<p>A discovery by researchers at the <a href="https://www.utep.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Texas at El Paso</a> could potentially transform the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The breakthrough centers around the use of caffeic-acid based Carbon Quantum Dots (CACQDs), derived from spent coffee grounds, which have the potential to protect brain cells from damage caused by these diseases.</p>



<p>The study was led by doctoral student Jyotish Kumar and overseen by Professor Mahesh Narayan, a fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-neurodegenerative-disorders-nbsp">Neurodegenerative disorders&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The experts found that CACQDs could be key in addressing the root causes of neurodegenerative disorders. Their findings highlight the neuroprotective properties of CACQDs, particularly against damages triggered by obesity, aging, and exposure to environmental toxins like pesticides.</p>



<p>Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the progressive loss of neurons, impacting essential functions like movement, speech, and cognitive abilities.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Early stages of these diseases, often linked to lifestyle and environmental factors, show elevated levels of harmful free radicals and the aggregation of amyloid protein fragments in the brain, leading to further complications.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transformative-treatment">Transformative treatment</h2>



<p>“Caffeic-acid based Carbon Quantum Dots have the potential to be transformative in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders,” said Kumar. “This is because none of the current treatments resolve the diseases; they only help manage the symptoms. Our aim is to find a cure by addressing the atomic and molecular underpinnings that drive these conditions.”</p>



<p>The team demonstrated that CACQDs, especially in models of Parkinson’s disease induced by a pesticide called paraquat, could remove or neutralize free radicals and prevent the aggregation of amyloid proteins without significant side effects.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-intervention-nbsp">Early intervention&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers believe that early intervention with CACQD-based treatments could effectively prevent the full onset of diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“It is critical to address these disorders before they reach the clinical stage,” said Professor Narayan. “At that point, it is likely too late. Any current treatments that can address advanced symptoms of neurodegenerative disease are simply beyond the means of most people. Our aim is to come up with a solution that can prevent most cases of these conditions at a cost that is manageable for as many patients as possible.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-brain-cells">Protecting brain cells</h2>



<p>Caffeic acid, a polyphenol known for its antioxidant properties, is crucial in this discovery. Professor Narayan noted that caffeic acid is unique because it can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and is thus able to directly exert its effects upon the cells inside the brain.</p>



<p>The team employed a “green chemistry” method to extract CACQDs from used coffee grounds, making the process both environmentally friendly and cost-effective, given the abundant availability of coffee grounds.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-further-research-is-needed">Further research is needed</h2>



<p>Supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health, the project has involved numerous graduate and undergraduate students from UTEP, including Sofia Delgado, who is now pursuing her PhD at Yale University.</p>



<p>Despite the progress, Narayan and Kumar acknowledge that there’s still a considerable journey ahead. Their ultimate goal is to develop a medication, possibly in pill form, that could prevent the majority of neurodegenerative disorders not caused by genetics.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team is now seeking additional funding to support further testing.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.116932" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Environmental Research</em></a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



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Coffee grounds could help prevent neurodegenerative diseases

A discovery by researchers at the University of Texas at...

<p>Better air quality can significantly enhance natural carbon sequestration by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/indoor-plants-can-quickly-remove-dangerous-toxins-from-air/">plants</a>, according to a new study from the <a href="https://carnegiescience.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Carnegie Institution for Science</a>.</p>



<p>Improved air quality increases sunlight availability for plants, thereby boosting their ability to absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide and mitigate climate change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-insights-nbsp">Critical insights&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The team, including researchers Liyin He, Lorenzo Rosa, and Joe Berry, used satellite data to analyze the correlation between photosynthetic activity and aerosol pollution in Europe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The results showed that plants capture more carbon on the weekends when there is less industrial pollution and fewer people commute.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This finding highlights the impact of human activities and air quality on the natural carbon absorption process of plants.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aerosol-pollution-nbsp">Aerosol pollution&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Photosynthesis, a vital process where plants convert sunlight into chemical energy, involves absorbing carbon dioxide and converting it into carbohydrates and fats. This natural mechanism plays a crucial role in combating climate change by removing carbon emissions from the atmosphere.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“However, this can be diminished by poor air quality caused by aerosols, tiny particles that are spewed into the atmosphere when we commute and burn fossil fuels or wood,” explained He. “They have negative effects on air quality, which impacts human health. They can also scatter or absorb sunlight, which would affect a plant similarly to being stuck in the shade.”</p>



<p>Previous studies have indicated that aerosol pollution can reduce agricultural crop yields by up to 20 percent.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-innovative-technique-nbsp">Innovative technique&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The research involved collaboration with David Lobell and Yuan Wang from Stanford University; Yi Yin, Yitong Yao, and Christian Frankenberg from Caltech; and Russell Doughty from the University of Oklahoma.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team used the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) on the Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite to measure photosynthetic activity.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This innovative technique, developed about a decade ago by Berry, Frankenberg, and Caltech collaborators, leverages the fluorescence emitted during photosynthesis, observable from space.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-photosynthetic-activity-nbsp">Photosynthetic activity&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The team compared photosynthesis data with aerosol measurements from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“We focused on Europe due to an established pattern of human activity throughout the week as compared to other regions,” Rosa said. “Additionally, many European ecosystems are already experiencing negative effects from climate change and European countries have set ambitious goals for cutting carbon pollution.”</p>



<p>The findings revealed a weekly cycle in photosynthetic activity, peaking on weekends and decreasing during weekdays, inversely correlating with aerosol pollution levels.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>A similar pattern emerged during COVID-19 lockdowns. The research suggests that reducing particulate pollution to maintain weekend-level photosynthetic activity throughout the week could remove 40 to 60 megatons of carbon dioxide annually, increasing agricultural productivity without expanding crop land.</p>



<p>“These findings have major policy implications for European governments who are working on a variety of systems to capture about 500 megatons per year of carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and store it,” said Rosa. “Our work shows that improving air quality could also help meet climate goals.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-carbon-sequestration-nbsp">More about carbon sequestration&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Carbon sequestration is a critical process in the fight against climate change. It involves the capture and storage of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), one of the primary greenhouse gases responsible for global warming. This process can occur both naturally and through human-engineered methods.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plants">Plants</h3>



<p>In natural carbon sequestration, ecosystems like forests, oceans, and soil play a pivotal role. Trees and plants, through the process of photosynthesis, absorb CO2 from the atmosphere and convert it into organic matter.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This CO2 is stored in the form of biomass in trees, plants, and soil. Healthy, growing forests, therefore, are essential carbon sinks, storing large amounts of carbon over long periods.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-oceans">Oceans</h3>



<p>Oceans also sequester a significant amount of carbon, absorbing it from the atmosphere and storing it in various forms. Phytoplankton, small marine plants, use CO2 for photosynthesis, similar to terrestrial plants. The carbon can then become part of the oceanic food web or settle as sediment on the ocean floor.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-soils">Soils</h3>



<p>Soils are another crucial component in natural carbon sequestration. They store carbon in organic matter, such as decomposed plant and animal material. Practices that enhance soil health, like organic farming and reforestation, can increase the amount of carbon that soils can sequester.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-technologies">Technologies</h3>



<p>Human-engineered carbon sequestration methods aim to complement these natural processes. These include technologies like carbon capture and storage (CCS), where CO2 emissions from industrial and energy-related sources are captured at their point of origin and stored underground in geological formations.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bioenergy">Bioenergy</h3>



<p>Another method is bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), which combines biomass energy generation with CCS. In this process, biomass is used as a fuel to generate energy, and the resulting CO2 emissions are captured and stored.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cities">Cities</h3>



<p>Urban carbon sequestration is also gaining attention. This involves enhancing green spaces in cities, such as urban forests and parks, which can absorb CO2. Green roofs and vertical gardens are other innovative ways to sequester carbon in urban areas.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em>.&nbsp;</p>



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Reducing air pollution could greatly boost carbon sequestration by plants

Better air quality can significantly enhance natural carbon sequestration by...

Carbon,Dioxide,Or,Co2,Is,Colorless,Gas.,Which,Inhaling,This

<p>A new study brings a glimmer of hope in the battle against climate change. The research suggests that the Earth's plants could absorb more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-did-ancient-plants-affect-atmospheric-co2-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmospheric CO2</a> caused by human activities than previously thought. </p>



<p>This exciting revelation was conducted by the <a href="https://www.westernsydney.edu.au/hie" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment</a> at Western Sydney University and led by Dr. Jürgen Knauer. It comes from advanced ecological modeling techniques, offering a more optimistic outlook on the planet's capacity to combat carbon emissions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-plants-and-co2-interact">How plants and CO2 interact</h2>



<p>Despite these encouraging findings, the environmental scientists behind the study warn against any laxity in global efforts to reduce <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-plants-continue-offsetting-our-carbon-emissions-in-a-warming-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon emissions</a>. </p>



<p>"Plants take up a substantial amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) every year, thereby slowing down the detrimental effects of climate change, but the extent to which they will continue this CO2 uptake into the future has been uncertain,” Dr. Knauer explains. </p>



<p>Knauer continued, “What we found is that a well-established climate model that is used to feed into global climate predictions made by the likes of the <a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IPCC</a> predicts stronger and sustained carbon uptake until the end of the 21<sup>st</sup>&nbsp;century when it accounts for the impact of some critical physiological processes that govern how plants conduct photosynthesis."</p>



<p>The research underlines the importance of not only <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/us-cities-are-about-to-get-a-lot-greener-with-1-billion-for-tree-planting/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planting more trees</a> but also conserving existing vegetation. However, it emphasizes that this is not a standalone solution but one of the many steps needed to tackle climate change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhancing-climate-models">Enhancing climate models</h2>



<p>The study delves into the complexities of how plants conduct <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/key-to-life-on-earth-photosynthesis-begins-on-the-quantum-level-with-a-single-photon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">photosynthesis</a>. </p>



<p>"We accounted for aspects like how efficiently carbon dioxide can move through the interior of the leaf, how plants adjust to changes in temperatures, and how plants most economically distribute nutrients in their canopy," explained Dr. Knauer.</p>



<p>Knauer went on to explain that, "These are three really important mechanisms that affect a plant’s ability to ‘fix’ carbon, yet they are commonly ignored in most global models."</p>



<p>This enhanced understanding has allowed for more accurate predictions of vegetation's carbon uptake capabilities, which is critical in the fight against climate change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-photosynthesis-nature-s-climate-mitigator">Photosynthesis: Nature's climate mitigator</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-finally-decoded-the-process-of-photosynthesis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Photosynthesis</a>, the process by which plants convert CO2 into sugars for growth and metabolism, plays a crucial role in mitigating climate change. The study highlights the increasing land carbon sink observed over recent decades, largely driven by increased CO2 uptake by vegetation. </p>



<p>However, the long-term effects of climate change on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-greening-affects-carbon-uptake-by-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vegetation carbon uptake</a>, especially under extreme conditions like droughts and heatwaves, remain a concern.</p>



<p>The research team tested various models under a high-emission climate scenario, assessing global climate change until the end of the 21st century. Models ranged in complexity and the extent to which they accounted for critical plant physiological processes. </p>



<p>The results consistently showed that more complex models, incorporating current understanding of plant physiology, projected stronger increases in global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deserts-as-carbon-sinks-study-reveals-potential-for-greening-arid-regions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vegetation carbon uptake</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-modeling-plants-and-co2">Climate modeling, plants, and CO2</h2>



<p>Silvia Caldararu is an Assistant Professor at Trinity’s <a href="https://naturalscience.tcd.ie/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">School of Natural Sciences</a> and a contributor to the study. She contextualizes the findings, saying, "Because the majority of terrestrial biosphere models used to assess the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/boreal-and-temperate-forests-have-emerged-as-the-main-carbon-sinks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global carbon sink</a> are located at the lower end of this complexity range, accounting only partially for these mechanisms or ignoring them altogether, it is likely that we are currently underestimating climate change effects on vegetation as well as its resilience to changes in climate."</p>



<p>Caldararu continued, "We often think about climate models as being all about physics, but biology plays a huge role and it is something that we really need to account for."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-nature-based-solutions">Implications for nature-based solutions</h2>



<p>The study suggests that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nature-based-solutions-city-greening-reduces-carbon-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nature-based solutions</a> to climate change, such as reforestation and afforestation, could be more impactful and sustainable than previously thought.</p>



<p>According to Silvia Caldararu, “These kinds of predictions have implications for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tropical-savannas-have-a-hidden-weapon-against-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nature-based solutions</a> to climate change such as reforestation and afforestation and how much carbon such initiatives can take up."</p>



<p>The team's findings suggest these approaches could have a larger impact in mitigating climate change and over a longer time period than we thought.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Caldararu cautions, however, that these measures cannot replace the urgent need to reduce emissions across all sectors. “Simply <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/initiatives-to-plant-billions-of-trees-threatened-by-seedling-undersupply/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planting trees</a> will not solve all our problems.&nbsp;We absolutely need to cut down emissions from all sectors. Trees alone cannot offer humanity a get out of jail free card,”&nbsp;says Caldararu.</p>



<p>In summary, this research marks a significant step in understanding the role of vegetation in mitigating climate change. It provides an optimistic perspective on the planet's ability to absorb CO2 but simultaneously serves as a reminder that this is not a panacea. </p>



<p>Concerted efforts in emission reductions, alongside nature-based solutions, remain paramount in addressing the global climate crisis.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adh9444" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Science</em> <em>Advances</em></a>.</p>



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Good news: Plants are absorbing more human-produced CO2 than expected

A new study brings a glimmer of hope in the...

<p>A new study conducted by <a href="https://www.cornell.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cornell University</a> has shown promising results in using cannabinoids, compounds naturally found in hemp plants, as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pesticides-travel-far-and-wide-endangering-aquatic-ecosystems/">pesticides</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The research reveals a direct relationship between higher concentrations of cannabinoids in hemp leaves and reduced damage from insect larvae, suggesting these compounds might have evolved as a defense mechanism against pests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-previous-studies">Previous studies</h2>



<p>"In the decades since the first cannabinoids were identified by scientists, research has focused almost exclusively on the function and capacity of cannabinoids as medicines and intoxicants for humans and other vertebrates," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Very little is known about the adaptive value of cannabinoid production, though several hypotheses have been proposed including protection from ultraviolet radiation, pathogens, and herbivores."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-defensive-compounds-nbsp">Defensive compounds&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Larry Smart is a professor in the School of Integrative Plant Sciences at Cornell and the senior author of the study.</p>



<p>“It has been speculated that they are defensive compounds, because they primarily accumulate in female flowers to protect seeds, which is a fairly common concept in plants,” said Professor Smart.</p>



<p>“But no one has put together a comprehensive set of experimental results to show a direct relationship between the accumulation of these cannabinoids and their harmful effects on insects."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-insights">New insights</h2>



<p>Study first author George Stack, a postdoctoral researcher in Smart’s lab, said the research provides insight into how cannabinoids function in natural systems and can help us develop new THC-compliant hemp cultivars that maintain these natural built-in defenses against herbivores.</p>



<p>The researchers tested the efficacy of hemp plants with varying concentrations of cannabinoids. Smart said the team saw heavy insect damage in the absence of cannabinoids, and much less damage in the presence of cannabinoids.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-findings">Key findings</h2>



<p>"In the field, foliar cannabinoid concentration was inversely correlated with chewing herbivore damage," wrote the researchers. </p>



<p>"On detached leaves, Trichoplusia ni larvae consumed less leaf area and grew less when feeding on leaves with greater concentrations of cannabinoids."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-further-research-is-needed-nbsp">Further research is needed&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The Cornell program cannot work with high THC plants due to federal mandate, so THC was not tested as a pesticide in this research, noted Smart.</p>



<p>Further research is needed to understand how effective cannabinoid-based pesticides may be for use on house plants.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“The potential use of cannabinoids as a pesticide is an exciting area for future research, but there will certainly be regulatory barriers due to pharmacological activity of the compounds, and more studies are needed to understand what pests cannabinoids will be effective against,” explained Stack.</p>



<p>The research was funded by the New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets through Empire State Development.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hr/uhad207" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Horticulture Research</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Cannabinoids as pesticides: Study reveals potential of hemp compounds

A new study conducted by Cornell University has shown promising...

<p>A new study has uncovered how some plants used nitrogen to survive the cataclysmic events that led to the extinction of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaurs-self-regulated-their-body-temperature/">dinosaurs</a>. Michael Kipp, the lead author of the study and an upcoming assistant professor of Earth and Climate Sciences at <a href="https://duke.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Duke University</a>, has provided significant insights into this enduring mystery.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cycads">Cycads</h2>



<p>Cycads, once a prevalent source of food for grazing dinosaurs, have mostly vanished, with only a few species existing in tropical and subtropical areas today.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Their decline, which began in the late Mesozoic and continued into the early Cenozoic Era, was accelerated by the asteroid impact and volcanic activity marking the K-Pg boundary 66 million years ago. However, unlike their ancient grazers, some cycads managed to survive until the present day.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nitrogen-fixing-bacteria-nbsp">Nitrogen-fixing bacteria&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The results of the study suggest that the key to their survival was their symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their roots. This relationship allowed the plants to extract nitrogen directly from the atmosphere, similar to modern legumes and other nitrogen-fixing plants.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Through this symbiosis, cycads traded sugars with the bacteria in exchange for atmospheric nitrogen, enabling them to thrive in changing environments.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nitrogen-fixing-plants">Nitrogen-fixing plants</h2>



<p>Kipp's research was based on the knowledge that the tissues of nitrogen-fixing plants can reveal the atmospheric composition of the past. He set out to analyze old plant fossils to gain insights into ancient atmospheres.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This analysis led to the realization that the surviving cycads were the ones that had developed nitrogen-fixing capabilities, unlike their extinct counterparts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolving-plants">Evolving plants</h2>



<p>“Instead of being a story about the atmosphere, we realized this was a story about the ecology of these plants that changed through time,” said Kipp, who spent nearly a decade on this finding, first at UW and then as a postdoctoral researcher at CalTech.</p>



<p>The surviving cycads showed the same nitrogen signatures in their fossils as modern cycads, indicating their reliance on symbiotic bacteria for nitrogen. This contrasted with older, extinct cycad fossils, which lacked this nitrogen signature.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The exact benefits of nitrogen fixation for the survival of these cycads remain an area of ongoing research. It might have aided them in adapting to the dramatic climatic changes post-dinosaur extinction or in competing with rapidly proliferating angiosperms, or perhaps both.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Kipp's upcoming role at Duke University will further focus on using the fossil record to unravel Earth's climate history and its potential future.</p>



<p>Much of what we know about ancient atmospheres comes from chemical studies of ancient sea life and sediments, said Kipp. Applying some of those methods to terrestrial plants will add new pieces to this puzzle.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about cycads</h2>



<p>Cycads are a group of ancient, seed-producing plants that have a long and fascinating history. Here are some key aspects about them:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Ancient lineage</h3>



<p>Cycads are among the oldest seed plants on Earth, dating back over 280 million years. They were already ancient when dinosaurs roamed the Earth, thriving during the Mesozoic era.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Physical appearance</h3>



<p>Cycads resemble palm trees or ferns but are not closely related to either. They typically have a stout and woody trunk with a crown of large, hard and stiff, evergreen leaves. They can vary in size from small, few-centimeter-tall plants to large trees.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Reproduction</h3>



<p>Cycads are dioecious, meaning individual plants are either male or female. They reproduce via cones, with pollination often occurring through the wind or insects, notably beetles.&nbsp;Some species also exhibit environmental sex determination, where temperature influences the sex of the plant.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Geographical distribution&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Cycads are primarily found in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. They are native to South and Central America, Australia, Asia, and Africa.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Diversity</h3>



<p>There are around 300 species of cycads, categorized into three families: Cycadaceae, Stangeriaceae, and Zamiaceae. Each family and species have unique characteristics and adaptations.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Ecological role</h3>



<p>In their native habitats, cycads play significant roles in the ecosystem. They provide food and habitat for various animal species. However, they are slow-growing and have specific habitat requirements, making them sensitive to environmental changes.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Threats and conservation</h3>



<p>Many cycad species are endangered due to habitat destruction, over-collection, and environmental changes. Conservation efforts include habitat protection, cultivation in botanical gardens, and strict regulation of trade (many species are listed under CITES - the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora).</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Cultural significance</h3>



<p>Cycads have been used by various cultures for food, medicine, and ornamental purposes. However, care must be taken as many parts of the plant are toxic if not properly processed.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Fossil record</h3>



<p>Cycads have a rich fossil record, which helps scientists understand the Earth's prehistoric environments and the evolution of plant life. Their persistence through various geological periods and mass extinctions makes them an important subject of study in paleobotany and evolutionary biology.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-02251-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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How plants used nitrogen to survive the dinosaur extinction

A new study has uncovered how some plants used nitrogen...

<p>A recent study conducted by the <a href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Oxford</a> has uncovered a concerning insight into the world of bumblebees and their interaction with pesticides.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increased-exposure">Increased exposure</h2>



<p>The researchers found that bumblebees are unable to taste pesticides in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sipping-on-nectar-hummingbirds-consume-a-surprising-amount-of-alcohol/">nectar</a>, even when these pesticides are at levels that could be lethal.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This finding is particularly alarming as it indicates that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-rusty-patched-bumblebee-a-very-important-pollinator-is-on-the-edge-of-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bumblebees</a> cannot avoid ingesting contaminated nectar, thereby significantly increasing their risk of exposure to harmful pesticides.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bumblebees-and-pesticides">Bumblebees and pesticides</h2>



<p>"Bees are important pollinators of agricultural crops, but their populations are at risk when pesticides are used. One of the largest risks bees face is poisoning of floral nectar and pollen by insecticides," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>"Studies of bee detection of neonicotinoids have reported contradictory evidence about whether <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bumblebees-have-an-incredible-sense-of-smell-to-find-their-way-home/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bees</a> can taste these pesticides in sucrose solutions and hence avoid them."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-detecting-toxic-compounds-nbsp">Detecting toxic compounds&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Given their innate ability to taste and differentiate between various sugary solutions, the team wanted to investigate if this sense of taste could extend to detecting and avoiding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/glyphosate-disrupts-brood-care-in-bumblebees/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pesticides</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Previous observations had shown that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/european-bumblebees-face-extinction-as-their-habitats-vanish/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bumblebees</a> could detect certain toxic compounds, such as quinine, which tastes bitter to them.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-research-was-conducted-nbsp">How the research was conducted&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The team, led by Dr. Rachel Parkinson of the University of Oxford's Department of Biology, employed two distinct methods to assess the bumblebees' ability to taste two types of pesticides: neonicotinoid and sulfoximine.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study focused on Bombus terrestris, a common species of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bumblebees-choose-immediate-rewards-over-energy-efficiency/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bumblebee</a>, and used nectar from oilseed rape (Brassica napus) as a base for the experiments.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bees-response-when-tasting-pesticides">Bees' response when tasting pesticides</h2>



<p>The first method involved electrophysiology to record the neuron responses in the taste sensilla, akin to tastebuds, on the bumblebees' mouthparts.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This technique allowed the researchers to determine the strength of the bees' response to the taste. The second method involved offering the bees sugar solutions with and without the addition of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rising-temperatures-increase-pesticide-toxicity-in-bees/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pesticides</a> and observing their feeding behavior.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-insights-into-bees-and-pesticides">Critical insights into bees and pesticides</h2>



<p>The results showed that there was no difference in neuron responses whether the bees consumed sugar solution alone or sugar solution mixed with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honey-bees-cannot-fly-straight-after-ingesting-pesticides/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pesticides</a>. This indicates that the bumblebees' mouthparts lack the mechanisms to detect common pesticides in nectar.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Furthermore, in the behavioral tests, the bees consumed equal amounts of both the pesticide-laced and pesticide-free solutions, even when the pesticide concentration was high enough to be harmful.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-this-study-is-significant">Why this study is significant</h2>



<p>"As bumblebees cannot taste pesticides and don’t experience immediate negative consequences from drinking them, they likely would not be able to avoid consuming nectar contaminated with pesticides in the field," said Dr. Parkinson.</p>



<p>"This research is important when considering the use of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pesticides-make-it-harder-for-male-bees-to-attract-mates/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pesticides</a> on outdoor crops due to the risk posed to bees as they will not avoid drinking these compounds. Potentially, these findings could be applied towards searching for a non-toxic compound that tastes bad to bees and could be used as a 'bee deterrent' on pesticide-treated crops that do not require insect pollination."</p>



<p>The researchers also explored the concept of "bitter" taste avoidance using quinine. While bees did not reduce their intake of the pesticide-infused solutions, they did show an aversion to quinine-laced sugar solutions at high concentrations, suggesting some ability to detect and react to specific bitter tastes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study highlights a critical issue in the interaction between bees and pesticides, with the inability of bees to taste and therefore avoid pesticide-contaminated nectar posing a significant threat to their health and their indispensable role in pollinating crops.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The pesticides used in the study included neonicotinoids such as imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, clothianidin, and the sulfoximine pesticide sulfoxaflor.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This research opens the door to future studies and potential strategies to mitigate the risks posed by pesticide use in agriculture, particularly in relation to bee health and pollination services.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.89129.2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>eLife</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Hidden danger: Bumblebees can't taste lethal pesticides in nectar

A recent study conducted by the University of Oxford has...

Cropped,Image,Of,Woman,Gardening

<p>The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has introduced a new version of its <a href="https://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Plant Hardiness Zone Map</a> (PHZM), marking a significant update to this essential resource for gardeners and agricultural researchers. </p>



<p>This is the first major revision since 2012, offering a more detailed and accurate guide for plant cultivation across the United States.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-updates-provide-better-accuracy">Updates provide better accuracy</h2>



<p>The 2023 PHZM, developed jointly by USDA's Agricultural Research Service (ARS) and Oregon State University's <a href="https://prism.oregonstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PRISM Climate Group</a>, represents a notable improvement over previous versions. This enhanced map provides a refined tool for determining the most suitable plants for specific locations, catering to the needs of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gardening-is-beneficial-for-physical-and-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gardeners</a> and growers.</p>



<p>In tandem with the map updates, the PHZM website has expanded, now featuring a "Tips for Growers" section. This addition offers insights into USDA ARS research programs, benefiting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urban-gardens-provide-a-reliable-food-supply-for-pollinators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gardeners</a> and plant breeders with valuable information.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-2023-plant-hardiness-map-innovations">2023 Plant Hardiness map innovations</h2>



<p>The latest map is based on 30-year temperature averages, categorized into 10-degree Fahrenheit zones and subdivided into 5-degree Fahrenheit half-zones. These divisions are crucial for understanding the nuances of local climate conditions.</p>



<p>Like its 2012 predecessor, the 2023 map maintains a user-friendly, Geographic Information System (GIS)-based interactive format. However, it surpasses the previous version by incorporating data from 13,412 weather stations, significantly more than the 7,983 stations used in 2012.</p>



<p>A noteworthy improvement in the new map is its detailed rendering for Alaska. The area of detail for this region has been refined from a 6 ¼-square-mile area to a more precise ¼ square mile. </p>



<p>ARS Administrator Dr. Simon Liu comments, "These updates reflect our ongoing commitment to ensuring the Plant Hardiness Zone Map remains a premier source of information for users across the U.S., including in Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-plant-hardiness-zones">Understanding plant hardiness zones</h2>



<p>The PHZM is not only a resource for approximately 80 million American gardeners and growers. It also serves various other sectors. For instance, the <a href="https://www.rma.usda.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">USDA Risk Management Agency</a> utilizes the map for setting crop insurance standards. In addition, scientists incorporate the zone designations in numerous research models.</p>



<p>The map's zones represent the "average annual extreme minimum temperature" at a location over a 30-year period. This measure is crucial for determining the survivability of plants in different regions, based on their winter temperature tolerance.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-2023-map-s-zone-structure">The 2023 map's zone structure</h2>



<p>Maintaining the 13-zone structure of the 2012 map, each zone in the 2023 version is further divided into 'A' and 'B' half zones. A comparison between the two maps reveals significant shifts in some areas to warmer half zones, indicative of a 0-5 degrees Fahrenheit warming, though not uniformly across the country.</p>



<p>The 2023 map includes temperature data from 1991 to 2020, contributing to its updated zone boundaries. Notably, the map shows a "warmer" Alaska, primarily due to the inclusion of data from the state's mountainous regions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-temperature-variability-and-climate-change">Temperature variability and climate change</h2>



<p>The extreme minimum temperature, representing the coldest night of the year, varies significantly and is influenced by local weather patterns. Map developers caution against using these temperature updates as indicators of global climate change, as they are based on highly variable and specific data points.</p>



<p>In a shift towards digital accessibility, a paper version of the 2023 map will not be available for purchase. Instead, the map is freely downloadable online, allowing widespread access and the ability to print copies as needed. This approach ensures that the latest plant hardiness information is readily available to all interested parties.</p>



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New ‘Plant Hardiness Zone’ map released by the USDA

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has introduced a new...

<p>A new study published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06723-z"><em>Nature</em></a> has found that allowing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mixed-forests-with-many-tree-species-are-more-effective-at-carbon-storage/">forests</a> to naturally recover could capture approximately 226 Gigatons (Gt) of carbon. However, this is only feasible if there is a simultaneous reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study emphasizes the importance of community-driven efforts in conserving and restoring forest biodiversity to achieve these carbon capture goals.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forest-carbon-potential-nbsp">Forest carbon potential&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The role of forests in carbon capture has been a subject of heated debate. A previous study published in the journal <em>Science</em> argued that forest restoration could sequester over 200 Gt of carbon, but subsequent discussions raised concerns about environmental impacts and the accuracy of this estimate.</p>



<p>Now, an international team of researchers led by <a href="https://ethz.ch/de.html">ETH Zurich</a> has integrated ground-sourced data and satellite datasets to clarify the forest carbon potential.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-insights-nbsp">Critical insights&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The analysis revealed that forests currently store about 328 Gt less carbon than they could naturally, largely due to deforestation.</p>



<p>Excluding areas used for urban and agricultural purposes, forests could sequester around 226 Gt in low human footprint regions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Moreover, protecting and allowing existing forests to mature can contribute to 61 percent of this potential, with the remainder achievable through ecosystem restoration and management.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-redefining-forest-restoration-nbsp">Redefining forest restoration&nbsp;</h2>



<p>These findings emphasize the need for a diverse range of species to maximize the forest carbon potential. According to the scientists, biodiversity accounts for approximately half of the global forest productivity, highlighting the necessity of including natural species diversity in restoration efforts.</p>



<p>The authors stress that effective restoration is a deeply social endeavor involving various community-driven efforts to promote biodiversity. “We need to redefine what restoration means to many people,” said senior author Thomas Crowther, a professor of Ecology at ETH Zurich.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Restoration is not about mass tree plantations to offset carbon emissions. Restoration means directing the flow of wealth towards millions of local communities, Indigenous populations, and farmers that promote biodiversity across the globe. Only when healthy biodiversity is the preferred choice for local communities will we get long-term carbon capture as a byproduct.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Thus, the study underscores the vital role of forests in carbon storage but cautions against considering them a substitute for reducing fossil fuel emissions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“My biggest fear is that corporations misuse this information as an excuse to avoid cutting fossil fuel emissions,” Crowther added. “The more we emit, the more we threaten nature and people. There can be no choice between reducing emissions and protecting nature because we urgently need both. We need nature for climate, and we need climate action for nature!”&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Forests are incredible places, teeming with life and delivering countless benefits for humanity. This research reaffirms that we can make meaningful contributions to the fight against climate change by protecting and restoring degraded forests, and drawing on the wisdom and leadership of the local communities that know these ecosystems best. We owe it to nature, to future generations and to ourselves to meet this global challenge,” concluded world-famous primatologist and anthropologist Jane Goodall.</p>



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Restoring forest biodiversity has massive potential for carbon capture

A new study published in the journal Nature has found...

<p>Lightning has been identified as the leading cause of wildfires in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unexpected-changes-what-happens-to-boreal-forests-after-fire/">boreal forests</a>, a critical area for carbon storage, and is expected to become more frequent with climate change. This is the alarming conclusion of a new study led by Dr. Matthew Jones from the <a href="https://www.uea.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of East Anglia</a>’s Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, alongside international collaborators.</p>



<p>Using machine learning, the team predicted wildfire ignitions globally, identifying whether they were caused by humans or natural lightning. This research marks the first time fire ignition sources have been attributed on a global scale.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-important-insights">Important insights</h2>



<p>The findings revealed that 77% of burned areas in intact extratropical forests were caused by lightning. This contrasts sharply with tropical regions, where fires are predominantly human-caused.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Intact extratropical forests, largely undisturbed and sparsely populated, are mainly located in the remote boreal forests of the northern hemisphere.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lightning-frequency">Lightning frequency</h3>



<p>Further insights were gained using climate models to predict changes in lightning frequency as the planet warms.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study found an 11 to 31% increase in lightning frequency per degree of global warming over these forests, indicating a heightened risk of wildfires due to climate change.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lightning-fires">Lightning fires</h3>



<p>Lightning fires tend to be larger, more intense, and more confined to remote areas during periods of extreme fuel dryness compared to human-caused fires.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team's previous work showed that conditions conducive to fires are becoming more frequent and intense as the climate warms, leading to increased forest flammability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extratropical-forests-nbsp">Extratropical forests&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Extratropical forests are globally significant, storing vast amounts of carbon in vegetation and permafrost soils.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Remarkably, although they cover only about 1% of Earth’s land surface, these forests contribute over 8% of global CO2 emissions from fires. Fires in these regions could amplify greenhouse gas emissions from permafrost thaw by 30% by the end of the century, following a moderate emissions scenario.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carbon-stores">Carbon stores</h2>



<p>“Extratropical forests are globally important because they lock up dense stores of carbon in vegetation and soils, helping to keep CO2 out of the atmosphere and moderate global warming," said Dr. Jones. “However, when fires occur in these regions, they emit more CO2 per unit area than virtually anywhere else on Earth."</p>



<p>“Our research highlights that extratropical forests are vulnerable to the combined effects of a warmer, drier climate and a heightened likelihood of ignitions by lightning strikes."</p>



<p>“Future increases in lightning ignitions threaten to destabilize vast carbon stores in extratropical forests, particularly as weather conditions become warmer, drier, and overall more fire-prone in these regions.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extreme-events">Extreme events</h2>



<p>The research gains relevance in the context of Canada's record-breaking fire season in 2023, where emissions were over four times the average of the past two decades.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Dr. Thomas Janssen from VU, the study's lead author, noted that while the research didn't specifically address Canada's fire season, it helps understand such extreme events.</p>



<p>“While our research did not focus specifically on this year’s extreme fire season in Canada, it does help us to understand this year’s events. Extreme fire seasons in boreal forests, like the one we saw in Canada this year, will be more likely in warmer climates due to hotter, drier weather and more lighting strikes," said Dr. Janssen.</p>



<p>“The fires in Canada this year closely follow record-breaking fire seasons in the Siberian boreal forests in 2020 and 2021.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reinforcing-feedback">Reinforcing feedback</h2>



<p>The researchers warn that greenhouse gas emissions from fires can contribute to rising concentrations of carbon in the atmosphere and drive additional warming, further exaggerating the likelihood of fires and other adverse impacts of climate change in future.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Increased greenhouse gas emissions from wildfires reinforces the problem of climate change, with more fires occurring as the climate warms and more greenhouse gases being emitted by fires," said Professor Sander Veraverbeke.</p>



<p>“This ‘reinforcing feedback’ is particularly important in boreal forests, most of which are underlain by carbon-rich permafrost soils that take many hundreds of years to form if they are lost to fire.”&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications">Study implications</h2>



<p>"Our work has shown that the risk of lightning ignitions increases substantially as the planet warms, meaning that every tenth of a degree of warming that we can avoid will translate directly into a reduced risk of wildfire," said Dr. Jones.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Curbing emissions of greenhouse gases from fossil fuel use and land use change is critical to avoiding the worst additional risks of wildfire in many regions, but especially in the boreal forests where fires are so sensitive to warming.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/ngeo/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Geoscience</em></a>.</p>



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Lightning is the leading cause of wildfires in boreal forests

Lightning has been identified as the leading cause of wildfires...

Breathtaking,Panoramic,Aerial,View,Of,The,Hills,Of,Colorful,Red,

<p>In the global fight against climate change, trees serve as an invaluable ally. This is especially true in mixed forests. Through the process of photosynthesis, forests absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide -- a primary greenhouse gas -- and store it in soil, shrubs, and their very fibers. </p>



<p>This natural form of carbon sequestration is essential in the efforts to slow down the warming of our planet. Recognizing this, many countries have pledged to restore forests as a part of their environmental strategies.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mixed-forests-vs-monocultures">Mixed forests vs. monocultures</h2>



<p>Recent research emphasizes a key nuance in reforestation efforts: the type of forests we restore. Mixed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tropical-trees-use-social-distancing-to-promote-forest-diversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forests</a> -- ecosystems where a variety of tree species coexist -- outshine their single-species counterparts in carbon storage. </p>



<p>Dr. Emily Warner of the <a href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Oxford</a> and her team have shown that forests with a mix of species can store up to 70% more carbon than monocultures. The secret lies in the complementary traits of different species which, when combined, lead to more effective carbon absorption and storage.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dual-benefits-of-mixed-species-forests">Dual benefits of mixed species forests</h2>



<p>Apart from carbon storage, mixed forests bring forth increased resilience against threats such as pests, diseases, and climate disturbances. This resilience not only safeguards the forests but also ensures the longevity of their carbon storage capabilities.</p>



<p> Additionally, these forests are hotspots for biodiversity, supporting a richer variety of life forms and providing a wider range of ecosystem services.</p>



<p>Despite the clear advantages of mixed forests, reforestation efforts around the world are predominantly geared towards monoculture plantations. These are often chosen for their simplicity and economic benefits. However, this approach overlooks the long-term environmental and ecological gains of diversified planting.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-comparative-analysis-of-carbon-stocks">Comparative analysis of carbon stocks</h2>



<p>In a comprehensive study spearheaded by Dr. Warner, an international team of scientists has laid bare the stark differences in carbon storage between mixed and single-species forests. </p>



<p>Their analysis, which includes data from studies since 1975 and recent global tree diversity experiments, indicates that four-species mixtures are particularly effective as carbon sinks, more so than even the best-performing monocultures.</p>



<p>The implications of this study are significant for forest management. Dr. Susan Cook-Patton, a collaborator from <a href="https://www.nature.org/en-us/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Nature Conservancy</a>, highlights that there's not only an environmental but also a productivity incentive to diversify newly planted forests. </p>



<p>These findings could potentially reshape reforestation policies and practices, aligning them more closely with climate change mitigation goals.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diversification-as-a-strategy">Diversification as a strategy</h2>



<p>While the study's findings are compelling, the researchers acknowledge the need for more data, especially from older and more diverse forests. They call for extended research to further understand the dynamics behind the increased carbon storage in mixed forests and how it may vary by factors such as location, species mix, and forest age.</p>



<p>This research advocates for a shift in the global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animals-are-a-powerful-driver-of-forest-recovery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reforestation</a> approach. By embracing the diversification of planted forests, we can significantly amplify the benefits of our reforestation efforts, turning them into more potent tools against climate change. </p>



<p>As countries continue to develop and refine their environmental strategies, this study serves as a crucial piece of evidence for the potential of mixed-species forests in creating a more sustainable and resilient future.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://blog.frontiersin.org/2023/11/09/multiple-tree-species-effective-carbon-sinks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Forests and Global Change</a></em>.</p>



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Mixed forests with many tree species are more effective at carbon storage

In the global fight against climate change, trees serve as...

<p>In a remarkable discovery, Finnish scientists have identified that an extract from willow bark may hold the key to combating future viral <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-can-we-learn-from-previous-bird-flu-outbreaks/">outbreaks</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This plant, which historically contributed to the development of aspirin, has now been found to have broad-spectrum antiviral properties, effective against both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. These include strains that cause common colds, COVID-19, flu, and meningitis.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-antiviral-agents">Antiviral agents</h2>



<p>Professor Varpu Marjomäki from the <a href="https://beta.jyu.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Jyväskylä</a>, who led the research, emphasized the urgent need for versatile antiviral agents in the face of emerging epidemics.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“We need broadly acting and efficient tools to combat the virus load in our everyday life,” said Professor Marjomäki. “Vaccinations are important, but they cannot deal with many of the newly emerging serotypes early enough to be effective on their own.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>The research team had previously demonstrated the effectiveness of willow bark extract on enteroviruses. For the new study, they wanted to test the extract on additional types of viruses. The goal was to understand the underlying mechanism of action.</p>



<p>Through a meticulous process of harvesting, grinding, and hot water extraction, the researchers produced a willow bark extract.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-promising-results">Promising results</h2>



<p>The extract demonstrated high efficacy in protecting cells from viral infections without damaging the cells themselves. This finding is particularly significant given the absence of clinically approved drugs targeting enteroviruses.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distinct-mechanisms-nbsp">Distinct mechanisms&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Interestingly, while the extract prevented both types of viruses from spreading, the mechanism of action varied. For enveloped coronaviruses, the extract disrupted the virus structure, whereas for non-enveloped enteroviruses, it prevented the release of the viral genome, effectively stopping reproduction.</p>



<p>“The extracts acted through distinct mechanisms against different viruses,” said Marjomäki. “But the extracts were equally effective in inhibiting the enveloped as well as non-enveloped viruses.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-commercial-extracts-nbsp">Commercial extracts&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The team also tested various willow-derived compounds and commercial extracts. Only one showed antiviral activity, suggesting that a complex interaction of bioactive compounds in the bark extract could be responsible for the observed effects.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Despite the promising results, the exact bioactive compounds and their mechanisms are not yet fully understood. The team is committed to continuing their research, aiming to isolate and identify these compounds and expand their studies to a broader spectrum of viruses.</p>



<p>“We are presently continuing fractionations and bioactive molecule identification from willow bark extracts,” said Marjomäki. “This will give us a number of identified pure molecules which we can study in further detail. Also, we will study a larger number of viruses with purified components. Purified components will give us better opportunities to study their mechanisms of action.”</p>



<p>If successful, this research could pave the way for new, nature-derived medicines to treat viral infections like colds and flu, marking a significant breakthrough in antiviral therapy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-willow-bark">Willow bark</h2>



<p>Willow bark, the bark of several varieties of willow tree, has been used for centuries for pain relief and as an anti-inflammatory agent. It contains salicin, a substance that when taken into the body is metabolized to salicylic acid, which is the active component of aspirin. The use of willow bark dates back to the time of Hippocrates when people were advised to chew on the bark to reduce fever and inflammation.</p>



<p>Willow bark is available as a herbal supplement and is used for various conditions such as headaches, muscle pain, menstrual cramps, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, gout, and a disease of the spine called ankylosing spondylitis. It's considered a natural alternative to synthetic aspirin, being gentler on the stomach, though it acts more slowly than aspirin and the effects are less potent per dosage.</p>



<p>The efficacy of willow bark as an antiviral agent, as highlighted in the study, opens up new potential applications for this traditional medicine. The researchers are delving into the complex interactions of its bioactive compounds to understand how they confer antiviral properties, which could lead to innovative treatments for viral diseases in the future.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1249794" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Frontiers in Microbiology</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Willow bark may contain life-saving antiviral medications 

In a remarkable discovery, Finnish scientists have identified that an...

<p>A significant number of Europe’s plants and animals are edging closer to disappearance. A new study indicates that around 20 percent of the species on the European Red List are threatened with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-may-be-enduring-its-seventh-mass-extinction-not-sixth/">extinction</a>. This includes a surprising array of invertebrates whose risk of dying out is much greater than previously estimated.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The research was led by Axel Hochkirch of the <a href="https://www.mnhn.lu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Musée National d’Histoire Naturelle</a> in Luxembourg. The team analyzed 14,669 species, which represent approximately 10 percent of all known terrestrial, freshwater, and marine flora and fauna in Europe. </p>



<p>This exhaustive review was based on data from the International Union for Conservation of Nature's <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Red List of Threatened Species</a>, a key resource for evaluating the conservation status of plant and animal species globally.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-european-red-list-nbsp">European Red List&nbsp;</h2>



<p>"In Europe, taxonomic coverage of the IUCN Red List is more extensive than in other parts of the world, as the European Commission has funded European Red List assessments of thousands of species from a wide variety of taxonomic groups since 2006," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>"These include all vertebrates (amphibians, birds, fishes, mammals and reptiles), functionally important invertebrate groups (all bees, butterflies, dragonflies, grasshoppers, crickets, bush-crickets, freshwater and terrestrial mollusks, and a selection of saproxylic beetles) and about 12 percent of the known plant species in Europe (including all ferns and lycopods, orchids, trees, aquatic plants and bryophytes, as well as selected shrubs, medicinal plants, priority crop wild relatives, and plants listed in policy instruments)."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-researchers-learned-nbsp">What the researchers learned&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Alarmingly, the researchers found that 27 percent of plant species, 24 percent of invertebrates, and 18 percent of vertebrates included in the study are on the brink of extinction.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Invertebrates, often overlooked in conservation efforts, appear to be more imperiled than was previously thought, as highlighted by the latest reports from the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-greater-extinction-risk">Greater extinction risk</h2>



<p>"These numbers exceed recent IPBES (Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services) assumptions of extinction risk," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Changes in agricultural practices and associated habitat loss, overharvesting, pollution and development are major threats to biodiversity. Maintaining and restoring sustainable land and water use practices is crucial to minimize future biodiversity declines."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-call-to-action">Call to action</h2>



<p>The study is not just a call to alarm but a call to action. The researchers emphasize the need for increased conservation action, recognizing the crucial role of biodiversity in food security, wealth generation, and overall well-being in Europe.</p>



<p>Further investigation into specific threats and effective conservation strategies is imperative, according to the research team. Such work is vital to guide and measure the success of initiatives aiming to curb the loss of biodiversity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>"Biodiversity loss is a major global challenge and minimizing extinction rates is the goal of several multilateral environmental agreements. Policy decisions require comprehensive, spatially explicit information on species’ distributions and threats," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“This comprehensive analysis of 14,669 continental Red List assessments for European animal and plant species suggests that 2 million plant and animal species are threatened with extinction. This result doubles the latest IPBES assumption of 1 million threatened species.”</p>



<p>The research is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0293083" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>PLOS ONE</em></a>.</p>



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One fifth of all European endangered species may vanish 

A significant number of Europe’s plants and animals are edging...

<p>In an intriguing twist to the ongoing debate surrounding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-use-strongly-linked-to-mental-disorders-in-a-new-study/">cannabis</a>, a recent study has shed light on the drug's potential impact on empathy. Psychological assessments reveal that regular cannabis users might have a keener sense of others' emotions.</p>



<p>The researchers found that frequent cannabis users demonstrated a heightened understanding of other people's emotional states.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The investigation did not merely rely on subjective psychological evaluations. The experts extended its scope to include brain imaging tests</p>



<p>The tests revealed that the anterior cingulate - a brain region typically influenced by cannabis - exhibited stronger connections with areas that are responsible for sensing the emotional states of others within the individual's own body.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This neurobiological evidence suggests that the drug's influence on the brain may play a role in the users' increased empathetic abilities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-research-was-conducted-nbsp">How the research was conducted&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study's comprehensive approach included a sample of 85 regular cannabis users and 51 non-consumers.&nbsp;</p>



<p>All participants underwent psychometric testing to gauge empathy levels. Additionally, a subset of the group, consisting of 46 users and 34 non-users, participated in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) exams to observe the brain's activity and network connectivity.</p>



<p>The results are particularly noteworthy because they challenge existing stereotypes about cannabis users and offer a fresh perspective on the substance's neurological impact.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-therapeutic-applications-nbsp">New therapeutic applications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Study co-author Dr. Víctor Olalde-Mathieu from the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México noted that these preliminary findings could pave the way for novel therapeutic applications of cannabis.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Although further research is needed, these results open an exciting new window for exploring the potential effects of cannabis in aiding treatments for conditions involving deficits in social interactions, such as sociopathy, social anxiety, and avoidant personality disorder, among others,” said Dr. Olalde-Mathieu.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance-nbsp">Study significance&nbsp;</h2>



<p>"Cannabis use has generally been associated with negative mental health and behavioral outcomes. Using fMRI connectivity and psychometric methods, this study found that regular cannabis users have a greater understanding of the emotions of others," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>"Furthermore, the anterior cingulate, a region generally affected by cannabis use and related to empathy, had stronger functional connectivity with brain regions related to sensing the emotional states of others within one's own body."</p>



<p>"These findings highlight positive effects of cannabis on interpersonal relationships and potential therapeutic applications."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-further-research-is-needed-nbsp">Further research is needed&nbsp;</h2>



<p>While the findings are promising, the researchers note that further research is needed to fully understand the implications of cannabis use in this context. The study does not conclusively establish causation, nor does it delve into the long-term effects of cannabis on empathy and social behavior.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>This research marks a significant step towards demystifying the multifaceted effects of cannabis on the human mind and social functioning. It opens a new window for exploring how cannabis could be integrated into therapeutic strategies for social disorders, potentially leading to groundbreaking treatment options.&nbsp;</p>



<p>As the scientific community continues to investigate the brain and behavioral changes of cannabis users, this study serves as a pivotal reference point for future inquiries and clinical trials.</p>



<p>The research is published in the <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jnr.25252?utm_medium=email&amp;utm_source=publicity&amp;utm_content=WRH_11_6_23&amp;utm_term=JNR"><em>Journal of Neuroscience Research</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Cannabis users may learn to understand the emotions of others

In an intriguing twist to the ongoing debate surrounding cannabis,...

<p>Researchers from Israel have introduced a new database that is the first of its kind to combine data on plant distribution and life cycles on a global scale. This research has implications for understanding the impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-trees-are-not-responding-well-to-climate-change/">climate change</a> on plant life, particularly annuals, and could shape future agricultural practices and conservation efforts.</p>



<p>The study was led by Dr. Niv DeMalach of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Professor Itay Mayrose of Tel Aviv University, and Dr. Tyler Poppenwimer, a researcher at the FDA.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The newly created database is extensive, including information on the life cycles of around 235,000 species - equivalent to 67 percent of species known to science - collected over an 80-year span.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-perennials-vs-annuals-nbsp">Perennials vs. annuals&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Plants are broadly classified into perennials, which live for more than a year, and annuals, which complete their life cycle in a single season.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While perennials, such as grasses, trees, and bushes, form the bulk of the world's flora and are crucial for ecosystem stability, annuals dominate agricultural lands and our diets, being a primary source of carbohydrates and proteins.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-annual-distribution-nbsp">Annual distribution&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Contrary to previous assumptions, the research identified that the abundance of annuals is not uniform worldwide. Their distribution is significantly influenced by seasonal climates rather than average annual temperature and rainfall.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study provided a surprising revelation that annuals are less prevalent globally than previously estimated, occupying less than six percent of plant species compared to the earlier assumed 12 percent.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The findings shed light on historical human agricultural practices, particularly in the Middle East, where the climate favored the cultivation of annuals, thus facilitating the birth of agriculture.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study also raises concerns for the future. It supports the prediction that the prevalence of annuals will increase due to human impact, which could potentially harm the environment due to their less efficient role in carbon sequestration compared to perennials.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance-nbsp">Study significance&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“The study both helps explain human history and is relevant for the future of humankind. It helps us understand why agriculture, which is the basis for human civilization, first appeared in the Middle East," said Dr. DeMalach.</p>



<p>"Our region is unusual in its high proportion of annuals, and now we know why - it has the right climate conditions. Food production is based mainly on annual species. This is true today, and it was true thousands of years ago."</p>



<p>"These conditions facilitated the transition from a hunter-gatherer society to an agricultural society. Regarding the future, our model suggests that the human species has become the most influential factor on the planet, and not only will its impact have consequences for wild plant life, but the changes caused will also affect human life in turn.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-upcoming-challenges">Upcoming challenges</h2>



<p>Dr. DeMalach said that one of the great challenges facing humanity in the 21st century is providing food for billions of people with minimal damage to the environment.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Therefore, extensive efforts are being made to shift from annual crops to perennial crops, which are&nbsp; more environmentally friendly," said Dr. DeMalach. “The problem today is that perennial crops are still less productive, and there is great debate as to whether they can be made more productive in the future.”</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06644-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Plant life cycles: Predicting the impacts of climate change

Researchers from Israel have introduced a new database that is...

<p>The issue of increased <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/influx-of-salt-in-water-soil-and-air-poses-a-potential-health-crisis/">soil salinity</a>, a growing global problem in agriculture, has been the focus of recent research by scientists at <a href="https://www.elte.hu/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eötvös Loránd University</a> (ELTE) in Hungary. The experts set out to investigate the effects of high salt concentrations on the development of wheat seedlings, particularly those germinating deep in the soil. </p>



<p>This research is critical, given that salinization affects the livelihood of over one and a half billion people globally.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-greening-nbsp">Plant greening&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The investigation revealed that the process of greening in wheat leaves, which includes chlorophyll biosynthesis and the development of chloroplasts, is significantly hampered when these leaves, growing in dark, saline soils, are suddenly exposed to various ions. This exposure can lead to stress and potentially the death of the seedlings.</p>



<p>“Many researchers have been investigating for a long time how high soil salinity inhibits the germination of most economically important crops and reduces their yields. However, no studies are available about how saline soils affect the leaves of plant seedlings developing from seeds sown deep into the soil according to agricultural planting protocols of many crops. This is even more surprising as salinization of croplands affects about one and a half billion people worldwide,” said senior author Katalin Solymosi, an assistant professor of Biology at ELTE.</p>



<p>The scientists discovered that sodium ions (Na+) have the most detrimental impact on plant greening, while potassium (K+) salts, such as those found in wood ash, and calcium chloride (CaCl2) are more benign alternatives for ice-melting purposes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“In this context, it is particularly surprising that no study has so far investigated in detail how high salt concentrations affect the greening of wheat seedlings, even though it is obvious that the leaves of plants germinating in soil are directly exposed to soil salinity,” explained lead author Adél Sóti, a PhD student at ELTE.</p>



<p>“We found a simple method to investigate how salt affects the greening of plants. After 11 days of germination in complete darkness, for example in a closed box, leaf pieces of seedlings were first exposed to different concentrations of salt for 1.5 hours as a pretreatment and then illuminated in relatively low light to green them. Greening, that is the appearance or absence of green color after 16 hours of illumination, is readily visible to the eye and indicates the extent to which the saline solution was detrimental to the process.”</p>



<p>“With electron microscopic investigations we showed that the large and abnormal swelling of the water-containing inner space (called lumen) of the etioplast inner membranes did not occur during the application of only osmotic stress and was only observed in samples treated with high Na+ concentrations. Our comparative analyses showed that high concentrations (600 mM) of KCl, KNO3 or 300 mM CaCl2 also slowed down the greening, but did not induce such marked ultrastructural changes,” added Solymosi.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>These findings highlight the significant role of soil salinity in affecting plant growth and point towards the need for more environmentally friendly approaches in areas such as road de-icing during winter. Moreover, they offer a foundation for understanding and combating the challenges posed by increasing soil salinity in agriculture worldwide.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00425-023-04255-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Planta</em></a>.</p>



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Soil salinity disrupts the development of wheat seedlings

The issue of increased soil salinity, a growing global problem...

The,Young,,Short,Pine,Tree,Dried,Up,And,Turned,Bright

<p>In the depths of verdant forests, where the tranquility is often only disturbed by the sounds of wildlife and rustling leaves, a silent crisis is unfolding amongst young trees. </p>



<p>Climate scientist Don Falk's chance encounter with a dead seedling during a forest hike has shed light on a concerning phenomenon known as recruitment failure among <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/should-we-cut-down-all-the-oak-trees-a-disturbing-discovery-makes-this-question-plausible/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a>. This discovery has significant implications for our understanding of forest resilience in the face of climate change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dire-discovery-amidst-the-green">Dire discovery amidst the green</h2>



<p>Don Falk is a respected figure in the realm of environmental science, bringing attention to looming ecological challenges. His observations and subsequent research highlight a troubling trend in the natural regeneration of young tree populations. The death of a generation of seedlings is not merely a localized issue but a warning sign of larger ecological upheaval.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recruitment-failure-is-a-grave-threat">"Recruitment failure" is a grave threat</h2>



<p>Recruitment failure denotes the widespread demise of young trees, which are pivotal for the natural restoration of forests after catastrophic events. </p>



<p>Falk, who holds a professorship at the <a href="https://www.arizona.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Arizona</a> and multiple appointments in key environmental research institutes, emphasizes the gravity of this situation. As climate change exacerbates conditions like wildfires and pestilence, the regeneration of forests hangs in the balance.</p>



<p>In an attempt to understand how extreme weather events affect tree recruitment, Falk and his colleagues embarked on a controlled study. They scrutinized the responses of five different tree species, all four years in age, to sustained periods of drought and heat.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-drought-tolerance-among-young-trees">Drought tolerance among young trees</h2>



<p>The research uncovered varying levels of drought tolerance among the species. Interestingly, all species exhibited a higher than expected resilience to heat waves.</p>



<p>During the drought simulation, while some species succumbed to prolonged water scarcity, the limber pine stood out for its remarkable endurance. Young <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-gives-pine-trees-fresh-scent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pine trees</a> survived up to 36 weeks without water. This finding contradicts common expectations, as some of the more resilient species were those accustomed to cooler, higher elevations rather than warmer, lower ones.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexpected-outcome-from-heat-waves">Unexpected outcome from heat waves</h2>



<p>The researchers also mimicked a typical heat wave, increasing temperatures significantly for a week across all species. The order of seedling death remained consistent with that of the drought experiment. In addition, the time to death only slightly accelerated. </p>



<p>These results have prompted a reevaluation of the impact of heat waves, with an emphasis on underlying drought conditions as the primary stress factor for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/younger-trees-use-up-and-release-less-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-young-trees-and-forest-management">Young trees and forest management</h2>



<p>The insights garnered from Falk and his team's work are more than academic. They are a call to action for forest managers. The surprising resilience of species like the limber <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heat-makes-pine-trees-more-susceptible-to-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pine</a> may inform decisions on what to plant in the aftermath of large-scale adult tree die-offs.</p>



<p>Professor Emeritus David Breshears is a co-author of the study. He stresses the importance of this research in guiding future forest management strategies. </p>



<p>The upcoming experiments, which plan to intensify the heat conditions, aim to further refine our understanding of how future landscapes may be shaped by these climatic challenges.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forest-resilience-hangs-in-the-balance">Forest resilience hangs in the balance</h2>



<p>As our planet faces unprecedented climatic changes, the findings of Falk and his colleagues serve as a crucial piece of the puzzle in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planting-forests-with-diverse-tree-species-increases-likelihood-of-success/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forest conservation efforts</a>. Recruitment failure is more than an academic term. It represents a potential bottleneck in the life cycle of forests that could have cascading effects on ecosystems worldwide.</p>



<p>The silent crisis observed in the demise of young <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tropical-trees-use-social-distancing-to-promote-forest-diversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a> is a stark reminder of the delicate balance within which our forests exist. With continued research and informed forest management, there is hope that this balance can be maintained, safeguarding the future of these vital ecosystems for generations to come.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-young-trees">More about young trees</h2>



<p>Young trees are the backbone of forest regeneration and ecosystem sustainability. Their growth stages are crucial in determining the future health and stability of woodlands around the world. </p>



<p>As previously discussed, understanding how these saplings grow and develop is key to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/which-trees-are-best-at-purifying-the-air/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nurturing forests</a> that can withstand environmental challenges.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-germination-the-first-step-of-life">Germination: The first step of life</h3>



<p>The journey of a young tree begins with germination. In this initial phase, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seed-production-is-slowing-down-in-older-larger-trees/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seeds</a> absorb water, causing them to swell and break through their outer shell. </p>



<p>The root begins to anchor the plant into the soil, and a shoot pushes upward towards the light. This critical stage sets the stage for a sapling's emergence.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seedling-stage-foundation-for-the-future">Seedling stage: Foundation for the future</h3>



<p>After germination, the seedling stage commences. During this period, young trees develop their first true leaves, essential for photosynthesis -- the process that fuels their growth. These first leaves, albeit temporary, are a sapling's initial solar panels, capturing sunlight to create food from carbon dioxide and water.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sapling-growth-strength-and-structure">Sapling growth: Strength and structure</h3>



<p>As seedlings transition into saplings, they grow taller, and their root systems expand both deep and wide into the earth. This growth spurt allows them to access more nutrients and water, critical to outcompete grasses and shrubs. Stems thicken, providing the necessary support for the young tree to stand against the elements.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-young-trees-coping-with-environmental-stress">Young trees coping with environmental stress</h3>



<p>Young trees must endure and adapt to various environmental stresses, including drought, pests, and shade. Their ability to cope with these stresses is crucial for survival. </p>



<p>As they mature, trees develop thicker bark to protect against pests and diseases. They also form stronger wood to resist wind and weather, while their leaves optimize to maximize sunlight absorption.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-the-early-years">Importance of the early years</h3>



<p>The early years of a tree's life are determinative. They establish the resilience necessary to face challenges like climate change, disease, and human interference. Ensuring that saplings have the right conditions to thrive during this period is essential for the long-term health of forests.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-intervention-aiding-young-tree-growth">Human intervention: Aiding young tree growth</h3>



<p>Foresters and conservationists often intervene to support young trees. They may provide water during dry spells, erect barriers to protect against wildlife, or thin out competing vegetation. This human aid can be the difference between a thriving forest and a struggling one.</p>



<p>As young trees grow, they begin to contribute to their ecosystem. They offer habitat and food for wildlife, improve soil health, and contribute to the carbon cycle, mitigating climate change impacts.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nurturing-the-next-generation">Nurturing the next generation</h3>



<p>The growth of young trees is a complex, vital process that lays the foundation for a robust and resilient forest ecosystem. It is a testament to the intricate balance of nature and the importance of each stage in a tree's life cycle. </p>



<p>By understanding and supporting this growth, humans can ensure that forests continue to thrive. Doing so will provide innumerable benefits for both the environment and society at large.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the prestigious journal <em><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ffgc.2023.1198156/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Forests and Global Change</a></em>.</p>



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Young trees are not responding well to climate change

In the depths of verdant forests, where the tranquility is...

Young,Woman,Give,A,Strawberry,To,Her,Man,In,The

<p>A recent study by the <a href="https://www.uc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Cincinnati</a> has revealed promising connections between strawberry consumption and reduced risk of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-linked-to-increased-risk-of-dementia/">dementia</a> among certain middle-aged individuals.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study, led by Professor Emeritus Robert Krikorian from the UC College of Medicine, builds on earlier research that demonstrated the cognitive benefits of blueberries.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>The focus of this new research was on the unique combination of antioxidants found in strawberries.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Both strawberries and blueberries contain antioxidants called anthocyanins, which have been implicated in a variety of berry health benefits such as metabolic and cognitive enhancements,” said Dr. Krikorian.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“There is epidemiological data suggesting that people who consume strawberries or blueberries regularly have a slower rate of cognitive decline with aging.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>In addition to containing anthocyanins, Dr. Krikorian noted that strawberries contain additional micronutrients called ellagitannins and ellagic acid that have been associated with health benefits.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cognitive-function-and-strawberry-consumption">Cognitive function&nbsp;and strawberry consumption</h2>



<p>Given that around 50% of the U.S. population develops insulin resistance in middle age, a precursor to chronic diseases, the team sought to examine the impact of strawberry intake on cognitive function and metabolic health.</p>



<p>Dr. Krikorian said the metabolic and cardiovascular benefits of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastic-mulch-used-in-strawberry-production-leads-to-long-term-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">strawberry</a> consumption have been studied previously, but there were relatively few studies on its cognitive effects.</p>



<p>“This study assessed whether strawberry consumption might improve cognitive performance and metabolic health in this population and, if so, whether there might be an association between cognitive enhancement and reduced metabolic disturbance,” said Dr. Krikorian.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-to-study-strawberry-consumption">How to study strawberry consumption</h2>



<p>The research was focused on 30 heavier individuals aged 50 to 65, all experiencing mild cognitive decline - a group at heightened risk for dementia and other age-related conditions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Over 12 weeks, study participants were given a daily packet of supplement powder with their breakfast. One group received powder equivalent to a cup of strawberries, while the other received a placebo.</p>



<p>The results showed that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/strawberries-promote-cardiometabolic-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">strawberry</a> group experienced reduced memory interference, indicating improvements in executive function.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Reduced memory interference refers to less confusion of semantically related terms on a word-list learning test,” said Dr. Krikorian. “This phenomenon generally is thought to reflect better executive control in terms of resisting intrusion of non-target words during the memory testing.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-executive-abilities-nbsp">Executive abilities&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Participants in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/super-sized-fruit-strawberries-weigh-60-percent-more-than-they-did-12-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">strawberry</a> group also saw a notable decrease in symptoms of depression. Dr. Krikorian suggests that this may stem from “enhanced executive ability that would provide better emotional control and coping and perhaps better problem-solving.”</p>



<p>The implications of these findings suggest that cognitive enhancements from strawberry consumption may be due to a reduction in brain inflammation, which is often aggravated by conditions such as insulin resistance and obesity commonly found in middle age.</p>



<p>“Executive abilities begin to decline in midlife and excess abdominal fat, as in insulin resistance and obesity, will tend to increase inflammation, including in the brain,” explained Dr. Krikorian.</p>



<p>“So, one might consider that our middle-aged, overweight, prediabetic sample had higher levels of inflammation that contributed to at least mild impairment of executive abilities. Accordingly, the beneficial effects we observed might be related to moderation of inflammation in the strawberry group.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-strawberry-consumption">Implications for strawberry consumption</h2>



<p>This study adds to a growing body of evidence that diet - particularly the intake of certain berries rich in antioxidants - may play a vital role in maintaining cognitive health and reducing the risk of dementia as we age.</p>



<p>Dr. Krikorian emphasizes the need for further research, suggesting future studies should expand participant samples and explore varying dosages of strawberry supplementation to fully understand the fruit's potential benefits.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-strawberries">More about strawberries</h2>



<p>Strawberries claim a cherished spot in the heart of fruit lovers worldwide. These ruby gems are not only a feast for the eyes but also pack a punch of health benefits and culinary versatility that few other fruits can boast.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultivating-the-perfect-berry">Cultivating the perfect berry</h3>



<p>Farmers dedicate their springs and summers to cultivating strawberries, nurturing them from tiny white flowers to plump, juicy fruits. They plant mother plants, which send out runners to propagate new strawberry plants. This is an efficient and natural way to expand their strawberry fields. </p>



<p>When the season peaks, usually from April to June, the harvest begins. Each berry is handpicked with care to ensure it has reached its full ripeness because strawberries, unlike some fruits, cease to ripen once removed from the plant.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-treasure-trove-of-nutrients">A Treasure Trove of Nutrients</h3>



<p>Strawberries offer more than just their delightful taste; they are a treasure trove of nutrients. They boast an impressive amount of vitamin C, surpassing even oranges gram for gram, which bolsters the immune system. </p>



<p>The berries are also rich in manganese, essential for bone health and metabolic functions, and they offer a good amount of folate, a key nutrient for pregnant women. Potassium, fiber, and antioxidants are abundant in these fruits as well. Eating strawberries contributes to better heart health, improved digestion, and combating oxidative stress, respectively.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eating-with-strawberries">Eating with strawberries</h3>



<p>The versatility of strawberries in culinary applications is vast. Chefs and home cooks around the world cherish them for their ability to complement both sweet and savory dishes. You can eat strawberries by slicing them fresh onto morning bowls of cereal or yogurt, toss them into a spinach and goat cheese salad for a burst of sweetness, or blend them into smoothies for a refreshing drink. </p>



<p>The berries are also perfect for making jams and jellies, lending themselves to the preservation of their flavor long past their season. Desserts like strawberry shortcake, pies, and ice cream highlight their natural sweetness, while strawberry-infused balsamic vinegar can add a twist to savory dishes.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-commitment-to-local-and-fresh">Commitment to local and fresh</h3>



<p>Supporting local strawberry agriculture not only contributes to the local economy but also ensures that the strawberries on your table are the freshest available. </p>



<p>Locally sourced strawberries typically make it from field to market in less than 24 hours, maintaining their optimal flavor and nutritional content. This contrasts with supermarket berries that may have traveled long distances and lost some of their vitality along the way.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-future-for-strawberries">Sustainable future for strawberries</h3>



<p>The strawberry industry is also looking toward sustainable and organic farming practices to meet consumer demand for eco-friendly produce. This involves reducing pesticide use, conserving water, and employing natural fertilizers, making the strawberry indulgence a guilt-free pleasure.</p>



<p>In summary, strawberries stand out in the fruit world for their allure, health benefits, and versatility. As we savor these delectable fruits, we also celebrate the farmers who bring them to our tables and the sustainable practices that ensure strawberries can be enjoyed for generations to come. </p>



<p>Whether enjoyed in their natural glory, whipped into a culinary creation, or preserved for future enjoyment, strawberries continue to captivate and nourish us in countless ways.</p>



<p>The research was funded by the <a href="https://www.calstrawberry.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">California Strawberry Commission</a>.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15204431" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nutrients</em></a>.</p>



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Eating strawberries may lower the risk of dementia

A recent study by the University of Cincinnati has revealed...

<p>In the pursuit of restoring degraded ecosystems through re-vegetation, a new study highlights a critical oversight in most restoration projects – the failure to manage plant-eating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-herbivores-must-be-restored-to-balance-ecosystems/">herbivores</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The survey, which analyzed nearly 2,600 restoration efforts across various ecosystems, revealed that while many projects focus on removing competing plant species, only a mere 10% address the threat posed by herbivores to young plants.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-young-plants">Protecting young plants</h2>



<p>Professor Brian Silliman, an expert in marine conservation biology at <a href="https://duke.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Duke University</a>, emphasized the vulnerability of young plants.</p>



<p>“While most of the projects took steps to exclude competing plant species, only 10% took steps to control or temporarily exclude herbivores, despite the fact that in the early stages these plants are like lollipops - irresistible little treats for grazers,” said Silliman.</p>



<p>He explained that by not protecting plants in their early states, conservationists are missing out on great opportunity to significantly speed restoration, improve its outcomes, and lower its costs.</p>



<p>“Our analysis of the surveyed projects shows that introducing predators to keep herbivore populations in check or installing barriers to keep them at bay until plantings become more established and less vulnerable, can increase plant re-growth by 89% on average."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increased-grazing-pressure-nbsp">Increased grazing pressure&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The international research team, including experts from 20 universities and institutions, published their findings in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.add2814" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Science</em></a>.</p>



<p>Co-led by Qiang He of Fudan University and his associate Changlin Xu, the study highlights the urgency of this issue in the context of climate change, especially in warmer, drier regions where herbivore impact is most pronounced.</p>



<p>The decline of apex predators, such as wolves, lions, and sharks, which historically have kept herbivore numbers in check, is identified as a key factor contributing to increased grazing pressure. This imbalance, Silliman suggests, indirectly hinders the expansion of vegetation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-natural-predation-nbsp">Natural predation&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers are calling for a paradigm shift in restoration practices, advocating for the use of natural predation as a cost-effective and efficient method to boost plant diversity and ecosystem recovery.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to Silliman, the approach is like a "new gardening trick" with the potential to double vegetation yields.</p>



<p>Once a plant is established, the herbivores are essential too, he added. “Plants just need a small break from being eaten to get restarted making ecosystems. Once they establish, herbivores are key to maintaining plant ecosystem diversity and function.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“If we want more plants, we have to let more predators in or restore their populations,” said Silliman. “Indeed, the decline of large predators, like wolves, lions, and sharks, that normally keep herbivore populations in check, is likely an important indirect cause of high grazing pressures.”</p>



<p>“Conventional restoration is slowing our losses, but it’s not expanding vegetation in many places, and climate change could make that even more difficult."</p>



<p>This new insight into ecosystem restoration presents a compelling argument for reevaluating current methods and embracing a more holistic approach that accounts for both the predators and prey.</p>



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Predators play an overlooked role in ecosystem restoration

In the pursuit of restoring degraded ecosystems through re-vegetation, a...

<p>Sunflowers have long fascinated observers with their ability to follow the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aztecs-kept-accurate-time-using-the-sun-and-the-mountains/">sun</a> from east to west throughout the day, a behavior known as heliotropism. But the science behind this intricate dance has remained somewhat of a mystery. Now, a study led by Stacey Harmer and her team at the <a href="https://www.ucdavis.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California Davis</a> sheds light on the complexities of this behavior. The study has revealed that sunflowers rely on multiple types of light responses to execute this movement.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-phototropic-light-response">Phototropic (light) response</h2>



<p>In the past, it was believed that the sunflower's ability to move towards light sources was primarily driven by a light-dependent response pathway known as the phototropic response. This system operates when blue light, falling unevenly on a plant, gets detected by proteins known as phototropins.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These proteins then cause a redistribution of a specific plant hormone, resulting in the plant's growing tip bending towards the light. It's nature's own way of helping plants, which are anchored to one spot, to reach out for the light they need for photosynthesis.</p>



<p>However, Harmer and her colleagues' research indicates that the sunflower's heliotropism isn't solely based on this phototropic response.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>In their study, they contrasted the gene activity patterns in sunflowers bending towards blue light in a lab setting to those of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sunflower-extracts-shield-blueberries-from-fruit-rot/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sunflowers</a> in a natural environment, following the sun's movement. </p>



<p>The researchers discovered that only a handful of genes responsible for the phototropic bending in the lab exhibited significant changes in activity in response to the sun's movement.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shade-avoidance-system">Shade avoidance system</h2>



<p>Interestingly, their findings also highlighted the activation of other light-response systems. One such system, the shade avoidance system, detects far-red light typically found in shaded areas.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The shade avoidance system was activated on the west side of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sunflower-pollen-protects-bees/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sunflower</a> stem during the early hours of the day when the sun was still in the east. This revelation paints a complex picture of the mechanisms behind sunflower movement. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-this-light-response-system">Implications of this light response system</h2>



<p>Even more intriguing is the fact that even when either the red and far-red or blue light was removed, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sunflowers-use-an-internal-clock-to-bloom-at-optimal-times/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sunflowers</a> still managed to track the sun. This suggests that multiple systems collaborate to ensure the heliotropic response, making it possible even if one or more light triggers are absent.</p>



<p>“We’ve been continually surprised by what we’ve found as we study how sunflowers follow the sun each day," said Harmer. "In this paper, we report that they use different molecular pathways to initiate and maintain tracking movements, and that the photoreceptors best known for causing plant bending seem to play a minor role in this remarkable process.”</p>



<p>The research not only provides a deeper understanding of a well-observed phenomenon but also challenges previous assumptions about plant behavior and adaptation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal in <a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3002344" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>PLOS Biology</em></a>.</p>



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Sunflowers use multiple light response systems to track the sun

Sunflowers have long fascinated observers with their ability to follow...

<p>While many of us are familiar with popular dietary regimens like the Mediterranean or DASH diet, a report from the <a href="https://www.heart.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Heart Association</a> promotes a diet that you've probably never heard of:the portfolio diet. A recent study suggests that this diet may significantly decrease the risk of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/your-diet-may-save-your-life-six-key-foods-lower-the-risk-of-heart-disease/">heart disease</a> and stroke.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-portfolio-diet-nbsp">Portfolio diet&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The portfolio diet specifically targets the reduction of "bad" LDL cholesterol, which is a prominent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The primary components of the portfolio diet include:</p>



<ul>
<li>Plant-based proteins like soy and legumes.</li>



<li>Foods rich in viscous fiber such as oats, barley, berries, apples, and citrus fruits.</li>



<li>Nuts and seeds.</li>



<li>Phytosterols that decrease cholesterol absorption, available in fortified foods or as supplements.</li>



<li>Avocado and plant-based oils rich in monounsaturated fats.</li>
</ul>



<p>Dr. Andrea Glenn is the lead author of the study and a registered dietitian at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health in Boston and the University of Toronto.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consistent-health-benefits-nbsp">Consistent health benefits&nbsp;</h2>



<p>"Through this research, we found that the portfolio diet score was consistently associated with a lower risk of both heart disease and stroke, highlighting an opportunity for people to lower their heart disease risk through consuming more of these foods recommended in the diet," said Dr. Glenn.</p>



<p>While prior studies have established that the portfolio diet can reduce LDL cholesterol levels comparably to early-generation statins, not much was known about its long-term effects on cardiovascular disease risk.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>This prompted researchers to analyze the diet data of 166,270 women and 43,970 men who were initially free from cardiovascular diseases in the mid-1980s to early 1990s. The participants' diets were assessed every four years using food questionnaires.</p>



<p>After nearly 30 years, participants with the highest adherence to the portfolio diet had a remarkable 14 percent reduction in the risk of coronary heart disease and stroke, in comparison to those with the lowest adherence.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lowering-ldl-cholesterol-nbsp">Lowering LDL cholesterol&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Dr. Kristina Petersen, an associate professor of Nutritional Sciences at Penn State, commented on the importance of lowering LDL cholesterol.</p>



<p>"We're always looking at ways to reduce the risk of heart disease, and one effective way to do that is to lower blood cholesterol levels, particularly LDL cholesterol," said Dr. Petersen</p>



<p>Although she was not involved in the current study, Dr. Petersen co-authored an AHA scientific statement that evaluated 10 prevalent diets based on their heart health benefits.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-forward-diet">Plant-forward diet</h2>



<p>The portfolio diet bears resemblance to other heart-healthy diets in terms of emphasizing whole grains, fruits, vegetables, plant protein, nuts, and plant oils.</p>



<p>While this diet may not be as well known as the DASH and Mediterranean diets, there are significant overlaps, said Dr. Glenn. The portfolio diet, she said, is more "plant forward" and discourages animal proteins more than other dietary patterns.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lack-of-public-awareness-nbsp">Lack of public awareness&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Despite its potential heart-health benefits, the portfolio diet's lack of public awareness is evident. Dr. Glenn hopes that these new findings will elevate its status and emphasize its flexibility.</p>



<p>"It's not an all-or-nothing approach. You can take your own diet and make a few small changes and see cardiovascular benefits," said Dr. Glenn.</p>



<p>"You also do not have to follow it as a strict vegan or vegetarian diet to see benefits, but the more of the foods (from the portfolio diet) that you eat, the greater your heart disease risk protection, as we saw in the current study. We need to get the word out."</p>



<p>The findings are published in the American Heart Association journal <a href="https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.065551"><em>Circulation</em></a>.</p>



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Plant-forward portfolio diet reduces heart disease risk

While many of us are familiar with popular dietary regimens...

A,Male,Asian,Elephant,Is,Enjoying,Bathing.

<p>Researchers have recently shed light on how ancestral <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-elephant-day-understanding-celebrating-and-protecting-earths-gentle-giants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">elephants</a> developed their dexterous trunks, a significant evolutionary adaptation. The study offers valuable insights into the feeding behaviors of extinct longirostrine elephantiforms -- elephant-like mammals known for their elongated lower jaws and tusks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-of-longirostrine-gomphotheres">Evolution of longirostrine gomphotheres</h2>



<p>Longirostrine gomphotheres, part of the proboscidean family, are known for their prolonged evolutionary phase featuring an exceptionally elongated lower jaw. </p>



<p>This fascinating study was crucial for understanding the dynamics behind the evolution of the extended lower jaw and lengthy trunks in these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephants-may-be-the-first-non-human-animals-to-call-each-other-by-names/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">elephant</a>-like animals. Longirostrine gomphotheres lived during the Miocene epoch, approximately 11-20 million years ago.</p>



<p>“During the Early to Middle Miocene, gomphotheres flourished across Northern China,” says lead author Dr. Chunxiao Li, a postdoctoral researcher at the <a href="https://english.ucas.ac.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Chinese Academy of Sciences</a>, Beijing, China.</p>



<p>The research offers persuasive proof of the variety in these "trunk" features among longirostrine gomphotheres, as well as their probable adaptive responses to worldwide climate shifts.</p>



<p>Li continued, “Across species there was huge diversity in the structure of the long mandible. We sought to explain why proboscideans evolved the long mandible and why it subsequently regressed. We also wanted to explore the role of the trunk in these animals’ <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-do-elephants-eat-study-shows-they-have-unique-dietary-preferences/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">feeding behaviors</a>, and the environmental background for the co-evolution of their mandibles and trunks.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-elephant-trunk-evolution">Studying elephant trunk evolution</h2>



<p>Li and colleagues employed comparative functional and eco-morphological investigations, along with a feeding preference analysis. From this, they reconstructed the feeding behavior of three major families of longirostrine gomphotheres: <em>Amebelodontidae</em>, <em>Choerolophodontidae</em>, and <em>Gomphotheriidae</em>. </p>



<p>Examining crania and lower jaws from different museums revealed variations in mandible and tusk structures, indicating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephants-have-taught-themselves-to-peel-bananas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diverse appetites</a>.</p>



<p>The team’s analysis of enamel isotopes helped identify the ecological niches of the three families. <em>Choerolophodontidae</em> lived in relatively closed environments. <em>Amebelodontidae</em> family members, like <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/elephant_Playtybelodon_trunk_1medium.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Platybelodon</a>, inhabited open habitats like grasslands. Finally, <em>Gomphotheriidae</em> occupied a niche between these environments.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-elephant-trunk-evolution">Implications of elephant trunk evolution</h2>



<p>A Finite Element analysis provided insights into the advantages and disadvantages of mandible and tusk structures among the three family groups. This effort revealed specializations for cutting different types of vegetation.</p>



<p>The study also found variations in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephant-behavior-provides-new-insights-into-human-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolutionary stages</a> of the trunk among these families. Additionally, they uncovered implications for their feeding abilities and ecological adaptations. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephants-use-trunks-count/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trunk's development</a> paralleled the mandible's evolution, indicating a co-evolutionary relationship.</p>



<p>Furthermore, the Mid-Miocene Climate Transition, which led to regional drying and expansion of open ecosystems, had a significant impact on these species. The study suggests that Platybelodon's coiling and grasping trunk allowed it to thrive in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wild-asian-elephants-exhibit-strong-capacity-for-innovation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">open environments</a>. This trait is not developed in other trunk-bearing animals like tapirs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-further-elephant-trunk-research">Further elephant trunk research</h2>



<p>Co-author Ji Zhang is associate professor of structural engineering at <a href="https://english.hust.edu.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Huazhong University of Science and Technology</a>, Wuhan, China. Zhang highlights the importance of using modern computational mechanics and statistics in paleontological research, bringing a cross-disciplinary approach to understanding these ancient creatures.</p>



<p>“Our cross-disciplinary team is dedicated to introducing multiple quantitative research methods to explore paleontology,” says Zhang. “Modern computational mechanics and statistics have injected new vitality into traditional fossil research.”</p>



<p>The main limitation in their research is the lack of comparison with the development of gigantism and long limbs in proboscideans from the same period. Further analysis could enhance understanding of how changing feeding behaviors related to differences in body shapes and sizes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-journey-of-proboscideans">Evolutionary journey of proboscideans</h2>



<p><a href="http://sourcedb.ivpp.cas.cn/yw/rckyw/index_2.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Shi-Qi Wang</a> is the senior author and professor at the Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He concludes that multiple eco-adaptations contributed to the diverse mandibular structure in proboscideans. The elongated mandible initially served as the primary feeding organ, paving the way for the development of the long trunk. </p>



<p>“Our findings demonstrate that multiple eco-adaptations have contributed to the diverse mandibular structure found in proboscideans,” concludes Wang. “Initially, the elongated mandible served as the primary feeding organ in proboscideans, and was a prerequisite for the development of the extremely long trunk. Open-land grazing drove the development of trunk coiling and grasping functions, and the trunk then became the primary tool for feeding, leading to the gradual loss of the long mandible. In particular, <em>Platybelodons</em> may have been the first proboscidean to evolve this grazing behavior.”</p>



<p>The evolution of open-land grazing led to the modern day elephant trunk becoming the primary tool used for feeding. Over time, this adaptation resulted in the gradual loss of the long mandible. Platybelodons may represent the first proboscideans to evolve this grazing behavior. </p>



<p>In summary, today's elephants use these versatile organs for a myriad of tasks, including breathing, communicating, grasping objects, and drinking. They have millions of years of evolution to thank for their amazing and iconic trunks. </p>



<p>The full study was published in <em><a href="https://elifesciences.org/for-the-press/62f7502a/how-shifting-climates-may-have-shaped-early-elephants-trunks" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eLife Sciences</a></em>.</p>



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How elephants got their incredible iconic trunks

Researchers have recently shed light on how ancestral elephants developed...

<p>A study led by <a href="https://www.vt.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Virginia Tech</a> PhD student Paige Van de Vuurst has recently shed light on the alarming prospect of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vampire-bats-deadly-bacteria/">vampire bats </a>extending their habitat into the United States, potentially bringing with them an ancient and deadly pathogen - rabies.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This migration, driven by climate change, poses a significant threat to both public health and the agricultural sector, particularly the cattle industry.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-rabies-cases">Climate change and rabies cases</h2>



<p>The research points to a direct correlation between climate-induced shifts in vampire bat distribution and rising rabies cases across Latin America.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“What we found was that the distribution of vampire bats has moved northward across time due to past climate change, which has corresponded with an increase in rabies cases in many Latin American countries,” she explained, highlighting the urgency of the situation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-comprehensive-field-study-nbsp">Comprehensive field study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The research team, including both undergraduate and graduate students, embarked on a comprehensive field study in Colombia, collaborating with local universities such as the <a href="https://www.lasalle.edu.co/">University of La Salle</a>, <a href="https://www.udistrital.edu.co/inicio">Universidad Distrital</a>, and <a href="http://www.ut.edu.co/">Universidad del Tolima</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The journey took the researchers across diverse landscapes, from the humid jungles to the cooler regions of the Andes Mountains, accessible only by cable car. This allowed them to gather a wide array of bat samples, observing firsthand how climate variations influence disease dynamics in these mammals.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-laboratory">A natural laboratory&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The significance of Colombia as a research site was underscored by Luis Escobar, assistant professor at Virginia Tech and a co-author in the study.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Colombia is a mega-diverse country, making it a perfect natural laboratory,” said Escobar. The country has a large number of hummingbirds and bats, due to its tropical climate and proximity to the equator.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The research aimed to bridge knowledge gaps regarding rabies transmission and its spillover from wildlife to humans.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The experts set out to determine habitat and virus mutation roles in rabies spillover, identify the effects of changes in biodiversity on the virus, and investigate factors influencing the spread of bat-borne diseases.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-international-field-work-nbsp">International field work&nbsp;</h2>



<p>One of the most notable aspects of this research was the involvement of undergraduate students, a rarity in international field work.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Van de Vuurst expressed concern about the current state of wildlife research, where students often bear the cost of gaining field experience. She emphasized the importance of providing fully funded opportunities for students.</p>



<p>“There is a sad reality in wildlife research at the moment that often mandates a ‘pay to play’ mentality, where students must pay for the experience of doing field work, especially international field work.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transformative-experience-nbsp">Transformative experience&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Julia Alexander, an undergraduate participant, reflected on her experience, sharing the profound impact it had on her both professionally and personally.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“I not only learned valuable field skills for my career, but also important life lessons from every challenge faced,” she said. The experience was transformative, marking her first field research, plane journey, and international travel.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications">Study implications</h2>



<p>The study’s findings are crucial in understanding the spread of vampire bats and the associated rabies risk. As these bats extend their range due to changing climates, it becomes imperative to monitor and prepare for their potential arrival in the United States.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The research not only provides vital data on bat migration patterns and disease transmission but also highlights the importance of cross-border collaboration in addressing global health and environmental challenges.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“We all have one goal: generating samples, new data, and new knowledge,” concluded Escobar, underscoring the collaborative spirit driving this significant research endeavor.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecog.06714" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Ecography</em></a>.</p>



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Rabies-infected vampire bats may extend their habitat into the U.S.

A study led by Virginia Tech PhD student Paige Van...

Monk,Parakeet,Welcoming,The,Spring

<p>A recent study led by Stephen Tyndel, a doctoral student at the<a href="https://www.ab.mpg.de/ding" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior</a>, has revealed fascinating insights into the communication patterns of monk parakeets, an invasive parrot species in Europe. The research focuses on the development of unique dialects among these birds, mirroring the regional linguistic variations found in human populations.</p>



<p>Europe is home to no native parrot species. Despite that significant fact, several species, including the monk parakeet, have established thriving populations after escaping from the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/escaped-parrots-new-homes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pet trade</a>. </p>



<p>Originating from South America, these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/monk-parakeets-lose-social-standing-if-they-take-long-vacations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parakeets</a> are now abundant in numerous European countries. They stand out for their highly flexible vocal abilities, capable of imitating and learning new sounds throughout their lives.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-monk-parakeet-voices">Studying monk parakeet voices</h2>



<p>To explore the possibility of regional dialects among monk parakeets, the researchers recorded these birds in eight cities across Spain, Belgium, Italy, and Greece. The aim was to determine if <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parrots-have-a-unique-voice-print-similar-to-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parrot calls</a> varied not only between different cities but also within them, across various parks.</p>



<p>Stephen Tyndel explains, “Monk parakeets are the perfect test tube for studying how complex communication evolves in a species other than our own.” The study, employing a novel statistical method, found that monk <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/longevity-in-parrots-linked-to-brain-size-and-cognitive-ability/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parakeets</a> indeed have distinct dialects in each city. </p>



<p>Simeon Smeele is a co-lead author of the study and an affiliate scientist at the Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior and the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Smeele notes significant differences in the frequency modulation structure of contact calls. This is particularly challenging for human detection.</p>



<p>However, within individual cities, no dialectical variations were observed between different parks. “This suggests that parrot dialects separated early when birds invaded European cities, but then didn’t significantly change further over this time period,” Tyndel adds.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-and-surprises">Implications and surprises</h2>



<p>The research outcomes were unexpected. Tyndel reflects on the formation of dialects, suggesting they could result from a passive process where small errors in copying calls lead to gradual differences between cities. Alternatively, initial differences might have been maintained over time.</p>



<p>The team also considers the possibility of active processes shaping dialects for social communication purposes. This would include recognizing group mates within highly clustered nest environments. Smeele proposes, “We think that dialects could be used to communicate who is part of what nest cluster, like a password.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monk-parakeets-and-future-research">Monk parakeets and future research</h2>



<p>The next step for the research team involves understanding how individual monk parakeets learn from each other. In addition, if smaller groups exhibit distinct dialects within the same park. This exploration will deepen our understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parrots-intelligence-longevity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parrot</a> communication and shed light on the broader context of complex communication in both humans and animals. </p>



<p>As Tyndel concludes, “This will add to our understanding of parrot communication and provide insights into the ways in which complex communication is linked to the complex social lives of humans and animals.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-european-monk-parakeets">More about European monk parakeets</h2>



<p>Monk parakeets, a species native to South America, have become an increasingly common sight in various European countries. Their journey from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/endangered-red-crowned-parrots-are-thriving-in-urban-texas-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rare pets</a> to established wild populations provides a unique perspective on wildlife adaptation and urban ecology.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-origin-and-introduction">Origin and introduction</h3>



<p>Originally from the temperate and subtropical regions of South America, monk parakeets are known for their distinctive green plumage and sociable nature.</p>



<p>The monk parakeet's presence in Europe began primarily through the pet trade. Escapes and intentional releases by pet owners in the late 20th century led to the formation of feral populations across the continent.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spread-across-europe">Spread across Europe</h3>



<p>These birds have established significant populations in countries like Spain, Italy, Belgium, and the United Kingdom. They are particularly prevalent in urban and suburban areas, where they find ample food and nesting opportunities.</p>



<p>Despite originating from a warmer climate, monk parakeets have shown remarkable adaptability to the varied European climates. They thrive even in regions with colder temperatures.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-impact">Ecological impact</h3>



<p>In their new European habitats, monk parakeets compete with native birds for food and nesting sites. Their robust nature often gives them an advantage in these competitions.</p>



<p>Environmentalists express concerns about the potential impact of these invasive birds on local ecosystems and biodiversity.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-behavior-and-communication">Behavior and communication</h3>



<p>Monk parakeets are highly social, living in large, noisy colonies. They build intricate communal nests, which are often reused year after year.</p>



<p>As mentioned above, recent studies have revealed that European populations of monk parakeets have developed unique vocal dialects. This indicates a high level of adaptability and learning in new environments.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-and-management">Challenges and management</h3>



<p>Several European countries have initiated efforts to control monk parakeet populations, ranging from nest removal to more comprehensive management plans.</p>



<p>The management of monk parakeets raises legal and ethical questions, balancing conservation efforts with animal welfare concerns.</p>



<p>In summary, the story of monk parakeets in Europe is a testament to the resilience and adaptability of wildlife. It also serves as a reminder of the complex consequences of human interference in natural ecosystems. </p>



<p>As these vibrant birds continue to make their mark on European landscapes, ongoing research and informed management strategies will be crucial in addressing the challenges they pose.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://academic.oup.com/beheco/advance-article/doi/10.1093/beheco/arad093/7444942" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Behavioral Ecology</a></em>.</p>



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Monk parakeets have different voice ‘accents’ that mirror humans

A recent study led by Stephen Tyndel, a doctoral student...

<p>In an intriguing development in the study of toxic amphibians, researchers have discovered that female Taricha <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wild-amphibians-flesh-eating-fungus/">newts</a> possess significantly higher levels of tetrodotoxin, a potent neurotoxin, than their male counterparts.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This finding, reported by Dr. Gary Bucciarelli of the <a href="https://www.ucdavis.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California Davis</a> and his team in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/famrs.2023.1279848" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Frontiers in Amphibian and Reptile Science</em></a>, suggests a potential role for the toxin beyond mere defense against predators, possibly influencing mate selection and reproductive strategies.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-toxin-concentrations-nbsp">Toxin concentrations&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“It had long been considered that newts’ toxin concentrations do not change in their lifetime and that males and females tend to have the same toxin concentrations. Now, we have shown that female newts actually contain more toxin than male newts,” explained. Bucciarelli. This discovery raises intriguing questions about the evolutionary and ecological roles of tetrodotoxin in these amphibians.</p>



<p>The team’s research involved analyzing skin samples from over 850 Taricha newts across various locations in California.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-insights">Key insights</h2>



<p>By quantifying the toxin levels and examining correlations with other sexually dimorphic traits, such as body size and tail height, they observed a consistent pattern: females consistently harbored more toxin than males.</p>



<p>“For would-be predators, these higher concentrations pose a serious threat,” said Bucciarelli. The lethal nature of tetrodotoxin, present in much higher amounts in females, makes handling these newts risky without proper expertise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-influential-factors-nbsp">Influential factors&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Interestingly, the study also revealed that tetrodotoxin levels fluctuated in both sexes throughout the breeding season, with females showing greater variability.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This fluctuation, coupled with the interaction between toxin levels and other sexually dimorphic traits, suggests that toxin production may be influenced by factors such as body weight and reproductive status.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications">Study implications</h2>



<p>These findings not only contribute to our understanding of Taricha newts’ biology but also open up new avenues for exploring how environmental factors like drought and fire impact these amphibians and their unique chemical defenses.&nbsp;</p>



<p>As Bucciarelli and his team continue their investigations, they aim to shed more light on the complex interplay between tetrodotoxin production and the challenging environmental conditions faced by these fascinating creatures.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-taricha-newts-nbsp">Taricha newts&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Taricha newts are a fascinating group of newts found primarily in North America, particularly along the Pacific Coast. They belong to the Salamandridae family and are known for their striking appearance and potent toxins.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-appearance-nbsp">Appearance&nbsp;</h3>



<p>These newts are typically characterized by their bright colors, which can range from vibrant oranges to yellows, serving as a warning to predators about their toxicity.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-toxins">Toxins</h3>



<p>One of the most notable features of Taricha newts is their ability to produce tetrodotoxin. This toxin is the same one found in pufferfish and is extremely potent, capable of deterring most predators.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Interestingly, despite their toxicity, some predators have developed resistance to the toxin, leading to a unique evolutionary arms race between the newts and their predators.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-life-cycle">Life cycle</h3>



<p>Taricha newts have a complex life cycle, with both aquatic and terrestrial stages. They breed in water, where the females lay eggs. The larvae are aquatic and undergo metamorphosis, developing into terrestrial juveniles. As they mature, they return to aquatic environments to breed, completing the cycle.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-role">Ecological role</h3>



<p>Taricha newts play an important role in their ecosystems, both as predators and prey. They feed on various aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates, and their presence in an ecosystem can be an indicator of environmental health. Their sensitivity to pollutants makes them valuable for ecological monitoring.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation">Conservation</h3>



<p>Conservation efforts for Taricha newts focus on preserving their habitats and mitigating the impact of environmental threats such as pollution and habitat destruction.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Due to their specific habitat requirements, they are particularly vulnerable to changes in their environment, making conservation efforts crucial for their continued survival.</p>



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Female Taricha newts are much more poisonous than males

In an intriguing development in the study of toxic amphibians,...

<p>In a recent development hailed as a conservation success, bluefin tuna have made a remarkable return to Northern European waters. This resurgence, however, is shadowed by concerns over rising sea temperatures in their Mediterranean nursery grounds. </p>



<p>New research led by the <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> suggests that this recovery may be fleeting due to the impending climate change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-rising-temperatures">Impact of rising temperatures</h2>



<p>According to the research, published in Nature, the Mediterranean Sea is expected to reach temperatures that could drive juvenile bluefin <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tunas-billfishes-and-sharks-are-sentinels-of-global-ocean-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tuna</a> out within the next 50 years. </p>



<p>Professor Clive Trueman is the lead author and a Geochemical Ecology expert at the University of Southampton. He emphasized the critical temperature threshold, saying, “We have found that anything over 28 degrees Celsius will adversely impact bluefins’ growth.”</p>



<p>The study predicts a potential shift in the tuna's nursery areas to cooler regions like the Bay of Biscay. This migration poses a new challenge as juvenile tuna might end up in existing fisheries for sardines and anchovies, necessitating a change in fishery management practices.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-innovative-use-of-otolith">Innovative use of otolith</h2>



<p>An international team, including the <a href="https://www.bas.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">British Antarctic Survey</a> and Spain's <a href="https://www.azti.es/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AZTI</a> science and technology centre, used a novel method involving the <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/bluefin-tuna-otolith_credit-Clive-Trueman_1medium.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">otolith</a> -- a tissue found behind the brains of bony fish. This method, pioneered by Professor Trueman, analyzes the otolith's chemistry to measure the tuna’s metabolic rate, offering insights into the ideal living conditions for these fish.</p>



<p>The otolith, or 'ear stone', is crucial for a fish’s ability to hear and balance. Professor Trueman explained its significance, saying, “Our new work uses variations in the levels of natural stable isotopes of carbon and oxygen in the otolith to reveal each tuna’s individual metabolic rate. This can tell us when waters are getting too hot for the fish to handle - it’s like a natural fitness tracker.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bluefin-tuna-value">Bluefin tuna value</h2>



<p>Bluefin <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-payment-tuna-ocean-fish/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tuna</a> are among the largest and most powerful fish in the sea, capable of impressive speeds and leaping out of the water at 43 miles per hour. These fish are not just ecologically significant but also economically valuable, with their meat being a prized component in sushi and sashimi.</p>



<p>These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-pinpoint-blue-corridors-for-large-migratory-fish/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fish</a> spawn on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, with Eastern Atlantic bluefin spending their first year in the Mediterranean. Upon reaching maturity, they venture into the Atlantic, often crossing the ocean in search of prey like sardines and herring, before returning to the Mediterranean to spawn.</p>



<p>In summary, the return of bluefin <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mercury-levels-in-bluefin-tuna-reveal-patterns-of-ocean-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tuna</a> to Northern European waters is a testament to successful conservation efforts. However, the looming threat of climate change, specifically the rising temperatures in their Mediterranean nursery grounds, presents new challenges. </p>



<p>This research highlights, most importantly, the resilience of bluefin tuna. However, it also underscores the need for adaptive management in fisheries and a deeper understanding of the impact of climate change on marine life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-bluefin-tuna">More about bluefin tuna</h2>



<p>Bluefin tuna, one of the ocean's most magnificent creatures, command the attention of environmentalists, fishermen, and seafood connoisseurs alike. This article explores the fascinating world of bluefin tuna, delving into their biology, behavior, and the challenges they face in today's oceans.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biology-and-characteristics">Biology and characteristics</h3>



<p>Impressive Size and Speed -- Bluefin <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tuna-contain-toxic-mercury-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tuna</a> stand out for their size and speed. They can grow up to three meters in length and weigh over 680 kilograms (1,500 pounds). Known for their incredible speed, they swim at bursts of up to 70 kilometers per hour (43 miles per hour), as mentioned above.</p>



<p>Unique Physiological Traits -- These fish possess several unique physiological adaptations. Unlike most fish, bluefins can regulate their body temperature, allowing them to thrive in diverse water temperatures. Their streamlined bodies and powerful tails make them highly efficient swimmers.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-habitat-and-migration-patterns">Habitat and migration patterns</h3>



<p>Diverse Habitats -- Bluefin tuna inhabit various oceanic environments. They primarily roam the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, with distinct populations in the Eastern and Western Atlantic.</p>



<p>Long-Distance Migrations -- These fish are renowned for their long-distance migrations, crossing oceans for feeding and spawning. Western Atlantic bluefins migrate between North American waters and the Gulf of Mexico, while Eastern Atlantic populations travel between European waters and their spawning grounds in the Mediterranean.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-and-feeding-habits">Diet and feeding habits</h3>



<p>Predatory Nature -- Bluefin tuna are apex predators, feeding on a diet rich in fish and cephalopods. Their preferred prey includes herring, mackerel, and squid. They hunt both individually and in schools, showcasing impressive coordination.</p>



<p>Foraging Strategies -- Bluefins employ various foraging strategies, from swift, powerful attacks to cooperative hunting in groups. Their keen eyesight and heightened sense of smell aid in locating prey.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reproduction-and-life-cycle">Reproduction and life cycle</h3>



<p>Spawning Rituals -- Bluefin tuna spawn in warm waters, typically in the Mediterranean Sea for the Eastern Atlantic population. Spawning occurs annually, with females releasing millions of eggs, ensuring a higher chance of survival for the offspring.</p>



<p>Growth and Development -- Young bluefins grow rapidly, a necessity for survival in the competitive oceanic environment. They reach sexual maturity at around 3-5 years, embarking on their first spawning migrations.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-status-and-threats">Conservation status and threats</h3>



<p>Overfishing and Population Decline -- Bluefin tuna face significant threats from overfishing. Their high market value, particularly for sushi and sashimi, has led to intense fishing pressure, causing a stark decline in their populations.</p>



<p>Environmental Challenges -- As mentioned previously in this article, climate change and pollution also pose grave threats to bluefin tuna. Changes in ocean temperatures affect their spawning grounds and migration patterns, while pollution impacts their health and the ecosystems they inhabit.</p>



<p>Bluefin tuna are not only a seafood delicacy, they are integral to the marine ecosystem. Understanding their biology, behavior, and the challenges they face is crucial for their conservation. </p>



<p>Efforts to manage fisheries sustainably and address environmental issues are vital to ensure the survival of these magnificent creatures for future generations.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41930-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a></em>.</p>



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Bluefin tuna, a sushi delicacy, will likely be extinct within 50 years

In a recent development hailed as a conservation success, bluefin...

<p>A new conservation tool developed by the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign is making significant strides in safeguarding Africa’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lions-are-dangling-precariously-on-the-brink-of-extinction-immediate-action-is-needed/">lions</a>, whose numbers have plummeted in recent decades due to poaching and other threats.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This innovative tool, called the Lion Localizer, utilizes a simple DNA test to trace the geographic origin of poached lion products like teeth, claws, bones, and other body parts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-crucial-information">Crucial information</h2>



<p>The origin of lion products is often unknown, but this information is crucial for understanding the impact on local populations and allocating conservation resources.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“For example, the West African lion population is tiny, and it’s really, heavily threatened. We cannot afford to lose any; we count individuals,” said Rob Ogden, director and co-founder of <a href="https://www.tracenetwork.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">TRACE Wildlife Forensics Network</a>, who collaborated with U. of I. on the project. “But if a product is coming out of East Africa, then it might not be so critical in terms of population numbers, although law enforcement still needs to know about it.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lion-localizer-nbsp">Lion Localizer&nbsp;</h2>



<p>TRACE reached out to Alfred Roca, a professor at the U. of I., after he published the Loxodonta Localizer for tracking illegal ivory to elephant populations. Roca teamed up with doctoral researcher Wesley Au to build a database containing every sequence of relevant lion mitochondrial DNA ever published, spanning 146 locations across Africa and India.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“When a user queries their lion mitochondrial DNA sequence in the Lion Localizer, the system will compare it with the database of sequences and then provide a map showing where the lion was likely poached,” explained Au. “Many of those localities are linked to unique sequences, which can be especially useful for locating the source population.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geographic-markers">Geographic markers</h2>



<p>Mitochondrial DNA was chosen because it is inherited maternally, and female lions, who roam less than males, provide more permanent geographic markers.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Moreover, the smaller size of the mitochondrial genome, compared to the nuclear genome, makes it feasible for labs with basic equipment to extract and amplify enough DNA for analysis in the Lion Localizer.</p>



<p>“Many labs in Africa or the transit and destination countries that confiscate lion parts should be able to generate sequences from mitochondrial DNA,” Roca said. “It's a straightforward lab procedure.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preventing-further-declines-nbsp">Preventing further declines&nbsp;</h2>



<p>With only 23,000 to 39,000 lions left in Africa, the Lion Localizer could be vital in preventing further declines.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“From my perspective, I think getting a better handle on the trade routes - where are the lions coming from? - will help a lot,” said Simon Dures, project officer at TRACE.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“The Lion Localizer is very much designed as an intelligence tool. It allows countries to see these patterns and focus on areas where lions are not doing particularly well in the wild. Just giving them that extra chance,” he concluded.</p>



<p>This research is detailed in the <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esad072"><em>Journal of Heredity</em></a> and was supported by the <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esad072" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">United States Agency for International Development (USAID)’s VukaNow</a> program.</p>



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New online tool traces the origins of poached lion products

A new conservation tool developed by the University of Illinois...

<p>Scientists from the <a href="https://www.uea.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of East Anglia</a> (UEA) are calling for a project to map the biodiversity of Earth's polar regions. The study would map all <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-solutions-for-the-climate-and-biodiversity-crisis/">biodiversity</a> in these regions - from the atmosphere to the deep sea.</p>



<p>Polar ecosystems, deemed the most sensitive to global warming, are disappearing rapidly, taking with them a vast array of biological life essential for ecosystem services and climate regulation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-polar-biodiversity-projections">Polar biodiversity projections</h2>



<p>Professor Thomas Mock, who co-authored the report with Professor Melody Clark from the <a href="https://www.bas.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">British Antarctic Survey</a>, emphasized what is needed for the accurate mapping of biodiversity in polar regions.</p>



<p>“Biodiversity projections for the polar regions can only be reliably constructed if we have a sufficiently profound understanding of the diversity, ecological functions, and interrelations of polar organisms, as well as their resilience to climate change," said Professor Mock.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“These remote regions play substantial, often underappreciated, roles in the carbon cycle and drive global nutrient and dissolved organic matter fluxes. Consequently, polar environmental and ecological processes are intimately connected with our everyday life and our planet’s health, much of which is underpinned by the endemic biota, from viruses to large animals."&nbsp;</p>



<p>“There is strong evidence that climate-induced changes in the polar regions are already altering species distributions on land and in the sea, with major impacts on ecosystem function.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>Species are shifting towards the poles, affecting food chains and the life dependent on the polar climates, including microbes, seals, whales, and polar bears.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-warming-in-polar-regions">Warming in polar regions</h2>



<p>The Arctic is warming at least four times faster than other regions of the world. As temperature changes alter the Arctic jet stream, this can lead to extreme weather events like heat waves, droughts, and flooding in temperate zones.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Meanwhile, melting permafrost and collapsing Arctic coastlines are releasing ancient carbon stores, nutrients, and potentially dormant viruses and pathogenic bacteria - significantly altering <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-biodiversity-will-get-a-boost-from-rising-temperatures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecological interactions</a> and biogeochemistry.</p>



<p>The Southern Ocean and Antarctic continent face similar challenges. The Southern Ocean, responsible for absorbing a large portion of anthropogenic heat and CO2, is crucial in carbon sequestration, serving as a natural buffer against climate change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sequencing-technologies">Sequencing technologies</h2>



<p>The study highlights the importance of sequencing technologies in understanding how organisms function in these extreme environments.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Sequencing technologies have massively changed our abilities to decipher how organisms work. However, the uptake in polar biology has been relatively low, especially when considering the tens of thousands of species that reside at the poles and are at threat in our warming world," said Professor Clark.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Understanding how lots of very strange organisms living in extreme cold can help answer globally questions and provide real benefits for society. Failure to act now will result in a substantial loss of knowledge regarding evolutionary adaptation to the cold.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>Genomic screening is not just crucial for identifying stressed populations, but also for monitoring invasive species, thus enabling timely interventions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-research-implications-nbsp">Research implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“With the cold regions of our planet diminishing, there is a real imperative to obtain full genome sequences for diverse organisms inhabiting polar ecosystems, from the deep oceans to the permafrost on land, for both the Arctic and Antarctic," said Professor Mock.</p>



<p>"This will enable the wider application of omics technologies to polar species, which will revolutionize our understanding of evolution in the cold and adaptive responses to a warming world.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/ncomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Earth's polar regions cannot be protected without first mapping biodiversity 

Scientists from the University of East Anglia (UEA) are calling...

Dolphin,Underwater,On,Reef,Background,Looking,At,You

<p>A recent study conducted by scientists from the <a href="https://www.marinemammal.org.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Marine Mammal Foundation</a>, the RMIT University, and the <a href="https://www.unimelb.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Melbourne</a> has revealed alarming concentrations of PFAS chemicals in Victoria’s critically endangered Burrunan <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dolphins-have-accents-that-vary-by-region/">dolphins</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These chemicals, often referred to as "forever chemicals" due to their persistence, are commonly found in products like food packaging, firefighting foam, and non-stick cookware.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shocking-insights">Shocking insights</h2>



<p>The study analyzed samples from 38 dolphins of various species found stranded along Victoria’s coastline, with a particular focus on the Burrunan dolphin populations in Port Phillip Bay and Gippsland Lakes.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The findings showed that some chemicals’ average concentrations in these dolphins were over ten times higher than levels believed to cause liver toxicity and other health issues.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-highest-pfas-levels-recorded">Highest PFAS levels recorded</h2>



<p>One juvenile Burrunan dolphin from Port Phillip Bay exhibited a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-invention-turns-toxic-forever-chemicals-pfas-into-harmless-molecules/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PFAS</a> liver concentration of 19,500 nanograms per gram, marking the highest level recorded in an individual dolphin globally.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Not only did we find the highest levels of these human-made toxicants in a species that’s already critically endangered – including in newborn and juveniles – we also found one dolphin from Port Phillip Bay with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forever-chemicals-are-an-underestimated-source-of-water-contamination/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PFAS concentrations</a> almost 30 percent higher than any other individual dolphin reported globally,” said lead author Chantel Foord, a PhD student at RMIT’s Ecotoxicology Research Group and the Marine Mammal Foundation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pfas-implications-for-dolphins">PFAS implications for dolphins&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Foord reassured that these results do not necessarily imply a risk to humans in Victorian waters, as dolphins ingest whole fish including organs that accumulate pollutants, unlike human consumption which typically involves only fish muscle tissue.</p>



<p>The study, published in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168438"><em>Science of the Total Environment</em></a> journal, raises questions about the source of this pollution, especially as no PFAS manufacturing occurs in Australia. Foord emphasized the importance of identifying the sources of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/half-of-us-drinking-water-taps-are-likely-to-contain-forever-chemicals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chemicals</a> and understanding their behavior in the environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-status">Critical status</h2>



<p>Dr. Kate Robb, Director of the Marine Mammal Foundation and co-author of the study, highlighted the critical status of the Burrunan dolphin. “With only 250 individuals across these populations, increasing our understanding of threatening processes is absolutely crucial for the conservation and protection of the Burrunan dolphin, and in the management and mitigation of those threats,” she said.</p>



<p>The experts also discovered emerging contaminants, indicating that newer replacement chemicals are already bioaccumulating in the marine ecosystem. This finding underscores the need for continued research and conservation efforts to protect these endangered marine mammals and their habitat.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-pfas">More about PFAS</h2>



<p>PFAS, which stands for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances, are a group of human-made chemicals that have been in production since the 1940s. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/not-so-green-hidden-chemicals-found-in-paper-straws/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PFAS</a> are used in a wide range of consumer products and industrial applications because of their ability to resist heat, water, and oil.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pfas-sources">PFAS sources</h3>



<p>Common products that contain <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/creators-of-forever-chemicals-covered-up-the-toxic-dangers-for-decades/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PFAS</a> include non-stick cookware, water-repellent clothing, stain-resistant fabrics and carpets, cosmetics, and products that use firefighting foams.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-concerns">Concerns</h3>



<p>One of the primary concerns with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-iss-is-contaminated-with-a-disturbing-amount-of-harmful-chemicals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PFAS</a> is their persistence in the environment and in the human body, which is why they are often referred to as "forever chemicals." They do not break down and can accumulate over time. This persistence can lead to contamination of drinking water, soil, and air.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-risks-from-pfas">Health risks from PFAS</h3>



<p>Exposure to certain <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/u-s-drinking-water-often-contains-unsafe-levels-of-toxic-contaminants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PFAS</a> has been linked to a range of health problems. Studies indicate that PFAS may affect growth, learning, and behavior of infants and older children, lower a woman’s chance of getting pregnant, interfere with the body’s natural hormones, increase cholesterol levels, affect the immune system, and increase the risk of cancer.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-regulation">Regulation</h3>



<p>Efforts to manage and mitigate PFAS contamination include regulating their use, developing alternative materials, and cleaning up contaminated sites.</p>



<p>However, the widespread use and persistence of these chemicals make this a challenging task. Additionally, the scientific understanding of the health effects of many PFAS is still evolving, making regulation and remediation a complex issue.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pfas-and-wildlife">PFAS and wildlife</h2>



<p>The impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/killer-whales-are-accumulating-high-levels-of-contaminants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PFAS on wildlife</a> varies depending on the species and the level of exposure, but it generally includes a range of adverse health effects:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reproductive-issues">Reproductive issues</h3>



<p>PFAS can cause reproductive problems in wildlife, leading to reduced fertility, developmental delays, and changes in reproductive behaviors.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-developmental-effects">Developmental effects</h3>



<p>Young animals exposed to PFAS may experience developmental delays or defects, impacting their survival and growth.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-immune-system-disruption">Immune system disruption</h3>



<p>These chemicals can disrupt the immune systems of animals, making them more susceptible to diseases. For example, studies have shown that PFAS exposure can reduce the effectiveness of vaccines in animals.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-behavioral-changes">Behavioral changes</h3>



<p>Exposure to PFAS can lead to changes in animal behavior, which can affect their ability to forage, mate, and avoid predators.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-marine-life">Marine life</h3>



<p>Aquatic creatures, such as fish and amphibians, are particularly vulnerable to PFAS contamination due to the runoff of these chemicals into water bodies.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Birds, especially those that consume fish or live in aquatic environments, are also at significant risk. Terrestrial animals can be exposed through contaminated water sources, soil, or through the food chain.</p>



<p>Efforts to protect wildlife from PFAS involve reducing and eventually eliminating the use of these chemicals in products and industrial processes, as well as cleaning up contaminated environments. However, given the persistence and ubiquity of PFAS, protecting wildlife from these substances is a complex and ongoing challenge.</p>



<p>Image Credit: Marine Mammal Foundation</p>



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Endangered dolphins suffer from highest levels of PFAS "forever chemicals"

A recent study conducted by scientists from the Marine Mammal...

<p>A new study led by Henry Häkkinen from the <a href="https://www.exeter.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Exeter</a> highlights a critical ecological issue. The researchers predict that naturalized <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-many-invasive-plant-species-are-in-the-world/">species</a>, those that are not native but have established themselves in new locations, possess the potential to spread even further into suitable habitats globally.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study explores the dynamics of how naturalized species, including plants, birds, and mammals, have managed to extend their reach beyond their native regions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-drives-species-invasions">What drives species invasions?</h2>



<p>"Understanding and predicting the spread of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/economic-time-bomb-costs-of-invasive-species-are-greatly-underestimated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">introduced species</a> is one of the key conservation and ecological challenges of the 21st century," wrote the study authors.</p>



<p>"However, we know little about what causes the introduced range of some species to increase rapidly, while other species remain in small, isolated populations years after establishing self-sustaining populations."&nbsp;</p>



<p>"This major gap in our understanding prevents us from understanding how much of <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/invasive-species-plants-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">invasive spread</a> is due to characteristics of the invader or the invaded environment." </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-imminent-threat-of-naturalized-species">Imminent threat of naturalized species</h2>



<p>The researchers said the most imminent threat is posed by the many thousands of species that are naturalized outside their native range and may <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biological-hazard-soil-on-sea-freight-loaded-with-invasive-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">continue to spread</a> much more widely. "However, there is a surprising lack of attention paid to the potential spread of already-naturalized species." </p>



<p>"Without understanding what has affected the spread of these species historically, we can assess neither which species are likely to spread further nor the geographic regions that will be most affected."</p>



<p>Focusing on 833 naturalized plants, birds, and mammals, the researchers have identified the terrestrial areas most susceptible to future colonization by these species. Their findings highlight North America, Eastern Europe, and Australia as particularly vulnerable regions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study reveals a significant potential for the further spread of naturalized birds in North America, mammals in Eastern Europe, and plants in both these regions as well as in Australia.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-spread-of-naturalized-species">Potential spread of naturalized species</h2>



<p>"The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unseen-crisis-37000-alien-species-have-been-introduced-by-human-activities/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">potential spread</a> of naturalized species appears greatest in regions that are already heavily invaded, i.e., North America, Australia, and Europe. However, already-naturalized species also threaten areas of the world thought of as less invaded," wrote the study authors.</p>



<p>"In South America and Southern Africa around 200 regionally naturalized plants have the potential to spread widely - a number comparable to that in Australia and China, which have historically borne the brunt of biological invasions."</p>



<p>"Nonetheless, the potential for regionally naturalized species to spread in sub-Saharan Africa and the north of South America is lower than one would expect from the globally high numbers of species naturalized there. This is potentially encouraging given the recent increases in regional trade and transportation infrastructure in these regions that could increasingly facilitate the spread of naturalized species."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-delay-in-expansion-nbsp">Delay in expansion&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Despite having ample opportunities to expand, many of these species have not yet colonized all areas with a compatible climate. This delay in expansion suggests that some introduced species may not become problematic immediately but could pose risks after a lag period.</p>



<p>"Nearly all species we studied have yet to expand throughout most of the areas that are climatically suitable for them, within the biogeographic regions where they have naturalized. This is despite substantial time to invade: 25% have been established for over 150 years," noted the researchers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invasional-meltdown">Invasional meltdown</h2>



<p>The experts also identified the key factors influencing the spread of naturalized species. They found that a species' introduction history, its dispersal capabilities, and the presence of suitable habitats are more critical in determining its spread than its preferred habitat or interactions with local species. This insight is vital for understanding and predicting the movement of non-native species.</p>



<p>A concerning finding of the study is the concept of "invasional meltdown." This phenomenon occurs when multiple introduced species collectively amplify their impact and ability to establish themselves in a new environment, potentially leading to devastating ecological consequences.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While many of the species that were studied have a minimal impact on their own, their collective effect could be significantly more harmful.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-implications-of-naturalized-species">Future implications of naturalized species</h2>



<p>“Species invasions can devastate biodiversity, agriculture, and livelihoods, so it’s worrying that so many naturalized species seem poised to spread further," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>"But there is a glimmer of hope that invasions are much more limited than they could be – ecosystems may be holding off invaders better than we expected, and good management could help stem the spread.”</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3002361" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>PLoS Biology</em></a>.</p>



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Invasive naturalized species will continue to spread globally

A new study led by Henry Häkkinen from the University...

<p>Japanese green syllid worms have a posterior body part that develops its own set of organs and transforms into a mobile <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reproductive-success-of-southern-white-rhinos-linked-to-gut-microbiome/">reproductive</a> unit.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In a peculiar reproductive process called stolonization, the posterior part detaches from the worm and swims away for spawning. Scientists at the <a href="https://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Tokyo</a> have now unraveled the mystery of this bizarre reproductive strategy. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-autonomous-movement">Autonomous movement</h2>



<p>During stolonization, the posterior segment of the syllid worm, which contains the gonads, detaches from the main body. This independent unit, called the stolon, is filled with gametes - either eggs or sperms.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The stolon is not just a passive carrier of reproductive cells. It swims autonomously, a feature that not only shields the original body from environmental hazards but also aids in spreading the gametes across broader areas.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-puzzling-anatomy">Puzzling anatomy</h2>



<p>The stolon is a marvel of biological engineering. Before detaching, it develops its own sensory and navigational tools. It grows eyes, antennae, and swimming bristles while still attached to the main body.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These features allow the stolon to move and behave independently. But a question that has puzzled scientists is - how does the stolon head form in the middle of the original body?&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-developmental-mechanism-revealed">Developmental mechanism revealed</h2>



<p>The research, led by Professor Toru Miura, has shed light on the developmental mechanism of the stolon for the first time.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The formation of the stolon begins with the maturation of gonads at the worm's posterior end. Subsequently, a head-like structure forms at the anterior part of the evolving stolon. The development of sensory organs - eyes and antennae - along with swimming bristles soon follows.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Crucially, before detachment, the stolon also develops nerves and a rudimentary "brain," equipping it to sense its environment and act independently.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexpected-findings">Unexpected findings</h2>



<p>"Furthermore, expression profiles of genes involved in the anterior–posterior identity (Hox genes), head determination, germ-line, and hormone regulation were compared between anterior and posterior body parts during the stolonization process," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"The results reveal that, in the posterior body part, genes for gonadal development were up-regulated, followed by hormone-related genes and head-determination genes."&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Unexpectedly, Hox genes known to identify body parts along the anterior–posterior axis showed no significant temporal expression changes. These findings suggest that during stolonization, gonad development induces the head formation of a stolon, without up-regulation of anterior Hox genes."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study not only reveals the developmental mechanism of stolons but also opens new avenues for understanding the complex reproductive behaviors of annelids.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to Professor Miura, the next steps involve clarifying the sex determination mechanism and the endocrine regulations that govern the reproductive cycles in syllid worms.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This research enhances our understanding of the evolutionary transitions in developmental systems of animal life cycles. It also adds a fascinating chapter to the study of life's reproductive strategies.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-46358-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Scientific Reports</em></a>.</p>



<p>Image Credit: Nakamura et al 2023</p>



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Syllid worms have a butt that grows its own organs and swims away to mate

Japanese green syllid worms have a posterior body part that...

<p>A study conducted by a collaborative team from Lancaster University, <a href="https://www.bangor.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bangor University</a>, and the University of British Columbia sheds new light on the extensive benefits of secondary forests.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Naturally regrown forests, also known as secondary forests, play a critical role in the connectivity of old-growth forest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shrinking-koala-habitats-face-an-escalating-threat-of-bushfires/">habitats</a>. They can also help to shield other plants and wildlife from the harsh effects of climate change.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forest-restoration-nbsp">Forest restoration&nbsp;</h2>



<p>"Restoration of forests across the globe would make a crucial contribution to achieving global climate change mitigation, with the growth of secondary forests on deforested land in the moist tropics fundamental to success," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Although tropical secondary forests (defined here as forest growing on previously cleared land) store less carbon than old-growth forests, they rapidly remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forest-fragmentation-nbsp">Forest fragmentation&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The research emphasizes the significant impact of secondary forests in mitigating the effects of forest fragmentation in the Amazon, an area crucial for global biodiversity conservation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Secondary forests cover just 190,000 km2 of the Amazon but connect more than 2 million isolated fragments of old-growth forest, prominent amongst the world’s most important habitats for biodiversity conservation," said study co-author Professor John Healey.</p>



<p>"The secondary forests are helping maintain connectivity for patches of old-growth forest that are too small to support long-term viable populations of rare species.”</p>



<p>These connections are vital for the survival of rare species that rely on extensive, undisturbed habitats.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-buffering-nbsp">Climate buffering&nbsp;</h2>



<p>"Secondary forests are buffering as much as 41% of old-growth forest edges, potentially shielding them from negative edge effects such as hotter temperatures and wind," said study lead author Charlotte Smith.</p>



<p>"Proximity to old-growth forests can also help the rate of biodiversity and biomass recovery in secondary forests. It is positive that 94% of secondary forests were connected to old-growth forest. However, may old-growth forest remnants are small and degraded patches, so only 57% of secondary forest was connected to an area of extensive, structurally-intact old-growth.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications">Study implications</h2>



<p>Professor Healey says the research provides powerful new evidence of the importance of managing forests at the landscape scale.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Promoting forest restoration through secondary forests located next to old-growth forest remnants can play a vital role in both conserving biodiversity in these remnants and the rate of biodiversity recovery in the secondary forests themselves.”</p>



<p>The team notes that more research is needed to improve our understanding of the mechanisms driving variation in forest recovery and the potential benefits of secondary forest as buffers so that we can refine current estimates of forest carbon stocks and habitat provision.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-un-decade-on-ecosystem-restoration-nbsp">UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study underscores the importance of secondary forests in the broader context of the climate crisis and the United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration. This global initiative, spanning from 2021 to 2030, aims to halt the degradation of ecosystems and restore them to achieve global environmental goals.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Led by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration calls for a collective effort from governments, businesses, civil society, and individuals.</p>



<p>The primary objective is to revitalize millions of hectares of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The restoration efforts encompass a wide range of ecosystems, including forests, farmlands, cities, wetlands, and oceans. These endeavors are crucial for combating climate change, enhancing food security, providing clean water, and halting biodiversity loss.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad039e" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Environmental Research Letters</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Secondary forests reconnect fragmented habitats

A study conducted by a collaborative team from Lancaster University,...

White,Summer,Daisies,Reaching,Towards,Blue,Sky

<p>In a remarkable fusion of biology and engineering, the team led by Prof Christian Fankhauser at the <a href="https://www.unil.ch/central/en/home.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Lausanne</a> (UNIL), in collaboration with <a href="https://www.epfl.ch/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EPFL</a>, has made a significant breakthrough in understanding how plants perceive light. </p>



<p>This study reveals how plants, devoid of visual organs, determine the source of light using the unique optical properties at the air-water interface within their tissues.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-phototropism-in-plants">Phototropism in plants</h2>



<p>Phototropism, the orientation of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-talk-to-plants-using-light-based-messaging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a> towards light, is a critical phenomenon for their survival. As Prof Fankhauser explains, "The majority of living organisms (micro-organisms, plants and animals) have the ability to determine the origin of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-why-plants-have-a-burst-of-activity-at-dawn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">light source</a>, even in the absence of a sight organ comparable to the eye." </p>



<p>This ability is crucial for plants to optimally position their organs for maximum <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/artificial-light-affects-seasonal-rhythms-of-plants-in-the-us/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sunlight exposure</a>, facilitating efficient <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/key-to-life-on-earth-photosynthesis-begins-on-the-quantum-level-with-a-single-photon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">photosynthesis</a>, the process by which they convert light energy into chemical energy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-light-detection-mechanism">Light detection mechanism</h2>



<p>The key to this discovery was the observation of a mutant variety of <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em>, a model plant species, with a uniquely transparent stem. Prof Fankhauser's team, in conjunction with DrSc. Andreas Schüler and the UNIL's Electron Microscopy Centre, found that the normal, milky appearance of plant stems is due to air-filled channels in their tissues. </p>



<p>In contrast, the mutant plants had these channels filled with water, giving them a translucent appearance. These channels, it turns out, are crucial for establishing a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-can-control-plants-using-nothing-but-light/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">light gradient</a> within the plant, a mechanism previously unknown.</p>



<p>Martina Legris, a postdoctoral fellow in Prof Fankhauser's group, sheds light on the underlying science. She clarifies, “More specifically, air and water have different refractive indices. This leads to light scattering as it passes through the seedling." </p>



<p>This scattering of light, akin to the formation of rainbows, enables the plant to 'read' the light gradient and determine the light source's direction.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-phototropism">Broader implications of phototropism</h2>



<p>This fascinating research elucidates a novel mechanism for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/light-and-temperature-collaborate-to-boost-plant-growth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">light perception</a> in plants, and also provides insights into the formation and functions of air-filled intercellular channels. These channels are known to aid in gas exchange and offer resistance to hypoxia during flooding. </p>



<p>Understanding their development from embryonic stages to adulthood remains an area ripe for exploration. The genetic resources utilized in this study promise to further our understanding of these intricate structures.</p>



<p>In summary, the collaborative efforts of UNIL and EPFL have unveiled a fascinating aspect of plant biology, opening new avenues in our understanding of plant physiology and their interaction with the environment. This study not only enriches our scientific knowledge but also underscores the importance of interdisciplinary research in unraveling the complexities of nature.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adh9384" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a></em>.</p>



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How plants know where to find the light

In a remarkable fusion of biology and engineering, the team...

Ingredients,For,Mediterranean,Diet

<p>A new study published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.202300271" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Molecular Nutrition and Food Research</em></a> highlights the beneficial impact of a Mediterranean diet on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cheese-may-contain-nutrients-that-prevent-cognitive-decline/">cognitive health</a> of older adults.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The extensive research, led by Mireia Urpí-Sardá, explores the biological mechanisms underlying the diet's positive effects on the aging brain.</p>



<p>The study is part of the European "Joint Programming Initiative - A Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life" (<a href="https://www.healthydietforhealthylife.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JPI HDHL</a>) and spans twelve years. The research involved 840 participants over the age of 65, predominantly women, from the Bourdeaux and Dijon regions of France.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dietary-metabolomic-index-nbsp">Dietary metabolomic index&nbsp;</h2>



<p>"Within the framework of the study, a dietary metabolomic index has been designed - based on biomarkers obtained from the participants’ serum - on the food groups that form part of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mediterranean-lifestyle-linked-to-a-30-percent-lower-risk-of-death/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mediterranean</a> diet. Once this index is known, its association with cognitive impairment is evaluated," explained study co-author Cristina Andrés-Lacueva, a professor at the <a href="https://web.ub.edu/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Barcelona</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mediterranean-diet-and-key-biomarkers">Mediterranean diet and key biomarkers </h2>



<p>Key biomarkers in this study include levels of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, gut microbiota-derived polyphenol metabolites, and other phytochemicals.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Some of these indicators have been recognized as marks of exposure to the main food groups of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pollution-in-the-mediterranean-sea-is-an-urgent-issue/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mediterranean</a> diet, and may also be responsible for the health benefits of this dietary pattern.</p>



<p>The biomarkers are part of a larger set called the metabolome, which is the complete set of small-molecule chemicals found within a biological sample.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Among participants who were not suffering from cognitive decline at the start of the study, the metabolome was analyzed through serum samples.</p>



<p>Over the twelve-year period, cognitive impairment was evaluated using five different neuropsychological tests.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The results revealed a clear protective link between high scores on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mediterranean-diet-can-lead-to-longer-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mediterranean</a> diet serum biomarker index and reduced cognitive decline in older individuals.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-mediterranean-diet">Significance of the Mediterranean diet</h2>



<p>Mercè Pallàs, a professor at the <a href="http://www.neurociencies.ub.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UB Neurosciences Institute</a> (UBneuro), emphasized the significance of the team's approach.</p>



<p>"The use of dietary pattern indices based on food-intake biomarkers is a step forward towards the use of more accurate and objective dietary assessment methodologies that take into account important factors such as bioavailability," said Pallàs.</p>



<p>"We found that adherence to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mediterranean-diet-helps-offset-the-health-impacts-of-obesity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mediterranean</a> diet assessed by a panel of dietary biomarkers is inversely associated with long-term cognitive decline in older people," noted study lead author Alba Tor-Roca.</p>



<p>"These results support the use of these indicators in long-term follow-up assessments to observe the health benefits associated with the Mediterranean diet or other dietary patterns and therefore, guide personalized counseling at older ages."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mediterranean-diet-nbsp">Mediterranean diet&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mediterranean-diet-reduces-the-risk-of-dementia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mediterranean</a> diet, inspired by the traditional eating habits of countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea, is renowned for its numerous health benefits, particularly in promoting heart health and reducing the risk of chronic diseases. </p>



<p>This diet emphasizes the consumption of plant-based foods, including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, and seeds. Olive oil is a key component, serving as the primary source of added fat, renowned for its heart-healthy properties.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-features-of-the-mediterranean-diet">Key features of the Mediterranean diet</h3>



<p>One of the main features of the Mediterranean diet is its emphasis on fresh, whole foods and minimal processing. Fruits and vegetables are consumed in abundance, providing a rich source of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Whole grains, like whole wheat, oats, barley, and brown rice, are preferred over refined grains, offering more fiber and nutrients.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protein-sources-nbsp">Protein sources&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Protein sources in the Mediterranean diet are primarily plant-based, with legumes such as beans, lentils, and chickpeas playing a significant role.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Fish and seafood are also important, recommended at least twice a week, providing heart-healthy omega-3 fatty acids. Poultry, eggs, cheese, and yogurt are consumed in moderate amounts, while red meats and sweets are limited.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mediterranean-diet-social-aspects">Mediterranean diet social aspects</h3>



<p>Another distinctive aspect of this diet is its social and lifestyle components. Meals are often enjoyed in a communal setting, encouraging slower eating and the enjoyment of food as part of a social experience. Moderate consumption of red wine is also a feature, usually enjoyed with meals.</p>



<p>Overall, the Mediterranean diet is not just about food choices but also about a healthier and more holistic lifestyle, emphasizing plant-based foods, healthy fats, moderate protein from lean sources, and an enjoyable eating experience.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-benefits-of-the-mediterranean-diet">Health benefits of the Mediterranean diet</h2>



<p>The Mediterranean diet offers a multitude of health benefits, making it one of the most recommended eating patterns by health professionals worldwide.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heart-health">Heart health</h3>



<p>At its core, this diet is heart-healthy, significantly reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. The high intake of olive oil, nuts, and fish, which are rich in healthy fats, particularly omega-3 fatty acids, contributes to lower cholesterol levels and improved heart health.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-weight-management-nbsp">Weight management&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Moreover, this diet is beneficial for weight management. The emphasis on whole, nutrient-dense foods, along with healthy fats and fiber from fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, helps in maintaining a healthy weight and can aid in weight loss.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The high fiber content also contributes to better digestive health and can help prevent constipation and other digestive issues.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diabetes">Diabetes</h3>



<p>Another significant advantage of the Mediterranean diet is its role in reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes. The diet’s low glycemic index foods help in stabilizing blood sugar levels.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inflammation">Inflammation</h3>



<p>Additionally, its anti-inflammatory properties, primarily due to antioxidants found in fruits and vegetables, olive oil, and nuts, can reduce the risk of chronic diseases linked to inflammation, including certain types of cancer.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cognitive-health">Cognitive health</h3>



<p>The diet also has a positive impact on cognitive health. Studies have shown that it may lower the risk of Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia, possibly due to the combination of healthy fats and high levels of antioxidants.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-longevity">Longevity</h3>



<p>The Mediterranean diet promotes longevity and overall well-being. The combination of nutrient-rich foods, healthy fats, and a lifestyle that emphasizes social eating and moderate physical activity contributes to a longer and healthier life.</p>



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Food for the aging brain: Mediterranean diet protects cognitive health

A new study published in the journal Molecular Nutrition and...

<p>A forest modeling study has revealed important insights into how harvest rotations can be optimized for maximum carbon sequestration, a critical factor in the fight against climate change.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study was led by Catherine Carlisle as a graduate student, alongside Temesgen Hailemariam and Stephen Fitzgerald from the <a href="https://www.forestry.oregonstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">OSU College of Forestry</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-insights">New insights</h2>



<p>The researchers determined that a site's productivity, reflecting the rate of tree growth and biomass accumulation, is a key determinant in establishing the ideal time period between timber harvests for maximizing above-ground carbon storage.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This finding is particularly relevant for forest managers in the Pacific Northwest, who are looking to balance timber harvesting with carbon sequestration.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-northwest-forests-nbsp">Northwest forests&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Trees play a vital role in climate change mitigation by absorbing carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. The researchers noted that the carbon stored in the woody biomass of U.S. forests offsets about 13% of the country's greenhouse gas emissions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The forests in the Northwest, covering nearly 25 million acres, are among the most productive globally. Specifically, the Oregon Coast Range forests stand out due to their high biomass and carbon densities, fostered by the region's favorable growing conditions.</p>



<p>“Whether short or long harvest rotations are better for maximizing carbon sequestration has been the subject of considerable debate,” said Carlisle. “Future management decisions will need to strive to meet harvest requirements while also striving to maintain high rates of carbon sequestration.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The team used the McDonald-Dunn Research Forest, an 11,000-acre woodland managed by the College of Forestry, as the area for modeling. This forest, home to the Douglas-fir, Oregon's state tree, was chosen due to its varied productivity levels. The study was focused on over 300 stands.</p>



<p>The researchers utilized the Forest Vegetation Simulator, a software suite, to predict vegetation changes in response to different management activities or natural disturbances.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-settling-the-debate">Settling the debate</h2>



<p>“Some forest scientists have argued that multiple but shorter rotations lead to greater sequestration rates because of the accelerated growth rates of younger trees compared to mature or old-growth trees,” said Carlisle, who is now a forest carbon analyst at Finite Carbon.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Others say frequent harvesting won’t allow forest carbon to rebound after each subsequent rotation, and thus longer periods between clearcutting are a better choice. And depending on who you ask, thinning will either enhance forest carbon uptake by facilitating growth in residual trees, or hurt it by removing above-ground biomass.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-researchers-learned-nbsp">What the researchers learned&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study revealed that for highly productive stands, 60-year rotations with a low-intensity thinning at 40 years maximized carbon storage.&nbsp;</p>



<p>By contrast, less productive sites showed optimal carbon storage with longer rotations of 80 or 120 years, requiring multiple thinning entries to manage understory vegetation and promote Douglas-fir growth.</p>



<p>“On these longer rotations, multiple entries for thinning were required to prevent buildup of understory vegetation that would have suppressed the growth of overstory Douglas-fir,” Carlisle said.</p>



<p>Moderately productive stands were found to perform the best with 80-year rotations and two low-intensity thinning treatments between harvests, she added.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“Forest management decisions in the Northwest in the future will aim to meet harvest requirements while maintaining high sequestration potential of the region’s forests,” said Carlisle.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Management techniques like determining the optimal rotation length and implementing silvicultural treatments can be powerful tools that can allow managers to meet both objectives.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forest-modeling-nbsp">Forest modeling&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Forest modeling is a sophisticated scientific method used to understand and predict the growth, structure, and behavior of forest ecosystems.&nbsp;</p>



<p>It involves creating computer-based representations or simulations of forests, which help in assessing various aspects such as tree growth, biomass accumulation, carbon sequestration, and the impact of environmental factors and human activities.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-data">Data</h3>



<p>In forest modeling, data from real forests is used to create models that simulate the processes occurring within a forest. These models can be quite complex, incorporating various elements like tree species, soil type, climate conditions, and management practices.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-predictions-nbsp">Predictions&nbsp;</h3>



<p>By adjusting the parameters within the models, scientists can predict how forests will respond to different scenarios, such as climate change, natural disturbances like wildfires or pests, and different forest management strategies.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation">Conservation</h3>



<p>One of the key uses of forest modeling is in the field of forest management and conservation. By simulating different management scenarios, such as varying the timing and intensity of timber harvests or the implementation of conservation practices, forest managers can predict the outcomes and make informed decisions that balance economic needs with ecological sustainability.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carbon-dynamics-nbsp">Carbon dynamics&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Forest models are also crucial in studying carbon dynamics in forests. With growing concerns over climate change, understanding how forests sequester carbon and how different management practices or disturbances can affect this process is vital.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Models can predict how much carbon a forest can store under various conditions, helping in the development of strategies to maximize carbon sequestration and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-dynamics-nbsp">Ecological dynamics&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Additionally, forest modeling is used in research to understand the ecological dynamics of forests. It helps in studying the interactions between different species, the impact of invasive species, and the effects of environmental changes on forest health and biodiversity.</p>



<p>Overall, forest modeling is a powerful tool that provides insights into the functioning of forest ecosystems, supporting efforts in sustainable forest management, conservation, and climate change mitigation.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14102090" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Forests</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Forest modeling study reveals new insights into carbon sequestration

A forest modeling study has revealed important insights into how...

species in Arnelliaceae