - including hot gas and dark matter - bends and magnifies light from more distant galaxies behind it.</p>



<p>In the VST image, gravitational lensing creates faint streaks and arcs around the cluster's core. These represent distorted images of galaxies billions of light-years away. The intense gravitational field produces multiple images of the same background galaxy by bending light in different directions.</p>



<p>The lensing pattern provides clues about the distribution of dark matter, which accounts for most of the cluster's mass. By studying these patterns, astronomers can map this invisible matter.</p>



<p>The background <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-galaxy-formation-occurred-much-faster-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> revealed through gravitational lensing offer insights into early galaxy formation and evolution. This cosmic time machine allows scientists to peer into the distant reaches of the cosmos.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-and-wonder-of-the-galaxy-images">Science and wonder of the galaxy Images</h2>



<p>“Besides scientific research, one of the goals of the VST Centre is to disseminate scientific knowledge and to share the wonders of the Universe with the general public. We especially wish that young people can discover and nurture their interest in astrophysics through these amazing images," said Enrichetta Iodice, INAF researcher in Naples and responsible for the national Coordination Centre for VST.</p>



<p>By studying these snapshots, astronomers gain valuable insights and learn about the fundamental processes that shape the cosmos. These include the birth of stars and the large-scale structures that hold the universe together.</p>



<p>More information is available at the <a href="https://vst.inaf.it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">VST website</a>.</p>



<p>Image Credit: INAF/VST/VEGAS, E. Iodice (INAF). Acknowledgment: M. Spavone (INAF), R. Calvi (INAF)</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Twisted galaxies and galaxy clusters captured warping spacetime

The universe brims with celestial objects whose beauty and complexity...

<p>In the quest to combat raw material shortages, a surprising hero emerges from the sea: fish residues. </p>



<p>Researchers are unlocking the potential of over a million tons of fish byproducts annually. This could not only alleviate shortages in the food and cosmetic industries but also pave the way for new employment opportunities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fish-derived-collagen-and-gelatin">Fish-derived collagen and gelatin</h2>



<p>Central to this research is the conversion of fish skin and bones into valuable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-boost-healthy-aging-during-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">collagen</a> and gelatin. These fish-derived products provide numerous benefits compared to traditional sources from pigs or cattle. Notably, fish collagen is often of higher quality, making it particularly attractive to those who avoid meat-based products.</p>



<p>"Fish-derived collagen enables people who don't eat meat to enjoy products containing gelatin," noted Rasa Slizyte, a Senior Research Scientist at <a href="https://www.sintef.no/en/ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SINTEF Ocean</a>.</p>



<p>The research specifically targets whitefish residues. If utilized to their full potential, these could produce over 6,500 tons of gelatin annually from just fish skin. </p>



<p>Additionally, collagen derived from fish plays a vital role in creating diverse products like creams, capsules, powders, and jellies. </p>



<p>Considering the frequent shortages of marine raw materials, these fish byproducts represent a significant advantage for the pharmaceutical, dietary, nutrition, and cosmetic industries.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-and-innovations-in-fish-residue-utilization">Challenges and innovations in fish residue utilization</h2>



<p>Despite the plentiful supply of fish skins, fully capitalizing on their potential presents significant challenges. Many fishing vessels lack the necessary space or equipment to adequately preserve these raw materials through freezing or other preservation methods.</p>



<p>To address these challenges, the SUPREME project, led by the <a href="https://www.sintef.no/en/ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Norwegian science institute SINTEF Ocean</a> in collaboration with several research partners including the <a href="https://www.ntnu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Norwegian university NTNU</a> and the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark (DTU)</a>, has explored various preservation technologies. </p>



<p>These methods, which include freezing, salting, and low pH treatments, have shown promising results in maintaining the high quality of gelatin and preserving the integrity of amino acids in the fish skins.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Fish residues from salmon and beyond</h2>



<p>The scope of research into fish residues extends beyond whitefish. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-salmon-can-help-lower-your-cholesterol/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Salmon</a>, celebrated for its collagen-rich skin and backbones, also offers significant potential for sustainable utilization. </p>



<p>The residual muscle tissue left on salmon bones after filleting is particularly well-suited for gelatin extraction and oil production. </p>



<p>Through a process known as hydrolysis, collagen proteins are broken into smaller, taste-neutral peptides, making them ideal for various applications.</p>



<p>Moreover, salmon parts contain substantially more oil than whitefish, prompting the development of advanced processing technologies. </p>



<p>These technologies are designed to extract up to 90% of the oil, maintaining its high quality, which is crucial for the production of premium products such as taste-neutral proteins and high-quality gelatin. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-shift-towards-local-processing">A shift towards local processing</h2>



<p>Currently, a significant amount of fish caught in Norway is sent abroad for processing. By enhancing local processing capabilities, not only could the full potential of fish skins be better utilized, but it would also create more jobs locally. </p>



<p>"If we were to process more of the fish here in Norway, we would not only be better able to exploit the potential of the fish skins but would also create more jobs," said Slizyte.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stabilizing-key-ingredients">Stabilizing key ingredients</h2>



<p>As part of another initiative called OMEGA, researchers are focusing on stabilizing marine oils and gelatin rapidly after extraction. </p>



<p>This stabilization is crucial in creating microcapsules that protect the integrity of these materials, ensuring they deliver their full benefits without degradation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-maximizing-fish-residues">Maximizing fish residues </h2>



<p>The ongoing research projects underscore the feasibility of utilizing all fish raw materials. With whitefish and salmon studies providing promising results, researchers are now turning their attention to herring.</p>



<p>These efforts reflect a broader commitment to sustainability and economic efficiency, demonstrating the untapped potential residing within our oceans. </p>



<p>Through innovative research and technology, the future of fish residues looks not only viable but vibrant, offering a sustainable solution to industry challenges while contributing to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dietary-shift-to-forage-fish-could-prevent-millions-of-deaths/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global health</a> and well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about fish residues</h2>



<p>Fish residues primarily refer to the leftover parts of fish that are not used for direct human consumption. This includes parts like heads, tails, fins, bones, and internal organs. These residues often result from processes in the seafood industry where fish are fileted or processed in other ways to prepare consumer products.</p>



<p>Despite being seen as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seafree-new-technology-turns-waste-from-fish-farming-into-seaweed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">waste</a>, fish residues have several valuable uses. They can be converted into fishmeal, which is a high-protein feed ingredient used extensively in aquaculture and livestock diets. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/omega-3-supplements-heart-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fish oil</a>, another byproduct, is extracted from the tissues of oily fish and is highly valued for its omega-3 fatty acids, which are beneficial for cardiovascular health.</p>



<p>Additionally, fish residues can be utilized in the production of biodiesel, as a base for cosmetics, and even in pharmaceuticals where certain substances derived from fish parts are used for their beneficial health properties. The collagen extracted from fish skin and bones, for example, is used in health supplements and beauty products.</p>



<p>Efficient use of fish residues not only provides economic benefits but also helps in waste management and environmental sustainability by reducing the disposal of organic waste into the environment.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Fish residues can be transformed into valuable resources

In the quest to combat raw material shortages, a surprising...

<p>New insights into Jupiter’s magnetosphere could enhance our ability to forecast <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/space-weather-poses-significant-risks-to-railway-safety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">space weather</a>, potentially mitigating risks to communication satellites and power grids.</p>



<p>Recent research focused on Jupiter has illuminated significant details about the giant planet that might have broader implications for understanding Earth's space environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-jupiter-s-magnetosphere">Significance of Jupiter’s magnetosphere </h2>



<p>Peter Delamere, a professor at the <a href="https://www.gi.alaska.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UAF Geophysical Institute</a> and the <a href="https://www.uaf.edu/cnsm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UAF College of Natural Science and Mathematics</a>, emphasized the importance of the research.  </p>



<p>"By exploring a larger space such as Jupiter, we can better understand the fundamental physics governing Earth's magnetosphere and thereby improve our space weather forecasting." </p>



<p>Professor Delamere also highlighted the immediate relevance of this research to our technological infrastructure. "We are one big space weather event from losing communication satellites, our power grid assets, or both."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-space-weather">Understanding space weather</h2>



<p>Space weather encompasses disturbances in <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/the-powerful-force-of-earths-magnetosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth’s magnetosphere</a>, primarily driven by solar wind interactions and coronal mass ejections from the sun. These disturbances can disrupt power grids, communication systems, and pipelines due to magnetic fluctuations. </p>



<p>By studying Jupiter, scientists hope to gain insights that can lead to more robust protections against these disruptions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-from-the-juno-mission">Insights from the Juno mission</h2>



<p>Delamere's team includes Professor Peter Damiano, graduate researchers Austin Smith and Chynna Spitler, and former student Blake Mino. The researchers have been analyzing data from the NASA <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/io-jupiter-moon-juno-mission-discovers-fire-mountains-polar-cyclones/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Juno spacecraft</a>. </p>



<p>Since 2016, Juno's unique polar orbit around Jupiter has provided unprecedented data, reshaping our understanding of the planet's auroral physics.</p>



<p>"The data from Juno has been transformative in terms of understanding Jupiter's auroral physics and helping further the discussion about its magnetic field lines," noted Delamere. </p>



<p>These studies build on historical debates that trace back to observations made during the Voyager missions in 1979.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-debate-over-jupiter-s-magnetosphere">The debate over Jupiter's magnetosphere </h2>



<p>The researchers investigated whether Jupiter's magnetosphere is predominantly open or closed at its poles - a question that has intrigued scientists for over four decades. </p>



<p>In simple terms, an "open" magnetosphere allows solar wind particles to interact directly with a planet’s atmosphere, while a "closed" system mostly shields the planet from these particles.</p>



<p>The team's latest findings suggest Jupiter has regions of both open and closed magnetic field lines at its poles, indicating complex interactions between the solar wind and the giant planet's atmosphere. </p>



<p>"This year we provided the compelling evidence in the Juno data to support the model result. It is a major validation," said Delamere, referring to a collaborative paper that proposed a dual-region model of Jupiter's poles.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-big-picture-earth-and-jupiter">The big picture: Earth and Jupiter</h2>



<p>The research underscores the importance of comparative planetology in understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/building-blocks-life-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">space</a> environments. </p>



<p>"In the big picture, Jupiter and Earth represent opposite ends of the spectrum - open versus closed field lines," noted Delamere. "To fully understand magnetospheric physics, we need to understand both limits."</p>



<p>The study findings, which also include contributions from researchers across various institutions, are set to be presented at the upcoming Conference on Magnetospheres of the Outer Planets.</p>



<p>The research not only propels the debate over Jupiter’s magnetosphere but also promises to enhance our understanding of Earth’s vulnerability to space weather.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Jupiter's magnetosphere&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Jupiter's magnetosphere is the largest and most powerful of any planet in our solar system, significantly larger than that of Earth. It is generated by the planet's internal dynamo effect, which is powered by the fast rotation of Jupiter's metallic hydrogen core.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This immense magnetic field extends up to seven million kilometers toward the Sun and almost reaches Saturn's orbit on the side facing away from the Sun.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Intense radiation belts</h3>



<p>The strength and extent of Jupiter's magnetosphere result in a highly charged environment, capable of trapping particles such as electrons, protons, and other charged atoms. This creates intense radiation belts that are much stronger than Earth's Van Allen belts.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Solar wind</h3>



<p>The magnetosphere's interaction with the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-solar-wind-which-creates-beautiful-auroras-on-earth-is-now-less-mysterious/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar wind</a> - a stream of charged particles emitted by the Sun - creates a shock front where the solar wind is slowed abruptly and diverted around Jupiter.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Jupiter's moons</h3>



<p>This magnetic environment has profound effects on Jupiter’s moons, particularly Io, which has intense volcanic activity. The interaction between Io and Jupiter’s magnetosphere generates a powerful electric current that strips atoms from Io's surface and incorporates them into Jupiter's magnetic field, forming a vast plasma torus along Io’s orbit.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Light shows</h3>



<p>Jupiter's magnetosphere is characterized by bright auroras at its poles, similar to Earth’s northern and southern lights but far more powerful. These auroras are generated by the interaction of the magnetosphere with particles of the solar wind and the plasma from Io, leading to spectacular light shows.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023AV001111" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AGU Advances</a></em>.</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Secrets of Jupiter’s magnetosphere will help us predict space weather

New insights into Jupiter’s magnetosphere could enhance our ability to...

<p>A comprehensive 30-year study in the United States has shed light on the potential health risks associated with the consumption of ultra-<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ultra-processed-foods-are-harmful-to-nearly-every-part-of-the-body/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">processed foods</a>. </p>



<p>This extensive research, recently published in the journal The BMJ, reveals a slight increase in the risk of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ultra-processed-foods-associated-with-premature-deaths/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">premature death</a> linked to the intake of these foods. </p>



<p>Notably, ready-to-eat meat, poultry, seafood products, sugary drinks, dairy-based desserts, and highly processed breakfast foods were identified as having the strongest associations with increased mortality rates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-are-ultra-processed-foods">What are ultra-processed foods?</h2>



<p>Ultra-processed foods are typically high in energy, added sugars, saturated fats, and salt. They often include packaged baked goods, snacks, fizzy drinks, sugary cereals, and ready-to-eat or heat products. </p>



<p>These foods generally contain additives like colors, emulsifiers, and flavors, but lack essential nutrients such as vitamins and fiber. Moreover, the allure of convenience they offer masks the potential <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/highly-processed-foods-health-risks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health risks</a> they carry.</p>



<p>"Ultra-processed foods, which are typically of low nutritional quality and high energy density, have been dominating the food supply of high income countries, and their consumption is markedly increasing in middle income countries," noted the study authors. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-ultra-processed-foods-on-long-term-health">Impact of ultra-processed foods on long-term health</h2>



<p>The researchers followed the long-term health of over 114,000 health professionals across the U.S. who were free from cancer, cardiovascular diseases, or diabetes at the start of the study. </p>



<p>Detailed health and lifestyle data were collected biennially, and dietary information was assessed every four years using the Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010 (AHEI) score.</p>



<p>After a follow-up period averaging 34 years, the study documented 48,193 deaths - attributing 13,557 to cancer and 11,416 to cardiovascular diseases, among others. </p>



<p>Participants in the highest quartile of ultra-processed food intake (averaging seven servings per day) exhibited a 4% higher risk of overall death and a 9% increased risk of deaths from causes other than cancer, cardiovascular, and respiratory diseases, compared to those consuming the least.</p>



<p>Interestingly, no significant links were found between ultra-processed food intake and deaths from cardiovascular diseases, cancer, or respiratory diseases. </p>



<p>The authors also noted that the association between ultra-processed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/food-allergies-junk-food/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food consumption</a> and mortality was less pronounced when overall dietary quality was considered. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interpreting-the-findings-with-precision">Interpreting the findings with precision</h2>



<p>Despite these findings, the researchers caution against overly simplistic dietary recommendations, emphasizing that not all ultra-processed foods should be universally restricted. </p>



<p>The experts advocate for a nuanced approach, suggesting that future studies should refine the classification of ultra-processed foods to better understand their health impacts. </p>



<p>Additionally, the study's predominantly white, health-professional participant base may limit the generalizability of the findings.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-avoid-ultra-processed-foods-for-better-health">Avoid ultra-processed foods for better health</h2>



<p>In a linked editorial, researchers from New Zealand highlighted that while avoiding ultra-processed foods is beneficial, it shouldn't overshadow the need for broader food policies. </p>



<p>Furthermore, they argue for stronger measures like marketing restrictions on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fast-food-restaurants-unhealthy-options/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">unhealthy foods</a> to children, warning labels on nutritionally poor products, and taxes on sugary drinks. </p>



<p>The goal is to advocate for more robust global food policies that align with public health and environmental sustainability, without being compromised by the interests of multinational food companies.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-healthier-future">Healthier future</h2>



<p>The study concludes that limiting certain types of ultra-processed foods could significantly enhance long-term health outcomes. It emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between various forms of these foods and advocates for a more comprehensive classification to inform dietary recommendations effectively. </p>



<p>The researchers urge for more extensive studies that include diverse populations to provide a broader understanding of how different demographics may be affected by ultra-processed food consumption.</p>



<p>As our knowledge of ultra-processed foods and their potential health effects continues to evolve, so too should our strategies for maintaining a healthy diet amidst the modern challenges of convenience and fast-paced lifestyles. The allure of ultra-processed foods often lies in their affordability and ease of preparation, making them an attractive option for many. </p>



<p>However, it's essential to balance this convenience with health considerations, prioritizing nutrient-rich, minimally processed foods wherever possible. By rethinking our approach to diet and nutrition, individuals and policymakers can work together to create a healthier food environment that aligns with public health goals while still accommodating the realities of modern living.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.bmj.com/content/385/bmj-2023-078476" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The BMJ</a></em>.</p>



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Health risks of ultra-processed foods revealed in 30-year study

A comprehensive 30-year study in the United States has shed...

<p>Our planet has just recorded its hottest April ever, marking an unprecedented sequence where each of the past 11 months has set a new heat record, according to the European Union's climate change monitoring institute, <a href="https://climate.copernicus.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Copernicus Climate Change Service</a> (C3S). </p>



<p>The report, released on Wednesday, highlights that since June 2023, each month has been the hottest of its kind in recorded history.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shift-in-the-climate-system">Shift in the climate system</h2>



<p>In their latest monthly bulletin, C3S reported that with the inclusion of this April, the global average temperature over the past 12 months has been the highest ever recorded, at 1.61 degrees Celsius above the pre-industrial average from 1850-1900.</p>



<p>Recent extreme temperatures, such as prolonged periods of record-breaking sea surface temperatures, have prompted scientists to explore the possibility that human actions might have pushed the climate system to a critical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-tipping-points-report-shows-humanity-on-a-disastrous-trajectory/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tipping point</a>. </p>



<p>“I think many scientists have asked the question whether there could be a shift in the climate system,” said Julien Nicolas, a Senior Climate Scientist at C3S.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recent-el-nino-phenomenon-nbsp">Recent El Niño phenomenon&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The principal driver of climate change is the emission of greenhouse gasses from fossil fuels, but the recent natural El Niño phenomenon, which causes warming of surface waters in the eastern Pacific Ocean, has also contributed to the temperature increases.</p>



<p>"El Niño peaked at the beginning of the year and the sea surface temperatures in the eastern tropical Pacific are now going back towards neutral conditions," said Copernicus Director Carlo Buontempo.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"However, whilst temperature variations associated with natural cycles like El Niño come and go, the extra energy trapped into the ocean and the atmosphere by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases will keep pushing the global temperature towards new records."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-record-heat-in-april">Broader implications of the record heat in April</h2>



<p>The impact of climate change was starkly evident in April's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/compound-weather-extremes-are-now-more-frequent-and-severe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">weather extremes</a>, including a heatwave in the Sahel region, which is linked to thousands of deaths. </p>



<p>Hayley Fowler, a climate scientist at <a href="https://www.ncl.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Newcastle University</a>, pointed out the urgency of the situation regarding global warming limits set by international agreements. “At what point do we declare we've lost the battle to keep temperatures below 1.5? My personal opinion is we've already lost that battle, and we really need to think very seriously about keeping below 2C and reducing our emissions as fast as we can,” she said.</p>



<p>The target to cap global warming at 1.5 degrees Celsius was set at the 2015 U.N. climate summit, a threshold that scientists argue would prevent the most catastrophic effects of climate change, such as extreme heat, severe <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seeking-ways-to-prevent-flooding-caused-by-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flooding</a>, and irreversible damage to ecosystems. </p>



<p>Although technically the 1.5C target has not been breached - as it refers to a long-term global temperature average - some experts believe it is no longer feasible to achieve this goal and are calling for more aggressive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/met-office-2024-co2-levels-will-surpass-the-point-of-no-return/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CO2 emissions</a> reductions to minimize exceeding the target.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-record-ocean-heat">Record ocean heat</h2>



<p>According to a recent analysis from the BBC, the world's oceans have set new heat records every single day over the past year.</p>



<p>"The fact that all this heat is going into the ocean, and in fact, it's warming in some respects even more rapidly than we thought it would, is a cause for great concern," said Professor Mike Meredith from the British Antarctic Survey.</p>



<p>"These are real signs of the environment moving into areas where we really don't want it to be and if it carries on in that direction the consequences will be severe."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fourth-global-coral-bleaching-event-nbsp">Fourth global coral bleaching event&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The latest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-worlds-largest-coral-bleaching-event-is-now-underway/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral bleaching event</a>, confirmed as the fourth global event of its kind, is currently underway and has been significantly impacting coral reefs around the world. This ongoing event has been observed since early 2023 and has affected over 54% of the world's coral reefs, with conditions worsening, making it potentially the largest bleaching event ever recorded.</p>



<p>The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has been monitoring the bleaching event through its Coral Reef Watch program, which has recorded extensive heat stress across the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Ocean basins.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Coral bleaching has been particularly severe in areas like the Great Barrier Reef, which has experienced simultaneous high levels of bleaching across its entire area for the first time ever.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This widespread bleaching has profound implications not only for marine biodiversity but also for the economies and food security of communities that rely on these ecosystems. The global economic value of coral reefs is immense, estimated at $2.7 trillion annually, supporting industries such as tourism and fishing.</p>



<p>More details about C3S' report on record April heat can be found <a href="https://climate.copernicus.eu/copernicus-global-temperature-record-streak-continues-april-2024-was-hottest-record" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a>.</p>



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April's record heat extends an alarming climate trend

Our planet has just recorded its hottest April ever, marking...

<p>The unfairness of discrimination is obvious,&nbsp;but did you know it could also rob you of years of healthy life?&nbsp;A new study shows that experiencing prejudice can cause premature <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/syncing-brain-muscle-circadian-rhythms-slows-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aging</a>, increasing your risk of serious diseases and shortening your lifespan.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discrimination-what-it-is-and-how-it-causes-aging">Discrimination: What it is and how it causes aging</h2>



<p>We often hear about major discrimination – big,&nbsp;shocking events like being denied a job because of your race or being harassed due to your gender identity.&nbsp;But the study by <a href="https://publichealth.nyu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NYU's School of Global Public Health</a> found that everyday slights ("microaggressions"),&nbsp;along with workplace bias,&nbsp;were also damaging.&nbsp;This includes:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Being treated with less respect than others:&nbsp;</strong>This could mean being ignored in meetings,&nbsp;having your ideas dismissed,&nbsp;or facing condescending comments laced with stereotypes.&nbsp;This constant undermining chips away at your confidence and sense of belonging.</li>



<li><strong>Being unfairly passed over for opportunities:</strong>&nbsp;Imagine consistently being overlooked for promotions,&nbsp;training,&nbsp;or high-profile projects despite your qualifications.&nbsp;This not only limits your career growth but sends a crushing message that your contributions aren't valued.</li>



<li><strong>Feeling threatened or harassed due to your identity (race,&nbsp;gender,&nbsp;sexual orientation,&nbsp;etc.):&nbsp;</strong>Even if the harassment isn't overt physical violence,&nbsp;it can take the form of offensive jokes,&nbsp;invasive questions,&nbsp;or exclusion from social groups.&nbsp;These experiences create a hostile environment where you feel unsafe and unwelcome,&nbsp;impacting your mental and physical health.</li>
</ul>



<p>These seemingly subtle acts might be dismissed by some as "not a big deal" or told to "just get over it".&nbsp;However,&nbsp;this study highlights the very real harm caused by this kind of persistent disrespect.&nbsp;The cumulative effect over time contributes to the stress that drives premature aging.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-premature-aging-discrimination-s-hidden-cost">Premature aging: Discrimination's hidden cost</h2>



<p>The NYU study looked at over 2,000 adults and found a clear link:&nbsp;people who experienced more discrimination had signs of accelerated aging at the molecular level.</p>



<p>“Experiencing discrimination appears to hasten the process of aging,&nbsp;which may be contributing to disease and early mortality and fueling health disparities,” said Adolfo Cuevas,&nbsp;lead author of the study.</p>



<p>This doesn't mean you'll instantly get wrinkles, but it puts you at higher risk for age-related diseases like heart problems, depression, and more. It's a heavy burden to carry.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stress-from-discrimination-and-aging-connection">Stress from discrimination and aging connection</h2>



<p>Our bodies are amazingly resilient,&nbsp;but they're not designed for constant stress.&nbsp;When we face threats (real or perceived),our bodies go into "fight-or-flight" mode.&nbsp;This ancient survival mechanism prepares us to handle danger by:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Increasing heart rate and blood pressure:</strong>&nbsp;This gets more oxygen to muscles for quick action.</li>



<li><strong>Dumping stored energy:</strong>&nbsp;Sugars are released into the bloodstream for immediate fuel.</li>



<li><strong>Suppressing 'non-essential' functions:</strong>&nbsp;Digestion and the immune system temporarily slow down.</li>
</ul>



<p>This release of hormones like cortisol was originally designed for short bursts to escape a predator or fight off an attacker. But in modern life,&nbsp;our bodies can't always tell the difference between a looming deadline and real physical danger.</p>



<p>This chronic stress leads to something called "biological <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aging-may-be-driven-by-genetic-imbalances/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aging</a>," where our bodies start to function like they're older than our actual age.&nbsp;Here's how:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Cellular damage:</strong>&nbsp;Cortisol and other stress hormones can damage cells and hinder DNA repair.</li>



<li><strong>Inflammation:</strong>&nbsp;Constant 'fight-or-flight' mode triggers low-grade inflammation throughout the body,&nbsp;linked to many chronic diseases.</li>



<li><strong>Weakened immune system:</strong>&nbsp;Stress takes a toll on our ability to fight off infections and diseases.</li>
</ul>



<p>Discrimination is a powerful stressor because it hits our core need for safety,&nbsp;belonging,&nbsp;and respect.&nbsp;This constant strain eats away at our health on a cellular level,&nbsp;making us biologically 'older' than our years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-race-matters">Race matters</h2>



<p>The study revealed a troubling trend:&nbsp;Black participants reported experiencing more discrimination and exhibited signs of faster biological <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-aging-discovered-in-plant-leaves/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aging</a> compared to White participants.&nbsp;This highlights the persistent social inequalities that lead to a greater burden of discrimination for Black Americans.</p>



<p>However,&nbsp;the study also found a seemingly contradictory result.&nbsp;White participants who did experience discrimination showed a potentially stronger negative impact on their biological aging.&nbsp;Researchers hypothesize a few reasons for this.</p>



<p>Black participants might have faced more frequent and low-level ("microaggressions") discrimination throughout their lives. This constant drip of stress may have a cumulative effect, leading to a higher overall level of biological aging. </p>



<p>In contrast, White participants who experienced discrimination may have had fewer encounters, making it a more acute stressor with a potentially more intense impact.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-facing-prejudice">Facing prejudice</h2>



<p>Living in a society where you face regular prejudice might lead some people to develop coping mechanisms to manage the stress. </p>



<p>Black Americans may have had more experience navigating these situations, while White participants who rarely experience discrimination might lack established coping strategies.</p>



<p>Additionally, studies suggest that strong social support networks can buffer the negative effects of stress.&nbsp;Black communities often have a rich tradition of social support,&nbsp;which might help to mitigate the impact of discrimination on biological aging.</p>



<p>It's important to note that these are potential explanations, and further research is needed to fully understand the complex reasons behind this disparity. </p>



<p>"These findings underscore the importance of addressing all forms of discrimination to support healthy aging and promote health equity,” noted Cuevas.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fighting-back-change-starts-with-us">Fighting back: Change starts with us</h2>



<p>This research is sobering, but it's also empowering. Here's what we can do:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenge-our-own-biases">Challenge our own biases</h3>



<p>We all have biases that can influence our thoughts and actions. Take time to reflect on unconscious prejudices and work to unlearn them. Educate yourself on different perspectives and engage in conversations that promote understanding and empathy.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-speak-up">Speak up</h3>



<p>When you witness discrimination, safely call it out. Be an ally by supporting those affected and advocating for inclusive behavior. It's crucial not to remain silent or passive when someone is being mistreated.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-support-anti-discrimination-efforts">Support anti-discrimination efforts</h3>



<p>Contribute your time or resources to organizations that combat discrimination and fight for equality. Volunteering or donating to these groups helps amplify their impact and furthers the cause.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-manage-stress">Manage stress</h3>



<p>While discrimination can be a significant source of stress, it's important to address other stressors that are within our control. Find and practice healthy coping techniques like exercise, meditation, or talking to friends to reduce overall stress levels.</p>



<p>Imagine a world where everyone is treated with respect,&nbsp;regardless of how they look or who they love.&nbsp;It's not just a moral issue – this study suggests it's a matter of life and death.&nbsp;By working together,&nbsp;we can create a society where everyone has a chance to live a long and healthy life.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666354624000528?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Brain Behavior &amp; Immunity - Health</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Discrimination speeds up aging at the molecular level

The unfairness of discrimination is obvious,&nbsp;but did you know it...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



<p>Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



<p>The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.</p>



<p>The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



<p>This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.</p>



<p>The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.</p>



<p>The full study was recently published in <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



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Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



<p>Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



<p>A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.</p>



<p>Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.</p>



<p>Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents".  In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively.   MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.</p>



<p>MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization.  The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



<p>Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.</p>



<p>Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



<p>The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.</p>



<p>A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



<p>Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.</p>



<p>This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



<p>The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.</p>



<p>PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



<p>AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.</p>



<p>In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



<p>The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.</p>



<p>As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.</p>



<p>The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.</p>



<p>For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.</p>



<p>The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.</p>



<p id="block-9bd989d6-2fd3-4580-957f-6cacce134f08">-----</p>



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<p id="block-1f9a227a-ec37-4140-81b8-ffa4a7cc6689">-----</p>



<p>MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a></p>



<p>Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a></p>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



<p>The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



<p>Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.</p>



<p>The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



<p>The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



<p>While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



<p>As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVywlgRJXsc
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Some children read facial expressions when making food choices.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-other-people-s-reactions-influence-children-s-eating-habits">Other people's reactions influence children's eating habits</h2>



<p>Many children are finicky eaters, but research explains how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-learned-why-so-many-kids-dislike-vegetables/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">watching others eat and social modeling</a> influence the eating habits of children.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Study Methodology Demonstrates Social Learning Impact</h2>



<p>Researchers at <a href="https://www.aston.ac.uk/hls/school-of-psychology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aston University School of Psychology</a> have published findings in Frontiers in Psychology that illuminate the neurobiological foundations of food preference development through observational learning. The investigation employed controlled video stimuli featuring adults consuming raw broccoli while displaying systematically varied facial expressions to measure participant responses.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Asymmetrical Response Patterns Identified</h2>



<p>The research, conducted with 204 female participants, revealed a pronounced asymmetry in social modeling effects. Negative facial expressions during vegetable consumption significantly diminished observer food preference ratings, while positive expressions failed to produce corresponding increases in vegetable appeal. This finding challenges conventional assumptions about the bidirectional nature of social influence in dietary behavior formation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Evolutionary Psychology Framework Applied</h2>



<p>Dr. Katie Edwards and her research team propose that these results reflect adaptive mechanisms developed through evolutionary processes. The heightened sensitivity to disgust expressions likely functions as a protective system, enabling individuals to identify potentially harmful foods through social cues without direct risk exposure.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Clinical and Educational Implications</h2>



<p>These findings carry substantial implications for pediatric nutrition interventions and family meal dynamics. The research suggests that parental expressions of distaste during vegetable consumption may inadvertently reinforce children's existing food aversions through unconscious social transmission pathways.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Future Research Directions</h2>



<p>The study establishes a foundation for expanded investigation into real-time social modeling effects and cross-demographic applicability. Researchers emphasize the necessity for longitudinal studies examining actual consumption behaviors rather than preference ratings alone, particularly within family contexts where social learning occurs most frequently.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p></p>

Social modeling affects our food choices

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVywlgRJXsc Some children read facial expressions when making food choices....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JynHpMaNO8A
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Chaotic cancer protein finally controlled after decades of mystery</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cancer-causing-protein-bound-and-blocked">Cancer-causing protein bound and blocked</h2>



<p>In a discovery that can one day revolutionize cancer treatment, researchers at the <a href="https://www.ucr.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Riverside</a> have successfully developed a means of controlling MYC, a notoriously slippery protein that causes approximately <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chaotic-protein-that-fuels-75-of-cancers-can-be-controlled/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">75% of all cancers in humans</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-makes-myc-different">What makes MYC different</h2>



<p>MYC presents a unique challenge when studying cancer. Normally, this protein plays a vital role in healthy cells. It carefully controls transcription - the process that converts genetic information from DNA and RNA into proteins.</p>



<p>However, cancer changes everything. In cancer cells, MYC becomes a destructive force. It operates in overdrive mode with no regulation whatsoever.</p>



<p>Professor Min Xue, who led the research team, explains it simply: "MYC is less like food for cancer cells and more like a steroid. It drives cancer's aggressive growth." This superactive behavior makes MYC involved in three out of every four cancer cases.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-myc-is-hard-to-target">Why MYC is hard to target</h2>



<p>Despite its clear role in cancer, targeting MYC has been one of medicine's biggest challenges. The main problem lies in MYC's unusual structure - or rather, its complete lack of structure.</p>



<p>Professor Xue describes the protein as "basically a glob of randomness." This means conventional drug discovery methods don't work. These traditional approaches rely on sharply defined protein structures. MYC simply doesn't have one.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">A New Approach to Fighting MYC</h2>



<p>The UCR research team developed a clever solution. They designed a special peptide molecule that could selectively bind to MYC. More importantly, this peptide could block MYC's destructive activity.</p>



<p>The key was fine-tuning two specific features: the peptide's stiffness and its shape. Through careful adjustments, researchers achieved something remarkable. They reached "sub-micro-molar affinity" - meaning their peptide binds as strongly as antibodies do.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-results">Breakthrough results</h2>



<p>This accomplishment represents a major leap beyond previous attempts. The researchers enhanced their peptide's binding strength by two orders of magnitude. This dramatic improvement brings the work significantly closer to practical drug development goals.</p>



<p>The research opens new possibilities for treating the vast majority of cancers where MYC plays a destructive role.</p>



<p>The researchers are presently optimizing peptide-delivery systems based on lipid nanoparticles that deliver the peptide effectively into cancer cells. The<a href="https://www.nih.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> National Institutes of Health</a> and the <a href="https://www.defense.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Department of Defense</a> funded the study, which appeared in the Journal of the <a href="https://www.acs.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Chemical Society</a>.<br>This research offers renewed hope against cancer, and it can potentially open a door to more effective cancer therapies for most cancer patients worldwide.</p>



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The protein that fuels 3 out of 4 cancers has been controlled

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JynHpMaNO8A Chaotic cancer protein finally controlled after decades of mystery...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



<p>On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.</p>



<p>This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.</p>



<p>Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.</p>



<p>The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators.  Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas.  These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.</p>



<p>Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



<p>Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.</p>



<p>Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



<p>385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.</p>



<p>The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.</p>



<p>Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



<p>The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."</p>



<p>This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a></em> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.</p>



<p>Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet <em>Archaeopteris</em>: the first modern tree</h2>



<p>The star of this ancient forest is <em>Archaeopteris</em> – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur <em>Archaeopteryx</em>. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.</p>



<p>William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.</p>



<p>Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



<p>These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.</p>



<p>This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



<p>The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified <em>Eospermatopteris</em>, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.</p>



<p>All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



<p>Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.</p>



<p>Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."</p>



<p>The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



<p>In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.</p>



<p>Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



<p>Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.</p>



<p>Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.</p>



<p>These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.</p>



<p>The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em>Current Biology</em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Veg4HmmRVZY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Our bodies hits two 'aging cliffs' at these ages.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-map-exact-ages-when-your-body-rapidly-ages">Scientists Map Exact Ages When Your Body Rapidly Ages</h2>



<p>Scientists have <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-bodies-begin-breaking-down-two-very-precise-ages/#google_vignette">discovered that aging</a> isn't the gradual, steady process many assume it to be. Instead, researchers from Stanford Medicine have found that our bodies undergo dramatic molecular changes at two specific ages: 44 and 60. This research, published in Nature Aging, reveals that aging happens in sudden bursts rather than smooth transitions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-waves-of-rapid-aging">Two waves of rapid aging</h2>



<p>The Stanford study tracked over 135,000 different molecules and microbes in 108 participants aged 25 to 75 over several years. Results showed that 81% of all molecules studied exhibited non-linear changes, meaning they shifted dramatically at certain ages rather than changing gradually over time.</p>



<p>Michael Snyder, chair of genetics at Stanford School of Medicine and the study's senior author, noted significant findings. "We're not just changing gradually over time; there are some really dramatic changes. It turns out the mid-40s is a time of dramatic change, as is the early 60s. And that's true no matter what class of molecules you look at."</p>



<p>The first wave of changes occurs around age 44, affecting molecules related to alcohol metabolism, caffeine processing, lipid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/age-related-changes-in-metabolism-dont-match-our-expectations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">metabolism</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heart-disease-remains-the-leading-cause-of-death-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular disease</a>, and skin and muscle function. The second wave hits around age 60, involving changes in carbohydrate metabolism, immune regulation, kidney function, and again cardiovascular and muscle health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-during-these-aging-bursts">What happens during these aging bursts</h2>



<p>During the mid-40s transformation, researchers observed significant changes in how the body processes alcohol and fats. This period often coincides with increased stress levels in many people's lives, potentially contributing to lifestyle factors that accelerate these molecular shifts.</p>



<p>"It's possible some of these changes could be tied to lifestyle or behavioral factors that cluster at these age groups, rather than being driven by biological factors," Snyder explained. For instance, alcohol metabolism dysfunction might result from increased consumption during the typically stressful mid-40s period.</p>



<p>The changes at age 60 are perhaps less surprising, as this is when many age-related diseases begin to manifest more prominently. The molecular shifts affect immune function and kidney health, both critical for maintaining overall wellness as we enter our senior years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-latest-research-confirms-aging-patterns">Latest research confirms aging patterns</h2>



<p>Recent 2025 studies have validated these findings. Research examining tissue samples from 76 people found similar aging patterns, noting an "inflection point" between ages 45 and 55.</p>



<p>Scientists discovered that blood vessels, particularly the aorta, age fastest among all body tissues. This vascular aging may drive aging in other body parts, highlighting cardiovascular health's central role in the aging process.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cellular-changes-and-microbiome-shifts">Cellular changes and microbiome shifts</h2>



<p>The Stanford research revealed that these aging bursts affect our microbiome – the trillions of bacteria, viruses, and fungi living in and on our bodies. These microbial communities undergo substantial shifts during both aging periods, potentially affecting everything from digestion to immune function.</p>



<p>Additionally, researchers found that protein production and gene expression begin to fall out of sync as we age. This breakdown in cellular communication becomes especially pronounced during the two aging waves, contributing to the accumulation of damaged proteins associated with diseases such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alzheimers-may-not-be-brain-disorder-important-data-was-fabricated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer's</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-implications-and-longevity-considerations">Health implications and longevity considerations</h2>



<p>Understanding these aging patterns has important implications for healthcare strategies. Research suggests that people should pay particular attention to their health during their 40s and 60s, when these dramatic molecular changes occur.</p>



<p>Snyder emphasized the importance of proactive health measures. "I'm a big believer that we should try to adjust our lifestyles while we're still healthy," he noted. This might include increasing exercise to protect heart health and maintain muscle mass, or reducing alcohol consumption in the 40s as the body's ability to metabolize it declines.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-approaches-to-anti-aging-treatment">New approaches to anti-aging treatment</h2>



<p>Aging research has seen notable advances in 2025. Harvard Medical School scientists developed chemical cocktails that reverse cellular aging without genetic modification. These six combinations restored aged cells to youthfulness in under a week, offering safer alternatives to gene therapy.</p>



<p>Researchers identified new biomarkers like "InflammAge," a saliva-based test measuring chronic inflammation associated with aging. This non-invasive approach could change how we monitor aging and intervention.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions-in-aging-research">Future directions in aging research</h2>



<p>Emerging technologies including artificial intelligence, cellular reprogramming, and senolytic therapies, are opening new possibilities for extending healthspan. Companies develop treatments targeting aging's fundamental mechanisms rather than just managing age-related diseases.</p>



<p>The Stanford findings provide a roadmap for implementing preventive measures. Rather than waiting for symptoms, people can prepare for and potentially mitigate these predictable aging waves.</p>



<p>As aging understanding evolves, one thing becomes clear: aging isn't inevitable decline, but specific biological events we may learn to prevent or reverse. The key is recognizing when these transitions occur and taking proactive health steps during vulnerable periods.</p>



<p>The study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/nataging" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Aging</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Scientists discover we age in bursts

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Veg4HmmRVZY Our bodies hits two 'aging cliffs' at these ages....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlF0XKzHY4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The hidden science behind tickling.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-discover-the-brain-s-tickling-command-center">Scientists discover the brain's 'tickling command center'</h2>



<p>Researchers have finally solved one of humanity's most enduring mysteries: why we can't <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/after-centuries-of-debate-we-still-dont-know-how-tickling-works/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tickle</a> ourselves and what makes some people incredibly ticklish while others barely react? Recent scientific discoveries are revolutionizing our understanding of this peculiar human behavior.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-discovery-in-the-brain">Breakthrough discovery in the brain</h2>



<p>In 2023, Dr. Michael Brecht's team at <a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humboldt University</a>-<a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Berlin</a> made a major discovery published in the <a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(22)01991-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">journal <em>Neuron</em></a>. They identified the brain's actual "tickling command center" – specific neurons in a region called the periaqueductal gray that control both tickling responses and play behavior.</p>



<p>When researchers used cutting-edge optogenetic technology to shut down these neurons in laboratory rats, something remarkable happened. The animals completely lost their ability to be tickled or engage in playful behavior.</p>



<p>"We found that global blockade of the rat periaqueductal gray with either muscimol or lidocaine interfered with ticklishness and play," the research team reported in their study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-types-of-tickling-revealed">Two types of tickling revealed</h2>



<p>What we call "tickling" is two completely different phenomena, according to the latest research. Light tickling – that feathery sensation that makes you want to scratch – is essentially your body's sophisticated bug detection system. This alerts you to potential insects or parasites on your skin.</p>



<p>Deep tickling – the kind that makes you laugh uncontrollably – involves complex brain circuits and is fundamentally social. You literally cannot tickle yourself with this type of stimulation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-self-tickling-is-impossible">Why self-tickling is impossible</h2>



<p>Your cerebellum acts like a prediction machine, recent findings show. When you move your own hand to touch yourself, your brain generates precise predictions about what you will feel and then cancels out the tickling sensation through neural inhibition.</p>



<p>When someone else tickles you, your brain can't predict their movements, so the full tickling response activates. It's like your brain's way of distinguishing between self and others.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-individual-differences-explained">Individual differences explained</h2>



<p>Individual differences in ticklishness depend on genetics, psychology, and even trust. Dr. Xinzhong Dong at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Johns Hopkins University</a> notes that people with denser nerve endings tend to be more sensitive.</p>



<p>Psychological factors matter just as much. You respond more strongly when tickled by people you trust, and anxiety completely shuts down tickling responses. This explains why the same physical stimulus can produce completely different reactions depending on who's doing the tickling.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-controlling-your-ticklishness">Controlling your ticklishness</h2>



<p>Science offers answers for controlling your ticklishness. You can reduce tickling sensitivity through systematic desensitization – gradual exposure in controlled settings.</p>



<p>Dr. Konstantina Kilteni's 2025 research, published in <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adt0350" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em>, reveals another technique: place your hand on the tickler's hand. This allows your brain to partially predict the sensations, reducing the tickling response by up to 90 percent.</p>



<p>"Your brain is essentially learning to override its own reflexes," Kilteni explained in her review of tickling research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-purpose-discovered">Evolutionary purpose discovered</h2>



<p>From an evolutionary perspective, tickling serves vital functions according to <a href="https://www.umd.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Maryland</a> researcher Dr. Robert Provine's extensive studies. It trains our defense reflexes for vulnerable body areas and facilitates social bonding between family members.</p>



<p>Tickling-induced laughter is actually one of the first forms of communication between infants and caregivers. "Tickle involves a neurological self/nonself discrimination, providing the most primitive social scenario," Provine noted in his research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clinical-applications-emerge">Clinical applications emerge</h2>



<p>Research shows people with autism spectrum disorder perceive touches as more ticklish than people without the condition. Investigating this difference could provide insight into brain differences and help advance autism research.</p>



<p>People with schizophrenia tend to experience self-touches similarly to external tickles, allowing them to essentially tickle themselves. This suggests altered sensory prediction mechanisms in the condition.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animal-research-reveals-universal-nature">Animal research reveals universal nature</h2>



<p>Scientists have discovered that many species beyond humans are ticklish. Rats emit ultrasonic "laughs" when tickled, while chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans all respond to tickling stimulation.</p>



<p>This widespread occurrence across species suggests that tickling serves fundamental biological and social functions that evolved long before humans developed complex language and culture.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



<p>Dr. Kilteni argues that tickling research deserves more scientific attention. "It is a complex interplay of motor, social, neurological, developmental, and evolutionary aspects," she stated in her recent review.</p>



<p>New haptic technologies and advanced research methodologies now permit scientists to investigate tickle sensation with unprecedented precision. Standardized experimental methods using mechanical tickling devices ensure consistent results across studies.</p>



<p>Recent findings published in <em>Science Advances</em> show that tickling research is opening new doors in neuroscience, potentially leading to a better understanding of social behavior, sensory processing, and neurological conditions.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Scientists solve the mystery of tickling

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlF0XKzHY4 The hidden science behind tickling. Scientists discover the brain's...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elr4948_uOU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Dr. Ronald Mallett from the University of Connecticut reveals secret mission to create working time travel device.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-could-an-equation-truly-bend-time-a-physicist-s-decades-long-quest-to-rewrite-reality">Could an equation truly bend time? A physicist's decades-long quest to rewrite reality</h2>



<p>Imagine the impossible: stepping back through time in a time machine, not in fantasy, but through a scientific endeavor driven by profound personal loss. For <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astrophysicist-says-hes-cracked-the-equation-for-time-travel/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Ronald Mallett</a>, a distinguished astrophysicist and professor emeritus at the <a href="https://uconn.edu/">University of Connecticut</a>, this deeply human longing has fueled a lifelong mission. He claims to have discovered the equation that could unlock temporal displacement, pushing boundaries once deemed purely science fiction.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-profound-grief-that-forged-a-vision">A profound grief that forged a vision</h2>



<p>Mallett's extraordinary pursuit began with devastating tragedy in 1955. At merely 10 years old, he endured his father Boyd's sudden death—a television repairman whose passion for science had ignited a similar spark in his young son. Boyd Mallett, only 33, succumbed to a heart attack, leaving behind a grief-stricken child searching for solace.</p>



<p>That solace came through H.G. Wells' <em>The Time Machine</em>. Within its pages, Mallett found a captivating concept: "Time is only a kind of Space." These words transformed from a literary phrase into a guiding principle, becoming the driving force behind his unwavering commitment to unraveling time's fundamental mysteries.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-humble-beginnings-to-academic-heights">From humble beginnings to academic heights</h2>



<p>Mallett's journey was far from straightforward. After serving in the Air Force during the Vietnam War era, he utilized the GI Bill for higher education, earning his Ph.D. in physics from Pennsylvania State University in 1973 at the age of 28.</p>



<p>In 1975, he made history as the first African American professor in the University of Connecticut's physics department, achieving full professorship in 1987 before retiring in 2024 as professor emeritus.</p>



<p>Throughout these successful academic years, Mallett harbored his radical ambition as a closely guarded secret. "I kept my time travel goal a secret," he confessed. "I worried people would think I was nuts." His public research centered on black holes, serving as a "cover story" while he quietly developed his revolutionary time travel theory.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-breakthrough-moment">The breakthrough moment</h2>



<p>His pivotal insight arrived while hospitalized for a heart condition—a profound irony given his father's heart attack started this journey. The breakthrough was elegantly simple yet revolutionary: "If gravity can bend time, and light can create gravity, then light can bend time."</p>



<p>"It turns out that black holes can create a gravitational field that could lead to the creation of time loops that could allow us to go back in time," he explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-blueprint-for-a-temporal-vortex">The blueprint for a temporal vortex</h2>



<p>Mallett's vision for a functioning time machine replicates spacetime-warping phenomena around black holes. He offers a compelling analogy: "Picture a cup of coffee. Stir it with a spoon, and the coffee swirls. A spinning black hole does the same to spacetime."</p>



<p>In Einstein's general relativity, the universe is a dynamic fabric woven from space and time. Massive objects like black holes warp this fabric—an effect we perceive as gravity. Mallett theorizes that an intense, continuous, circulating beam of light from a ring of powerful lasers could replicate this gravitational torsion, effectively twisting time into a loop.</p>



<p>This "time loop" would theoretically allow information—or perhaps matter—to travel backward in time. He detailed this mathematical concept in his 2006 autobiography, <em>Time Traveler: A Scientist's Personal Mission to Make Time Travel a Reality</em>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-published-research-and-recognition">Published research and recognition</h2>



<p>His work, published in respected journals including <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/physics-letters-a" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physics Letters A</a></em> and <em><a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/10701" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Foundations of Physics</a></em>, suggests circulating laser light could generate gravitational fields potent enough to create closed timelike curves, enabling time travel for data.</p>



<p>Mallett's research has gained worldwide media attention, featured on <a href="https://www.thisamericanlife.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Public Radio's <em>This American Life</em></a>, the <a href="https://www.history.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">History Channel</a>, and <a href="https://www.today.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NBC's <em>Today Show</em></a>. The widespread interest reflects both his compelling personal story and rigorous scientific approach.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-galactic-hurdles-and-persistent-skepticism">The galactic hurdles and persistent skepticism</h2>



<p>While Mallett's equations captivate imagination, the path to reality faces immense obstacles. The energy requirement is staggering—Mallett acknowledges needing "galactic amounts of energy," far beyond current technological capabilities.</p>



<p>There's also a poignant limitation: even if realized, his machine could only send information back to when it was first activated, meaning it couldn't transport him to 1955 to prevent his father's death.</p>



<p>The scientific community remains skeptical. Physicists Ken Olum and Allen Everett argue that Mallett's proposed laser ring would need to be larger than the observable universe to achieve the necessary spacetime distortion. They invoke Stephen Hawking's chronology protection conjecture, suggesting physics may prevent macroscopic time travel.</p>



<p>Astrophysicist Paul Sutter has voiced doubts about Mallett's underlying mathematics, while science writer Brian Clegg finds the concept intriguing enough to warrant experimental investigation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-legacy-that-transcends-time">A legacy that transcends time</h2>



<p>Now approaching 80, Dr. Mallett remains steadfast. "I believe my work will show time travel is possible," he asserts. "Future generations will build on it in ways we can't yet imagine."</p>



<p>His equations, though yet to physically bend time, have bent our collective imagination. Ongoing public interest, evidenced by his continued media appearances and Spike Lee's film adaptation of his memoir, underscores his ideas' profound impact.</p>



<p>More than a scientific pursuit, Mallett's story testifies to human resilience, intellectual courage, and hope's enduring power. Whether his theoretical time machine ever materializes, his legacy is immeasurable—inspiring countless individuals to challenge conventional limits and perceive time not as an unyielding barrier, but as a boundless frontier awaiting exploration.</p>



<p></p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Retired professor claims he solved time travel

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elr4948_uOU Dr. Ronald Mallett from the University of Connecticut reveals...

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</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



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https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
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<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?</p>



<p>One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ACS Reactions</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

How does salt makes things taste better?

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;</p>



<p>'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."</p>



<p>"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Santiago, Chile in South America

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