Quantum entanglement is a mind-boggling phenomenon in quantum mechanics that intrigues both scientists and the public alike.



Unlike the predictable nature of classical physics, quantum mechanics thrives on unpredictability, often challenging our everyday perceptions. This is particularly evident in the behavior of entangled particles.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-quantum-entanglement">Understanding quantum entanglement</h2>



In quantum mechanics, particles can exist in multiple states simultaneously, a concept known as superposition. Entanglement elevates this idea: when <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-entanglement-laws-thermodynamics-follow-entropy-rule/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">particles become entangled</a>, their states are interlinked.



A change in one particle's state instantly influences the other, regardless of distance—imagine two distant light bulbs flickering in sync across the cosmos.



Entanglement suggests that information can be shared instantaneously between particles, defying the notion that nothing travels faster than light.



This "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-entanglement-spooky-action-at-a-distance-persists-between-top-quarks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spooky action at a distance</a>," as Albert Einstein famously termed it, prompts profound questions about the nature of space and time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-of-measurement">Challenges of measurement</h2>



Measurement in quantum mechanics presents unique challenges. Observing one particle in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-dance-entangled-photons-wave-functions-captured-real-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">an entangled pair</a> determines the states of both, leading to critical inquiries: What constitutes a 'measurement,' and how does it influence our understanding of reality?



The complex mathematics underpinning quantum mechanics -- incorporating concepts like Hilbert spaces, wave functions, and operators -- can be intimidating, rendering entanglement less accessible to many.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fascinating-puzzle">Fascinating puzzle</h2>



Simply put, quantum entanglement is just too complicated for most people to fully understand. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-tunneling-allow-particles-break-light-speed-barrier/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">It defies classical intuitions</a>, involves sophisticated mathematics, and urges us to reevaluate our understanding of reality.



That is, until now. 



Enter Professor Carl Kocher, a pioneer of the study of quantum entanglement. He is currently a member of the <a href="https://quantumfoundry.ucsb.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Quantum Foundry</a> at University of California Santa Barbara and Professor Emeritus at <a href="https://oregonstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oregon State University</a>.



Professor Kocher is the author of a new article in Frontiers in Quantum Science and Technology, explaining his groundbreaking 1964-67 experiments in quantum entanglement and discussing the 'paradox' of quantum entanglement.



In the following guest editorial, <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carl-Kocher" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Professor Kocher</a> helps us stretch our minds to understand this apparently paradoxical phenomenon.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-quantum-entanglement-0">Understanding quantum entanglement</h2>



My new article, ‘<a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/quantum-science-and-technology/articles/10.3389/frqst.2024.1451239/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Quantum Entanglement of Optical Photons: The First Experiment, 1964-67</a>’, is intended to convey the spirit of a small research project that reaches into uncharted territory. 



The article breaks with tradition, as it offers a first-person account of the strategy and challenges for the experiment, as well as an interpretation of the final result and its significance. 



In this guest editorial, I will introduce the subject and also attempt to illuminate the question ‘What is a paradox?’



Let’s begin with the gyroscope that I bought when I was eight, from a store that sold novelties and magic tricks. The spinning disk, supported at one end of its shaft, did not fall, but moved slowly around in a horizontal plane. 



This behavior seems mysterious or paradoxical in the context of common experience that excludes gyroscopes, but makes complete sense in the context of Newtonian mechanics, which resolves the paradox by predicting precisely how gyroscopes will behave.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-of-quantum-theory">Evolution of quantum theory</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/radical-new-theory-finally-unites-gravity-spacetime-and-the-quantum-realm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Quantum theory</a>, conceived in the mid-1920s, has been impressively successful in accounting for the properties and interactions of atoms and molecules. 



In 1935, Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen stirred controversy with a thought experiment in which two particles of common origin move apart, noting that quantum theory predicts correlations in subsequent measurements of their spins.



The correlation may seem quite puzzling, as a measurement on one of the particles appears to influence a subsequent measurement on the other, even if the particles do not interact.



In current terminology, these correlations are an example of entanglement, and the correlation phenomenon is known as the EPR paradox.



The puzzle has become a subject for much discussion and analysis, especially because there was (and is) no known mechanism for measurements to communicate with each other.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disentangling-quantum-entanglement">Disentangling quantum entanglement</h2>



In 1964 I was intrigued by this unfamiliar effect and began to think of a way to actually perform the EPR experiment -- or at least a version of it -- for observing the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-entanglement-discovery-is-a-revolutionary-step-forward/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">correlation and entanglement</a>. It would be a low-energy experiment that could be set up in a small laboratory.



For the experiment outlined here, the particles of interest are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-entanglement-photons-used-to-measure-earth-rotation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">visible-light photons</a>, which are noninteracting, emitted by excited calcium atoms in a two-stage spontaneous emission process. The polarization states of the photons, which are related to their spins, can be measured simply, with ordinary linear polarizers. 



Photomultiplier detectors count the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-dance-entangled-photons-wave-functions-captured-real-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">individual photons</a>, #1 (green) and #2 (violet), and timing circuits enable the identification of photon pairs from the same atom. A rotatable linear polarizer is mounted in front of each detector.



In simplest terms, the experiment involves counting the rate at which photon pairs are detected, as a function of the orientation of the polarizers. A photon pair detected from the same atom is recorded as a “coincidence count.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-theory-and-experiment-agree">Theory and experiment agree</h2>



Quantum theory makes the following predictions:



<ol class="wp-block-list">
<li><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-computer-photons-create-vortex-when-they-collide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Each photon</a>, taken separately, has a 50% chance of being transmitted by its polarizer, regardless of its angle of orientation. </li>



<li>If the polarizer axes are parallel, both photons from the same atom can pass through their polarizers and be counted. Coincidence counts will be observed. </li>



<li>If the polarizer axes are perpendicular, it never happens that both photons pass through their polarizers. Therefore, no coincidence counts will be observed.</li>
</ol>



Predictions #1 and #2 are not surprising, as the green and violet beams of light are unpolarized.



Prediction #3, discussed further in my article, is a quantum entanglement effect with no analog in classical (non-quantum) physics. It is especially interesting because it can be tested experimentally. I designed the experiment specifically for this purpose.



The results of the experiment, after nearly three years of effort in the laboratory, clearly demonstrate that coincidence counts are recorded if the polarizer axes are parallel, and that no coincidences are recorded if the polarizers are perpendicular. The agreement between theory and experiment is unequivocal and striking.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-so-is-there-a-paradox">So is there a paradox?</h2>



In our brief discussion of the gyroscope, no paradox was acknowledged because Newton’s theory (classical dynamics) fully explains how a gyroscope moves. 



Furthermore, both the theory and the observed gyroscopic behavior are compatible with our life experience and intuitive ability to grasp natural processes in the classical realm.



In the entanglement case, quantum theory accounts for the observed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/super-photons-fascinating-behavior-in-quantum-realm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">correlation of the photon polarizations</a>. But even when a theory predicts experimental results, a paradox may remain if the intuition cannot reach out to connect with it.



Take another look at predictions #1 and #3 above. If we draw on our experience of life in a non-quantum world, we may notice something very strange when the polarizers are “crossed” at 90 degrees. 



If each photon has a 50% chance of transmission through its polarizer, why don’t we get coincidences 25% of the time? Instead, we observe none at all. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stretching-the-mind-to-resolve-the-paradox">Stretching the mind to resolve the paradox</h2>



At first consideration, this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/impossibility-paradox-calculating-incalculable-quantum-realm-particles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">does seem to qualify as a paradox</a>. One possible explanation could involve a missing component of quantum theory - perhaps a causal mechanism that could allow one photon, or one measurement, to communicate with the other. 



However, despite extensive research, no evidence has been found for such a mechanism.



As we do not live in an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-quantum-revolution-will-impact-all-aspects-of-society/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">overtly quantum world</a>, classical phenomena may influence our thought processes - even when we venture into the quantum realm. It may therefore remain a challenge to assimilate entanglement into the intuition.



I believe that the paradox can be at least partially resolved when further thought and experience, such as the experiment considered here, ‘stretch the mind’ to more fully embrace entanglement and other quantum phenomena.



I have come to view these aspects of nature as ‘strangely wonderful’.



The full paper and study can we read at <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/quantum-science-and-technology/articles/10.3389/frqst.2024.1451239/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Quantum Science and Technology</a>.



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Quantum entanglement: A simple way to fully grasp this 'impossible' concept

Quantum entanglement is a mind-boggling phenomenon in quantum mechanics that intrigues both scientists and the public alike. Unlike the predictable nature of classical physics, quantum mechanics thrives on unpredictability, often challenging our everyday perceptions. This is particularly evident in the behavior of entangled particles. Understanding quantum entanglement In quantum mechanics, particles can exist in multiple states simultaneously, a concept known as superposition. Entanglement elevates this idea: when particles become entangled, their states are interlinked. A change in one particle's state instantly influences the other, regardless of distance—imagine...

In a study led by <a href="https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cincinnati Children’s Hospital</a>, researchers have brought to light the profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on kindergarten readiness among children. 



The research, focusing on the 22 million children under age 6 who were not yet enrolled in school during the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/childrens-inactivity-remains-a-problem-after-the-pandemic/">pandemic</a>, reveals a concerning decline in preparedness for school life, particularly among disadvantaged families.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-drop-in-readiness-scores">Drop in readiness scores</h2>



The experts analyzed data from approximately 8,000 kindergartners who underwent the state-required Kindergarten Readiness Assessment (KRA) in the years 2018, 2019, and 2021. The group included 3,200 children receiving care through Cincinnati Children’s primary care clinics.&nbsp;



The results showed that in 2021, only 30% of students in Cincinnati public schools were assessed as kindergarten-ready, a significant drop from the 40% readiness rate observed in 2018. Among the children cared for at Cincinnati Children’s primary care sites, the readiness rate fell from 32% in 2018 to 21.5% in 2021.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-major-disruption-nbsp">Major disruption&nbsp;</h2>



“This means that 7 of every 10 children in the Cincinnati Public Schools were considered not ready to learn when they entered kindergarten during the pandemic. This trend was even more pronounced among the more-disadvantaged, Medicaid-covered children we see in our primary care clinics,” said study lead author Dr. Kristen Copeland. “It will take intense effort on multiple levels to help these children overcome this disruption."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-influential-factors">Influential factors</h2>



The researchers investigated various factors that could influence a child’s readiness for kindergarten, including family financial hardships, food security, primary language spoken at home, the child’s race and ethnicity, and maternal stress or depressive symptoms.&nbsp;



The team identified several risk factors for lower kindergarten readiness, such as failed developmental screenings, Medicaid coverage, Hispanic ethnicity, need for medical interpreters, male gender, infrequent reading at home, and previous experiences of food insecurity.



“To our knowledge, this is among the first and the largest studies to use real-world data to analyze protective and risk factors for school readiness among a population that has been traditionally reluctant to participate in research studies,” said Dr. Copeland.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-silver-lining">Silver lining</h2>



Despite these challenges, the research team found reasons for optimism. Many of the factors limiting readiness are measurable during primary care visits, and interventions to address these issues are already within reach.&nbsp;



“The good news is that we identified several factors that predicted later kindergarten readiness that we already measure during primary care visits,” said Dr. Copeland.&nbsp;



“Furthermore, we have in primary care ways to quickly get kids the additional help they need, be it speech therapy, legal aid, benefits assistance, food pantry or produce delivery, or hands-on assistance in enrolling in preschool, high quality childcare and Head Start.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



The study not only sheds light on the impact of the pandemic on early childhood development but also underscores the importance of strengthening collaborations between healthcare providers, schools, and community organizations to support children’s preparation for school.&nbsp;



Such partnerships, exemplified by the ongoing collaboration between Cincinnati Children’s and Cincinnati Public Schools, are vital for overcoming data-sharing barriers and enhancing early child development support systems.



“These cross-sector linkages highlight the urgency for primary care organizations to become more involved in promoting equitable early child development, not just in Cincinnati but across the United States,” said study co-author Dr. Robert Kahn.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.6458" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JAMA Pediatrics</a>. 



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Covid-19 pandemic setbacks reduced kindergarten readiness 

In a study led by Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, researchers have...

A,Large,Female,Atlas,Moth,(attacus,Atlas),From,South,And

For years, the enigmatic draw of flying insects to artificial light sources has puzzled both scientists and poets alike. 



The common belief that these creatures are simply attracted to the brightness of lights, like moths to a flame, has been challenged by recent research. 



This study, conducted by the <a href="https://www.imperial.ac.uk/bioengineering/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Department of Bioengineering</a> at Imperial College London, sheds new light on the phenomenon, proposing that artificial lights at night disrupt the insects' innate navigational systems rather than attracting them.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insects-and-light-debunking-myths-with-science">Insects and light: Debunking myths with science</h2>



Phototaxis, or the movement of organisms in response to light, has been a subject of interest among researchers for decades. 



Various theories have been proposed to explain why nocturnal <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/are-insects-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insects</a> are so often found spiraling around artificial luminescence, ranging from mistaking these lights for gaps in foliage to using them as navigational aids. 



Some have even suggested that insects are drawn to the warmth of the lights or become disoriented by their brightness.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-navigational-disruption-over-attraction">Navigational disruption over attraction</h2>



The research, led by Dr. Samuel Fabian from <a href="https://www.imperial.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Imperial College London</a>, introduces a new theory. He posits that flying insects are not attracted to artificial light but become disoriented, mistaking it for the sky. 



This confusion leads to erratic flight patterns and, ultimately, collisions with the light source. 



Dr. Fabian explains, “We wanted to understand why insects seem unable to resist flying into and around potentially fatal light sources. Answering this question could help us get a better grip on humans’ impact on insects and the wider natural world.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-innovative-computer-models">Innovative computer models</h2>



Utilizing advanced techniques such as stereo-videography in Costa Rica and high-resolution motion capture and computer analyses in laboratory settings, the researchers were able to reconstruct the 3D movements of insects' flight around artificial luminescence. 



Their findings contradicted the prevailing belief that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-insect-decline-what-are-the-causes-and-consequences/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insects</a> are attracted to light from afar. Instead, insects only become trapped if they venture close to an artificial light source.



At a certain distance, their natural inclination to turn their dorsum (top) towards the light -- a behavior beneficial under natural lighting conditions -- results in their entrapment.



“Flying animals need a reliable way to determine their orientation, especially relative to the direction of gravity. With help from new technologies that enable us to track the movements of tiny <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/natures-silent-language-decoding-the-chemical-signals-of-insects/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insects</a> in difficult and dark conditions, we were able to understand how these insects behave around different light sources," Dr. Fabian said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unnatural-insect-behaviors-light-induced-confusion">Unnatural insect behaviors: Light-induced confusion</h2>



The study observed three distinct behaviors in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insects-thrive-in-restored-habitats-near-solar-energy-facilities/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insects</a> around artificial luminescence: orbiting, stalling, and inversion. 



These behaviors suggest that the insects continually attempt to orient themselves by directing their dorsal axis towards the light, a strategy that fails under artificial conditions, leading to crashes.



In laboratory experiments with various insect species, including dragonflies, moths, and hawkmoths, the researchers discovered that artificial lights significantly impair insects' ability to maintain control over their flight direction. 



Computer modeling further supported the theory that this disorientation stems from the insects' attempts to orient their bodies towards the light.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rethinking-artificial-lighting">Rethinking artificial lighting</h2>



This research provides the most plausible model for why flying <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shock-study-insects-are-also-declining-in-forests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insects</a> are drawn to artificial luminescence, while emphasizing the impact of human-generated light pollution on nocturnal wildlife. 



With the proliferation of artificial light sources, such as streetlamps and vehicle headlights, the natural night sky is increasingly obscured, disrupting the natural behaviors of flying insects.



Dr. Fabian stresses the importance of reevaluating our use of artificial light at night, suggesting that measures such as shielding lights and reducing unnecessary outdoor lighting could significantly benefit nocturnal wildlife. 



He concludes, “Light at night is pollution, and we need to think of it as such. It may be that simply shrouding and restricting our lights can dramatically improve life for our nocturnal wildlife.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-and-future-research">Implications and future research</h2>



In summary, this fascinating research marks a significant step forward in understanding the effects of artificial light on flying <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-flightless-stick-insects-spread-their-populations-over-vast-regions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insects</a> and highlights the need for further investigation into how distance from light sources affects insects' behaviors. 



Dr. Fabian feels more research is needed, suggesting, “A key next step for this research is to work out how distance changes the effect of lights at night. We know what’s happening at 1 meter from a light, but what’s happening at 100 meters?”



This insight advances our knowledge of insect behavior and prompts a reevaluation of our environmental impact, urging us to consider more wildlife-friendly lighting solutions.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-44785-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Why insects seem to be attracted to light has long been a mystery

For years, the enigmatic draw of flying insects to artificial...

New research provides the latest evidence that money doesn't buy happiness. The study reveals that many Indigenous peoples and local communities across the globe experience high levels of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brief-conversations-with-strangers-boost-life-satisfaction/">life satisfaction</a> despite possessing minimal monetary income.&nbsp;



The study was conducted by experts at the <a href="https://www.iest.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute of Environmental Science and Technology</a> of the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ICTA-UAB), in collaboration with researchers McGill University in Canada. The findings shed light on the complexities of human happiness and suggest the need to reevaluate what is considered essential for a fulfilling life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance-nbsp">Study significance&nbsp;</h2>



"It is often said that money can’t buy happiness, yet many surveys have shown that richer people tend to report being more satisfied with their lives. This tendency could be taken to indicate that high material wealth - as measured in monetary terms - is a necessary ingredient for happiness," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;



"Here, we show survey results from people living in small-scale societies outside the globalized mainstream, many of whom identify as Indigenous. Despite having little monetary income, the respondents frequently report being very satisfied with their lives, and some communities report satisfaction scores similar to the wealthiest countries."&nbsp;



"These results imply greater flexibility in the means to achieve happiness than are apparent from surveys that examine only industrialized societies."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



The pursuit of economic growth has long been considered a key strategy for enhancing the well-being of populations in low-income countries. This approach has been supported by global surveys over the past few decades, which indicate that residents of high-income nations generally report greater life satisfaction compared to those in poorer countries.&nbsp;



The research was focused on individuals from small-scale societies at the margins of the global economy, where monetary transactions are less central to daily life and where people's livelihoods are intimately connected with nature.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-life-satisfaction-levels">Life satisfaction levels</h2>



By surveying 2,966 individuals from Indigenous and local communities across 19 globally distributed sites, the experts found that a significant portion of these populations, despite low levels of monetary income, reported life satisfaction levels on par with those found in affluent countries.



"Surprisingly, many populations with very low monetary incomes report very high average levels of life satisfaction, with scores similar to those in wealthy countries," said study lead author Eric Galbraith.



While not all communities reported high satisfaction levels, with some averages dipping to 5.1, four of the sites boasted scores exceeding 8, a figure comparable to the satisfaction levels of wealthy Scandinavian countries known for their high quality of life.&nbsp;



Remarkably, these high levels of satisfaction were reported even though many of these communities have endured histories of marginalization and oppression.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-perspectives-on-happiness-nbsp">New perspectives on happiness&nbsp;</h2>



The results suggest that human societies can cultivate highly satisfying lives for their members without the need for substantial material wealth.&nbsp;



"The strong correlation frequently observed between income and life satisfaction is not universal and proves that wealth - as generated by industrialized economies - is not fundamentally required for humans to lead happy lives," said study senior author Victoria Reyes-Garcia.



The research opens up new perspectives on happiness and well-being, suggesting that the wealth generated by industrialized economies is not a fundamental requirement for leading a fulfilling life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications">Broader implications </h2>



The implications of these findings are significant, particularly in the context of sustainability and the pursuit of human happiness. They provide strong evidence that pursuing resource-intensive economic growth is not necessary for achieving high levels of subjective well-being.&nbsp;



The researchers noted that, although they now know that people in many Indigenous and local communities report high levels of life satisfaction, they do not know why. Prior studies suggest that family and social support and relationships, spirituality, and connections to nature are among the important factors on which this happiness is based.&nbsp;



"But it is possible that the important factors differ significantly between societies or, conversely, that a small subset of factors dominate everywhere," said Galbraith.



"I would hope that, by learning more about what makes life satisfying in these diverse communities, it might help many others to lead more satisfying lives while addressing the sustainability crisis."



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Happiness beyond wealth: Some communities find joy in simplicity

New research provides the latest evidence that money doesn't buy...

A new study from the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a> sheds light on the complex defensive mechanisms employed by nature. The researchers have unraveled the mystery behind the ultrasonic warning sounds produced by ermine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/male-moths-use-an-aphrodisiac-during-mating-to-feel-macho/">moths</a>, a species known as Yponomeuta. 



This discovery not only provides fascinating insights into the natural world but also holds potential implications for the fields of engineering and technology.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ermine-moths-nbsp">Ermine moths&nbsp;</h2>



Ermine moths, which lack hearing organs and are unaware of the sounds they produce, have developed an ingenious acoustic defense mechanism to deter their predators, primarily echolocating bats.&nbsp;



The researchers found that these moths generate ultrasonic clicking sounds at an astonishing rate of twice per wingbeat cycle. This sound production is facilitated by a minute corrugated membrane located in their hindwings, known as an "aeroelastic tymbal."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-natural-defense-strategy-nbsp">Natural defense strategy&nbsp;</h2>



The study reveals that the unique sound production mechanism is a result of the snap-through buckling of individual ridges on the corrugated patch in the moth's hindwings during flight. The buckling causes a sudden vibration of an adjacent membrane, significantly amplifying the sound's strength and direction.&nbsp;



This process occurs passively, without any muscular action from the moth, highlighting the efficiency and elegance of this natural defense strategy.&nbsp;



“Our goal in this research was to understand how the corrugations in these tymbals can buckle and snap through in a choreographed way to produce a chain of broadband clicks," explained Professor Marc Holderied. "With this study, we unfolded the biomechanics that trigger the buckling sequence and shed light on how the clicking sounds are emitted through tymbal resonance.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ultrasonic-sound-production-nbsp">Ultrasonic sound production&nbsp;</h2>



Study first author Hernaldo Mendoza Nava investigated the mechanics of the aeroelastic tymbal as a PhD student at the EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Advanced Composites for Innovation and Science of the Bristol Composites Institute (BCI).



"Sound production and radiation is linked to mechanical vibration, for example in the skin of a drum or a loudspeaker," said Mendoza.&nbsp;



“In ermine moths, the snap-through buckling events act like drumbeats at the edge of a tymbal drum, exciting a much larger portion of the wing to vibrate and radiate sound. As a result, these millimeter-sized tymbals can produce ultrasounds at the equivalent level of a lively human conversation."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interdisciplinary-research-nbsp">Interdisciplinary research&nbsp;</h2>



The team used advanced techniques from both biology and engineering mechanics to achieve their findings. Detailed computer simulations, along with biological characterization of the wing's morphology and material properties, enabled the researchers to accurately model the snap-through response and sound production, closely matching recorded moth signals.



“The integration of various methods across the sciences with a consistent information flow across discipline boundaries in the spirit of ‘team science’ is what made this study unique and a success," said co-author Rainer Groh. "In addition, without the amazing modern capabilities in imaging, data analysis and computation, uncovering the mechanics of this complex biological phenomenon would not have been possible."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-nbsp">Broader implications&nbsp;</h2>



The study not only contributes to our understanding of insect defense mechanisms against predators but also has broader implications for engineering and technology.&nbsp;



The phenomenon of structural buckling and sound production, though rarely studied together, presents exciting opportunities for developing morphing structures with enhanced functionality or efficiency, particularly in fields such as aerospace.



“In the realm of engineering design, nonlinear elastic responses, such as buckling and snap-through instabilities, have traditionally been perceived as failure modes to be avoided," said Professor Alberto Pirrera.&nbsp;



"In our research, we have been advocating a paradigm shift and have demonstrated that buckling events can be strategically leveraged to imbue structures with smart functionality or enhanced mass-efficiency. Yponomeuta’s aeroelastic tymbal embodies the concept of beneficial nonlinearity. The natural world, once again, serves as a source of inspiration.”



The study is published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.&nbsp;



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How ermine moths effortlessly produce ultrasonic warning sounds 

A new study from the University of Bristol sheds light...

In an unprecedented medical event, a French Bulldog puppy named Tyson experienced the spontaneous regrowth of his jaw after undergoing surgery to remove a cancerous tumor. 



This remarkable case, documented by <a href="https://vet.cornell.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cornell University</a> veterinarians, marks the first of its kind for dogs, offering new hope and insights into veterinary oncology and surgical recovery.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-challenge-a-malignant-diagnosis">The challenge: A malignant diagnosis</h2>



Tyson, a three-month-old French <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/english-bulldogs-are-suffering-from-poor-breeding-practices/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bulldog</a>, was initially brought to Cornell’s Dentistry and Oral Surgery Service for a cleft palate operation. 



It was during this time that a malignant tumor was discovered on his lower left mandible. Dr. Alexandra Wright, D.V.M. ’18, who spearheaded Tyson’s treatment, identified the tumor as an <a href="https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/oral-tumors-squamous-cell-carcinoma" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oral papillary squamous cell carcinoma</a> -- a rare but aggressive cancer in dogs. 



“Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the second-most common malignant oral tumor in dogs, and this papillary subtype has previously been reported in young dogs," explained Dr. Wright.



This diagnosis prompted an urgent and drastic response: the removal of a significant portion of Tyson's jaw to save his life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-leap-of-faith-to-save-tyson">A leap of faith to save Tyson</h2>



Despite the grim prognosis, Tyson's owners, Melissa Forsythe and Mike Lacagnina, chose to proceed with the surgery after learning the cancer hadn't spread beyond the tumor site. 



“We didn’t know if we wanted to put a puppy through all this. The prognosis at the time was uncertain,” Forsythe said. 



However, since Tyson’s CT scans were clear, meaning that the cancer hadn’t spread to other sites in the body, “we decided to give him a chance and continue with surgery. We had no idea his jaw would grow back!”



The surgical team, led by Wright, managed to preserve a vital layer of tissue called the periosteum, which played a crucial role in Tyson's recovery. 



The periosteum, rich in blood vessels and nerves, is essential for bone growth and regeneration. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-medical-miracle-french-bulldog-s-jaw-regrows">Medical miracle: French bulldog's jaw regrows</h2>



This meticulous surgical approach, coupled with Tyson's early cancer detection, set the stage for what was to come: the spontaneous and almost complete regrowth of his mandible.



Tyson's recovery defied all odds. Typically, such extensive bone loss in dogs does not regenerate, especially to the extent seen in Tyson's case. 



His new mandible, while slightly abnormal in its lack of certain features such as the mandibular canal and teeth, matched the length of the opposite side, maintaining proper jaw alignment and showing no signs of cancer recurrence.



Following his jaw surgery, Tyson faced another challenge with his cleft palate, which also required surgical intervention. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surviving-and-thriving-despite-obstacles">Surviving and thriving despite obstacles</h2>



Throughout his recovery, Tyson displayed remarkable resilience, adapting to life with an E-collar and restrictions on his activity. 



Forsythe shared that despite these limitations, their French <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/french-bulldogs-health-risks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bulldog</a> remained spirited as his jaw healed, enjoying water-soaked kibble and soft toys, and keeping active with walks around the house.



Today, Tyson's story is not just about survival but thriving. He has graduated from obedience class, earned his Canine Good Citizen certification, and even participated in a Christmas parade. 



His journey from a critical cancer diagnosis to becoming a symbol of hope and resilience is a testament to the advances in veterinary medicine and the possibilities of regenerative healing.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-veterinary-science">Implications for veterinary science</h2>



Dr. Wright, reflecting on Tyson's case, highlighted its significance in expanding our understanding of bone regeneration in young dogs and its potential implications for other animals facing similar diagnoses. 



Tyson's case underscores the importance of early detection, surgical precision, and the inherent capacity for healing present in young animals.



For Forsythe, Tyson's story is one of love, determination, and the joy of seeing a beloved pet overcome incredible odds. 



She hopes that Tyson's remarkable recovery will inspire and inform future treatments for other dogs facing life-threatening conditions. 



Through Tyson's journey, the veterinary community has gained invaluable insights into the potential for spontaneous bone regeneration, opening new avenues for research and treatment in veterinary care.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2023.1281232/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Veterinary Science</a>.



Special thanks to Melanie Greaver Cordova



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French Bulldog puppy spontaneously regrows jaw after cancer diagnosis

In an unprecedented medical event, a French Bulldog puppy named...

Sad,Girl,Viewing,Negative,Reactions,And,Comments,On,Social,Media,

Recent research spearheaded by the University of Tokyo has unveiled a significant connection between bullied kids and the early stages of psychotic episodes. 



This disturbing study reveals that kids who are bullied by their peers have an increased risk of experiencing these early psychotic symptoms, while also exhibit <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bullying-shrinks-brain-anxiety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lower levels</a> of a crucial neurotransmitter in the brain region responsible for emotion regulation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-neurotransmitters-bullying-and-kids-brains">Neurotransmitters, bullying, and kids' brains</h2>



The neurotransmitter in question plays a pivotal role in transmitting nerve impulses for communication by nerve cells. 



This discovery suggests that it could be a potential target for pharmaceutical treatments designed to mitigate the risk of developing psychotic disorders. 



Psychosis, characterized by a disconnection from reality, incoherent speech and behavior, and often accompanied by hallucinations and delusions, is a hallmark of severe psychiatric conditions like schizophrenia.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glutamate-levels-and-mental-health">Glutamate levels and mental health</h2>



Delving into the neurological and psychiatric aspects of such disorders, researchers have noted that individuals facing their first psychotic episode or those with treatable schizophrenia show diminished levels of glutamate. 



This neurotransmitter, found in abundance in the brain's anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), is integral to a host of functions including learning, memory, and mood regulation. The ACC itself is crucial for managing emotions, making decisions, and cognitive control.



Alterations in glutamate levels have been linked to various psychiatric disorders, indicating that monitoring these levels can offer insights into the underlying mechanisms of these conditions and their potential treatments. 



However, the connection between altered glutamate levels in individuals at high risk of psychosis and the impact of bullying during adolescence has been less clear until now.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bullied-kids-and-psychotic-behavior">Bullied kids and psychotic behavior</h2>



To explore this, researchers employed magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to measure glutamate levels in the ACC region of Japanese adolescents. 



By assessing changes in these levels over time and correlating them with experiences of bullying or its absence, the study aimed to shed light on the relationship between brain chemistry and the psychological impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bullying-mental-health-overcome/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bullying</a>.



The methodology involved tracking bullying victimization through questionnaires and using psychiatric measurements to evaluate these experiences, focusing on the frequency, nature, and overall mental health impact of physical or verbal aggression.



The findings were revealing: <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/infants-identify-bully/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bullying</a> was linked to higher levels of subclinical psychotic experiences in early adolescence. 



These symptoms, though not meeting the full criteria for a clinical diagnosis, include hallucinations, paranoia, or significant changes in thinking or behavior, impacting well-being and functionality.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strategies-to-combat-effects-of-bullying">Strategies to combat effects of bullying</h2>



Naohiro Okada, the lead author of the study and a project associate professor at the <a href="https://ircn.jp/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Tokyo</a>’s International Research Center for Neurointelligence, emphasized the importance of studying these subclinical experiences. 



"Studying these subclinical psychotic experiences is important for us to understand the early stages of psychotic disorders and for identifying individuals who may be at increased risk for developing a clinical psychotic illness later on," Okada stated.



The study found a notable association between higher levels of subclinical psychotic experiences and lower levels of anterior cingulate glutamate in early adolescence. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-bullied-kids-a-call-to-action">Protecting bullied kids: A call to action</h2>



This link underscores the importance of addressing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bullying-race-sexual-orientation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bullying</a> in schools through anti-bullying programs that promote positive social interactions and reduce aggression, as Okada suggested. 



Such initiatives can foster a safe, supportive environment, potentially reducing the incidence of bullying and its adverse effects.



Moreover, Okada highlighted the need for supporting bullied adolescents through counseling, peer support, and other mental health resources to help them cope and build resilience. 



While pharmaceutical interventions targeting the identified neurotransmitter imbalance are a possibility, Okada also pointed to the potential of nonpharmacological approaches like cognitive behavioral therapy or mindfulness-based interventions.



In summary, this research illuminates the biochemical underpinnings of bullying's impact on mental health suggests options for both pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions to support at-risk adolescents. 



By addressing the root causes and effects of bullying, we can hope to mitigate the risk of psychosis and improve the well-being of young individuals facing these challenges.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41380-023-02382-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Molecular Psychology</a>.



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Bullied kids suffer chemical changes in their brains that cause lifelong harm

Recent research spearheaded by the University of Tokyo has unveiled...

Food availability may be a catalyst for cultural transmission among <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/orangutans-are-starving-from-fruit-shortages/">orangutans</a>, according to the results of a new study. Based on 18 years of observations of wild orangutans in Borneo and Sumatra, the researchers identified a relationship between an animal's ecological environment, resource availability, and social learning behaviors.



The study was a collaborative effort by experts at the <a href="https://www.eva.mpg.de/index/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Max Planck Institute of Evolutionary Anthropology</a> (MPI-EVA), the Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior (MPI-AB), and the University of Leipzig. 



"Social learning includes any learning that is influenced by the observation of or interaction with another individual," wrote the researchers.



"Culture, hence, at its most basic definition can be described as 'socially transmitted innovations,' and more specifically as the sum of 'all behaviors and knowledge that are acquired and passed on within and between generations through social learning.'"&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-opportunities-for-social-learning-nbsp">Opportunities for social learning&nbsp;</h2>



While investigating how male orangutans learn from others, the experts found that individuals who grew up in habitats with an abundance of food were more likely to pay attention to social information.&nbsp;



This finding indicates that an animal's ecological surroundings directly influence its opportunities for social learning, thereby affecting the likelihood of new behaviors becoming cultural innovations.&nbsp;



“We’ve shown that animal’s ecological environment and respective resource availability has knock-on effects on an individual’s social learning opportunities, but also on their propensity for social learning over evolutionary time,” said study first author Julia Mörchen, a doctoral student at the University of Leipzig.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nomadic-lifestyle">Nomadic lifestyle</h2>



The research was focused on adult male orangutans, a demographic chosen for their unique life history traits. Once reaching maturity, male orangutans leave their birthplaces to lead nomadic lives, constantly learning to adapt to new environments. This migrant lifestyle makes them reliant on social learning to survive.



“This means that males are like perpetual tourists, so they have to constantly learn crucial behaviors, like what food is safe to eat, from experienced locals,” explained Mörchen. To learn new skills, the migrant males watch resident orangutans in a behavior known as “peering."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-insights-nbsp">Critical insights&nbsp;</h2>



In both Borneo and Sumatra, instances of migrant males peering at local residents were closely monitored.&nbsp;



The researchers discovered that males were more inclined to spend time near others and engage in peering when food was abundant. This provides evidence that an animal’s environment can modulate social learning, noted the researchers.&nbsp;



“When times are good, orangutans spend more time in close contact, and so there are more opportunities for social learning,” said Mörchen.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stable-food-resources-nbsp">Stable food resources&nbsp;</h2>



A comparison between the Sumatran and Bornean populations further underscored the study's findings. Sumatran orangutans, living in areas with a high food supply, exhibited a higher rate of peering compared to their Bornean counterparts, who contend with less stable food resources.&nbsp;



This difference persisted even after accounting for the variations in food availability, indicating a deeper, possibly inherent propensity for social learning among Sumatran males.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-limitation">Study limitation</h2>



The researchers pointed out that the study cannot disentangle the mechanisms driving the difference in the propensities to attend to social information.&nbsp;



“It could be the result of developmental effects, of Bornean and Sumatran orangutans growing up under different ecological conditions,” said Mörchen. “Or, it could be the result of genetic differences between the species that split approximately 674 thousand years ago, or a combination of both.”



“Our study provides a glimpse into how ecology may affect cultural transmission," said study senior author Caroline Schuppli. "We show that availability of food modulates social learning opportunities and thus how likely new behaviors are to become cultural,"&nbsp;



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2024.108940" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">iScience</a>. 



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Food availability influences social learning in orangutans

Food availability may be a catalyst for cultural transmission among...

The global carbon market's fastest-growing offset, which promotes the distribution of efficient cookstoves in developing nations to decrease greenhouse gas emissions, significantly overstates the stoves' carbon savings - by a tenfold margin, a recent investigation has revealed.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-confidence-in-the-carbon-market-nbsp">Confidence in the carbon market&nbsp;</h2>



This discrepancy poses a significant challenge to combating climate change by enabling companies to claim climate goals and market “carbon neutral” products without actual reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. It also erodes confidence in the carbon market, thereby affecting the market’s capability to sustainably fund efficient stoves.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-research-nbsp">Focus of the research&nbsp;</h2>



The study, published in <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41893-023-01259-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Sustainability</a>, represents the first thorough, quantitative evaluation of any offset project type. Researchers at the <a href="https://www.berkeley.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Berkeley</a> scrutinized five methodologies used to assess cookstove emission reductions against published studies and independent analyses. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clean-cooking-and-social-justice-nbsp">Clean cooking and social justice&nbsp;</h2>



Daniel Kammen, the James and Katherine Lau Distinguished Professor of Sustainability at UC Berkeley, emphasized the critical link between clean cooking and global strategies for social justice and climate, noting the significant attention the pre-published study has garnered.&nbsp;



“<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/clean-cooking-could-save-half-a-million-lives-each-year/">Clean cooking</a> now figures very centrally on national decarbonization and sustainable development goal strategies, global funding cycles, and the political agenda of national leaders," said Kammen. "Integrating the science, human rights, and economics of clean cooking is now critically linked to both social justice and climate strategies around the planet.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carbon-offset-credits">Carbon offset credits</h2>



The popularity of cookstove offsets stems from the global reliance on solid fuels or kerosene by approximately 2.4 billion people, contributing to millions of premature deaths and around 2% of global greenhouse gas emissions annually. In the first ten months of 2023, efficient cookstoves constituted the voluntary carbon market's fastest-growing project type and the second-largest share of issued credits.



Annelise Gill-Wiehl, a UC Berkeley Ph.D. candidate and the study’s first author, highlighted the potential of accurately estimated carbon offsets to support the distribution of efficient stoves, reducing fuel costs and potentially saving lives.&nbsp;



“Estimated correctly, carbon offsets have the potential to support the free or subsidized distribution of efficient stoves that reduce time spent collecting firewood or the cost of purchasing fuel,” she said.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-substantial-over-crediting">Substantial over-crediting</h2>



However, the study revealed substantial over-crediting, suggesting that many projects exaggerate stove usage and underestimate the continued use of traditional stoves, among other issues.



The Berkeley team’s recommendations for aligning cookstove methodologies with current science include prioritizing stoves that meet <a href="https://www.who.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">World Health Organization</a> health standards, as most market stoves do not. They developed a method for assessing offset quality, which can guide buyers, developers, and regulators towards high-quality credits that genuinely benefit health and climate goals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-findings-nbsp">Key findings &nbsp;</h2>



In the sample covering 40% of cookstove credits, the team found that cookstoves were over-credited by a factor of 9.2 times. Across all cookstove offset credits from the studied methodologies, cookstoves were over-credited by approximately 10.6 times.&nbsp;



The Gold Standard’s Metered methodology, which directly monitors fuel use and credits the cleanest stoves, was found to be the most aligned with the study's estimates, overvalued by only a factor of 1.5. This methodology shows the greatest potential for emissions abatement and health benefits.



This investigation not only documents quality issues in the offset market but also provides actionable recommendations for trading in quality credits that align with Sustainable Development Goal progress, offering a paradigm shift towards clean fuels and stoves that can significantly support health and climate benefits.



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Cookstove emissions are underestimated by a factor of 10

The global carbon market's fastest-growing offset, which promotes the distribution...

Human,Brain,With,Nerve,Cells.,3d,Illustration

In our exploration of age-related dementia throughout history, a common belief is that this affliction is as old as humanity itself. 



However, research led by the University of Southern California (<a href="https://www.usc.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">USC</a>) suggests a different history behind this disease.



This study delves into classical Greek and Roman medical texts, revealing that severe memory loss, now almost epidemic, was surprisingly rare around 2,000 to 2,500 years ago.



This finding strengthens the theory that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/diet-plays-a-major-role-in-preventing-alzheimers-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer’s</a> and related dementias are largely products of modern lifestyles and environments. 



Factors like sedentary behavior and air pollution are significant contributors. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-dementia-throughout-history">Tracking dementia throughout history</h2>



<a href="https://gero.usc.edu/faculty/finch/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Caleb Finch</a>, the study's first author and a University Professor at the USC <a href="https://gero.usc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Leonard Davis School of Gerontology</a>, sheds light on the ancient Greeks' understanding of memory issues. 



“The ancient Greeks had very, very few — but we found them — mentions of something that would be like mild cognitive impairment,” said Finch.



They acknowledged mild cognitive impairments, akin to what we identify today, but nothing on the scale of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/medical-breakthrough-new-vaccine-may-prevent-alzheimers-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer’s</a>, which involves substantial loss of memory, speech, and reasoning.



The study's journey through ancient medical literature, including works by Hippocrates and his disciples, reveals intriguing insights. 



These texts extensively catalog ailments common in older people, such as deafness and dizziness, yet surprisingly omit significant memory loss. However, as we shift to ancient Rome, the narrative changes slightly. 



Notable figures like Galen and Pliny the Elder begin to document instances of memory decline in older populations. 



For example, Galen observed learning difficulties in some 80-year-olds, while Pliny the Elder recounted a senator who forgot his own name. Cicero, too, noted a kind of "elder silliness," though he didn't associate it with all older men.



“When we got to the Romans, and we uncovered at least four statements that suggest rare cases of advanced dementia -- we can’t tell if it’s Alzheimer’s. So, there was a progression going from the ancient Greeks to the Romans," Finch explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-factors-and-cognitive-decline">Environmental factors and cognitive decline</h2>



Finch, alongside co-author Stanley Burstein, a historian at <a href="https://www.calstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">California State University</a>, Los Angeles, postulates that the denser Roman cities and increased pollution might have escalated cognitive decline cases. 



The use of lead in cooking vessels, water pipes, and even wine sweetening by Roman aristocrats likely exacerbated the issue, given lead's neurotoxic properties.



To further their understanding, Finch didn't limit his research to the ancient Western world. Lacking demographic data for ancient Greece and Rome, he turned to a modern comparison: the Tsimane Amerindians of the Bolivian Amazon. 



The Tsimane's preindustrial, physically active lifestyle mirrors that of the ancient civilizations, and significantly, they exhibit extremely low <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-abdominal-fat-linked-to-alzheimers-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dementia</a> rates. 



An international team, including Margaret Gatz, a professor at the USC Leonard Davis School, found that only about 1% of older Tsimane people suffer from dementia, a stark contrast to the 11% incidence in the United States' elder population.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rethinking-dementia-in-the-light-of-history">Rethinking dementia in the light of history</h2>



In summary, this comprehensive study, bridging ancient texts and contemporary groups, underscores the profound impact of environmental factors on dementia risk throughout history. 



The Tsimane community offers a valuable model for understanding how lifestyle choices influence cognitive health. 



As Finch notes, their minimal dementia rates provide a template for asking critical questions about the environment's role in this modern-day health challenge. 



“The Tsimane data, which is quite deep, is very valuable,” Finch said. “This is the best-documented large population of older people that have minimal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/loss-of-smell-may-be-the-earliest-warning-of-alzheimers-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dementia</a>, all of which indicates that the environment is a huge determinant on dementia risk. They give us a template for asking these questions.”



This research revisits our historical understanding of dementia while providing suggestions for future studies, potentially reshaping our approach to preventing and managing this condition in the modern world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-history-of-dementia">More about the history of dementia</h2>



As discussed above, dementia describes a group of symptoms affecting memory, thinking, and social abilities severely enough to interfere with daily functioning. 



Dementia is not a single disease but rather a general term that encompasses various specific medical conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, observed throughout history.



This horrible infliction results from damage to brain cells, which affects their ability to communicate with each other, thereby affecting behavior, feelings, and thoughts.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Causes and risk factors</h3>



Several factors contribute to the development of dementia. Age is the most significant risk factor, with most cases occurring in people 65 years or older. 



However, dementia can also affect younger people. Genetic factors play a role, as certain types of dementia run in families. 



Other risk factors include smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and obesity. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/psychoactive-drug-relieves-symptoms-of-traumatic-brain-injury/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Traumatic brain injury</a> may also increase the risk of developing certain types of dementia.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Symptoms of dementia</h3>



The symptoms of dementia vary widely, depending on the cause and the area of the brain that's affected. 



Common signs include memory loss, difficulty in planning or solving problems, confusion with time or place, challenges in understanding visual images and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-spatial-awareness-decisions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spatial relationships</a>, problems with speaking or writing, and changes in mood or personality. 



As dementia progresses, individuals may have difficulty performing everyday tasks and may become more dependent on others for care.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Diagnosis and treatment</h3>



Diagnosing dementia involves a thorough medical evaluation, including medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and sometimes brain imaging studies. 



While there is no cure for most types of dementia, treatment can help manage symptoms. Medications may be prescribed to improve symptoms related to memory, thinking, sleep disturbances, and behavior changes. 



Non-pharmacological therapies, such as cognitive stimulation, exercise, and activities tailored to the individual's interests and abilities, can also be beneficial.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Living with dementia</h3>



Living with dementia poses significant challenges for individuals and their families. It requires adjustments to living arrangements, daily routines, and communication methods. 



Support from healthcare professionals, social workers, and support groups can be invaluable in managing the disease. 



Creating a safe, supportive environment and maintaining a routine can help individuals with dementia feel more secure and less confused.



In summary, dementia is a complex condition that affects millions of individuals and their families worldwide. 



While it has been anecdotally present throughout human history, it has become increasingly common in the modern age. 



Early diagnosis and appropriate care strategies can help improve the quality of life for individuals with dementia and provide support for their caregivers.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-alzheimers-disease/jad230993" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease</a>.



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Dementia was extremely rare in ancient times, so why is it now so prevalent?

In our exploration of age-related dementia throughout history, a common...

The frequency of unprovoked shark attacks around the globe saw an increase in 2023, marking a rise in both the number of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shark-attacks-decreased-in-2022-but-spiked-in-local-hotspots/">incidents</a> and fatalities from the previous year.&nbsp;



The <a href="https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/shark-attacks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Shark Attack File</a> (ISAF) at the <a href="https://www.ufl.edu/">University of Florida</a>, a comprehensive database tracking attacks worldwide, reported 69 unprovoked shark encounters for the year. This figure stands above the average of 63 shark attacks noted over the past five years, yet it aligns with the historical trend observed over the long term.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rise-in-fatalities-nbsp">Rise in fatalities&nbsp;</h2>



The year witnessed a notable rise in fatal unprovoked shark attacks, with ten recorded instances, a significant jump from the five fatalities documented in the prior year. Australia was particularly affected, where a large portion of these tragic events took place.&nbsp;



Despite accounting for only 22% of global attacks, Australia was the location for 40% of the fatal incidents. Additionally, the United States, the Bahamas, Egypt, Mexico, and New Caledonia each reported fatal attacks.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-widespread-encounters-nbsp">Widespread encounters&nbsp;</h2>



Non-fatal encounters were recorded in various locations, including Costa Rica, Colombia, Brazil, New Zealand, Seychelles, Turks and Caicos, Ecuador (specifically in The Galápagos Islands), and South Africa.



“This is within the range of the normal number of bites, though the fatalities are a bit unnerving this year,” said Gavin Naylor, who heads the <a href="https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Florida Museum of Natural History</a>’s shark research program.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unprovoked-attacks-nbsp">Unprovoked attacks&nbsp;</h2>



In the United States alone, there were 36 unprovoked shark attacks, making up over half of the worldwide incidents. Among these, one fatal attack occurred in California and another in Hawaii. Consistently, Florida reported the highest number of shark encounters, with 16 documented cases.



The ISAF's annual report primarily focuses on unprovoked attacks, defined as incidents where a shark bites a human in its natural habitat without provocation. This distinction is crucial for understanding the inherent behavior of these marine predators.



“We’re biologists, and we want to understand the natural behavior of the animals - not the unnatural behavior,” explained Naylor.



Additionally, the ISAF recorded 22 provoked attacks within the same period, with spearfishing emerging as the most frequent activity during these encounters.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significant-risk-for-surfers">Significant risk for surfers</h2>



The report highlighted a significant risk for surfers and those in Australia, noting three fatalities in 2023 at the Eyre Peninsula, a renowned surfing destination in Southern Australia known for its seal colonies and high concentration of white sharks.



“If a white shark is going after a seal and the seal knows it, the white shark hasn’t got a chance,” Naylor said. “Seals are really agile, so the only ones that get caught are the ones that are goofing off and flopping around on the surface minding their own business. And that’s kind of what a surfer looks like.”



Surfers constituted 42% of global shark bite victims, closely followed by swimmers and waders at 39%. The study also acknowledged the presence of bull sharks in Australian rivers, attributing one early 2023 fatality to this species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beach-safety-nbsp">Beach safety&nbsp;</h2>



Joe Miguez, a doctoral student in the Florida Program for Shark Research, emphasized the importance of beach safety, particularly in remote regions lacking established safety measures.



The majority of unprovoked shark attacks are believed to be "test bites," where sharks mistake humans for their usual prey. Despite the increase in attacks, the overall numbers remain consistent with the decade's average, underscoring the low probability of such incidents compared to other risks.



ISAF suggests several precautions for reducing the risk of shark bites, including staying close to shore and avoiding swimming at dawn or dusk. Further details and the complete 2023 report are available on the International Shark Attack File's website.



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Unprovoked shark attacks and fatalities increased in 2023

The frequency of unprovoked shark attacks around the globe saw...

In an innovative approach to ecosystem restoration, marine biologist Jildou Schotanus has demonstrated that the establishment of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-freshwater-mussels-are-threatened-by-sea-level-rise/">mussel</a> beds in aquatic environments like the Wadden Sea can be significantly enhanced through the use of protective structures.&nbsp;



Conducting her research at the <a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1033407" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research</a> in Yerseke, Schotanus has brought to light the vital role of mussels as ecosystem engineers, capable of altering their surroundings to benefit not only themselves but also a wide array of other marine life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reshaping-ecosystems">Reshaping ecosystems</h2>



Mussels are not merely inhabitants of their environments but are active participants in shaping them. By forming large banks, these bivalves create conditions that favor the settlement of other mussels, while simultaneously offering refuge and a habitat for various plants and animals.&nbsp;



The ability of mussels to trap silt and sand, as well as to reduce the force of waves during storms, underscores their importance in maintaining the ecological balance and integrity of marine ecosystems. "For this reason, there are lots of initiatives to restore mussel beds," said Schotanus. "But it is, usually, a daunting task!"



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-restoring-mussel-beds-nbsp">Restoring mussel beds&nbsp;</h2>



One of the problems in restoring mussel beds is the type of mussel that is used, noted Schotanus. "In the past, adult mussels that were not used to dry conditions of intertidal mud flats were often used for this purpose. But if you suddenly try to get these mussels to settle on a mudflat that is exposed to air during low tide, where they also have to endure much more wave energy, they turn out to be unaccustomed to these conditions."&nbsp;



"Experiments we have done with very small mussels, the so-called mussel seed, show that these are still flexible enough to adapt to the rougher conditions on the tidal flats."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-testing-various-strategies-nbsp">Testing various strategies&nbsp;</h2>



On the banks of the Oosterschelde, Schotanus investigated how mussels could be given the best head start. She experimented with breakwaters, netting to keep hungry crabs away, and with coir mats to help the shellfish adhere to the bottom.&nbsp;



"All of these methods do work to some extent, but they are also very labor intensive," said Schotanus. She found that relatively simple fencing seemed the most efficient strategy. This method provides a sheltered environment for young mussels, promoting their survival and growth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-interactions">Wildlife interactions</h2>



An interesting aspect of Schotanus's study involves the response of avian species to the restoration structures. Using camera surveillance, the researchers observed that birds such as curlews and oystercatchers initially showed hesitation towards the unfamiliar installations. Over time, however, these birds adapted.



“They appear to get used to them after a while," said Schotanus. "Gulls found the larger quantities of shellfish near the fences very quickly anyway. Oystercatchers needed some time and curlews also only discovered after some time, that there were also many small crabs near the fences, which is their favorite food."



According to Schotanus, the most important lesson from her research is that in restoring mussel beds, you must take advantage of the positive interactions between the shellfish themselves. "Mussels simply find strength and safety in numbers. All our artificial tools have their drawbacks, so the simpler we can make it for the mussels, the better."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-marine-ecosystem-restoration-nbsp">Marine ecosystem restoration&nbsp;</h2>



Marine ecosystem restoration involves a range of activities aimed at repairing and revitalizing aquatic environments that have been degraded, damaged, or destroyed. This process is crucial for the health of the planet, as marine ecosystems play vital roles in supporting biodiversity, regulating climate, and providing resources and services that humans rely on, such as fisheries and coastal protection.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coral-reefs-nbsp">Coral reefs&nbsp;</h3>



Restoration efforts can take many forms, depending on the specific ecosystem and the challenges it faces. For coral reefs, restoration might involve the cultivation and transplantation of coral fragments to rebuild reef structures and boost biodiversity. These activities often require careful selection of coral species that are resilient to warming waters and other stressors.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wetlands-nbsp">Wetlands&nbsp;</h3>



In the case of mangroves and salt marshes, restoration can involve replanting vegetation that has been removed or destroyed. These ecosystems are critical for carbon sequestration, shoreline stabilization, and as nurseries for marine life. Replanting helps to restore their ecological functions and benefits to local communities, including flood protection and improved water quality.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seagrass-meadows-nbsp">Seagrass meadows&nbsp;</h3>



Seagrass meadows are restored by replanting seagrass shoots in areas where they have been lost, often due to pollution, anchoring, or dredging. Restoring seagrass meadows can improve water quality, support fish populations, and sequester carbon, helping to mitigate climate change.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-efforts">Broader efforts</h3>



Beyond specific habitat restoration, broader approaches include reducing pollution inputs, such as nutrients and plastics, that harm marine ecosystems. Regulations and cleanup efforts aim to reduce the impact of these pollutants, while sustainable fisheries management practices seek to ensure that fish stocks and their habitats are preserved for the future.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protected-areas">Protected areas</h3>



Marine protected areas (MPAs) play a crucial role in restoration efforts by providing safe havens where ecosystems can recover and thrive without human interference. MPAs can help to replenish overfished stocks, protect endangered species, and allow ecological processes to function naturally.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ultimate-goal-nbsp">Ultimate goal&nbsp;</h3>



The ultimate goal of marine ecosystem restoration is to create resilient, functioning ecosystems that can sustain their biodiversity and services for future generations. This not only involves the recovery of specific habitats or species but also a commitment to maintaining the health of the marine environment as a whole through sustainable management and conservation practices.



Image Credit: Edwin Paree



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Young mussels are ideal for ecosystem restoration 

In an innovative approach to ecosystem restoration, marine biologist Jildou...

A new study conducted by researchers at the <a href="https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/university/university" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bonn</a> challenges the prevailing assumption that people deny climate change to justify their environmentally harmful behaviors.&nbsp;



The study involved an online experiment with 4,000 U.S. adults. The researchers uncovered no evidence to support the idea that climate change denial is a form of self-deception aimed at avoiding personal guilt over contributing to global heating.



The phenomenon of climate change denial is not insignificant, with a substantial number of individuals downplaying the impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-could-cause-one-billion-deaths-over-the-next-century/">climate change</a> or outright denying its human-induced causes.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significant-amount-of-people-deny-climate-change">Significant amount of people deny climate change</h2>



According to the authors, human activities caused the recent warming of the Earth. 



Despite the near-unanimous scientific consensus on this matter, a substantial part of the population denies or downplays the contribution of humans to climate change.&nbsp;



"In a 2019 Pew study, 30% of U.S. adults said humans play only a partial role and 20% said no or a minor role in climate change," they reported.



The 2022 report <a href="https://climatecommunication.yale.edu/publications/climate-change-in-the-american-mind-beliefs-attitudes-spring-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Climate Change in the American Mind</a> finds similar results: a third of the respondents said that climate change is due to natural changes and is not caused mostly by human activities. 



How can this discrepancy be explained?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-motivated-reasoning-nbsp">Motivated reasoning&nbsp;</h2>



"Climate change is arguably one of the greatest challenges today. Although the scientific consensus is that human activities caused climate change, a substantial part of the population downplays or denies <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/indisputable-evidence-of-human-caused-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human responsibility</a>," wrote the study authors.



For example, a frequent flyer might dismiss the impact of their travel on the climate by assuming their actions make no significant difference or by doubting the evidence for human-caused climate change altogether.



A common hypothesis has been that climate change denial stems from a form of self-deception where individuals rationalize their behaviors to avoid cognitive dissonance.&nbsp;



Professor Florian Zimmermann, an economist at the University of Bonn, expounded on this thought process that allows individuals to maintain a positive self-image while continuing harmful behaviors. 



“We call this thought process ‘motivated reasoning,’” says Professor Florian Zimmermann, an economist at the University of Bonn and Research Director at <a href="https://www.iza.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IZA</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-study-was-conducted">How the study was conducted</h2>



Zimmermann and his colleague Lasse Stötzer conducted a series of online experiments with a representative sample of 4,000 US adults.



The experiments centered on a $20 donation. Randomly, the organizers assigned participants to one of two groups. 



The first group's members could divide the $20 between two organizations fighting climate change. In contrast, the second group's participants had the option to keep the $20 for themselves and would actually receive the money at the end. 



Zimmermann is a member of the <a href="https://econtribute.de/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ECONtribute Cluster of Excellence</a>, the <a href="https://www.crctr224.de/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Collaborative Research Center Transregio 224</a>, and the Transdisciplinary Research Area “Individuals &amp; Societies” at the University of Bonn. 



He explained, "Anyone who decides to keep the donation must justify that decision to themselves. One way to do that is to deny the existence of climate change."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexpected-climate-change-denial-findings">Unexpected climate change denial findings</h2>



Nearly half of the participants in the latter group chose to keep the money, which led researchers to question whether this choice was justified through subsequent denial of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-has-become-a-human-rights-issue/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>.



Surprisingly, the researchers found no evidence that individuals who kept the money were more likely to deny climate change to rationalize their decision. 



This contradicts the expectation that climate change denial is significantly driven by self-deception related to one's harmful environmental actions.



However, the study did hint at an alternative form of "motivated reasoning," suggesting that denial of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-evolution-may-be-the-biggest-roadblock-to-solving-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human-caused global warming</a> may be more deeply rooted in the political identities of certain groups.&nbsp;



This identity-based denial implies that for some, rejecting the reality of climate change is a core aspect of their political persona, making them less receptive to scientific evidence or researcher interventions.



Zimmermann explained further, saying, “Our data does reveal some indications of a variant of motivated reasoning, specifically that denying the existence of human-made global heating forms part of the political identity of certain groups of people.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-nbsp-of-climate-change-denial">Broader implications&nbsp;of climate change denial</h2>



In summary, this eye-opening research, which involved online experiments with 4,000 U.S. adults, aimed to determine if self-deception related to one's actions and beliefs about climate change could explain why many individuals downplay or deny the impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-induced-changes-in-ocean-salinity-threaten-biodiversity-and-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>. 



Participants were divided into groups, with one able to donate to climate change organizations and the other given the option to keep the money for personal use. 



Surprisingly, the study found no evidence that those who chose to keep the money justified their decision by denying <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-have-surpassed-almost-every-safe-limit-to-keep-earth-habitable/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>, challenging the notion that self-deception driven by motivated reasoning is a significant factor in climate change skepticism. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-next-steps-and-future-implications">Next steps and future implications</h2>



Zimmermann's research suggests that misconceptions about climate change might not stem from self-deception but could be linked to the political identities of certain groups, presenting both challenges and opportunities for policymakers aiming to address climate change denial.



In summary, this study has significant implications for the future of our planet, as it addresses the pressing need to address climate change denial. 



If misconceptions about climate change are not primarily due to self-deception related to personal behavior, there may be more room for changing minds through comprehensive information and education. 



Whatever the case may be, something must be done very quickly to change hearts and minds around the world, before it's too late.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-023-01910-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Climate Change</a>.&nbsp;



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Climate change denial: What's really behind it?

A new study conducted by researchers at the University of...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Designing crops that can beat the heat

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes why experts are studying zebrafish to gain a better understanding of how the immune system responds to injury. Zebrafish have the ability to repair and regenerate organs.



“Organ regeneration offers an exciting opportunity for studying the immune system and to inquire why some species can regenerate organs like the heart or missing limbs while others like humans cannot,” explained Dr. Tatjana Piotrowski.



Zebrafish sensory organ hair cells are an ideal system to investigate the pathways and cell types involved in regeneration since they are easily destroyed with antibiotics and begin regenerating within five hours. This enabled the researchers to identify the exact timing and genetic programs for each anti-inflammatory macrophage activation state.&nbsp;



“Our hypothesis is that human macrophages do not receive the proper chemical activation 'cocktail' to instruct pro-regenerative processes,” said Dr. Nicolas Denans. “Identifying the molecular recipe of macrophage activation in zebrafish may one day enable us to design regenerative immunotherapies in humans.”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



“The new evidence is a valuable resource for comparative studies on the genetic programs involved in macrophage-mediated repair and regeneration. In other words, different types of injuries may induce different kinds of inflammatory responses. We want to decipher whether this 'language' is universal or if there are a variety of dialects."



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How the immune system responds to injury

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

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