<p>Strength training often brings to mind toned arms and powerful legs. But new research suggests that the benefits extend much further. Lifting weights may also reshape the trillions of microbes living in our gut, which influence everything from metabolism to immunity.</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/studies-learn-the-exact-amount-of-time-you-should-spend-training-to-build-muscle/">gut</a> microbiome is closely linked to both health and aging. Inside of it are microbes like <em>Faecalibacterium, Akkermansia, </em>and<em> Roseburia hominis</em>. These tiny organisms produce short-chain fatty acids that strengthen the gut lining and ease inflammation.</p>



<p>Endurance activities like running or cycling are known to boost these helpful microbes. But when it comes to resistance training, the picture has remained far less clear.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conflicting-past-studies">Conflicting past studies</h2>



<p>Until recently, research painted a mixed picture. Some trials found that weight training shifted microbial communities, while others reported almost no changes. </p>



<p>Matthieu Clauss of the <a href="https://www.nih.no/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Norwegian School of Sport Sciences</a> in Oslo noted that the existing research remains limited.</p>



<p>To settle this uncertainty, Sven Nahnsen and colleagues at the <a href="https://uni-tuebingen.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Tübingen</a> studied 150 sedentary adults. Participants engaged in an eight-week resistance program using advanced machines that adjusted loads in real time and tracked every lift.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-strength-and-gut-microbes">Tracking strength and gut microbes</h2>



<p>This digital system created detailed performance records while ensuring progressive, individualized training. Stool samples collected before, during, and after the program allowed researchers to map microbial changes.</p>



<p>When researchers looked at the whole group, they saw no clear changes in microbial diversity. The story shifted, however, once strength gains came into focus. </p>



<p>Participants who made the biggest improvements showed noticeable rises in <em>Faecalibacterium</em> and <em>Roseburia hominis</em>. In fact, these microbes were especially abundant in individuals who gained far more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/strength-training-may-be-the-best-exercise-for-insomnia/">strength</a> than everyone else.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microbes-differ-in-strong-lifters">Microbes differ in strong lifters</h2>



<p>The study revealed clear differences between high and low responders. The strongest gains were linked with distinct changes in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/natures-sweet-remedy-honey-is-a-microbial-marvel/">microbial</a> composition.</p>



<p>High performers also showed enrichment of members of the Lachnospiraceae family, many of which are linked to anti-inflammatory effects.</p>



<p>Notably, an amplicon sequence variant classified as <em>Roseburia hominis</em> showed the most significant increase in high responders by week eight.</p>



<p>Other enriched microbes included <em>Bacteroides massiliensis</em> and certain <em>Prevotellaceae</em>. Meanwhile, taxa like <em>Lachnoclostridium</em> and <em>Oscillospiraceae</em> declined.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gut-shifts-depend-on-training-progress">Gut shifts depend on training progress</h2>



<p>Why do only some people experience these changes? <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/weight-training-shields-the-aging-brain-from-dementia/">Training</a> compliance was similar, and diet surveys showed no clear differences. </p>



<p>This suggests factors beyond effort or food intake. One possibility is that microbial shifts themselves supported muscle gains by increasing production of short-chain fatty acids, which enhance energy metabolism and recovery.</p>



<p>Resistance training did not increase overall microbial richness (alpha diversity), unlike endurance training, but it did remodel microbial composition (beta diversity) in high responders. </p>



<p>This points to a dose-response effect: only when strength improvements cross a certain threshold do microbiome shifts emerge.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lifting-and-running-converge">Lifting and running converge</h2>



<p>Despite differences between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-running-can-help-you-move-think-and-feel-better/">running</a> and lifting, both exercise types seem to converge on similar microbial outcomes. </p>



<p>Enriched short-chain fatty acid producers like <em>Faecalibacterium</em> and <em>Roseburia</em> suggest common pathways that support gut integrity, regulate glucose, and reduce systemic inflammation.</p>



<p>The changes occurred without dietary modification, meaning resistance training alone can act as a driver of gut remodeling. This highlights its role not only for musculoskeletal health but also for metabolic and immune regulation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exercise-benefits-are-clear">Exercise benefits are clear</h2>



<p>Some mysteries remain. Stool metabolomics showed no significant changes, which may indicate that functional shifts were subtle, localized, or required longer adaptation. </p>



<p>The study also lacked a non-exercising control group, leaving room for further confirmation.</p>



<p>Even so, outside experts remain hopeful. The results suggest that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exercise-reduces-depression-and-anxiety-in-children-and-teens-with-mental-health-issues/">exercise</a> of any kind can benefit gut health. They also point to the possibility that resistance training sparks unique, health-related shifts in the microbiome.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strength-training-as-gut-medicine">Strength training as gut medicine</h2>



<p>From a public health perspective, resistance training may offer far more than toned muscles. It could serve as a non-drug approach to improving gut health, especially for people facing chronic inflammation or the challenges of aging.</p>



<p>The changes happening inside the gut are striking. Beneficial microbes increase, the gut lining becomes stronger, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fasting-helps-the-body-fight-inflammation-and-chronic-diseases/">inflammation</a> settles down. These microbes also help regulate blood sugar and energy use, lowering the risk of long-term conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, and digestive problems.</p>



<p>What makes this especially interesting is that participants did not need to change their diets. The exercise itself appeared to reshape the gut community, suggesting that strength training works as its own form of medicine.</p>



<p>For many, this shifts how we think about working out. Exercise is not only about muscles or appearance - it is about keeping the body resilient from within. Regular resistance training might help people recover faster, age more gracefully, and carry less risk of disease throughout life.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.13.670057v1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bioRxiv</a></em>.</p>



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Strength training can boost healthy gut bacteria

Strength training often brings to mind toned arms and powerful legs. But new research suggests that the benefits extend much further. Lifting weights may also reshape the trillions of microbes living in our gut, which influence everything from metabolism to immunity. The gut microbiome is closely linked to both health and aging. Inside of it are microbes like Faecalibacterium, Akkermansia, and Roseburia hominis. These tiny organisms produce short-chain fatty acids that strengthen the gut lining and ease inflammation. Endurance activities like running or cycling are known to...

<p>We all make food choices every day. But did you know those choices can affect not only your health but also the health of the planet? A recent study out of the <a href="https://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Tokyo</a> has researchers thinking about the food we eat a little differently. The experts are not just looking at basic food groups – they're studying the carbon impacts of dishes and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mixed-farming-could-increase-food-productivity-and-reduce-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mixed diet</a> as a whole.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-focus-on-individual-dishes">Why focus on individual dishes?</h2>



<p>How we relate to food is cultural. The ingredients available, the way food is prepared, and the cultural significance of meals vary drastically from place to place. </p>



<p>A traditional Italian tomato-based pasta relies on different resources and creates different environmental impacts compared to a Japanese seafood-based pasta dish.</p>



<p>Focusing on complete dishes helps researchers understand how people&nbsp;<em>actually</em>&nbsp;eat and what choices are realistic within a specific culture. By studying dishes, we gain more precise knowledge. That knowledge empowers consumers to select specific meals that improve both their own health and the health of the planet.</p>



<p>"Our main conclusion is this: Mixed diets can offer good health and environmental outcomes," said study lead author Professor Yin Long. "This is because mixed diets can afford consumers a larger diversity of dishes that can meet both nutritional requirements and have low <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/small-dietary-changes-could-offset-carbon-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon</a> footprints."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-a-mixed-diet-nbsp">What is a "mixed diet"?&nbsp;</h2>



<p>A mixed diet includes a balanced variety of foods from all of the food groups. </p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Fruits and vegetables</strong>: These nutritional powerhouses offer vitamins, minerals, fiber, and antioxidants which are crucial for good health.<br></li>



<li><strong>Whole grains</strong>: Opt for whole grains (brown rice, whole-wheat bread, oats) over refined versions. They provide sustained energy, fiber, and important nutrients.<br></li>



<li><strong>Lean proteins</strong>: Think chicken, fish, beans, tofu, or lentils. These sources of protein help build and repair body tissue.<br></li>



<li><strong>Healthy fats</strong>: Found in foods like nuts, seeds, avocados, and olive oil. These fats are important for heart health, brain function, and keep you feeling full.</li>
</ul>



<p>But how do we know which dishes within those diets are the "best" choices? The University of Tokyo study has some insights.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carbon-footprint-of-mixed-diet">Carbon footprint of mixed diet</h2>



<p>The researchers analyzed 45 popular Japanese dishes, breaking them down by ingredient, cooking time, and, crucially, their environmental impact.</p>



<p>You might be surprised to learn that some plant-based dishes, while low in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-science-behind-a-smoothie-the-fruit-you-choose-makes-a-difference/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon</a> emissions, didn't pack the same nutritional punch as one might expect. This is where the research gets helpful. It identifies those healthy, eco-friendly dishes and gives us tools to find similar foods in our own regional cuisines.</p>



<p>“We believe dish-based approaches can inform better the day-to-day organization of food consumption... by acting as a reality check to inform, design, and convey feasible and acceptable ways to steer dietary habits toward more sustainable directions,” said study co-author Professor Alexandros Gasparatos.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mixed-diets-with-a-lower-carbon-footprint">Mixed diets with a lower carbon footprint</h2>



<p>The beauty of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/healthy-dietary-shifts-could-keep-global-climate-goals-within-reach/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mixed diet</a> is that with a few simple shifts, we can make a difference by reducing our carbon footprint</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-become-a-label-detective">Become a label detective</h3>



<p>Ingredient lists and nutritional information on packaged foods tell you a lot. Look for terms like "whole grain," prioritize shorter ingredient lists, and be mindful of things like added sugars and sodium content.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expand-your-recipe-repertoire">Expand your recipe repertoire</h3>



<p>Don't be afraid to experiment. There are countless resources online and in cookbooks with delicious, healthy recipes that use a wide range of ingredients. A bit of exploring can lead to wonderful discoveries.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-choose-sustainable-businesses">Choose sustainable businesses</h3>



<p>When eating out or shopping for groceries, consider businesses that make sustainability a priority. Ask about locally sourced ingredients, inquire about their food waste policies, or look for certifications that show ethical practices.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-remember-small-steps-matter">Remember, small steps matter</h3>



<p>You don't have to overhaul your entire diet overnight. Even small changes, like replacing one processed snack with some fruit or trying a new vegetarian recipe once a week, add up over time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-do-mixed-diets-reduce-carbon-emissions">How do mixed diets reduce carbon emissions?</h2>



<p>A mixed food <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-the-environmental-impacts-of-various-diets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diet</a> lowers carbon emissions primarily by diversifying the sources of food we consume. Here's how it works in more detail:</p>



<ol>
<li><strong>Reduced reliance on meat</strong>: Meat, especially red meat, has a high carbon footprint due to methane emissions from livestock and the energy-intensive nature of meat production. By incorporating more plant-based options, mixed diets can significantly reduce carbon emissions.<br></li>



<li><strong>Efficient use of resources</strong>: Plant-based foods generally require less water and land than animal-based foods. A diet that includes a variety of plant-based dishes can lead to more efficient use of resources and lower emissions.<br></li>



<li><strong>Variety leads to sustainability</strong>: Mixed diets encourage the consumption of a wider range of foods, which can include locally sourced and seasonally available produce. This reduces the need for transportation and the associated carbon emissions.<br></li>



<li><strong>Optimization of nutrient intake without excess</strong>: By focusing on the nutritional value and environmental impact of individual dishes, mixed diets can optimize nutrient intake without the excess associated with some high-carbon foods, thereby reducing waste and emissions.<br></li>



<li><strong>Encourages mindful eating practices</strong>: Mixed diets also promote mindfulness about food choices, encouraging consumers to consider the environmental impact of their meals. This awareness can lead to choices that are both nutritionally beneficial and lower in carbon footprint.</li>
</ol>



<p>By diversifying our diet, we can support food production systems that are generally more sustainable and have a lower environmental impact.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



<p>Taking these kinds of actions builds awareness and makes you an informed consumer. Not only are you making better choices for your body, but you're also sending a message. Your choices can influence the food industry and push for the broader changes needed for a healthier planet.</p>



<p>“Varying cultural preferences and ingredient availability lead to radically different ways to build healthy and sustainable diets between different countries and local contexts," said Gasparatos.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adh1077" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em>.</p>



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Mixed diets offer health benefits and lower carbon footprint

We all make food choices every day. But did you...

<p>Cane <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brazilian-flea-toad-worlds-smallest-vertebrate-discovered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">toads</a> hopped onto the Australian scene in the 1930s, promising to fix a beetle problem for sugarcane farmers. The catch? These toads have poison glands that make them deadly snacks for unsuspecting predators. Young cane <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/toxic-toad-species-madagascar/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">toads</a>, it turns out, can teach native animal species to avoid the fatal mistake of consuming them.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-problem-with-cane-toads">The problem with cane toads</h2>



<p>If you're a big predator in Australia, cane toads are bad news. Apex predators like goannas (large monitor lizards), crocodiles, and some snakes love a juicy toad snack. </p>



<p>The problem is that cane toads are walking poison sacs. If an animal tries to eat a full-grown cane toad, they don't just get a tummy ache – the poison can very quickly kill them.</p>



<p>When hungry predators vanish, the consequences are disastrous for the entire ecosystem. With no predators to keep them in check, smaller animals like snakes and other lizards multiply, putting pressure on the smaller frogs and insects they prey upon. It's a domino effect that can throw the delicate balance of nature completely out of whack.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-young-cane-toads-teach-goannas">Young cane toads teach goannas</h2>



<p>Dr. Georgia Ward-Fear, a wildlife biologist at <a href="https://www.mq.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Macquarie University</a>, has spent years researching <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cane-toads-swallow-their-tongue-when-they-eat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cane toads</a> and the devastation they cause. Her studies uncovered an intriguing possibility: young cane toads could help goannas learn a vital survival lesson. </p>



<p>Young cane toads possess less potent poison in their glands than adult toads. If a goanna eats a young toad, the poison will make it sick, but won't be fatal. This negative experience teaches the goanna to avoid cane toads in the future. </p>



<p>Dr. Ward-Fear describes this as "ecological immunization," as it provides the goannas with a form of resistance against the cane toad's deadly poison.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unleashing-the-teacher-toads">Unleashing the teacher toads</h2>



<p>This fascinating discovery got Dr. Ward-Fear thinking – could she use this immunization to save goanna populations on a bigger scale? And so began a remarkable project.</p>



<p>Teaming up with Professor Rick Shine, an evolutionary biologist, and many other organizations, they formed the <a href="https://www.canetoadcoalition.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cane Toad Coalition</a>. Together, they set out to test her theory in the Kimberley region of Western Australia, right at the frontline of the cane toad invasion.</p>



<p>The plan involved releasing hundreds of "taster toads" – tiny baby cane <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/losing-the-harlequin-toad-means-losing-potential-medicines/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">toads</a> – just before the big, poisonous adult toads arrived in an area. It was like setting up a mini-classroom for the local goannas.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-did-it-work">Did it work?</h2>



<p>The results of this strategy were striking. In locations where researchers released the young teacher cane toads, ahead of the invasive cane toad front, goanna populations remained stable or even increased. </p>



<p>This is a significant finding, especially when compared to areas without this intervention. In those areas, goanna populations experienced devastating declines of up to 94% after the arrival of the highly poisonous adult cane toads.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



<p>This study tracked Australia's biggest cane <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/psychedelic-drugs-secreted-from-toad-skin-greatly-improve-cognitive-functioning/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">toad</a> defense project so far. It could be beneficial for the following:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Protecting a vital link in the food web</strong>: Goannas, as apex predators, play a crucial role in maintaining balanced ecosystems. They help regulate the populations of smaller animals, preventing any single species from becoming too numerous. Their disappearance can destabilize the entire food web.<br></li>



<li><strong>Long-term benefits</strong>: The initial "toad training" may have lasting effects. When trained goannas reproduce, their offspring may instinctively avoid cane toads, inheriting this survival advantage.<br></li>



<li><strong>Beyond just goannas</strong>: The success of this technique offers hope for protecting other native Australian predators vulnerable to cane toad poison. It could be adapted to help other species learn to avoid these toxic invaders.<br></li>



<li><strong>A shift in conservation strategy</strong>: This project highlights a new approach in conservation. Instead of solely focusing on eradicating invasive species (which is often incredibly difficult or impossible), the emphasis shifts to helping native wildlife adapt and survive alongside the invaders.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-limitations-and-future-directions">Limitations and future directions</h2>



<p>It's impossible to send "teacher <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cane-toads-make-long-distance-calls-for-love/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">toads</a>" everywhere across the Australian tropics. However, this technique could save populations of goannas in key areas, allowing them to survive and hopefully repopulate areas where they've been wiped out.</p>



<p>Dr. Ward-Fear's research is changing how we think about conservation. Clever behavioral training could be a vital tool in protecting wildlife from invasive species the world over. Who knew these toxic toads could teach us such a valuable lesson?</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-cane-toads-beyond-teaching">More about cane toads beyond teaching</h2>



<p>Cane toads' impact extends beyond direct poisoning of native predators; they also compete with local species for food and habitat, exacerbating their invasive threat. </p>



<p>They are omnivorous and consume a wide range of foods - from insects and small animals to pet food left outside - often outcompeting native species for these resources. This competition for food can lead to a decrease in the populations of native species that rely on the same food sources.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cane-toads-and-humans">Cane toads and humans</h3>



<p>Another less discussed aspect is their effect on human activities. Cane toads have been known to cause power outages by short-circuiting electrical equipment, including substations and domestic air conditioners, when they seek warmth. </p>



<p>Their prolific numbers and willingness to inhabit human-modified landscapes mean they can also become a nuisance in residential areas, impacting gardens and local fauna.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cane-toads-and-disease">Cane toads and disease</h3>



<p>The toads' ability to spread diseases to native amphibians and other species adds another layer of complexity to their impact. Cane toads carry and transmit diseases such as chytridiomycosis, which affects native amphibian populations, further endangering them.</p>



<p>Efforts to control cane toad populations have included physical removal, traps, and the exploration of biological control methods, though finding an effective and ecologically safe solution has proven challenging. </p>



<p>The adaptability of cane toads, combined with Australia's vast and varied landscapes, makes their management a significant conservation challenge.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.13012" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Conservation Letters</a></em>.</p>



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Cane toads teach other animals to avoid their poison

Cane toads hopped onto the Australian scene in the 1930s,...

<p>Does the battle over evolution ever truly end? With the 100th anniversary of the famous Scopes Monkey Trial looming, a new study dives into how Generation X (Gen X), the kids who grew up in the trial's shadow, feel about <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/what-is-charles-darwins-theory-of-evolution/#" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolution</a> as they've gotten older. The results might surprise you.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gen-x-s-opinions-on-evolution">Gen X's opinions on evolution</h2>



<p>Gen X refers to the generation born approximately between 1965 and 1980. This group follows the Baby Boomers and precedes the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/millennials-arrested-fewer-crimes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Millennials</a>, often known for their adaptability to technology and value on work-life balance.</p>



<p>Did you know that, as middle and high schoolers, Gen Xers weren't so sure about evolution? The researchers found that a big chunk of them were undecided. But as this generation went through school, built careers, and became adults, their opinions became a lot more certain.</p>



<p>The study was led by Jon D. Miller, a research scientist emeritus in the Institute for Social Research at the <a href="https://umich.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Michigan</a>, </p>



<p>"Some may challenge whether the evolution issue is still of relevance and consider it to be a harmless curiosity," said Miller. </p>



<p>"However, we believe that there are numerous examples of public policy over recent decades when an understanding of basic biological constructs would have helped inform public and political debate on those issues."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-shaped-gen-x-s-evolution-views">What shaped Gen X's evolution views?</h2>



<p>The study, which tracked 5,000 Gen X-ers for a whopping 33 years, revealed some key factors that affected whether someone ended up accepting or rejecting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stone-tool-discovery-challenges-entire-theory-of-human-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolution</a>:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-education">Education</h3>



<p>College-level science courses immerse students in the principles of evolution, providing in-depth explanations, evidence, and discussions. This comprehensive knowledge strengthens understanding and makes acceptance more likely.</p>



<p>Furthermore, higher education, particularly in the sciences, cultivates critical thinking skills. Students learn to assess information, weigh evidence, and form reasoned conclusions. This makes them less susceptible to arguments that contradict established scientific theories like evolution.</p>



<p>Completing advanced degrees signifies a level of scientific literacy. This means understanding how scientific knowledge develops, the testing and refinement of theories, and the importance of peer review processes – elements that give <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/evolution-is-not-as-random-as-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolution</a> a solid foundation of validity.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-religion">Religion</h3>



<p>Many fundamentalist religious beliefs are centered on creationism – the idea that the universe and living beings were created by a divine being. This directly clashes with the scientific theory of evolution, which explains the development of life through gradual changes over long periods of time. </p>



<p>Fundamentalist interpretations of religious texts often place faith as the primary source of knowledge and truth. This can contrast with evolution's reliance on empirical evidence, leading to a rejection of the concept by those who prioritize faith-based explanations.</p>



<p>For some with strong religious beliefs, accepting evolution might feel like it challenges the core tenets of their faith. This perceived threat can cause a strong internal conflict, frequently leading to the outright rejection of evolution to preserve those belief systems.</p>



<p>It is crucial to note that the relationship between religion and evolution is complex. Many people reconcile religious faith with their acceptance of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-knowledge-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolution</a>. This study specifically highlights the connection between fundamentalism and evolution rejection.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-views-of-gen-x-evolved-over-their-lifetime">Evolution views of Gen X evolved over their lifetime</h2>



<p>As people from Gen X got older, they started to feel more sure about evolution. The following may explain their journey:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-teen-years-why-the-gen-x-evolution-uncertainty">The teen years: Why the Gen X evolution uncertainty?</h3>



<p>During middle and high school, evolution might be covered briefly or superficially in science classes. Students may not receive a thorough enough explanation for full understanding or firm belief.</p>



<p>Teenagers often get information from various sources – family, religious communities, social circles, and media. These might present conflicting viewpoints on evolution, creating confusion.</p>



<p>Adolescence is a time of identity and belief formation. Teenagers are sorting through complex ideas about the world, making it natural to feel unsure about topics like evolution.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-young-adulthood-influences-that-shape-opinions">Young adulthood: Influences that shape opinions</h3>



<p>College experiences often solidify beliefs. Science courses offer in-depth knowledge, exposure to diverse viewpoints challenges preconceptions, and this can lead to a firmer stance on evolution – whether accepting or rejecting.</p>



<p>As discussed, early careers can influence how people think about science. Working in scientific fields promotes evolution acceptance, whereas working in environments rooted in certain religious beliefs might strengthen its rejection.</p>



<p>The U.S. has become increasingly divided on political and social issues, including evolution. Affiliation with certain political groups can reinforce pre-existing beliefs about evolution, even if they contradict scientific understanding.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-midlife-mostly-settled-beliefs">Midlife: Mostly settled beliefs</h3>



<p>By the 30s and 40s, people typically have more settled worldviews, families, and communities. These factors can reinforce existing beliefs, leading to only minor shifts in attitudes about evolution.</p>



<p>While some individuals remain open to changing their minds throughout life, research suggests that after a certain age, our core beliefs become less likely to shift dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-it-s-still-a-controversial-topic">It's still a controversial topic</h2>



<p>Clearly, the U.S. is still a nation sharply divided on evolution. The study on Gen X's opinions underscores the fact that the United States remains a nation with a significant split of opinion on the topic of evolution. </p>



<p>This means that a large portion of the population accepts the scientific explanation for the development of life on Earth, while another sizeable group disagrees with the theory of evolution through natural selection.</p>



<p>Miller argues that even in a time of great scientific advancement, "U.S. science and technology continue to prosper, although a substantial minority of American adults reject the idea that humans developed from earlier species of animals."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



<p>The study shows us a few important things:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beliefs-aren-t-set-in-stone">Beliefs aren't set in stone</h3>



<p>How we feel about big scientific concepts can evolve over our lifetimes. We're constantly exposed to new information, research, and ideas. Intellectual curiosity means a willingness to reassess our understanding of the world as we learn more. This can lead to evolution (pun intended!) in our thinking on scientific topics.</p>



<p>As we mature, we may gain enough perspective to question beliefs held since childhood. Introspection and critical thinking encourage us to consider alternative viewpoints, potentially revising our own views on complex topics like evolution.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-experience-matters">Experience matters</h3>



<p>We can't overstate the impact of education. In-depth study of scientific subjects offers the most comprehensive way to understand, appreciate, and form informed opinions.</p>



<p>Careers can shape our worldviews. Working in science reinforces the validity of scientific theories, while jobs in some faith-based communities might strengthen beliefs that contradict established science.</p>



<p>Engaging with people from diverse backgrounds exposes us to different ideas and perspectives. Respectful discussions can help us see the world in new ways, and potentially soften deeply held beliefs over time.</p>



<p><strong>Science literacy is crucial</strong></p>



<p>Understanding ideas like evolution can be incredibly important for making informed decisions as a society. Many challenges we face – from healthcare to climate change – have a basis in science. Scientific literacy means we better understand the problems and can evaluate proposed solutions.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/09636625241234815" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Public Understanding of Science</a>.</p>



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Gen X's attitude toward evolution has changed over time

Does the battle over evolution ever truly end? With the...

<p>Did you know that the size of your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/potato-chips-and-fries-will-now-be-a-healthy-snack-with-new-cooking-method/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snacks</a> can heavily influence how much you eat? It sounds bizarre, but a fascinating new study suggests that whether you're grabbing a handful of jumbo pretzels or nibbling on mini ones makes a big difference. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-pretzel-snack-size-experiment">The pretzel snack size experiment</h2>



<p>Researchers at <a href="https://www.psu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Penn State</a> conducted a study to explore the relationship between snack size and eating patterns. They recruited 75 adults and provided them with pretzels in small, medium, and large sizes. </p>



<p>The researchers filmed the snacking sessions with the aim of identifying how pretzel size might influence the time people spend eating, the pace of their consumption, and the amount of food they take in with each bite.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-snack-size-consequences">Snack size consequences </h2>



<p>The researchers found the following connection:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-snack-size-and-eating-speed">Snack size and eating speed</h3>



<p>Participants consumed the large pretzels at a significantly faster pace compared to the smaller pretzels. Additionally, those eating the large pretzels took noticeably bigger bites. </p>



<p>This suggests that the physical size of a food item can subconsciously influence how quickly we eat it and the amount we take in with each mouthful.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-snacks-more-calories">More snacks, more calories</h3>



<p>Data revealed that, on average, individuals ate 31% more (by weight) of the largest pretzels than the smallest ones. This directly translates to a higher calorie intake,  demonstrating how easy it can be to overeat when presented with larger portions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexpected-salt-factor">Unexpected salt factor</h3>



<p>Contrary to the assumption that smaller pretzels would lead to higher sodium intake (due to increased surface area), the results indicated the opposite. Those who ate the larger pretzels ultimately consumed less sodium in total. </p>



<p>While the exact reason for this requires further investigation, it's possible that the faster eating pace associated with the larger pretzels may have led to less time for the salt to fully register on the taste buds, thus impacting overall intake.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-this-happen">Why does this happen?</h2>



<p>John Hayes, professor of food science at Penn State elaborated: “The study suggests that food structure — texture, size and shape — can be used to modulate eating behavior and food intake.” In other words, the way a snack is formed can make us adjust how we eat it without even thinking.</p>



<p>"Food geometry, specifically unit size, is of particular utility for snack foods. We're interested in how the material properties of foods can be harnessed to help people eat less without impacting their enjoyment,” explained Professor Hayes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-being-mindful-of-snack-size">Being mindful of snack size</h2>



<p>Here's where things get practical. Madeline Harper, graduate student in food science and lead author of the study, summed up the key takeaways.</p>



<p>“So, we're suggesting that if you're trying to watch your calorie intake or are trying to reduce the amount that you're eating in a snack, then maybe a smaller pretzel would meet your needs better, because of the inherent way the size of the pretzel affects your eating rate,” said Harper. </p>



<p>“But if you're more worried about hypertension or the amount of sodium you're consuming, the larger pretzel might be better for you, because you'll consume less sodium in that treatment, even though you might consume more grams of pretzel.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tips-for-snacking-smart">Tips for snacking smart</h2>



<p>The pretzel study illustrates that what we eat isn't the only factor in a healthy diet – how we eat matters tremendously. Here are a few tips for snacking smart:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-portion-control">Portion control</h3>



<p>Pre-bagging snacks into smaller portions can take the guesswork and temptation out of mindless munching.</p>



<p>When faced with a large bag or container, it's easy to keep reaching in without realizing how much you've eaten. Pre-portioning creates visual boundaries and eliminates the need to make on-the-spot decisions about serving sizes.</p>



<p>Hence, instead of grabbing handfuls from the main bag, divide your favorite snacks into individual serving-size bags or containers. This way you can satisfy a craving without the risk of overindulging.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-slow-it-down">Slow it down</h3>



<p>Regardless of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/americans-propensity-to-snack-has-gotten-out-of-control/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snack</a>, focus on eating slowly and taking smaller bites. Enjoy the flavor and texture – you might be surprised how much less you feel like eating.</p>



<p>Eating quickly can override your body's natural fullness signals. By slowing down, you give your brain time to register that you're satisfied, preventing you from eating more than you need.</p>



<p>Put your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/post-workout-snack-choices/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snack</a> down between bites, chew thoroughly, and focus on savoring the taste and texture of your food. This mindful approach will help you feel satiated with less.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-variety-is-key">Variety is key</h3>



<p>Even if you love jumbo pretzels, mix in other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/snacking-contagious/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snacks</a> of different shapes and textures to keep your eating habits flexible.</p>



<p>Eating the same type of snack repeatedly can lead to boredom and overconsumption. Variety keeps things interesting and encourages more balanced choices.</p>



<p>Stock your pantry with a range of snacks that vary in flavor, texture, and size. Try fruits, nuts, yogurt, or whole-grain crackers alongside your favorite pretzels for a diverse and satisfying snacking experience.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



<p>This study not only sheds light on how snack size can manipulate our eating pace and portion size but also offers a potential tool for managing snack consumption more effectively. Whether you're watching your calories or monitoring sodium intake, the size of your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/midnight-snack-the-best-foods-for-a-good-nights-sleep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snacks</a> could be a key factor to consider.</p>



<p>The findings, supported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, pave the way for more informed snack choices and a deeper understanding of our eating behaviors.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2024.107300" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Appetite</a></em>.</p>



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Larger snack sizes lead to quicker eating and bigger bites

Did you know that the size of your snacks can...

<p>The Biden administration has made a historic move by finalizing strict limits on certain "forever chemicals" in drinking water, marking a first in national drinking water standards. The chemicals in question, known as PFAS (perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances), have been linked to a myriad of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forever-chemicals-encourage-cancer-to-spread-around-the-body/">health issues</a>, including cancers, and are notorious for their persistence in the environment.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The decisive action by the <a href="https://www.epa.gov/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) mandates utilities to reduce these chemicals to the lowest levels that can be reliably measured, impacting the water quality for an estimated 100 million Americans.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-widespread-use-of-pfas">Widespread use of PFAS</h2>



<p>PFAS are a group of synthetic chemicals that have been used across a wide range of products - from nonstick pans to firefighting foams - due to their water and oil repellant properties.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Despite their widespread use, PFAS are incredibly resilient, failing to degrade in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/endangered-dolphins-suffer-from-the-highest-known-levels-of-pfas/">natural environment</a> and accumulating over time. This has led to widespread environmental contamination and significant concerns over their impact on human health, including associations with low birth weight, liver disease, and various cancers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-types-of-forever-chemicals-targeted">Types of forever chemicals targeted</h2>



<p>The new rule targets specifically two common types of forever chemicals, PFOA and PFOS, limiting their presence in drinking water to four parts per trillion. </p>



<p>Additionally, the initiative sets limits for three other types of PFAS in drinking water, including GenEx Chemicals, to 10 parts per trillion. This is in direct response to concerns about their prevalence and toxicity, particularly highlighted in regions like North Carolina.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-life-changing-rule-on-pfas">Life-changing rule on PFAS</h2>



<p>EPA Administrator Michael Regan says the rule is the most important action the EPA has ever taken on PFAS. “The result is a comprehensive and life-changing rule, one that will improve the health and vitality of so many communities across our country,” said Regan.</p>



<p>The initiative aims to significantly reduce exposure to PFAS in drinking water and the associated health risks. The rule is anticipated to cost about $1.5 billion annually to implement, but is expected to prevent nearly 10,000 deaths over the coming decades and substantially decrease incidences of serious illnesses.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-concerns-and-financial-implications-nbsp">Concerns and financial implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>However, this landmark rule has not been met without contention. Water utilities have raised concerns over the financial implications of installing treatment systems to meet these new standards. The costs, they argue, are steep and will inevitably be passed on to consumers, potentially exacerbating inequities for small communities with fewer resources.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The American Water Works Association, representing the industry, has critiqued the EPA's cost estimates and highlighted challenges, including a shortage of skilled workers and filtration materials.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pervasive-threat-of-pfas">Pervasive threat of PFAS</h2>



<p>Despite these challenges, the need for stringent PFAS limits has been echoed by health and environmental advocates. The move to regulate these chemicals at such low levels reflects a growing recognition of their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forever-chemicals-are-an-underestimated-source-of-water-contamination/">pervasive threat</a> and the necessity of decisive action to protect public health.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The Associated Press reports that last June, a utility outside Philadelphia that serves nearly 9,000 people learned that one of its wells had a PFOA level of 235 parts per trillion. This was one of the highest known concentrations in the country at the time, and the source of the contamination is still unknown.</p>



<p>“I mean, obviously, it was a shock,” said Joseph Hastings, director of the joint public works department for the Collegeville and Trappe boroughs. Hastings noted that installing treatment systems could be a multi-million dollar endeavor, a major expense for a small customer base.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-confidence-in-drinking-water-nbsp">Public confidence in drinking water&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The new regulation is “going to throw public confidence in drinking water into chaos,” said Mike McGill, president of WaterPIO, a water industry communications firm.</p>



<p>Support for the rule extends beyond the realms of public health and environmental protection, touching on personal stories of loss and activism.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The family of Amara Strande, a young woman whose death from a rare cancer has been attributed by her family to PFAS exposure, represents a poignant example of the human toll behind the statistics. Their involvement in advocating for stricter PFAS regulations speaks to the broader impact of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/skiers-are-spreading-pfas-forever-chemicals-around-the-worlds-mountains/">chemicals</a> on communities and the importance of the Biden administration's initiative.</p>



<p>As the nation moves to implement these new standards, the efforts will undoubtedly face hurdles, including legal challenges and the logistical complexities of upgrading water treatment systems. Yet, the establishment of the first-ever national limit on PFAS in drinking water marks a significant step forward in the ongoing battle to safeguard <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastic-containers-may-release-forever-chemicals-into-food/">public health</a> from these contaminants.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Strict PFAS limits will make drinking water safer for 100 million Americans

The Biden administration has made a historic move by finalizing...

<p>A recent study has revealed a potential link between climate change and an increase in stroke-related deaths and disabilities worldwide. Over a span of three decades, researchers observed a rising correlation between non-optimal temperatures (both higher and lower than those associated with the lowest mortality rates) and stroke incidences. </p>



<p>It's crucial to note, however, that the study establishes a correlation rather than causation between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tropical-birds-can-handle-climate-variability/">climate variability</a> and stroke risk, and does not account for other stroke risk factors like hypertension and high cholesterol.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dramatic-temperature-changes-and-human-health-nbsp">Dramatic temperature changes and human health&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The experts found that strokes associated with colder temperatures, which can lead to blood vessel constriction and elevated blood pressure - a known stroke risk factor - comprised the majority of cases.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Nonetheless, an uptick in strokes related to warmer temperatures was also observed. Heat can lead to dehydration, potentially affecting cholesterol levels and slowing blood flow, both of which are conducive to stroke.</p>



<p>“Dramatic temperature changes in recent years have affected human <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-climate-change-and-biodiversity-loss-are-one-indivisible-global-health-crisis/">health</a> and caused widespread concern,” said lead author Quan Cheng, an expert in neurosurgery at the <a href="https://xysm.csu.edu.cn/EN/Home.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Xiangya Hospital Central South University</a> in Changsha, China </p>



<p>“Our study found that these changing temperatures may increase the burden of stroke worldwide, especially in older populations and areas with more health care disparities.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stroke-mortality-and-the-burden-of-stroke-related-disability">Stroke mortality and the burden of stroke-related disability</h2>



<p>This comprehensive study analyzed three decades of health data from over 200 countries and territories, focusing on stroke mortality and the burden of stroke-related disability attributable to non-optimal temperatures. The researchers then classified the data by region, country, and demographic groups, including age and gender.</p>



<p>In 2019 alone, non-optimal temperatures were linked to 521,031 stroke deaths and 9.4 million disability-adjusted life years - a metric that combines years lost due to premature death and years lived with disability - attributable to stroke. A significant portion of these deaths, 474,002 to be exact, were associated with lower temperatures.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-temperature-change-on-stroke-nbsp">Impact of temperature change on stroke&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers also revealed gender disparities in temperature-related stroke mortality rates, with males experiencing a higher rate (7.7 per 100,000) than females (5.9 per 100,000). Geographically, Central Asia reported the highest stroke death rate due to non-optimal temperatures, at 18 per 100,000, with North Macedonia registering the highest national rate at 33 per 100,000.</p>



<p>“More research is needed to determine the impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-earth-energy-imbalance-temperature-rise/">temperature</a> change on stroke and to target solutions to address health inequalities. Future research should aim to reduce this threat by finding effective health policies that address potential causes of climate change, such as the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation and industrial processes,” Cheng concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-strokes">More about strokes</h2>



<p>Strokes are a medical condition that occur when the blood supply to part of the brain is reduced or interrupted, preventing brain tissue from getting oxygen and nutrients. Brain cells begin to die within minutes. This condition is a major cause of disability and can be fatal in severe cases.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-types-of-stroke">Types of stroke</h3>



<p>There are two main types of strokes: ischemic, caused by blocked arteries leading to the brain, and hemorrhagic, caused by bleeding into brain tissue. A third condition, known as a transient ischemic attack (TIA), or "mini-stroke," involves a temporary disruption of blood flow to the brain, often serving as a warning sign for a future stroke.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fast-symptoms">FAST symptoms</h3>



<p>The symptoms of a stroke can be remembered by the acronym FAST: Face drooping, Arm weakness, Speech difficulties, and Time to call emergency services if these symptoms are observed. Quick action is critical to minimize brain damage and potential complications.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-risk-factors">Risk factors</h3>



<p>Risk factors for stroke include high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, high cholesterol levels, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/physical-inactivity-during-childhood-linked-to-heart-damage-in-early-adulthood/">sedentary lifestyle</a>, obesity, and certain genetic factors. Preventative measures focus on controlling these risk factors through lifestyle changes and, in some cases, medications.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-treatment-nbsp">Treatment&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Treatment for stroke depends on the type. For ischemic strokes, medications to dissolve clots and prevent new ones from forming are commonly used. Hemorrhagic strokes may require surgery to repair damaged blood vessels or reduce pressure within the brain.</p>



<p>Recovery varies widely among stroke survivors. Some people recover completely, but more than two-thirds of survivors will have some type of disability. Rehabilitation programs that include physical therapy, speech therapy, and occupational therapy play a crucial role in recovery, aiming to help individuals regain as much independence as possible.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stroke-prevention-nbsp">Stroke prevention&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Research into stroke <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/leisure-time-physical-activity-is-a-powerful-tool-to-prevent-stroke/">prevention</a> and treatment is ongoing, focusing on better ways to protect the brain from damage, enhance recovery, and prevent recurrences. Innovations in medical technology, such as clot retrieval devices and advanced imaging techniques, have significantly improved outcomes for stroke patients in recent years.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://www.neurology.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurology®</a>.</p>



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Dramatic temperature changes linked to half a million stroke deaths

A recent study has revealed a potential link between climate...

<p>Language development in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-talk-sets-the-stage-for-speech-production-in-infants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">babies</a> is profoundly influenced by everyday social interactions, a scene both universal and heart-warming. </p>



<p>Parents often engage with their babies by speaking in a high-pitched voice known as "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/want-a-happier-marriage-try-the-loving-talk-you-use-with-your-dog/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parentese</a>." They respond to the baby’s babbling and gestures with eye contact and smiles. Consequently, these connections do more than warm the heart.</p>



<p>Recent research from the University of Washington's Institute for Learning &amp; Brain Sciences (<a href="https://ilabs.uw.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">I-LABS</a>) reveals the significant role these interactions play in the foundational stages of an infant's language growth.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-interaction-and-infant-brains">Social interaction and infant brains</h2>



<p>The experts used magnetoencephalography (MEG), an innovative, noninvasive brain-imaging technology, to observe the brain activities of infants during <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/babies-talk-more-when-interacting-with-artificial-objects-than-with-things-made-by-nature/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social interactions</a>.</p>



<p>The researchers compared these interactions to nonsocial scenarios in which the adult diverted their attention away from the child.</p>



<p>Remarkably, social engagement with a 5-month-old, including talking and playing, markedly increased brain activity in regions linked to attention.</p>



<p>As a result, the experts identified this heightened activity as a reliable predictor of accelerated <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-mothers-mood-influences-newborn-language-development/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">language development</a> in the child as they aged.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-language-development-and-brain-activity-in-babies">Language development and brain activity in babies</h2>



<p>Lead author Alexis Bosseler, a research scientist at I-LABS, highlighted the novelty of this approach, stating: "This is the first study to directly compare <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mothers-immune-system-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">infant brain</a> responses to adult-infant social interaction versus nonsocial interaction, and then follow up with the children until they reached the age of 2.5 to see how the early brain activation relates to the child’s future language abilities."</p>



<p>Through the MEG technology, researchers could observe the dynamic neural responses of infants in real-time. As adults engaged with them, this allowed the capturing of the essence of natural interaction. </p>



<p>Furthermore, follow-up studies revealed a strong correlation between the neural activity prompted by these social interactions and significant milestones in language development. These milestones were observed at various stages, including, 21, 24, 27, and 30 months.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-babies-brain-reactions-to-language">Babies brain reactions to language</h2>



<p>Study co-author Andrew Meltzoff, I-LABS co-director, emphasized the broader implications of the findings. He suggested that these early brain reactions to language have a profound effect on later developmental stages.</p>



<p>Additionally, he remarked on the potential for new avenues of research to explore the critical period of language acquisition that begins around the age of six months.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-language-learning-via-parentese">Language learning via parentese</h2>



<p>The choice of studying five-month-old infants was also deemed strategic. It targeted the phase right before the onset of the sensitive period for speech-language learning.</p>



<p>Patricia Kuhl, the study's senior author and co-director of I-LABS, elaborated on the intuitive nature of using parentese, underscoring language's role in establishing a communicative connection from infancy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-interaction-spurs-language-learning">Social interaction spurs language learning</h2>



<p>Kuhl also addressed the study's significance of language development in babies for parents and educators. </p>



<p>"We knew from previous work that social interaction is essential at 9-months of age for foreign-language learning, but the current study shows that social interaction plays a role much earlier," said Kuhl.</p>



<p>She explained how the natural parental behavior, termed "the social ensemble," significantly influences the infant's brain. This includes the use of parentese accompanied by gestures of affection and responsive interaction.</p>



<p>Consequently, this influence not only enhances attention but also motivates learning during a crucial developmental phase.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fostering-future-communication">Fostering future communication</h2>



<p>The findings of this study underscore the power of social interaction in the early stages of a child's life, offering valuable insights for parents and educators about the importance of engaging with infants in a meaningful way. </p>



<p>The research reaffirms the notion that the foundations of language and learning are laid through the simple, yet profound, act of social connection.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-using-parentese-for-language-development-of-babies">Using parentese for language development of babies</h2>



<p>Parentese is easy and natural. Here's how to do it:</p>



<ol>
<li>Use a higher pitch: Speak in a slightly higher, sing-song voice. This grabs babies' attention.</li>



<li>Slow down: Talk slowly and clearly. It helps babies grasp the sounds and patterns of speech.</li>



<li>Exaggerate sounds: Stretch out the vowels in words. It makes it easier for babies to understand and later mimic the sounds.</li>



<li>Be expressive: Use lots of facial expressions and gestures. This adds context to your words, making them more meaningful.</li>



<li>Keep it simple: Use simple words and short sentences. It helps babies follow along and learn basic vocabulary.</li>



<li>Respond: When babies babble or make noises, respond as if they're speaking. This encourages them to keep trying to communicate.</li>



<li>Repeat words: Repeating words or phrases helps reinforce their meaning and sound, aiding language development.</li>



<li>Focus on the here and now: Talk about objects and actions happening around you. Pointing and naming objects helps link words to their meanings.</li>
</ol>



<p>Remember, the goal of parentese isn't just to entertain but to engage with your baby, fostering their language and social development.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.03.020" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a></em>.</p>



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Talking to babies in 'parentese' boosts their language development

Language development in babies is profoundly influenced by everyday social...

<p>Picture a time before sharks dominated the seas, when colossal creatures, with bones that hinted at their enormity, made even the largest whales seem insignificant. These were the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-marine-ichthyosaur-fossils-found-high-in-the-alps/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ichthyosaurs</a>, sleek and powerful marine reptiles that ruled the prehistoric oceans.</p>



<p>For centuries, paleontologists have puzzled over mysterious bone fragments that hint at ichthyosaurs of mind-boggling size. Now, new research sheds light on these enigmatic giants, revealing creatures that could rival even the mighty blue whale.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mysterious-bones-in-europe">Mysterious bones in Europe</h2>



<p>Since the 1800s, scientists have grappled with the origin of enormous fossilized bones found in various locations across Europe. Found embedded in ancient ocean sediments, these bones have sparked a long-standing debate. </p>



<p>At first, some believed they belonged to an extinct lineage of crocodile-like beasts roaming the prehistoric coasts. Others thought these relics were more likely from long-necked dinosaurs or even a completely unknown group of colossal lizards.</p>



<p>The puzzle deepened as similar fragments were discovered across locations as varied as the cliffs of Southern England and the hills of central France. But a recent study from the <a href="https://www.uni-bonn.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bonn</a> may finally put these theories to rest.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-osteohistology">Osteohistology</h2>



<p>The researchers delved into the very structure of these fossilized bones, turning to a field known as osteohistology. This branch of science examines the microscopic details and organization of bone tissue in different species. </p>



<p>Think of it this way: the internal patterns present in bone provide clues to the identity and lifestyle of the creature, much like the microscopic composition of a material can help investigators understand its origins.</p>



<p>Upon analyzing the mysterious samples, the researchers found something extraordinary. Long strands of a protein called collagen woven in a unique pattern, a structure that did not match any known land-dwelling animal. </p>



<p>The team took a systematic approach, carefully comparing bone samples from various sites across Europe. They discovered that the collagen structure and other microscopic details were remarkably similar in these scattered bones. </p>



<p>This similarity strongly suggested that the bones, despite their wide geographic distribution, originated from the same type of creature.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ichthyosaurs-bones-of-unbelievable-size">Ichthyosaurs bones of unbelievable size</h2>



<p>Armed with this knowledge, the researchers cross-referenced their discoveries with known fossils of giant ichthyosaurs. They concluded that the enigmatic bones likely belonged to massive members of this marine reptile family. Just how massive?</p>



<p>They could possibly have reached a length of 25 to 30 meters - a similar size to the modern blue whale, according to study lead author Marcello Perillo. </p>



<p>It seems the long-standing theories of those championing the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ichthyosaur-graveyard-may-be-an-ancient-birthing-ground/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ichthyosaur</a> hypothesis may have been correct. These scattered bone fragments might just be the remains of some of the largest creatures ever to grace the Earth’s oceans. </p>



<p>“However, this number is only an estimate and far from certain – until, that is, we find more complete fossil remains,” said Perillo.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-further-insights-from-ichthyosaurs-bones">Further insights from Ichthyosaurs bones</h2>



<p>The bone structure revealed more than just size. These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ichthyosaurs-had-specialized-diets-to-peacefully-coexist/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ichthyosaurs</a> had a unique adaptation – protein fibers woven through their bones much like carbon-fiber composites used in modern engineering. This implies immense strength and likely allowed these giants to grow rapidly, reaching their tremendous size.</p>



<p>But what did such massive predators eat? Ancient marine reptiles would have been prime contenders, alongside prehistoric versions of squid and large fish. These colossal ichthyosaurs must have been formidable hunters, their streamlined bodies slicing through the water in pursuit of their unfortunate prey.</p>



<p>"These huge jaws would have been exposed to strong shearing forces even when the animal was eating normally," said Perillo. Imagine the bone-crushing power as these creatures clamped down on their meals. </p>



<p>Perhaps, like modern-day killer whales, they even rammed their prey to stun or kill before feeding. Those protein-reinforced bones would have been indispensable when taking down large, struggling creatures, or wrestling with rival ichthyosaurs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ichthyosaurs-bones-and-glimpse-of-sea-dragons">Ichthyosaurs bones and glimpse of sea dragons </h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ichthyosaurs-warm-blooded/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ichthyosaurs</a> first appeared over 250 million years ago. Resembling a cross between a dolphin and a shark, these predators dominated the oceans, their sharp teeth and powerful bodies perfectly adapted for their watery domain. </p>



<p>For over 150 million years they flourished in seas across the globe. Yet, for reasons still debated, the ichthyosaurs eventually vanished – a testament to the ever-changing nature of our planet.</p>



<p>The colossal bone fragments tantalize us with a glimpse of these "sea dragons" – of a world where the oceans were a battleground of giants. </p>



<p>They remind us that the Earth holds countless mysteries, and creatures far beyond our wildest imagination once roamed freely.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-ichthyosaurs">More about ichthyosaurs</h2>



<p>As discussed above, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ichthyosaur-gave-birth-live-young/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ichthyosaurs</a> roamed the oceans during the Mesozoic era, approximately between 250 million and 90 million years ago. </p>



<p>These creatures, often likened to dolphins in appearance due to their streamlined bodies and elongated snouts, present a remarkable example of convergent evolution, where unrelated species evolve similar traits. Here's more on these ancient mariners:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Evolution and diversity</h3>



<ul>
<li>Ichthyosaurs first appeared in the early Triassic period and quickly diversified into a variety of forms and sizes, some measuring up to 60 feet in length. Their evolution showcases a transition from terrestrial to fully aquatic lifeforms, paralleling the evolutionary path of modern whales.</li>



<li>Their body shapes varied significantly, from robust, slow-moving individuals to slender, fast-swimming forms, indicating a wide range of ecological niches.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Anatomy and physiology</h3>



<ul>
<li>These reptiles had large eyes, suggesting they were visual predators capable of seeing in dim light, possibly hinting at deep diving capabilities or a partially nocturnal lifestyle.</li>



<li>They possessed vertical, fish-like tails and fins, unlike the horizontal tail flukes of modern cetaceans, a feature that likely aided in their propulsion through ancient seas.</li>



<li>Some species had very long, toothy snouts, perfect for snapping up small fish and squid, while others had broader, toothless mouths, suggesting a diet possibly consisting of soft-bodied cephalopods.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Reproduction</h3>



<ul>
<li>Ichthyosaurs were viviparous, meaning they gave birth to live young rather than laying eggs. This reproductive strategy is advantageous for aquatic life, as it eliminates the need to return to land to lay eggs.</li>



<li>Fossil evidence, including rare finds of pregnant females with embryos, indicates that ichthyosaurs likely had a complex reproductive behavior, caring for their young in the early stages of life.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Extinction</h3>



<ul>
<li>The reasons behind the extinction of ichthyosaurs are still a topic of research and debate. It is believed that a combination of factors, including climate change, decreased food availability, and competition with other marine reptiles and emerging fish species, contributed to their decline.</li>



<li>Unlike dinosaurs, which perished in the mass extinction event at the end of the Cretaceous period, ichthyosaurs disappeared in the Late Cretaceous, about 90 million years ago, well before the asteroid impact that ended the era of the dinosaurs.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">The legacy of Ichthyosaurs beyond fossil bones</h3>



<ul>
<li>Ichthyosaurs play a crucial role in understanding the history of marine life on Earth. Their fossils, distributed globally, provide insights into the Mesozoic marine ecosystems and the evolutionary history of reptiles.</li>



<li>Studies on ichthyosaurs contribute to our knowledge of adaptation, survival strategies, and the impact of environmental changes on marine species.</li>
</ul>



<p>Their intriguing evolution from land-dwellers back to the sea, remarkable adaptations for marine life, and the mystery surrounding their extinction continue to captivate scientists and the public alike. Ichthyosaurs remain emblematic of the dynamic, ever-changing nature of life on Earth.</p>



<p>The results are published in the journal&nbsp;<em><a href="https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.17060" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PeerJ</a></em>.</p>



<p>Image Credit: © Marcello Perillo / University of Bonn</p>



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Mysterious 150-year-old bones identified as ichthyosaur jaws

Picture a time before sharks dominated the seas, when colossal...

<p>Brazilian scientists are developing a system that uses artificial intelligence (<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-can-monitor-biodiversity-through-animal-sounds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AI</a>) to detect and warn drivers about animals ahead, reducing dangerous collisions.</p>



<p>Imagine you're driving down a scenic highway. Lush rainforests surround you, the sun is shining, and you're enjoying the road trip. But then, an unexpected obstacle appears – a tapir crosses the road.</p>



<p>Animal-involved car accidents are a serious problem, causing injury and death to humans while also devastating wildlife populations. In Brazil alone, an estimated 475 million animals are killed on roads each year. This research could drastically reduce the numbers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-does-the-ai-detect-animals">How does the AI detect animals?</h2>



<p>The core of the system relies on strategically placed roadside cameras that provide a continuous video feed. This video feed is then analyzed in real-time by specialized <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/detect-illegal-wildlife-trade/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AI</a> software.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-ai-brain">The AI "brain"</h3>



<p>The AI software has been meticulously trained on a massive dataset of images featuring Brazilian wildlife, specifically species like tapirs, wolves, and anteaters. This training process enables the AI to accurately recognize these animals within the video footage.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-detection-and-alert">Detection and alert</h3>



<p>As the AI analyzes the camera feed, it constantly scans for the presence of the target <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-communicate-with-animals-using-artificial-intelligence/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animals</a>. If the AI detects a potential animal match, it triggers an immediate alert.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-driver-notification">Driver notification</h3>



<p>These alerts are designed to be delivered directly to the driver's smartphone or integrated into the car's dashboard display system. This method provides a clear and timely warning, giving the driver valuable seconds to react to the potential hazard.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-importance-of-speed">The importance of speed</h3>



<p>The entire process, from image capture to alert delivery, is optimized for speed. This is crucial because even a few extra seconds can make a significant difference in giving the driver enough time to brake, swerve safely, or take other necessary actions to avoid a collision.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-developing-the-animal-detection-ai">Developing the animal detection AI</h2>



<p>Brazilian researchers, backed by the <a href="https://fundit.fr/en/institutions/sao-paulo-research-foundation-fapesp">São Paulo Research Foundation</a> (FAPESP), are leading this project. </p>



<p>"The species were selected in accordance with the metrics recommended by the Brazilian Center for Road Ecology Studies [CBEE, at the Federal University of Lavras, UFLA]. According to this center’s estimates, some 475 million animals are killed on Brazilian roads every year," said study lead author Gabriel Souto Ferrante. </p>



<p>"We created a database of Brazilian species and trained a number of computer vision models to detect them."</p>



<p>Building the system involved collecting over 1,800 publicly available images of the Brazilian mammals most at risk on roads. The researchers used these images to train an AI algorithm called YOLO ("You Only Look Once"). </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-promising-results">Promising results</h2>



<p>YOLO detects objects fast, making it perfect for quickly spotting animals. The system is designed to run on simple portable computers, eliminating the need for expensive equipment on roads.</p>



<p>"The models correctly detected the species in 80% of images taken during the day with the animal appearing clearly," said Ferrante. </p>



<p>The researchers acknowledge ongoing challenges like poor nighttime animal detection, but see this as a significant first step.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-road-safety">The future of road safety</h2>



<p>The team plans to expand their database of animal images using forest camera traps and actual roadside cameras. They've already tested the system with videos of animals in a São Paulo ecological park.</p>



<p>"Drivers also run a significant risk in collisions with large animals. They often have insufficient time to take action to avoid them. Our system uses roadside cameras coupled to a portable computer and is innovative in that respect," said Professor Rodolfo Ipolito Meneguette, who led the research team.</p>



<p>The experts plan to partner with toll road companies and cities to test the system in real-life settings and potentially integrate it with existing traffic apps.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-impact-of-ai-for-animal-detection">Potential impact of AI for animal detection</h2>



<p>This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-can-now-decipher-the-emotional-states-of-chickens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AI</a> system to detect different animals offers a promising solution to a complex problem – animal-related car accidents. Its success could lead to significant improvements in road safety for both drivers and wildlife populations in Brazil.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhanced-driver-safety">Enhanced driver safety</h3>



<p>By providing real-time alerts about animals on the road, the system empowers drivers with crucial information. These warnings give them valuable extra reaction time to avoid collisions with potentially dangerous wildlife. This translates to a reduced risk of accidents, injuries, and even fatalities for drivers.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-protection">Wildlife protection</h3>



<p>Animal-vehicle collisions are a major threat to Brazilian wildlife, causing the deaths of millions of animals each year. This technology has the potential to significantly reduce this number. By giving drivers time to react and avoid collisions, the system can help protect a wide range of animals, from large mammals like tapirs to smaller species like foxes and birds.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reduced-ecological-impact">Reduced ecological impact</h3>



<p>Animal-vehicle collisions can have a ripple effect on ecosystems. The loss of large herbivores, for instance, can disrupt food chains and plant communities. By mitigating these collisions, the system can contribute to a healthier and more balanced ecological environment.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-benefits-of-ai-animal-detection">Economic benefits of AI animal detection</h3>



<p>Animal-related accidents can also be costly, leading to vehicle damage, injuries, and even fatalities. Reducing the number of these accidents can lead to significant economic benefits for individuals, insurance companies, and society as a a whole.</p>



<p>The overall impact of this technology could be substantial. It has the potential to create safer roads for drivers, protect vulnerable wildlife populations, and contribute to a healthier environment in Brazil.</p>



<p>The work is published in the journal <em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-52054-y" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scientific Reports</a></em>.</p>



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New AI system detects animals on roads to prevent accidents

Brazilian scientists are developing a system that uses artificial intelligence...

<p>A team of scientists led by the <a href="https://www.ucsf.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, San Francisco</a> (UCSF) has examined cases of COVID-19 patients across the United States who endured some of the most extended and severe bouts with the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/covid-19s-impact-on-life-expectancy-is-worse-than-anticipated/">virus</a>. The study revealed that about two-thirds of severe COVID survivors still faced physical, psychiatric, and cognitive challenges up to a year later. </p>



<p>The findings highlight the enduring effects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/search-results/?search=SARS%20COV%202&amp;start=0">SARS-CoV-2</a>, especially among those who required mechanical ventilation for roughly a month on average.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-term-impairments-of-severe-covid-survivors-nbsp">Long-term impairments of severe COVID survivors&nbsp;</h2>



<p>These individuals were transferred to long-term acute care hospitals (LTACHs), specialized for weaning patients off ventilators and providing rehabilitation, playing a vital role during the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-death-toll-of-covid-19-pandemic-revealed/">pandemic</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Among the 156 study participants, 64% reported persistent impairments after one year, including physical (57%), respiratory (49%), psychiatric (24%), and cognitive (15%) issues, with nearly half (47%) facing more than one type of problem, and 19% still requiring supplemental oxygen.</p>



<p>“We have millions of survivors of the most severe and prolonged COVID illness globally,” said lead author Anil N. Makam, an associate professor of medicine at UCSF. “Our study is important to understand their recovery and long-term impairments, and to provide a nuanced understanding of their life-changing experience.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>The scientists enrolled 156 individuals who had been transferred for COVID-19 to nine LTACHs in Nebraska, Texas, Georgia, Kentucky, and Connecticut between March 2020 and February 2021. The participants, who were interviewed via telephone or online a year after their hospitalization, had an average hospital and LTACH stay of about two months.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lingering-ailments-and-complications-nbsp">Lingering ailments and complications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Despite the majority being in good health before COVID-19, they faced lingering ailments from the virus and complications due to prolonged hospital stays, such as bedsores and nerve damage, which significantly impacted their quality of life.</p>



<p>Although 79% continued to experience long COVID symptoms, 99% had gone back home, and 60% of those previously working had resumed employment. The gratitude for survival was widespread, often described as a "miracle," though the path to recovery was longer than anticipated.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-survivors-of-any-prolonged-critical-illness-nbsp">Survivors of any prolonged critical illness&nbsp;</h2>



<p>"The long-lasting impairments we observed are common to survivors of any prolonged critical illness, and not specific to COVID, and are best addressed through multidisciplinary rehabilitation," Makam explained, indicating how widespread are persistent health problems for individuals recovering from such severe illnesses.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The findings not only shed light on the long-term consequences faced by survivors but also call for a broad, multidisciplinary approach to rehabilitation, acknowledging the complexity of their recovery journey.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-covid">Long COVID</h2>



<p>Prolonged COVID-19 symptoms, often referred to as "long COVID," describe a range of lingering effects that some people experience after their initial recovery from COVID-19. These symptoms can last weeks, months, or even longer after the acute phase of the illness has passed. The condition can affect anyone who has had COVID-19, regardless of the severity of their initial infection.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-symptoms">Symptoms</h3>



<p>Long COVID encompasses a wide array of symptoms, which can fluctuate and change over time and can affect any system in the body. The most commonly reported symptoms include fatigue, shortness of breath, cough, joint pain, and chest pain.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Additionally, many people experience <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/covid-impacts-the-brain-through-inflammation-not-infection/">neurological symptoms</a> such as headache, sleep disturbances, a pins-and-needles feeling, changes in smell or taste, memory problems, and difficulty concentrating, often referred to as "brain fog."</p>



<p>Some individuals also report experiencing heart palpitations, dizziness, worsening of symptoms after physical or mental activities, muscle pain or headache, and a variety of gastrointestinal symptoms. Depression and anxiety have also been noted as part of the constellation of symptoms that can persist.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cause-of-long-covid">Cause of long COVID </h3>



<p>The exact <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/low-iron-may-be-a-key-driver-of-long-covid/">cause</a> of long COVID is still under investigation, but several theories suggest it could be due to the immune system's prolonged response to the virus, residual virus in the body, or damage caused by the initial infection.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-treatment-nbsp">Treatment&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The management of long COVID is multidisciplinary, involving primary care, specialist referrals as needed (such as to cardiologists, pulmonologists, neurologists, and mental health professionals), and supportive therapies tailored to the individual's symptoms. Given the variety of symptoms and the potential for them to impact daily functioning, treatment plans are highly individualized.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.lww.com/ccmjournal/pages/default.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Critical Care Medicine</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Severe COVID survivors face long-term impairments

A team of scientists led by the University of California,...

<p>A survey of orchid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/save-native-bees/">bees</a> in the Brazilian Amazon state of Rondônia, conducted in the 1990s, is casting new light on the effects of deforestation on these important pollinators, which are considered indicators of biodiversity in the neotropics.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The latest study, led by the <a href="https://ku.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Kansas</a>, highlights the resilience and vulnerability of these scent-collecting bees amidst environmental change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-collecting-orchid-bees-nbsp">Collecting orchid bees&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“This study on orchid bees was an add-on to previous research on stingless bees. Orchid bees are so easy to collect, so we added them to our broader survey of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bee-diversity-is-critical-to-ecosystems/">bee biodiversity</a> across this rapidly developing region in the Amazon,” said study lead author J. Christopher Brown, a geography &amp; atmospheric science professor at the University of Kansas.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“We’ve known for decades that particular fragrances like eucalyptus oil, for example, attract male orchid bees, which naturally collect similar fragrances from orchids to use in mating. All you do is dip cotton balls into a variety of chemical attractants and hang these on a string in the open air.”</p>



<p>“The bees start arriving in minutes, hovering around the baits and displaying their often metallic-hued blue and green colors. They were among the first types of organisms studied to understand the impact of that deforestation on the general biology and ecology of an area.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-study">Significance of the study</h2>



<p>The experts pinpointed specific orchid bee species that thrive in both degraded and preserved environments, offering insight into how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-deforestation-crisis-how-can-we-stop-massive-forest-losses/">deforestation</a> influences local ecosystems.</p>



<p>“I had previously seen orchid bees in museum collections, but seeing them in the field was a wholly different experience. It’s breathtaking seeing these bees appear at the baits out of nowhere,” Brown added.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This fieldwork, conducted in collaboration with Marcio Oliveira of the <a href="https://www.gov.br/inpa/pt-br">National Institute for Amazonian Research</a>, led to the collection of significant data on orchid bees across Rondônia, utilizing a unique method that diverged from traditional yearlong studies focused on forest fragments.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-comprehensive-look-at-orchid-bee-diversity">Comprehensive look at orchid bee diversity</h2>



<p>Despite the historical nature of the data, its value remains intact, offering a comprehensive look at orchid bee diversity across a broad geographic area. This work serves as a critical baseline for future biodiversity studies in the region.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“While conventional studies involve yearlong collection efforts in a handful of forest fragments, we sampled the bee population in 130 locations across the state in just an hour at each location. This unconventional approach revealed a wealth of bee diversity previously undocumented by others.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hope-for-lower-deforestation-rates">Hope for lower deforestation rates </h2>



<p>However, the findings also highlighted the detrimental effects of agricultural colonization on bee populations. Brown suggested that conservation efforts might hinge on Brazil's internal politics and economics but also mentioned market-oriented strategies that have shown promise in reducing deforestation.</p>



<p>“We are optimistic that stricter enforcement of environmental laws under Brazil’s new administration will lead to lower deforestation rates in the Amazon,” said Brown. “Our research highlighted the substantial reduction in deforestation resulting from these agreements.”</p>



<p>“In light of this, the question arises: What actions can consumers take? Many of these initiatives are led by prominent environmental organizations that wield influence with both industry and government. When these organizations yield tangible results, individuals may consider contributing to support their endeavors, particularly if the cause aligns with their interests and is scientifically backed. Such contributions can make a discernible impact."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-orchid-bees">More about orchid bees</h2>



<p>Orchid bees are a fascinating group of bees, known scientifically as Euglossini, that are native to the Americas. These bees are known for their striking metallic colors, which can range from vibrant greens and blues to purples and reds.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lifestyle">Lifestyle</h3>



<p>Unlike many other bee species, orchid bees are solitary, meaning that they do not live in colonies. Each female bee lives and nests independently, constructing her nest in various natural cavities or in the ground.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mating-secrets">Mating secrets</h3>



<p>The male orchid bees are particularly known for their unique behavior of collecting fragrant compounds from orchids and other sources. They store these scents in specialized pouches in their hind legs, and it is believed that these scents play a crucial role in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pesticides-make-it-harder-for-male-bees-to-attract-mates/">attracting mates</a>, although the exact mechanisms are still a subject of research.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-orchids-nbsp">Orchids&nbsp;</h3>



<p>One of the most remarkable aspects of orchid bees is their relationship with orchids. Many species of orchids rely exclusively on these bees for pollination.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Orchid bees have long, coiled tongues, adapted for accessing nectar from the deep chambers of certain orchids. This mutualistic relationship highlights a fascinating example of co-evolution, where the bees and the orchids have evolved in tandem to meet each other's needs. The bees get food and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/male-bees-create-perfume-from-flowers-to-attract-females/">fragrance compounds</a>, while the orchids receive the benefit of specialized pollinators that ensure their reproduction.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation">Conservation</h3>



<p>Conservation efforts are vital for orchid bees, as they face threats from habitat destruction and fragmentation, which affect their food sources and nesting sites. Preserving tropical and subtropical forests, where these bees are predominantly found, is crucial for maintaining the ecological balance and ensuring the survival of these unique pollinators and the diverse plant life they support.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2024.110560" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Biological Conservation</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Orchid bees are endangered by deforestation in the Amazon

A survey of orchid bees in the Brazilian Amazon state...

<p>Substituting red meat with forage fish like herring, sardines, and anchovies could prevent up to 750,000 deaths annually by 2050 and markedly decrease disability from diet-related diseases, according to a recent study led by the <a href="https://www.nies.go.jp/index-e.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Institute for Environmental Studies</a> in Japan. </p>



<p>This dietary shift could particularly benefit low and middle-income countries, where <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-century-of-progress-in-the-fight-against-cardiovascular-disease/">heart disease</a> rates are high and such fish are both affordable and abundant.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consumption-of-red-meat-nbsp">Consumption of red meat&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The consumption of red and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ultra-processed-foods-like-soda-and-snacks-are-the-new-silent-killer/">processed meats</a> has been increasingly linked to a higher risk of non-communicable diseases, which were responsible for approximately 70% of global deaths in 2019.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Health issues such as coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and bowel cancer constituted nearly half of these deaths, with coronary artery disease being the most prevalent.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-benefits-of-forage-fish">Health benefits of forage fish</h2>



<p>Marine forage fish, consumed by larger fish species, are noted for their high levels of omega-3 fatty acids (DHA and EPA), which may help prevent coronary heart disease. They are also rich in calcium and vitamin B12 and boast the smallest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wild-seafood-has-one-sixth-the-carbon-footprint-of-red-meat/">carbon footprint</a> among all animal food sources.</p>



<p>However, the researchers highlight a concerning issue: about three-quarters of forage fish catch, much of it from regions grappling with food insecurity, is processed into fish meal and fish oil for aquaculture, catering primarily to affluent consumers.</p>



<p>To assess how forage fish could impact global disease burden if used as a red meat alternative, the researchers devised four different global distribution scenarios based on projected red meat consumption in 2050 across 137 countries and historical data on catches.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forage-fish-in-human-diets">Forage fish in human diets</h2>



<p>The findings indicate significant potential public health benefits from incorporating forage fish directly into human diets, particularly in lowering coronary heart disease occurrences.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This approach could prevent between half a million to 750,000 deaths from diet-related diseases in 2050 and reduce years lived with disability by 8–15 million, with the most significant impact in low and middle-income countries.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reducing-the-global-disease-burden-nbsp">Reducing the global disease burden&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Although the supply of these fish may not be enough to replace all red <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reduced-meat-consumption-2050/">meat</a> consumption, their optimal utilization could nearly meet the recommended fish intake of 40 kcal per capita daily in most countries, potentially reducing deaths from major diseases by 2% in 2050.</p>



<p>The analysis pointed out that prioritizing domestic supply of forage fish for direct consumption or as a meat substitute could have the least impact on death prevention.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Allocating forage fish to areas with minimal seafood intake, predominantly in lower and middle-income countries, could more effectively lessen the global disease burden.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-barriers">Cultural barriers </h2>



<p>“Despite the theoretical potential of forage fish, several barriers, such as fish meal and oil processing, overfishing, climate change, and cultural acceptance may prevent the health benefits of forage fish from being realized,” the authors wrote.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Multi-sectoral policy coordination and action (eg: prioritizing access to affordable fish, such as forage fish, for the poor and promoting the use of nutrient-rich microalgae as fish feed) could help to address some of these barriers.”</p>



<p>Implementing culturally appropriate interventions to encourage diet and lifestyle changes, alongside strategies like climate change impact labels and educating consumers on the nutritional benefits of forage fish, could further facilitate the shift from red meat to forage fish, contributing to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-climate-change-and-biodiversity-loss-are-one-indivisible-global-health-crisis/">global health</a> improvements.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-forage-fish">More about forage fish</h2>



<p>Forage fish are small, schooling fish that play a crucial role in marine ecosystems. They are a key food source for larger predatory fish, marine mammals, and birds.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These fish are characterized by their large populations and high reproductive rates, which help sustain their numbers despite heavy predation. They are found in oceans worldwide and tend to inhabit the water column's upper layers, though some species may migrate to deeper waters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Forage fish are also significant for human economies, supporting commercial fishing industries and being used in fishmeal, oil production, and as bait.</p>



<p>Their importance to marine food webs cannot be overstated. The decline in forage fish populations due to overfishing, habitat destruction, and climate change can have cascading effects, impacting predators' survival and altering marine biodiversity. </p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2023-013511" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>BMJ Global Health</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Dietary shift to forage fish could prevent millions of deaths

Substituting red meat with forage fish like herring, sardines, and...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



<p>Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



<p>The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.</p>



<p>The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



<p>This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.</p>



<p>The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.</p>



<p>The full study was recently published in <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



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Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



<p>Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



<p>A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.</p>



<p>Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.</p>



<p>Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents".  In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively.   MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.</p>



<p>MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization.  The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



<p>Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.</p>



<p>Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



<p>The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.</p>



<p>A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



<p>Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.</p>



<p>This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



<p>The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.</p>



<p>PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



<p>AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.</p>



<p>In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



<p>The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.</p>



<p>As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.</p>



<p>The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.</p>



<p>For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.</p>



<p>The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.</p>



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<p>MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a></p>



<p>Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a></p>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



<p>The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



<p>Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.</p>



<p>The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



<p>The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



<p>While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



<p>As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



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Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVywlgRJXsc
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Some children read facial expressions when making food choices.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-other-people-s-reactions-influence-children-s-eating-habits">Other people's reactions influence children's eating habits</h2>



<p>Many children are finicky eaters, but research explains how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-learned-why-so-many-kids-dislike-vegetables/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">watching others eat and social modeling</a> influence the eating habits of children.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Study Methodology Demonstrates Social Learning Impact</h2>



<p>Researchers at <a href="https://www.aston.ac.uk/hls/school-of-psychology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aston University School of Psychology</a> have published findings in Frontiers in Psychology that illuminate the neurobiological foundations of food preference development through observational learning. The investigation employed controlled video stimuli featuring adults consuming raw broccoli while displaying systematically varied facial expressions to measure participant responses.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Asymmetrical Response Patterns Identified</h2>



<p>The research, conducted with 204 female participants, revealed a pronounced asymmetry in social modeling effects. Negative facial expressions during vegetable consumption significantly diminished observer food preference ratings, while positive expressions failed to produce corresponding increases in vegetable appeal. This finding challenges conventional assumptions about the bidirectional nature of social influence in dietary behavior formation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Evolutionary Psychology Framework Applied</h2>



<p>Dr. Katie Edwards and her research team propose that these results reflect adaptive mechanisms developed through evolutionary processes. The heightened sensitivity to disgust expressions likely functions as a protective system, enabling individuals to identify potentially harmful foods through social cues without direct risk exposure.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Clinical and Educational Implications</h2>



<p>These findings carry substantial implications for pediatric nutrition interventions and family meal dynamics. The research suggests that parental expressions of distaste during vegetable consumption may inadvertently reinforce children's existing food aversions through unconscious social transmission pathways.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Future Research Directions</h2>



<p>The study establishes a foundation for expanded investigation into real-time social modeling effects and cross-demographic applicability. Researchers emphasize the necessity for longitudinal studies examining actual consumption behaviors rather than preference ratings alone, particularly within family contexts where social learning occurs most frequently.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>



<p></p>

Social modeling affects our food choices

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVywlgRJXsc Some children read facial expressions when making food choices....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JynHpMaNO8A
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Chaotic cancer protein finally controlled after decades of mystery</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cancer-causing-protein-bound-and-blocked">Cancer-causing protein bound and blocked</h2>



<p>In a discovery that can one day revolutionize cancer treatment, researchers at the <a href="https://www.ucr.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Riverside</a> have successfully developed a means of controlling MYC, a notoriously slippery protein that causes approximately <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chaotic-protein-that-fuels-75-of-cancers-can-be-controlled/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">75% of all cancers in humans</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-makes-myc-different">What makes MYC different</h2>



<p>MYC presents a unique challenge when studying cancer. Normally, this protein plays a vital role in healthy cells. It carefully controls transcription - the process that converts genetic information from DNA and RNA into proteins.</p>



<p>However, cancer changes everything. In cancer cells, MYC becomes a destructive force. It operates in overdrive mode with no regulation whatsoever.</p>



<p>Professor Min Xue, who led the research team, explains it simply: "MYC is less like food for cancer cells and more like a steroid. It drives cancer's aggressive growth." This superactive behavior makes MYC involved in three out of every four cancer cases.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-myc-is-hard-to-target">Why MYC is hard to target</h2>



<p>Despite its clear role in cancer, targeting MYC has been one of medicine's biggest challenges. The main problem lies in MYC's unusual structure - or rather, its complete lack of structure.</p>



<p>Professor Xue describes the protein as "basically a glob of randomness." This means conventional drug discovery methods don't work. These traditional approaches rely on sharply defined protein structures. MYC simply doesn't have one.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">A New Approach to Fighting MYC</h2>



<p>The UCR research team developed a clever solution. They designed a special peptide molecule that could selectively bind to MYC. More importantly, this peptide could block MYC's destructive activity.</p>



<p>The key was fine-tuning two specific features: the peptide's stiffness and its shape. Through careful adjustments, researchers achieved something remarkable. They reached "sub-micro-molar affinity" - meaning their peptide binds as strongly as antibodies do.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-results">Breakthrough results</h2>



<p>This accomplishment represents a major leap beyond previous attempts. The researchers enhanced their peptide's binding strength by two orders of magnitude. This dramatic improvement brings the work significantly closer to practical drug development goals.</p>



<p>The research opens new possibilities for treating the vast majority of cancers where MYC plays a destructive role.</p>



<p>The researchers are presently optimizing peptide-delivery systems based on lipid nanoparticles that deliver the peptide effectively into cancer cells. The<a href="https://www.nih.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> National Institutes of Health</a> and the <a href="https://www.defense.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Department of Defense</a> funded the study, which appeared in the Journal of the <a href="https://www.acs.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Chemical Society</a>.<br>This research offers renewed hope against cancer, and it can potentially open a door to more effective cancer therapies for most cancer patients worldwide.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

The protein that fuels 3 out of 4 cancers has been controlled

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JynHpMaNO8A Chaotic cancer protein finally controlled after decades of mystery...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



<p>On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.</p>



<p>This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.</p>



<p>Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.</p>



<p>The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators.  Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas.  These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.</p>



<p>Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



<p>Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.</p>



<p>Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



<p>385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.</p>



<p>The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.</p>



<p>Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



<p>The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."</p>



<p>This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a></em> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.</p>



<p>Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet <em>Archaeopteris</em>: the first modern tree</h2>



<p>The star of this ancient forest is <em>Archaeopteris</em> – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur <em>Archaeopteryx</em>. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.</p>



<p>William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.</p>



<p>Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



<p>These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.</p>



<p>This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



<p>The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified <em>Eospermatopteris</em>, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.</p>



<p>All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



<p>Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.</p>



<p>Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."</p>



<p>The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



<p>In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.</p>



<p>Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



<p>Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.</p>



<p>Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.</p>



<p>These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.</p>



<p>The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em>Current Biology</em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Veg4HmmRVZY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Our bodies hits two 'aging cliffs' at these ages.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-map-exact-ages-when-your-body-rapidly-ages">Scientists Map Exact Ages When Your Body Rapidly Ages</h2>



<p>Scientists have <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-bodies-begin-breaking-down-two-very-precise-ages/#google_vignette">discovered that aging</a> isn't the gradual, steady process many assume it to be. Instead, researchers from Stanford Medicine have found that our bodies undergo dramatic molecular changes at two specific ages: 44 and 60. This research, published in Nature Aging, reveals that aging happens in sudden bursts rather than smooth transitions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-waves-of-rapid-aging">Two waves of rapid aging</h2>



<p>The Stanford study tracked over 135,000 different molecules and microbes in 108 participants aged 25 to 75 over several years. Results showed that 81% of all molecules studied exhibited non-linear changes, meaning they shifted dramatically at certain ages rather than changing gradually over time.</p>



<p>Michael Snyder, chair of genetics at Stanford School of Medicine and the study's senior author, noted significant findings. "We're not just changing gradually over time; there are some really dramatic changes. It turns out the mid-40s is a time of dramatic change, as is the early 60s. And that's true no matter what class of molecules you look at."</p>



<p>The first wave of changes occurs around age 44, affecting molecules related to alcohol metabolism, caffeine processing, lipid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/age-related-changes-in-metabolism-dont-match-our-expectations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">metabolism</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heart-disease-remains-the-leading-cause-of-death-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular disease</a>, and skin and muscle function. The second wave hits around age 60, involving changes in carbohydrate metabolism, immune regulation, kidney function, and again cardiovascular and muscle health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-during-these-aging-bursts">What happens during these aging bursts</h2>



<p>During the mid-40s transformation, researchers observed significant changes in how the body processes alcohol and fats. This period often coincides with increased stress levels in many people's lives, potentially contributing to lifestyle factors that accelerate these molecular shifts.</p>



<p>"It's possible some of these changes could be tied to lifestyle or behavioral factors that cluster at these age groups, rather than being driven by biological factors," Snyder explained. For instance, alcohol metabolism dysfunction might result from increased consumption during the typically stressful mid-40s period.</p>



<p>The changes at age 60 are perhaps less surprising, as this is when many age-related diseases begin to manifest more prominently. The molecular shifts affect immune function and kidney health, both critical for maintaining overall wellness as we enter our senior years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-latest-research-confirms-aging-patterns">Latest research confirms aging patterns</h2>



<p>Recent 2025 studies have validated these findings. Research examining tissue samples from 76 people found similar aging patterns, noting an "inflection point" between ages 45 and 55.</p>



<p>Scientists discovered that blood vessels, particularly the aorta, age fastest among all body tissues. This vascular aging may drive aging in other body parts, highlighting cardiovascular health's central role in the aging process.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cellular-changes-and-microbiome-shifts">Cellular changes and microbiome shifts</h2>



<p>The Stanford research revealed that these aging bursts affect our microbiome – the trillions of bacteria, viruses, and fungi living in and on our bodies. These microbial communities undergo substantial shifts during both aging periods, potentially affecting everything from digestion to immune function.</p>



<p>Additionally, researchers found that protein production and gene expression begin to fall out of sync as we age. This breakdown in cellular communication becomes especially pronounced during the two aging waves, contributing to the accumulation of damaged proteins associated with diseases such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alzheimers-may-not-be-brain-disorder-important-data-was-fabricated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer's</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-implications-and-longevity-considerations">Health implications and longevity considerations</h2>



<p>Understanding these aging patterns has important implications for healthcare strategies. Research suggests that people should pay particular attention to their health during their 40s and 60s, when these dramatic molecular changes occur.</p>



<p>Snyder emphasized the importance of proactive health measures. "I'm a big believer that we should try to adjust our lifestyles while we're still healthy," he noted. This might include increasing exercise to protect heart health and maintain muscle mass, or reducing alcohol consumption in the 40s as the body's ability to metabolize it declines.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-approaches-to-anti-aging-treatment">New approaches to anti-aging treatment</h2>



<p>Aging research has seen notable advances in 2025. Harvard Medical School scientists developed chemical cocktails that reverse cellular aging without genetic modification. These six combinations restored aged cells to youthfulness in under a week, offering safer alternatives to gene therapy.</p>



<p>Researchers identified new biomarkers like "InflammAge," a saliva-based test measuring chronic inflammation associated with aging. This non-invasive approach could change how we monitor aging and intervention.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions-in-aging-research">Future directions in aging research</h2>



<p>Emerging technologies including artificial intelligence, cellular reprogramming, and senolytic therapies, are opening new possibilities for extending healthspan. Companies develop treatments targeting aging's fundamental mechanisms rather than just managing age-related diseases.</p>



<p>The Stanford findings provide a roadmap for implementing preventive measures. Rather than waiting for symptoms, people can prepare for and potentially mitigate these predictable aging waves.</p>



<p>As aging understanding evolves, one thing becomes clear: aging isn't inevitable decline, but specific biological events we may learn to prevent or reverse. The key is recognizing when these transitions occur and taking proactive health steps during vulnerable periods.</p>



<p>The study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/nataging" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Aging</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Scientists discover we age in bursts

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Veg4HmmRVZY Our bodies hits two 'aging cliffs' at these ages....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlF0XKzHY4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The hidden science behind tickling.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-discover-the-brain-s-tickling-command-center">Scientists discover the brain's 'tickling command center'</h2>



<p>Researchers have finally solved one of humanity's most enduring mysteries: why we can't <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/after-centuries-of-debate-we-still-dont-know-how-tickling-works/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tickle</a> ourselves and what makes some people incredibly ticklish while others barely react? Recent scientific discoveries are revolutionizing our understanding of this peculiar human behavior.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-discovery-in-the-brain">Breakthrough discovery in the brain</h2>



<p>In 2023, Dr. Michael Brecht's team at <a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humboldt University</a>-<a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Berlin</a> made a major discovery published in the <a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(22)01991-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">journal <em>Neuron</em></a>. They identified the brain's actual "tickling command center" – specific neurons in a region called the periaqueductal gray that control both tickling responses and play behavior.</p>



<p>When researchers used cutting-edge optogenetic technology to shut down these neurons in laboratory rats, something remarkable happened. The animals completely lost their ability to be tickled or engage in playful behavior.</p>



<p>"We found that global blockade of the rat periaqueductal gray with either muscimol or lidocaine interfered with ticklishness and play," the research team reported in their study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-types-of-tickling-revealed">Two types of tickling revealed</h2>



<p>What we call "tickling" is two completely different phenomena, according to the latest research. Light tickling – that feathery sensation that makes you want to scratch – is essentially your body's sophisticated bug detection system. This alerts you to potential insects or parasites on your skin.</p>



<p>Deep tickling – the kind that makes you laugh uncontrollably – involves complex brain circuits and is fundamentally social. You literally cannot tickle yourself with this type of stimulation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-self-tickling-is-impossible">Why self-tickling is impossible</h2>



<p>Your cerebellum acts like a prediction machine, recent findings show. When you move your own hand to touch yourself, your brain generates precise predictions about what you will feel and then cancels out the tickling sensation through neural inhibition.</p>



<p>When someone else tickles you, your brain can't predict their movements, so the full tickling response activates. It's like your brain's way of distinguishing between self and others.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-individual-differences-explained">Individual differences explained</h2>



<p>Individual differences in ticklishness depend on genetics, psychology, and even trust. Dr. Xinzhong Dong at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Johns Hopkins University</a> notes that people with denser nerve endings tend to be more sensitive.</p>



<p>Psychological factors matter just as much. You respond more strongly when tickled by people you trust, and anxiety completely shuts down tickling responses. This explains why the same physical stimulus can produce completely different reactions depending on who's doing the tickling.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-controlling-your-ticklishness">Controlling your ticklishness</h2>



<p>Science offers answers for controlling your ticklishness. You can reduce tickling sensitivity through systematic desensitization – gradual exposure in controlled settings.</p>



<p>Dr. Konstantina Kilteni's 2025 research, published in <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adt0350" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em>, reveals another technique: place your hand on the tickler's hand. This allows your brain to partially predict the sensations, reducing the tickling response by up to 90 percent.</p>



<p>"Your brain is essentially learning to override its own reflexes," Kilteni explained in her review of tickling research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-purpose-discovered">Evolutionary purpose discovered</h2>



<p>From an evolutionary perspective, tickling serves vital functions according to <a href="https://www.umd.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Maryland</a> researcher Dr. Robert Provine's extensive studies. It trains our defense reflexes for vulnerable body areas and facilitates social bonding between family members.</p>



<p>Tickling-induced laughter is actually one of the first forms of communication between infants and caregivers. "Tickle involves a neurological self/nonself discrimination, providing the most primitive social scenario," Provine noted in his research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clinical-applications-emerge">Clinical applications emerge</h2>



<p>Research shows people with autism spectrum disorder perceive touches as more ticklish than people without the condition. Investigating this difference could provide insight into brain differences and help advance autism research.</p>



<p>People with schizophrenia tend to experience self-touches similarly to external tickles, allowing them to essentially tickle themselves. This suggests altered sensory prediction mechanisms in the condition.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animal-research-reveals-universal-nature">Animal research reveals universal nature</h2>



<p>Scientists have discovered that many species beyond humans are ticklish. Rats emit ultrasonic "laughs" when tickled, while chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans all respond to tickling stimulation.</p>



<p>This widespread occurrence across species suggests that tickling serves fundamental biological and social functions that evolved long before humans developed complex language and culture.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



<p>Dr. Kilteni argues that tickling research deserves more scientific attention. "It is a complex interplay of motor, social, neurological, developmental, and evolutionary aspects," she stated in her recent review.</p>



<p>New haptic technologies and advanced research methodologies now permit scientists to investigate tickle sensation with unprecedented precision. Standardized experimental methods using mechanical tickling devices ensure consistent results across studies.</p>



<p>Recent findings published in <em>Science Advances</em> show that tickling research is opening new doors in neuroscience, potentially leading to a better understanding of social behavior, sensory processing, and neurological conditions.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Scientists solve the mystery of tickling

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlF0XKzHY4 The hidden science behind tickling. Scientists discover the brain's...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elr4948_uOU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Dr. Ronald Mallett from the University of Connecticut reveals secret mission to create working time travel device.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-could-an-equation-truly-bend-time-a-physicist-s-decades-long-quest-to-rewrite-reality">Could an equation truly bend time? A physicist's decades-long quest to rewrite reality</h2>



<p>Imagine the impossible: stepping back through time in a time machine, not in fantasy, but through a scientific endeavor driven by profound personal loss. For <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astrophysicist-says-hes-cracked-the-equation-for-time-travel/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Ronald Mallett</a>, a distinguished astrophysicist and professor emeritus at the <a href="https://uconn.edu/">University of Connecticut</a>, this deeply human longing has fueled a lifelong mission. He claims to have discovered the equation that could unlock temporal displacement, pushing boundaries once deemed purely science fiction.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-profound-grief-that-forged-a-vision">A profound grief that forged a vision</h2>



<p>Mallett's extraordinary pursuit began with devastating tragedy in 1955. At merely 10 years old, he endured his father Boyd's sudden death—a television repairman whose passion for science had ignited a similar spark in his young son. Boyd Mallett, only 33, succumbed to a heart attack, leaving behind a grief-stricken child searching for solace.</p>



<p>That solace came through H.G. Wells' <em>The Time Machine</em>. Within its pages, Mallett found a captivating concept: "Time is only a kind of Space." These words transformed from a literary phrase into a guiding principle, becoming the driving force behind his unwavering commitment to unraveling time's fundamental mysteries.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-humble-beginnings-to-academic-heights">From humble beginnings to academic heights</h2>



<p>Mallett's journey was far from straightforward. After serving in the Air Force during the Vietnam War era, he utilized the GI Bill for higher education, earning his Ph.D. in physics from Pennsylvania State University in 1973 at the age of 28.</p>



<p>In 1975, he made history as the first African American professor in the University of Connecticut's physics department, achieving full professorship in 1987 before retiring in 2024 as professor emeritus.</p>



<p>Throughout these successful academic years, Mallett harbored his radical ambition as a closely guarded secret. "I kept my time travel goal a secret," he confessed. "I worried people would think I was nuts." His public research centered on black holes, serving as a "cover story" while he quietly developed his revolutionary time travel theory.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-breakthrough-moment">The breakthrough moment</h2>



<p>His pivotal insight arrived while hospitalized for a heart condition—a profound irony given his father's heart attack started this journey. The breakthrough was elegantly simple yet revolutionary: "If gravity can bend time, and light can create gravity, then light can bend time."</p>



<p>"It turns out that black holes can create a gravitational field that could lead to the creation of time loops that could allow us to go back in time," he explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-blueprint-for-a-temporal-vortex">The blueprint for a temporal vortex</h2>



<p>Mallett's vision for a functioning time machine replicates spacetime-warping phenomena around black holes. He offers a compelling analogy: "Picture a cup of coffee. Stir it with a spoon, and the coffee swirls. A spinning black hole does the same to spacetime."</p>



<p>In Einstein's general relativity, the universe is a dynamic fabric woven from space and time. Massive objects like black holes warp this fabric—an effect we perceive as gravity. Mallett theorizes that an intense, continuous, circulating beam of light from a ring of powerful lasers could replicate this gravitational torsion, effectively twisting time into a loop.</p>



<p>This "time loop" would theoretically allow information—or perhaps matter—to travel backward in time. He detailed this mathematical concept in his 2006 autobiography, <em>Time Traveler: A Scientist's Personal Mission to Make Time Travel a Reality</em>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-published-research-and-recognition">Published research and recognition</h2>



<p>His work, published in respected journals including <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/physics-letters-a" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physics Letters A</a></em> and <em><a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/10701" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Foundations of Physics</a></em>, suggests circulating laser light could generate gravitational fields potent enough to create closed timelike curves, enabling time travel for data.</p>



<p>Mallett's research has gained worldwide media attention, featured on <a href="https://www.thisamericanlife.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Public Radio's <em>This American Life</em></a>, the <a href="https://www.history.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">History Channel</a>, and <a href="https://www.today.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NBC's <em>Today Show</em></a>. The widespread interest reflects both his compelling personal story and rigorous scientific approach.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-galactic-hurdles-and-persistent-skepticism">The galactic hurdles and persistent skepticism</h2>



<p>While Mallett's equations captivate imagination, the path to reality faces immense obstacles. The energy requirement is staggering—Mallett acknowledges needing "galactic amounts of energy," far beyond current technological capabilities.</p>



<p>There's also a poignant limitation: even if realized, his machine could only send information back to when it was first activated, meaning it couldn't transport him to 1955 to prevent his father's death.</p>



<p>The scientific community remains skeptical. Physicists Ken Olum and Allen Everett argue that Mallett's proposed laser ring would need to be larger than the observable universe to achieve the necessary spacetime distortion. They invoke Stephen Hawking's chronology protection conjecture, suggesting physics may prevent macroscopic time travel.</p>



<p>Astrophysicist Paul Sutter has voiced doubts about Mallett's underlying mathematics, while science writer Brian Clegg finds the concept intriguing enough to warrant experimental investigation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-legacy-that-transcends-time">A legacy that transcends time</h2>



<p>Now approaching 80, Dr. Mallett remains steadfast. "I believe my work will show time travel is possible," he asserts. "Future generations will build on it in ways we can't yet imagine."</p>



<p>His equations, though yet to physically bend time, have bent our collective imagination. Ongoing public interest, evidenced by his continued media appearances and Spike Lee's film adaptation of his memoir, underscores his ideas' profound impact.</p>



<p>More than a scientific pursuit, Mallett's story testifies to human resilience, intellectual courage, and hope's enduring power. Whether his theoretical time machine ever materializes, his legacy is immeasurable—inspiring countless individuals to challenge conventional limits and perceive time not as an unyielding barrier, but as a boundless frontier awaiting exploration.</p>



<p></p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Retired professor claims he solved time travel

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elr4948_uOU Dr. Ronald Mallett from the University of Connecticut reveals...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



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https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?</p>



<p>One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ACS Reactions</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

How does salt makes things taste better?

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;</p>



<p>'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."</p>



<p>"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Santiago, Chile in South America

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