Sharks have survived for hundreds of millions of years. They outlived the dinosaurs, Ice Ages, and major climate shifts. Yet today, they are disappearing rapidly - not because of nature, but because of us.



Since the 1970s, their global numbers have fallen by more than 70 percent. The causes are not mysterious: overfishing, finning, bycatch, and growing demand for shark meat. 



The International Union for Conservation of Nature (<a href="https://iucn.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IUCN</a>) now lists nearly 40 percent of shark species as threatened. Laws and trade bans set rules, but sellers still put sharks on the market.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shark-meat-trade-uncovered">Shark meat trade uncovered</h2>



A team at the <a href="https://www.unc.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> decided to check what is actually on sale in the United States. 



They bought shark products from grocery stores, seafood markets, and online shops. Using DNA barcoding, they tested the species. The results were shocking.



“We found critically endangered sharks, including great hammerhead and scalloped hammerhead, being sold in grocery stores, seafood markets, and online," said study co-author Dr. Savannah Ryburn.



"Of the 29 samples, 93 percent were ambiguously labeled as ‘shark,’ and one of the two products labeled at the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/great-white-sharks-survived-the-ice-age-but-it-changed-them-forever/">species</a> level was mislabeled,” 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-misleading-labels-everywhere">Misleading labels everywhere</h2>



Most of the products carried only the word “shark.” Sellers even mislabeled some as safer species. Out of 30 samples, just one had a correct and clear label.



The rest included a mix of 11 species, three of which were critically endangered. Nearly a third came from species already at serious risk of extinction.



This problem isn’t limited to the United States. Around the world, shark meat appears under names like “cazón” in Brazil, “flake” in Australia, and “rock salmon” in the UK. In Peru, most people eating “tollo” did not even know it was shark.



These vague labels hide what consumers are really buying and make it almost impossible to track trade in threatened species. 



Sellers put <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/endangered-sharks-study-reveals-hidden-crisis-of-overfishing/">endangered sharks</a> in plain sight, deny scientists the ability to track catches, and prevent buyers from making safe, informed choices.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meat-sold-at-low-prices">Meat sold at low prices</h2>



Researchers also pointed to the price. Endangered sharks were selling for less than $5 a pound in U.S. grocery stores.



By comparison, red snapper sold for $27 a pound. The numbers show how little the market values these predators, even though they play a critical role in ocean ecosystems.



“The legality of selling shark meat in the United States depends largely on where the shark was harvested and which species are involved, under regulations from CITES and the Endangered Species Act,” Ryburn explained.



“However, by the time large shark species reach grocery stores and markets, they are often sold as fillets with all distinguishing features removed, making it unlikely that sellers know what species they are offering.”



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/endangered-shark-meat_false-labels_Frontiers_1m.jpg"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/endangered-shark-meat_false-labels_Frontiers_1s.webp" alt="Photos exemplifying how some of the samples were labeled and displayed when purchased. (A) Dusky smooth-hound sold whole, missing the head, labeled as “shark” in English and Chinese at an Asian grocery store in Orlando, FL. (B) Shortfin mako shark sold as jerky and purchased online from the Newport Jerky Company in Rhode Island labeled as “mako shark jerky”. (C) Common thresher shark sold as “fresh shark [steak]” at an Asian grocery store in Duluth, GA. The label also included “wild caught/USA”. (D) Blacktip shark labeled as “wild blacktip shark, fresh never frozen” from a Publix grocery store in Cary, NC. The label also included that it was a “product of Florida” and that it was “responsibly sourced”. Credit: Frontiers in Marine Science" class="wp-image-1985976"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Photos exemplifying how some of the samples were labeled and displayed when purchased. (A) Dusky smooth-hound sold whole, missing the head, labeled as “shark” in English and Chinese at an Asian grocery store in Orlando, FL. (B) Shortfin mako shark sold as jerky and purchased online from the Newport Jerky Company in Rhode Island labeled as “mako shark jerky”. (C) Common thresher shark sold as “fresh shark [steak]” at an Asian grocery store in Duluth, GA. The label also included “wild caught/USA”. (D) Blacktip shark labeled as “wild blacktip shark, fresh never frozen” from a Publix grocery store in Cary, NC. The label also included that it was a “product of Florida” and that it was “responsibly sourced”. Click image to enlarge. Credit: Frontiers in Marine Science</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eating-shark-meat-is-dangerous">Eating shark meat is dangerous</h2>



This issue isn’t only about conservation. Sharks such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-some-great-hammerhead-sharks-rarely-leave-home/">hammerheads</a> and makos carry high levels of mercury and arsenic in their tissues. These metals damage the nervous system, harm unborn children, and increase cancer risks.



Mislabeled products strip consumers of their ability to make safe choices and put families at risk without their knowledge.



The danger grows because heavy metals accumulate over time, meaning even small, repeated servings of shark meat can cause long-term health effects that no label warns about.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clear-labels-protect-sharks">Clear labels protect sharks</h2>



The United States still allows “shark” as a generic market name. In contrast, the European Union requires far more detail, including the scientific name and catch area. 



Without clear <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dont-say-vegan-food-labeling-should-focus-on-health-and-sustainability/">labeling</a>, the public cannot know whether their dinner is harmless dogfish or a critically endangered hammerhead.



“Sellers in the United States should be required to provide species-specific names," Ryburn said. "And when shark meat is not a food security necessity, consumers should avoid purchasing products that lack species-level labeling or traceable sourcing."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shark-extinction-risks-ocean-collapse">Shark extinction risks ocean collapse</h2>



Sharks have been around for half a billion years. If we continue to treat them as cheap, nameless meat, we may be the generation that sees them vanish. Their loss would not be just another statistic on the list of endangered species.



It would mean oceans without their top predators, seas where <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oceans-are-quickly-losing-ability-to-support-fish-due-to-plankton-loss/">fish populations</a> explode or collapse without balance, and ecosystems that unravel in ways we cannot easily repair. Communities that depend on healthy oceans for food and livelihoods would also suffer.



Sharks have shaped marine life for millions of years, and their future now depends on the choices we make today.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2025.1604454/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Marine Science</a>.



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How endangered shark meat ends up on grocery shelves despite global bans

Sharks have survived for hundreds of millions of years. They outlived the dinosaurs, Ice Ages, and major climate shifts. Yet today, they are disappearing rapidly - not because of nature, but because of us. Since the 1970s, their global numbers have fallen by more than 70 percent. The causes are not mysterious: overfishing, finning, bycatch, and growing demand for shark meat. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) now lists nearly 40 percent of shark species as threatened. Laws and trade bans set rules, but sellers...

A groundbreaking study has brought new insights into the factors impacting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/summertime-fireflies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">firefly</a> populations across North America. By leveraging extensive citizen science data and advanced analytics, the experts unpacked the environmental and human influences on these beloved insects.



The study was conducted by researchers at the <a href="https://www.uky.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Kentucky</a>, <a href="https://www.bucknell.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bucknell University</a>, the <a href="https://www.psu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Pennsylvania State University</a>, and the <a href="https://www.usda.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">US Department of Agriculture</a> (USDA).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-identifying-threats-to-firefly-populations-nbsp">Identifying threats to firefly populations&nbsp;</h2>



“As insect populations decline in many regions, conservation biologists are increasingly tasked with identifying factors that threaten insect species and developing effective strategies for their conservation. One insect group of global conservation concern are fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae),” wrote the study authors.&nbsp;



“Although quantitative data on firefly populations are lacking for most species, anecdotal reports suggest that some firefly populations have declined in recent decades.”



“Researchers have hypothesized that North American firefly populations are most threatened by habitat loss, pesticide use, and light pollution, but the importance of these factors in shaping firefly populations has not been rigorously examined at broad spatial scales.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-integrating-large-scale-data-sets-nbsp">Integrating large scale data sets&nbsp;</h2>



The research, utilizing over 24,000 surveys from the <a href="https://www.massaudubon.org/programs-events/community-science/firefly-watch" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Firefly Watch</a> citizen science initiative, represents the first comprehensive effort to apply a data-driven approach to understand firefly population dynamics across a vast geographic scale. 



“Subtle changes in climate patterns, especially related to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/past-temperatures-are-revealed-by-the-size-of-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">temperature</a>, are significantly impacting firefly breeding cycles and habitat quality,” said study lead author Darin McNeil, an assistant professor of wildlife ecology and management at the University of Kentucky.



“In this study, we integrated large scale data sets on species abundance, land use, soil type, weather and climate using machine learning models to precisely model and predict firefly abundance patterns at the local scale across the eastern U.S. We were very fortunate to have a multi-year citizen science data set that spanned more than 24,000 observations,” noted study senior author Christina Grozinger, a professor of entomology at Penn State.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-light-pollution-and-agriculture-nbsp">Climate change, light pollution, and agriculture&nbsp;</h2>



The findings highlight the vulnerability of fireflies to climatic variables such as temperature and precipitation. Since fireflies thrive in temperate conditions, with wet and warm summers providing ideal breeding environments and cold winters supporting the survival of immature stages, climate changes are likely to be highly challenging.



Moreover, the scientists found that urban growth and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/artificial-light-pollution-disrupts-entire-ecological-networks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">light pollution</a> can negatively impact this species. “Artificial lights at night could disrupt firefly populations, possibly affecting both adult and larval stages,” McNeil said. “Firefly larvae, which live in the soil, are particularly vulnerable to changes in light exposure and artificial light could alter their developmental cycles and survival rates.”



The researchers also investigated the impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/developing-climate-smart-agricultural-practices/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">agricultural practices</a>. While they did not find a direct pesticide effect, they discovered that certain agricultural areas supported some of the highest firefly densities, possibly due to practices like livestock grazing that create favorable meadow-like conditions. However, the scientists cautioned against the intensification of agriculture that could diminish the organic debris and moist environments essential for firefly larvae.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-term-trends-in-firefly-populations-nbsp">Long-term trends in firefly populations&nbsp;</h2>



“As the study concludes, further research is encouraged, particularly in exploring the long-term trends of firefly populations and the efficacy of various conservation strategies. Moving forward, focused studies that survey particular firefly species, rather than the firefly community as a whole, will be important,” McNeil said.



“Each individual species has its own habitat requirement and things it needs to succeed. With the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/citizen-scientists-rare-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">citizen science</a> data in this study, we’re looking at fireflies in the aggregate, but we would like people in citizen science getting more training in species identification. If we can get species-level information, we can provide more specifics on species living in a particular area and how best to protect them,” added co-author Sarah Lower, an assistant professor of biology at Bucknell University.



To gather comparable data for different firefly species, the research team is utilizing technology and artificial intelligence to establish automated monitoring systems. This initiative is part of an NSF-funded <a href="https://insectnet.psu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">INSECT NET</a> graduate training program designed to enhance the precision and reach of ecological studies.



For individuals keen on understanding the land use, weather, and climate specifics of their areas, Penn State offers the <a href="https://pollinators.psu.edu/bee-health/beescape" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Beescape tool</a>. This online resource delivers tailored habitat quality scores for pollinators, helping users assess and improve local conditions for these vital creatures.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172329" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science of the Total Environment</a>.



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Firefly populations face multiple threats across North America

A groundbreaking study has brought new insights into the factors...

The sight of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trees-help-gray-foxes-coexist-with-coyotes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fox</a> disappearing headfirst into snow is an iconic image of winter survival. However, behind this seemingly whimsical behavior lies a fascinating interplay of biomechanics and evolution. 



Recent research from <a href="https://www.cornell.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cornell University</a> has unveiled the secrets behind the fox's remarkable hunting technique, highlighting the crucial role of their specialized snouts and remarkable sensory abilities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-foxes-and-their-snout">Foxes and their snout</h2>



"The fox’s sharp snout doesn’t significantly compress the snow; it penetrates it without much resistance," explained Sunghwan Jung, a Cornell University professor and corresponding author of the study.



By analyzing 3D-printed skulls of foxes, the researchers discovered that the fox's elongated snout acts like a natural ice pick. Upon impact, the narrow, pointed shape slices through the snow rather than compressing it forcefully. 



This streamlined design minimizes deceleration forces, protecting the fox from potentially harmful head and neck injuries during its high-speed dives.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adaptations-for-snow-hunting">Adaptations for snow hunting</h2>



The research team's comparison between the fox's skull and those of larger felines like lynx and pumas revealed a stark contrast. Unlike the fox's narrow, pointed snout, these big cats possess wider, flatter snouts. This difference has significant implications for snow diving.



When a large feline attempts a headfirst dive into snow, its flat snout would impact the snow with greater surface area. This causes the snow to compress, creating substantial resistance and a significantly higher deceleration force. This sudden force increases the risk of injury to the cat's head and neck.



These findings underscore the fox's unique evolutionary adaptations for its specific ecological role. While large cats generally rely on stealthy ambushes and brute strength to overpower their prey, the fox's success in snowy environments depends on agility and precise targeting. The combination of its streamlined snout and keen hearing allows the fox to thrive in this specialized niche.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fox-s-sensory-advantage-in-snow">Fox's sensory advantage in snow</h2>



The fox's success as a winter hunter extends beyond the specialized design of its snout. A remarkably keen sense of hearing plays a crucial role in its ability to locate and capture prey. Foxes have evolved the ability to detect even the faintest rustling sounds made by rodents moving beneath a layer of snow. This acute hearing gives them a distinct advantage in locating potential meals.



Researchers theorize that foxes utilize a form of "sound triangulation" to accurately determine the depth and position of their prey. This process likely involves analyzing how the sound reaches each ear, allowing the fox to create a precise mental map of the rodent's location.



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/foxes-have-been-eating-human-scraps-for-42000-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fox</a>'s elongated snout further enhances its hunting prowess. The streamlined shape minimizes any potential obstruction of sound waves, ensuring maximum auditory clarity. It also allows the fox to quickly and precisely reach its target the moment it's been pinpointed, preventing the startled rodent from escaping.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-applications-of-the-research">Applications of the research</h2>



While the fox's fascinating snow-diving strategy offers insights into animal adaptations, the research extends beyond the realm of pure natural history. By understanding the biomechanics of how animals interact with different substrates, like snow, we can potentially gain valuable knowledge applicable to various fields of study.



This research could have implications for sports medicine and the design of safety equipment. The fox's streamlined snout could inspire innovations in helmet design for snow sports enthusiasts. 



Specifically, researchers could study the material properties of the fox's snout to identify potential shock-absorbing structures or design elements. These improvements could lead to better protection from head and neck injuries during falls or collisions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extinct-fox-may-have-once-been-mans-best-friend/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fox</a>'s spectacular snow dive serves as a testament to the remarkable power of natural selection. Over countless generations, the pressures of a harsh winter environment have shaped the fox's unique suite of adaptations. 



Its specialized snout, designed to minimize impact with snow, operates in tandem with its exceptional hearing to allow precise targeting of prey. These traits, working synergistically, provide the fox with a crucial survival advantage.



Studies like this illuminate the intricate ways in which animals evolve to overcome the challenges of their specific environments. By analyzing the fox's adaptations, we gain a deeper understanding of the evolutionary processes that have shaped the diversity of life on our planet. 



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2321179121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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How can a fox dive headfirst into snow? It's all in the snout

The sight of a fox disappearing headfirst into snow is...

In an unexpected and concerning development, researchers recently diagnosed a bottlenose dolphin in Florida with the highly pathogenic avian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/avian-influenza-h5n1-marine-mammals-spreading-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">influenza</a> virus, commonly known as HPAIV.



This diagnosis marks the first documented case of this virus in a cetacean in North America, signaling a significant expansion in the known range of mammals susceptible to avian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-flu-killed-hundreds-of-seals-in-new-england-last-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flu</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-avian-influenza-in-dolphins">Avian influenza in dolphins</h2>



The situation was discovered after a marine animal rescue team responded to an emergency involving a dolphin in distress located in Dixie County, Florida. Unfortunately, the dolphin did not survive, and following its death, a comprehensive postmortem examination was performed by researchers to determine the cause.



During the autopsy, scientists took multiple tissue samples from various parts of the dolphin's body, including the brain, for detailed laboratory analysis. Initially, these samples were analyzed by a local zoological medicine diagnostic lab, which conducted tests to eliminate other possible diseases that might have caused the dolphin’s condition.



After other diseases were ruled out, further tests were conducted at the Bronson Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory. It was here that they confirmed the presence of the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) in the dolphin's lung and brain tissues, marking a significant finding as it indicated the virus's ability to infect species beyond birds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-identifying-the-invisible-enemy">Identifying the invisible enemy</h2>



The National Veterinary Services Laboratory provided a detailed classification of the virus identified in the dolphin, specifying that it was the highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus belonging to the HA clade 2.3.4.4b. This particular subtype is notorious for its strong virulence and remarkable ability to cross species barriers, making it a significant concern in terms of animal and potentially human health.



To further investigate this, the virus underwent additional scrutiny at a Biosafety Level 3 enhanced laboratory. 



Laboratories of this level are equipped to handle pathogens that can cause serious or potentially lethal disease through inhalation, thus providing a safe and controlled environment for researchers. This setting enabled scientists to conduct more intensive and detailed examinations of the virus’s properties.



In this advanced laboratory setting, researchers were able to perform intricate studies that included genetic sequencing and viral behavior analysis under various conditions. These activities aimed to provide a clearer picture of how the virus infects cells, replicates, and spreads between hosts. 



Understanding these aspects is crucial for developing effective control measures and anticipating potential future outbreaks that could affect other species. The work done in this enhanced biosafety environment was key to gaining a deeper understanding of the unique characteristics of the H5N1 virus found in the dolphin.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unraveling-the-mystery">Unraveling the mystery </h2>



Allison Murawski, D.V.M., led the research as part of her involvement with an aquatic animal medicine program and played a crucial role in developing the case report. She worked closely with Dr. Richard Webby, who directs the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Studies on the Ecology of Influenza in Animals and Birds.



Together, they investigated the origins of the virus, its unique genetic mutations, and its potential to infect other mammals. Their research included sequencing genomes from local <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deadly-bird-flu-outbreak-requires-urgent-coordinated-response/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a> and analyzing viruses isolated from Northeast seal populations.



Despite their efforts, the experts could not determine the exact source of the dolphin's infection. "We still don’t know where the dolphin got the virus and more research needs to be done," Dr. Webby stated.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-research-beyond-dolphin-avian-influenza">Research beyond dolphin avian influenza</h2>



This case demonstrates the power of collaborative research. Mike Walsh, D.V.M., an associate professor of aquatic animal health and Murawski’s faculty mentor, highlighted the importance of this teamwork.



"This investigation was an important step in understanding this virus and is a great example where happenstance joins with curiosity, having to answer the ‘why’ and then seeing how the multiple groups and expertise took this to a fantastic representation of collaborative excellence," noted Walsh.



As a result, this research emphasizes the unpredictable nature of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-the-influenza-virus-hack-our-cells/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">influenza</a> viruses and their ability to spread across species. It also underscores the ongoing need for surveillance and research to better understand these pathogens and reduce their impact on wildlife and potentially, human health.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-024-06173-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Communications Biology</a>.



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Dolphin in Florida tests positive for avian influenza

In an unexpected and concerning development, researchers recently diagnosed a...

Global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-climate-change-and-biodiversity-loss-are-one-indivisible-global-health-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a> has declined by 2% to 11% during the 20th century due to land-use changes alone. As we progress into the mid-21st century, climate change is projected to become the primary driver of biodiversity loss.



This is the conclusion of a comprehensive multi-model study led by the <a href="https://www.idiv.de/en/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research</a> (iDiv) and <a href="https://www.uni-halle.de/?lang=en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg</a> (MLU).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-primary-drivers-of-biodiversity-loss">Primary drivers of biodiversity loss</h2>



The researchers utilized thirteen models to evaluate the impacts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/land-use-changes-expose-the-amazon-to-environmental-threats/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">land-use</a> and climate change on four different biodiversity metrics and nine ecosystem services. The findings highlight the substantial influence of human activity on natural environments.



Land-use change has long been recognized by the <a href="https://www.ipbes.net/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services</a> (IPBES) as a significant factor affecting biodiversity. This study's detailed modeling of land-use impacts over the last century indicates that these changes alone could have reduced global biodiversity by as much as 11 percent.&nbsp;



“By including all world regions in our model, we were able to fill many blind spots and address criticism of other approaches working with fragmented and potentially biased data,” said lead author Henrique Pereira, a conservation biologist at iDiv and MLU.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-land-use-changes-and-ecosystem-services-nbsp">Land-use changes and ecosystem services&nbsp;</h2>



In addition to biodiversity metrics, the study also explored the effects of land-use change on ecosystem services.&nbsp;



The analysis revealed that, while provisioning services like food and timber production saw significant increases, regulating services such as pollination, nitrogen retention, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reducing-air-pollution-could-greatly-boost-carbon-sequestration-by-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon sequestration</a> experienced declines.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-drivers-of-biodiversity-loss-nbsp">Future drivers of biodiversity loss &nbsp;</h2>



Looking forward, the study combined the effects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-want-to-fight-climate-change-more-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> with land-use changes to project future biodiversity and ecosystem service trends.&nbsp;



All scenarios - from sustainable development to high emissions - suggest that biodiversity loss will occur across all global regions due to the compounded effects of these two factors.



According to the scientists, the purpose of examining long-term scenarios is not to predict what will happen, but to understand alternatives, and thus avoid the trajectories that are least desirable, and select those that have positive outcomes. These trajectories depend strongly on the policies we choose.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-safeguarding-biodiversity-in-the-coming-decades">Safeguarding biodiversity in the coming decades</h2>



“Our analysis shows that a truly integrated approach considering the different sustainability dimensions in a consistent framework is needed to reduce conflicts between policies and safeguard biodiversity in the coming decades,” said study co-author Petr Havlík, the program director of <a href="https://iiasa.ac.at/programs/bnr" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IIASA Biodiversity and Natural Resources</a>.



“For instance, while <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bioenergy-can-slow-climate-change-but-the-window-is-closing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bioenergy</a> deployment is still a critical element of the majority of climate stabilization scenarios, it also poses a threat to species habitats.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prioritizing-conservation-and-restoration-efforts">Prioritizing conservation and restoration efforts</h2>



“Given the potentially synergistic negative effects of land use and climate change on biodiversity, our findings suggest that conservation and restoration efforts should be prioritized globally as necessary natural climate solutions,” noted study co-author Piero Visconti, the <a href="https://iiasa.ac.at/programs/bnr/bec" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Biodiversity, Ecology, and Conservation Research Group</a> leader at IIASA.



“This underscores the importance of effectively implementing area-based conservation targets for integrated planning, ecological restoration, and protected areas under the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-human-induced-biodiversity-loss">Addressing human-induced biodiversity loss</h2>



According to the scientists, evaluating the effects of specific policies on biodiversity is crucial for pinpointing the most effective strategies to protect and enhance biodiversity and ecosystem services.&nbsp;



Despite uncertainties in modeling, the results unequivocally demonstrate that existing policies fall short of achieving international biodiversity targets. This highlights the urgent need for intensified efforts to address human-induced biodiversity loss.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-biodiversity-loss-nbsp">More about biodiversity loss&nbsp;</h2>



Biodiversity loss refers to the ongoing decline in the variety of life across the planet, encompassing species, genetic variants, and ecosystems. The drivers of biodiversity loss include human activities such as deforestation, pollution, climate change, and overexploitation of natural resources. 



The impact of losing biodiversity is profound and multifaceted, affecting everything from ecosystem stability and resilience to the availability of resources like food, clean water, and medicines. As species disappear, so do crucial ecosystem services, leading to challenges that affect climate regulation, flood control, and the pollination of plants.&nbsp;



This loss also has significant cultural impacts, especially for indigenous communities who depend directly on their local ecosystems. The fight against biodiversity loss involves conservation efforts, sustainable practices, and international agreements aimed at preserving the natural world for future generations.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adn3441" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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What are the biggest drivers of biodiversity loss?

Global biodiversity has declined by 2% to 11% during the...

Ko Mochizuki, a researcher from the <a href="https://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Tokyo</a>, has made a significant discovery challenging the common belief about the pollination of the genus Angelica, traditionally seen as having a broad range of pollinators. The findings reveal that two species within this genus, Angelica decursiva and Angelica hakonensis, are primarily pollinated by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-are-hornets-so-successful-as-invasive-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hornets</a>, a rarity in the plant world where hornets are seldom seen as main pollinators.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flowers-of-the-apiaceae-family">Flowers of the Apiaceae family</h2>



The typical flowers of the Apiaceae family, to which Angelica belongs, are white, small, open, and produce nectar and pollen that attract diverse insect species. It's not uncommon for over 100 different insect species to visit the flowers of some plants in this family, categorizing them as generalists.&nbsp;



However, Mochizuki's observations in Nagano Prefecture in 2015 and later in 2018 at the Nikko Botanical Garden showed a different story for these two specific Angelica species.&nbsp;



“I observed a fierce visitation by hornets for the first time in 2015 in Nagano Prefecture and then again in 2018 in the Nikko Botanical Garden where they were feeding on the nectar of the inflorescences of A. decursiva and A. hakonensis," he reported.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-apiaceae-species-and-hornet-pollinators-nbsp">Apiaceae species and hornet pollinators&nbsp;</h2>



Mochizuki embarked on a detailed study. He was motivated to investigate whether these species are predominantly pollinated by hornets, a belief contrary to the established view that Apiaceae species are generalists.



The research method involved quantifying the number and type of "visitors" to the flowers, capturing some to check the amount of pollen on their bodies, and conducting experiments with different mesh covers to isolate the influence of hornets and other insects on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wasps-are-undervalued-as-predators-and-pollinators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollination</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-hornets-as-pollinators-nbsp">Importance of hornets as pollinators&nbsp;</h2>



The results from all three approaches confirmed that hornets were the most frequent visitors. Interestingly, Mochizuki found that excluding hornets from the flowers resulted in higher than expected seed production.&nbsp;



“Excluding the hornets allowed other visitors to gather on the flowers. Especially considering that I had previously observed hornets hunting and killing other insect visitors when they encountered each other on the inflorescence,” he said.



The findings highlight the need to reconsider the ecological roles of hornets, often viewed only as pests or invasive species.&nbsp;



“Hornets are generally considered pests in their native range and problematic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tweets-provide-insights-on-how-invasive-insects-spread/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">invasive species</a> in some areas such as North America. Nevertheless, this study underscores the importance of hornets as pollinators, opening new avenues for research and conservation,” Mochizuki concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hornets-as-pollinators">Hornets as pollinators</h2>



Hornets, though often associated with their stinging ability and predatory habits, also play a role in pollination. Unlike bees, which are primary pollinators, hornets are considered secondary pollinators. Here's how they contribute to pollination:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-incidental-pollination">Incidental pollination</h3>



While hornets primarily feed on other insects, they also visit flowers for nectar. In the process of feeding on nectar, pollen can stick to their bodies and get transferred from one flower to another, facilitating pollination.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flower-visits">Flower visits</h3>



Certain species of hornets are more likely to visit flowers than others. For instance, the Asian giant hornet (Vespa mandarinia) has been observed visiting flowers, though it is less common compared to smaller species.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-limited-role">Limited role</h3>



Compared to bees, butterflies, and other dedicated pollinators, hornets' overall contribution to pollination is relatively minor. Their body structure is not as well adapted for carrying <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/carrying-pollen-increases-bumblebees-body-temperature/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollen</a> as that of bees, and they do not have behaviors specifically aimed at pollination.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-impact">Ecological impact</h3>



Hornets can impact ecosystems through their predatory behavior on other insects, including some pollinators. This can indirectly affect pollination dynamics, especially if they reduce the numbers of primary pollinators in an area.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-apiaceae-species">More about Apiaceae species</h2>



The Apiaceae family, commonly known as the carrot or parsley family, is a diverse and significant group of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pollinators-are-not-just-attracted-to-plants-by-scent-but-also-by-humidity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a>, primarily recognized for its aromatic members that are often used in cooking and traditional medicine.&nbsp;



The Apiaceae family contains about 3,700 species spread across 434 genera. These plants are widely distributed across the globe, particularly in temperate regions. They thrive in a variety of habitats, from mountainous areas to flat plains.



Plants in this family are usually aromatic herbs with hollow stems. The leaves are often compound and the flowers are typically small, clustered in umbels, which is a defining characteristic of the family. These umbels present as a series of short flower stalks spreading from a common point, somewhat like the ribs of an umbrella, hence the name.



Many Apiaceae species are cultivated for their edible roots, seeds, or leaves. Familiar examples include carrots (Daucus carota), celery (Apium graveolens), parsley (Petroselinum crispum), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), and dill (Anethum graveolens). Several species also have medicinal properties and have been used in traditional remedies for a variety of ailments.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecy.4311" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ecology</a>.



Image Credit: Mochizuki 2024



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Hornets are the most important pollinators for some plants

Ko Mochizuki, a researcher from the University of Tokyo, has...

Symphysodon,Discus,In,An,Aquarium,On,A,Green,Background

The animal kingdom is replete with varied behaviors that define survival strategies and influence biodiversity. Among these, curiosity is a critical personality trait that impacts <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/species-survival-adapt-diets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animal adaptation</a> and survival. It compels animals such as cichlids to explore new areas within their habitats, diversifying their experiences and potentially their genetic makeup, although it also increases their vulnerability to predators.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-cichlids-and-biodiversity">Exploring cichlids and biodiversity </h2>



Nestled in the heart of Africa, Lake Tanganyika functions as an exceptional natural laboratory for exploring the complexities of biodiversity. This expansive lake hosts a myriad of cichlid species, each distinguished by its unique shape, diet, habitat, and coloration. 



The incredible range of these characteristics among cichlids enables them to adapt to different ecological roles within the lake’s ecosystem. By filling various niches, these fish effectively spread out across different environmental zones, which reduces direct competition for resources among them. 



This adaptation not only helps maintain ecological balance but also fosters a rich diversity within the lake, making it an ideal subject for scientific study.



Recent research led by Professor Walter Salzburger from the <a href="https://www.unibas.ch/en.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Basel</a> focuses on these cichlids to understand how curiosity contributes to the emergence of new species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cichlid-curiosity">Cichlid curiosity</h2>



Dr. Carolin Sommer-Trembo, the lead author of the study, dedicated nine months to closely observing 57 different cichlid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cichlid-fish-transform-their-shape-to-handle-environmental-changes/">species</a> along the southern shores of Lake Tanganyika. 



She utilized large experimental ponds to examine the exploratory behavior of these cichlids, all of which were initially captured from the lake and subsequently returned to their natural habitat.



Upon returning to Basel, Sommer-Trembo analyzed video recordings to assess how each species adapted to these new environments. She identified significant variations in exploratory behavior that remained consistent even in controlled laboratory settings.



"Large differences in exploratory behavior were observed between the cichlid species," Sommer-Trembo noted, emphasizing a strong connection between behavior, habitat preference, and physical traits. 



Notably, bulkier cichlids found closer to the shores exhibited greater curiosity compared to their more elongated counterparts in open waters.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-insights-into-cichlid-curiosity-and-biodiversity">Genetic insights into cichlid curiosity and biodiversity</h2>



The research team took an innovative approach to explore the genetic foundations of these behaviors, developed in collaboration with Dr. Milan Malinsky of the <a href="https://www.unibe.ch/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bern</a>. 



They discovered a genetic variant strongly linked to curiosity, characterized by a specific "T" in the DNA sequence, which almost perfectly predicts increased exploratory behavior, while a "C" suggests less curiosity.



Using CRISPR-Cas9, a cutting-edge gene-editing technology, the researchers successfully induced mutations in this specific DNA region, thereby enhancing the cichlids' curiosity. 



Additionally, they employed artificial intelligence to provide predictive insights into the exploratory behaviors of cichlid species that had not previously been studied.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-from-fish-to-humans">Broader implications: From fish to humans</h2>



Interestingly, the genetic variant identified is located near the gene cacng5b, which is active in the brain and is also present in other vertebrates, including humans. 



This gene is associated with neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorders.



"This puts the focus back on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/environmental-change-makes-animals-alter-their-behavior/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animal behavior</a> as a driving force behind key evolutionary processes," says Sommer-Trembo.



The implications of this research extend beyond the aquatic borders of Lake Tanganyika, suggesting potential insights into the biological foundations of personality traits in humans.



As the study of cichlids in Lake Tanganyika continues to reveal the intricate connections between genetics, behavior, evolution and biodiversity, it may also offer a glimpse into the mechanisms of human behavioral traits, potentially linking our own evolutionary story to those of the curious cichlids.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-cichlid-fish-beyond-their-curiosity">More about cichlid fish beyond their curiosity</h2>



As discussed above, cichlid fish are a remarkably diverse group of freshwater fish, primarily found in tropical regions of Africa and Central and South America. 



Their diversity is not just limited to their coloration and body shapes but extends to their behavior, reproductive strategies, and environmental adaptations, making them a favorite subject of study in evolutionary biology.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Origins and distribution</h3>



Cichlids are most notably abundant in African lakes, with Lake Malawi, Lake Victoria, and Lake Tanganyika being the most famous for their cichlid populations. 



Each of these lakes harbors hundreds of cichlid species, many of which are endemic - meaning they are found nowhere else on Earth. 



Lake Tanganyika, in particular, is considered one of the oldest lakes in the world and hosts some of the most ancient cichlid lineages.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Morphological diversity</h3>



The physical diversity of cichlids is astounding. They vary greatly in size, from just a few centimeters to over 30 centimeters in length. 



Their bodies can be slim and elongated or short and stocky, adapted to different types of water flow and predation pressures. 



The coloration of cichlids is equally varied and often plays a role in mating rituals; bright colors can attract mates or intimidate rivals.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Behavioral adaptations</h3>



Cichlids exhibit a wide range of behaviors that have adapted to their environments. Some species are known for their complex mating dances and elaborate breeding behaviors, including mouthbrooding, where the female or even the male carries fertilized eggs in their mouths to protect them until they hatch. Others have developed unique feeding strategies like filter feeding, scraping algae, or cracking open shells.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Ecological roles</h3>



Cichlids fill a wide array of ecological niches within their environments. Some are predators, eating smaller fish or invertebrates, while others may graze on algae or detritus on the lakebed. 



This specialization helps to reduce direct competition for resources and is a driving force behind the speciation and high biodiversity observed in their habitats.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Conservation concerns</h3>



Despite their adaptability, many cichlid species are threatened by environmental changes, including pollution, habitat loss, and the introduction of non-native species. 



In Lake Victoria, for example, the introduction of the Nile perch in the 1950s led to the extinction or near-extinction of numerous cichlid species due to predation and competition.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Scientific importance beyond cichlid curiosity</h3>



Cichlids are a key model group in studies of evolutionary biology, especially in understanding speciation, the process by which new species evolve. Their rapid rates of speciation and diverse adaptations make them ideal for studying genetic, ecological, and behavioral evolution.



Overall, cichlids not only contribute significantly to the biodiversity of their native habitats but also offer valuable insights into the evolutionary processes that drive the diversity of life on Earth.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adj9228" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Animal curiosity boosts biodiversity in global ecosystems

The animal kingdom is replete with varied behaviors that define...

An international research team has unearthed fossil footprints in China that reveal a completely new "megaraptor" species. Named Fujianipus yingliangi, their discovery challenges previous conceptions of raptor size. 



The footprints are significantly larger than the familiar pop-culture representations popularized by films like the Jurassic Park franchise. This important find dramatically expands our understanding of these fascinating and diverse theropod <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extraordinary-dinosaur-fossils-discovered-from-the-end-of-cretaceous-era/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinosaurs</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-raptors-in-the-paleontological-context">Raptors in the paleontological context</h2>



When we hear the word "raptor," our minds often conjure images of the ferocious, human-sized hunters from movies like Jurassic Park. 



These cinematic portrayals primarily depict dromaeosaurs, a specific subgroup of raptors. Famous examples include Velociraptor and Deinonychus.



However, the term "raptor" actually refers to a much wider family of bird-like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-dinosaur-species-tyrannosaurus-mcraeensis-discovered-in-new-mexico/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinosaurs</a> within the theropod group. The defining characteristic of raptors is a large, sickle-shaped claw on their second toe, used for slashing and pinning prey.



Dromaeosaurids, like the familiar <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-new-dinosaur-species-related-to-velociraptors-has-been-found/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Velociraptor</a>, were generally on the smaller side, known for their speed, agility, and pack-hunting behaviors. 



Their skeletons show adaptations for quick movements and powerful leaps, supporting the image of fierce, active predators.



The new Chinese discovery of Fujianipus yingliangi adds a fascinating twist to our understanding of raptor diversity. Some raptors, specifically within the troodontid family, could reach far greater sizes than previously assumed, achieving "megaraptor" status.



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/megaraptor_Fujianipus-yingliangi_fossil-footprints_china_1big-scaled.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil footprints found</a> highlight the remarkable variation in size and form that existed within this remarkable group of dinosaurs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fujianipus-yingliangi-footprints-and-megaraptor-size">Fujianipus yingliangi footprints and megaraptor size</h2>



The recently excavated fossil footprints in Fujian Province, China, belong to a troodontid raptor – a subfamily known for their proportionally large brains relative to body size.&nbsp;



"This raptor was around 5-meters-long with 1.8 meter-long legs, far exceeding the size of the raptors depicted in Jurassic Park. Imagine something like that coming at you&nbsp;at full speed!" explained Dr. Anthony Romilio, a paleontologist from The University of Queensland's <a href="https://dinosaurs.group.uq.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dinosaur Lab</a> who participated in the study.



The&nbsp;analysis, led by Associate Professor Lida Xing, revealed a set of footprints distinct from those of other known theropod species. This indicates an unexpectedly large troodontid inhabited this region during the late Jurassic or early Cretaceous period.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-raptor-size-paradigm-changed-by-fujianipus-yingliangi">Raptor size paradigm changed by Fujianipus yingliangi</h2>



"The concept of large <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chinese-fossil-provides-a-new-glimpse-into-early-bird-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Troodontids</a> has only recently emerged in the paleontological community," noted Dr. Romilio. Before this Chinese discovery, our hints of giant raptors came primarily from fossilized remains unearthed in Alaska. 



These finds hinted at a trend known as "gigantism" – a phenomenon where species grow significantly larger than their close relatives. 



This tendency towards gigantism is often observed in animals inhabiting colder environments, where larger bodies offer advantages in conserving heat. 



For instance, larger animals have a smaller surface area-to-volume ratio, allowing them to retain heat more efficiently.



The frigid, high-latitude environments of Alaska might have provided the perfect conditions for these colossal raptors to evolve. 



Abundant food sources, like large herbivores adapted to the cold, could have supported the development of these imposing predators.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-raptor-environments-influence-their-size">Raptor environments influence their size</h2>



The new Chinese discovery throws a curious wrinkle into the theory of cold-adapted raptor giants. Fujian Province has a subtropical climate, significantly warmer than the Alaskan environments where previous giant raptor hints originated.



This suggests that the factors influencing raptor size might be more complex than just temperature. Perhaps food availability or competition with other predators also played a role. 



The presence of a giant troodontid in southern China indicates that these large raptors may have been more widespread than previously thought.



This discovery opens up exciting new avenues for paleontologists to explore. Unearthing further <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nuclear-winter-dinosaurs-were-likely-killed-by-dust/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinosaur</a> fossils and analyzing their ecological context could help us understand the reasons behind the diversity in raptor size and their distribution across different environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-raptors-fujianipus-yingliangi-and-future-implications">Raptors, Fujianipus yingliangi, and future implications</h2>



This finding further emphasizes the remarkable diversity of raptors, challenging our preconceptions. "It just goes to show the incredible size range among raptor dinosaurs, highlighting their adaptability and ecological diversity," Dr. Romilio stated. 



From one-centimeter-long footprints discovered in South Korea to this new giant predator, it's clear that raptors thrived in a vast array of sizes and habitats. 



Overall, this Chinese discovery forces us to reconsider previous assumptions about raptor size limitations and offers a new perspective on their potential geographic range. 



The ongoing study of raptor fossils continues to paint an ever more complex and fascinating picture of these captivating avian-like dinosaurs.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(24)00820-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">iScience</a>.



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"Megaraptor" dinosaur named Fujianipus yingliangi discovered in China

An international research team has unearthed fossil footprints in China...

The Mediterranean Sea, the largest enclosed sea on Earth, is a unique ecosystem renowned for its rich biodiversity. Home to over 11,000 animal species, some of which are endemic, this basin is now facing a significant challenge: the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-lionfish-have-arrived-in-the-south-atlantic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">invasion of lionfish</a>.



A comprehensive study conducted by researchers from Wageningen University and Research, the Netherlands, has shed light on the rapid spread of lionfish in the Mediterranean and the potential ecological impacts of this invasive species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-venomous-spines-and-unconventional-beauty">Venomous spines and unconventional beauty</h2>



Lionfish possess a striking appearance that sets them apart from other marine fish species. Their body bears a series of distinctive vertical stripes, alternating between dark brown or maroon and white. These stripes act as a warning coloration, signaling to potential predators that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/targeted-removal-of-lionfish-may-prove-helpful/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lionfish are venomous</a>. 



Lionfish have a complex system of venomous spines along their dorsal, pelvic, and anal fins. Their spines contain venom glands that can deliver a painful and potentially dangerous sting to humans and other predators. 



The fins of lionfish are large and elongated, giving them a majestic and flowing appearance as they swim through the water. Their head features a series of elaborate, antennae-like projections called cirri, which add to their unique and striking appearance. 



Lionfish can grow up to 18 inches (45 cm) in length and weigh up to 2.6 pounds (1.2 kg), making them a substantial presence in the ecosystems they inhabit.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ravenous-lionfish-appetite-quickly-destroys-ecosystems">Ravenous lionfish appetite quickly destroys ecosystems</h2>



Lionfish are opportunistic and voracious predators that consume a wide variety of prey. Their diet primarily consists of small fish, crustaceans, and mollusks. 



They use their large, fan-like pectoral fins to corral and trap their prey before swiftly engulfing them with their expandable stomachs. They're also known to consume prey up to half their own body size, allowing them to take advantage of a broad range of food sources. 



Lionfish have a high metabolism and can consume substantial amounts of prey in a single feeding session. Studies have shown that lionfish can reduce the abundance of native fish populations by up to 80% in heavily invaded areas. 



Their indiscriminate appetite and ability to adapt to various prey species make them a significant threat to the biodiversity of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/functional-eradication-may-be-the-best-approach-to-invasive-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystems they invade</a>. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seas-under-siege-as-lionfish-spread-around-the-world">Seas under siege as lionfish spread around the world</h2>



The new study from <a href="https://www.wur.nl/en.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wageningen University and Research</a>, published in the open-access journal NeoBiota, reveals that the lionfish species Pterois miles has significantly expanded its territory in the Mediterranean since the invasion began around a decade ago.



Lead author Davide Bottacini is very impressed by the adaptability of these predators. Expressing his astonishment, he explained, "After years studying these predators, I find it amazing how they can easily adjust to so many different environments and be successful in areas that are so different from the ones where they evolve."



Originally from the Indo-Pacific region, lionfish species Pterois miles and Pterois volitans are considered the most successful <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/invasive-species-plants-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">invasive fishes</a> in marine ecosystems. They have established a presence in the eastern Mediterranean, with observations now extending to colder waters previously thought to be unsuitable for the species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lionfish-show-remarkable-resilience-in-new-ecosystems">Lionfish show remarkable resilience in new ecosystems</h2>



Lionfish exert a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lionfish-invasion-is-the-fastest-ever-reported-in-the-mediterranean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">significant ecological impact</a> on the ecosystems they invade through their predatory behavior. As generalist predators, they voraciously consume a wide variety of native fish species, including those of high conservation value and endemic to the region.



Bottacini notes, "It is always impressive to see how such a flamboyant and–to us–conspicuous predator can approach its prey without being noticed." Native prey species, unaccustomed to lionfish, usually do not flee from this new predator.



Lionfish's indiscriminate appetite can drastically alter local fish communities and threaten biodiversity in invaded areas. Their efficient hunting tactics, combined with the naivety of native prey species unfamiliar with this new predator, allow lionfish to catch their prey with ease.



The presence of lionfish can lead to a decline in the abundance and diversity of native fish populations, potentially disrupting the delicate balance of the ecosystem.



The impact of lionfish extends beyond their immediate prey, as they may compete with other predators for food resources and alter the structure of the food web.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-the-red-sea-to-the-mediterranean">From the Red Sea to the Mediterranean</h2>



Genetic studies have revealed that the lionfish found in the Mediterranean originate from the Red Sea and likely entered through the Suez Canal. 



This finding underscores the importance of monitoring and regulating the movement of species through artificial waterways to prevent the introduction of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-unleash-invasive-species-into-unexpected-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">invasive species</a> into vulnerable ecosystems.



The study identifies gaps in our understanding of the lionfish's interactions with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pollution-in-the-mediterranean-sea-is-an-urgent-issue/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mediterranean ecosystems</a> and proposes future research directions to address these challenges. 



Such information is vital for biodiversity conservation and will have practical implications for policymakers aiming to devise effective mitigation plans.



The researchers also highlight the crucial role of citizen science initiatives in tracking and reporting lionfish sightings. 



Community involvement provides valuable data that supports ongoing research efforts and is essential for enhancing our understanding of the invasion dynamics and devising effective control measures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lionfish-and-the-future-of-earth-s-marine-ecosystems">Lionfish and the future of Earth’s marine ecosystems</h2>



In summary, the lionfish invasion in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animals-in-the-mediterranean-are-moving-to-deeper-water-to-survive/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mediterranean Sea</a> demands immediate attention and action. As these adaptable predators continue to expand their territory and threaten the region's unique biodiversity, we must prioritize research efforts to better understand their ecological impact and develop effective mitigation strategies. 



By fostering collaboration among scientists, policymakers, and local communities, we can work towards controlling the spread of lionfish and protecting the Mediterranean's delicate ecosystems. 



The future of this remarkable sea and its countless species depends on our collective commitment to conservation and our willingness to confront the challenges posed by invasive species head-on.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/110442/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NeoBiota</a>.



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Invasive lionfish continue conquering global marine ecosystems

The Mediterranean Sea, the largest enclosed sea on Earth, is...

White-tailed,Deer,(odocoileus,Virginianus),Sniffs,Behind,Fawn's,Ears,-,Captive

The boreal forest of Western Canada – a vast, wild expanse of trees and waterways – is undergoing a stealthy transformation. White-tailed deer, icons of more southerly landscapes, are migrating northward. 



This slow-motion <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deer-migration-is-driven-by-springtime-vegetation-patterns/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migration</a>, meticulously tracked by scientists at the University of British Columbia (<a href="https://ok.ubc.ca" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UBC</a>) Okanagan and their partners, is rewriting the rules of the forest, putting a beloved species, the woodland <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/largest-on-earth-caribou-migration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">caribou</a>, at further risk.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changing-landscape-from-migrating-white-tailed-deer">Changing landscape from migrating white-tailed deer</h2>



The boreal forest is no stranger to cold, but climate change is making those winters milder. For <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/energy-development-disrupts-mule-deer-migration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deer</a>, those less extreme conditions mean a better chance of finding food and avoiding harsh weather.



Our activities, from logging to energy exploration, inadvertently create open patches and young forests – a buffet for browsing deer.



“The trick is that human land use and climate are often intertwined. As we move northward, the climate becomes harsher and human land use decreases, making it difficult to isolate these two factors,” says Dr. Rob Serrouya, a key member of the research team.



“The debate over the relative effect of climate or habitat change isn’t unique to deer in the boreal, either; it’s one of the most pressing issues facing applied ecologists globally," Serrouya continued.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-migrating-white-tailed-deer-are-disturbing-caribou">Migrating white-tailed deer are disturbing caribou</h2>



"<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-deer-are-protected-from-deadly-disease-by-genetics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Deer</a> are ecosystem disruptors in the northern boreal forests," explained Melanie Dickie, a doctoral student at UBC Okanagan's <a href="http://atford.weebly.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wildlife Restoration Ecology Lab</a>. The following steps threaten caribou survival:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deer-population-increases">Deer population increases</h3>



Climate change and human activities are transforming habitats. This creates favorable conditions for white-tailed deer in the boreal forest. Their population grows as a result. 



Milder winters make survival easier for deer, boosting their numbers. Forestry and energy exploration activities also modify the landscape and clear old forests and introduce new food sources. These changes further support the deer population boom.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wolf-surge">Wolf surge</h3>



The increase in deer provides a plentiful food source for predators, including wolves. Wolves, being opportunistic feeders, thrive with the abundance of deer, which become their primary prey. 



This surge in wolf population is directly linked to the availability of deer, as they rely on them for sustenance throughout the year.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-caribou-decline">Caribou decline</h3>



With more wolves in the forests, the pressure on other native species, particularly the woodland caribou, intensifies. Caribou are less equipped to handle predation pressure due to their slower reproductive rates and specific habitat requirements. 



As wolves expand their hunting to include <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/caribou-migratory-behavior-is-reflected-in-their-genes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">caribou</a>, especially when deer are sparse or in areas where caribou are more accessible, the survival of this already threatened species becomes even more precarious.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-climate-change">Impact of climate change</h2>



The research team spent years meticulously monitoring the situation. They strategically deployed 300 wildlife cameras across a huge swathe of the boreal, gathering motion-triggered snapshots of the forest's inhabitants. 



This massive data, once analyzed, revealed those key findings: harsh winters put a natural limit on deer expansion, and while human habitat changes matter, they pale in comparison to the transformative power of a changing climate.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-caribou-migrating-white-tailed-deer-and-climate-change">Caribou, migrating white-tailed deer, and climate change</h2>



“The trick is that human land use and climate are often intertwined. As we move northward, the climate becomes harsher and human land use decreases, making it difficult to isolate these two factors,” says Dr. Serrouya, UBCO and Biodiversity Pathways researcher. 



“The debate over the relative effect of climate or habitat change isn’t unique to deer in the boreal, either; it’s one of the most pressing issues facing applied ecologists globally," Serroyua concludes.



The white-tailed deer invasion spotlights the interconnectedness of ecosystems – tug on one thread, and distant parts of the web might quiver. Woodland <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/caribou-help-rare-plants-survive-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">caribou</a> are already facing an uphill battle, and this added challenge throws their future into greater doubt.



The northward march of the deer is a reminder that even subtle climate-driven changes can have ripple effects we must work to understand and mitigate. As researchers continue their work, wildlife management faces a new layer of complexity in their quest to preserve Canada's iconic caribou.



The study is published in <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.17286" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Change Biology</a>.



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White-tailed deer are migrating north into caribou country due to warming climate

The boreal forest of Western Canada – a vast, wild...

Imagine the despair of experiencing dog theft, where a beloved pet is not lost to natural causes but taken forcefully. 



Recent research highlights the profound <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/placebo-effect-broken-heart/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emotional pain</a> endured by dog owners when their pets are stolen, a sorrow comparable to the loss parents feel when their children are tragically taken from them.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-the-deep-emotional-bonds">Exploring the deep emotional bonds</h2>



The study explores the deep <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-have-deep-emotional-connections-with-their-dogs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emotional connections</a> between humans and their canine companions, akin to familial bonds. 



Owners express feelings of intense grief after dog theft - often surpassing the sadness they feel after the death of a friend or relative. This heightened intensity largely stems from the unique closeness they share with their pets, a bond not always present in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/women-had-a-stronger-influence-on-the-dog-human-connection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human relationships</a>.



Akaanksha Venkatramanan from <a href="https://www.berkshirehealthcare.nhs.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Berkshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust</a> and Dr. Lindsey Roberts from the <a href="https://www.uwe.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of the West of England</a> explored the specific emotional reactions to dog theft. 



The researchers note that dog owners commonly experience sadness, despair, emotional numbness, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lsd-can-treat-crippling-anxiety-with-a-single-dose/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">anxiety</a> - responses similar to those observed following the death of a human loved one. Yet, these emotions stand out due to societal attitudes towards the death of animals versus humans.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Validating the grief of dog-theft victims</h2>



“Pet ‘ownership’ is empirically evidenced to improve mental and physical health, with research suggesting an anthropomorphic bond between ‘owners’ and dogs that equal familial relationships, including children,” wrote the study authors.



“However, bereavement of dogs, and especially dog-theft, garner scarce interest, leaving a huge population to suffer disenfranchised grief unsupported.”



“This study aims to validate the overlap of emotional value in familial and ‘owner’-dog relationships, and grief between dog-theft victims and those with missing loved ones.”&nbsp;



“The study explores the needs of guardians suffering ambiguous loss, how they cope with it, and the role of social media in this process, to grow existing literature on the topic and guide psychological support resources.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-societal-views-and-lack-of-support">Societal views and lack of support</h2>



Societal misunderstandings about the value of animal companions often exacerbate the distress owners feel when they lose a pet. Additionally, current dog theft laws, which treat pets merely as property, intensify owners' feelings of helplessness and injustice.



The absence of adequate legal and police support further amplifies the grief, as does the traumatic nature of the thefts, which often involve forceful or deceitful removal from the owners' property.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coping-with-dog-theft">Coping with dog theft </h2>



Despite these challenges, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-dog-owners-cope-well-when-their-pups-misbehave/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dog owners</a> try to cope as if dealing with the disappearance or death of a human loved one. Some turn to social media to continue searching for their pets, seek support from others in similar situations, and try to retain hope amidst their anguish, noted the study authors.



These coping mechanisms, while helpful, do not fully mitigate the risks of developing long-term psychological issues such as post traumatic stress disorder and post grief disorder, especially when closure is unattainable.



The researchers advocate for more focused psychological research to develop resources that can better support grieving pet owners. Such efforts could inform best practices for managing grief and the broader psychological impacts of pet theft.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-rising-threat-of-dog-theft">The rising threat of dog theft</h2>



The value of pet ownership goes beyond companionship, with studies linking it to improved physical and mental health outcomes. 



During the COVID-19 lockdowns, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pet-owners-felt-less-lonely-and-stressed-during-covid-19-lockdown/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a> played a crucial role in mitigating the effects of isolation by providing reasons for their owners to engage in outdoor activities. 



However, the increased demand for dogs during this period also led to a significant rise in dog theft, highlighting a dark side to their popularity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-legal-and-social-reforms-in-response-to-dog-theft">Legal and social reforms in response to dog theft</h2>



The researchers and their colleagues, including Dr. Dan Allen of Keele University, are pushing for substantial changes in how dog theft is treated legally and socially. 



Their ongoing research and advocacy efforts aim to transform how these crimes are viewed and handled, pushing for recognition of the deep emotional bonds between humans and animals and stronger penalties for those who disrupt them.



As this body of research grows, the goal is to not only provide solace and support to those affected, but also to spur legal reforms that will better protect our beloved pets from theft and their owners from the profound grief it causes.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/hai.2024.0004" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Human-Animal Interactions</a>.



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Heartache from dog theft is as intense as losing a loved one

Imagine the despair of experiencing dog theft, where a beloved...

The,Wood,Frog,,Lithobates,Sylvaticus,Or,Rana,Sylvatica.,Adult,Wood

We all know evolution is a slow and steady process, unfolding over ages. But, some species could evolve in a few decades…thanks to something as simple as road salt. That's precisely what the fascinating research of Rick Relyea, Ph.D., and his team at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (<a href="https://www.rpi.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RPI</a>) has uncovered, specifically in the case of wood <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-makes-wood-frogs-more-vulnerable-to-salt-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">frogs</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-amphibians-salt-pollution-and-the-need-for-speed">Amphibians, salt pollution, and the need for speed</h2>



Amphibians, like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/help-frogs-cutting-toes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">frogs</a>, are particularly sensitive to changes in their environment because they have porous skin. Road salt (the stuff dumped on roads to melt ice) might seem harmless, but it dramatically alters the chemistry of water – especially in wetlands where amphibians hang out. 



"When salt drains into fresh water, it can kill animals, stunt the growth of fish, cause sex changes in frogs, and make animals more prone to diseases," Relyea said.



Amphibians are like environmental alarm bells. They are indicators of an ecosystem's health, and when they're struggling, it usually means bad news for everyone else, including us humans.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rapid-evolution-of-wood-frogs">Rapid evolution of wood frogs</h2>



The research team sought to determine if wood <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-frog-day-addressing-environmental-threats-to-frogs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">frogs</a> (Rana sylvatica) were exhibiting evolutionary adaptations in response to rising salt pollution. To investigate this, they collected wood frog eggs from wetlands with varying environmental conditions. 



These included wetlands adjacent to roadways with differing levels of salt contamination, as well as wetlands in pristine, undisturbed areas.



The findings were striking. Tadpoles originating from wetlands near roadways with high salt levels demonstrated a significantly elevated tolerance for salt exposure when compared to tadpoles from pristine wetlands. 



This suggests that, in a remarkably short timeframe of approximately 25 years (about 10 frog generations), these wood frogs have undergone evolutionary adaptations in response to the human-induced increase in environmental salinity.



"We've been applying de-icing salts to reduce car accidents in snowy and icy conditions in the United States for 80 years, and we currently apply four times more road salt than in the 1970s." explained Relyea.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Wood frogs are masters of survival</h2>



This resilient frog species inhabits a wide range of forests across North America, from the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/single-degree-temperature-warming-boreal-forests-wreak-havoc/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">boreal forests</a> of Alaska and Canada to the deciduous woodlands of the eastern United States. These adaptable amphibians thrive in moist environments near vernal pools, bogs, and streams.



Wood frogs possess an extraordinary ability to survive harsh winter conditions. As temperatures drop, they produce high levels of glucose and urea in their tissues, which act as natural antifreeze. 



This adaptation allows them to endure freezing up to 65% of their body water, enabling them to hibernate under leaf litter and emerge unscathed in the spring.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Life cycle and ecological importance</h3>



Male wood frogs gather in vernal pools and wetlands during early spring, forming large choruses to attract females. After mating, females lay clusters of eggs, which hatch into tadpoles within a few weeks. The tadpoles metamorphose into froglets by summer, leaving the water to explore their terrestrial habitat.



Wood frogs play a crucial role in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/complex-canopies-help-forests-recover-from-disturbances/">forest e</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/complex-canopies-help-forests-recover-from-disturbances/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">c</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/complex-canopies-help-forests-recover-from-disturbances/">osystems</a>, serving as both predators and prey. They consume a variety of insects, spiders, and other small invertebrates, helping to control pest populations. 



In turn, they provide a food source for various predators, such as snakes, birds, and mammals, contributing to the overall balance of the ecosystem.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-and-threats">Conservation and threats</h3>



Although wood frogs are currently not considered endangered, they face several threats, including habitat loss, climate change, and pollution. 



The preservation of vernal pools and surrounding forests is essential for the long-term survival of these remarkable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/amphibians-threatened-by-mercury-with-unknown-health-impacts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">amphibians</a>, ensuring that future generations can witness their incredible adaptations and ecological importance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-problem-behind-wood-frog-evolution">Problem behind wood frog evolution</h2>



While this particular observed adaptation in wood <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tree-frogs-live-in-trees-but-lay-eggs-on-the-ground/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">frogs</a> offers a degree of optimism in the face of human-caused environmental change, it's crucial to acknowledge the inherent limitations of evolutionary processes. 



Evolutionary adaptation takes time and relies on existing genetic variation within a population. Rapid environmental changes can outpace the speed of natural selection.



The frogs' ability to adapt does not mean that we should expect them to survive if salt levels increase even more. If the pace and intensity of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/salt-pollution-threatens-freshwater-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">salt pollution</a> continues to escalate, it could overwhelm the wood frogs' adaptive capacity, ultimately leading to population decline or even extinction. 



This underscores the importance of recognizing the boundaries of adaptation and the crucial need to take proactive steps in mitigating the sources of environmental stress.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-it-s-not-just-about-wood-frogs">It's not just about wood frogs</h2>



This unexpected, rapid evolution of wood frogs serves as a potent reminder that our actions often trigger a cascade of unintended consequences within the natural world. 



Seemingly minor interventions can disrupt the intricate balance of ecosystems, leading to far-reaching and potentially unforeseen repercussions.



"The effects of human activity on our environment must be understood and mitigated," Relyea emphasizes. We have a responsibility to recognize the interconnectedness of species and ecosystems, and to minimize the negative impact of our activities on the delicate equilibrium that sustains life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-solutions">Potential solutions</h2>



The good news is that solutions exist. "Fortunately, cities and towns around the country are learning how they can apply less salt with the same level of safety, by applying it in smarter ways," Relyea asserts. 



"Everyone across the political spectrum can agree to this win-win proposition: we can apply less salt and protect the environment, while maintaining safe roads and saving money for governments and taxpayers," she concluded.



The observation highlights that finding a balance between human needs and environmental protection is achievable. Proactive adoption of more sustainable practices offers a path toward positive change.



Wood frogs have surprisingly adapted to high salt levels. This adaptation is a powerful example of evolution in action. It also reminds us of the significant impact humans have on the environment. 



This rapid change is promising but emphasizes the need for smarter, eco-friendly solutions. We must consider how we interact with our planet more carefully.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ece3.11069" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ecology and Evolution</a>.



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Wood frogs achieved significant biological evolution in just 25 years

We all know evolution is a slow and steady process,...

Robotics engineers have worked for decades, using substantial funding, to create <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-will-humans-react-to-coexisting-with-robots/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">robots</a> that can walk or run with the ease of animals. 



Despite these efforts, today's robots still cannot match the natural <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-determines-the-maximum-running-speed-of-animals/">abilities</a> of many animals in terms of endurance, agility, and robustness.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-amazing-movement-of-animals">Amazing movement of animals</h2>



“A wildebeest can migrate for thousands of kilometers over rough terrain, a mountain goat can climb up a literal cliff, finding footholds that don't even seem to be there, and cockroaches can lose a leg and not slow down,” said study senior author Max Donelan from <a href="https://www.sfu.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Simon Fraser University</a>'s Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology. “We have no robots capable of anything like this endurance, agility, and robustness.”



Seeking to understand and quantify this disparity, an interdisciplinary team of scientists and engineers from top research institutions conducted a comprehensive study to compare various aspects of robotic systems designed for running with their biological counterparts.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animal-versus-machine">Animal versus machine</h2>



Surprisingly, the researchers found that biological components generally underperformed compared to engineered parts on specific metrics. However, where animals significantly outshine robots is in the seamless integration and control of these components.



The study was a collaborative effort involving Sam Burden from the <a href="https://www.washington.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Washington</a>, Tom Libby from <a href="https://www.sri.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SRI International</a>, Kaushik Jayaram from the <a href="https://www.colorado.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Colorado Boulder</a>, and Simon Sponberg from the <a href="https://www.gatech.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Georgia Institute of Technology</a>. 



Each researcher focused on different "subsystems" critical to running robots - Power, Frame, Actuation, Sensing, and Control - and assessed them against their natural equivalents.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-robots-are-still-no-match-for-animals">Robots are still no match for animals</h2>



Contrary to prior assumptions that biological superiority explained animals' edge over robots, the findings revealed that, with few exceptions, the engineered subsystems frequently outperformed their biological counterparts.&nbsp;



“The way things turned out is that, with only minor exceptions, the engineering subsystems outperform the biological equivalents – and sometimes radically outperformed them,” Libby said.&nbsp;



“But also what's very, very clear is that, if you compare animals to robots at the whole system level, in terms of movement, animals are amazing. And robots have yet to catch up.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-robots-evolve-faster-than-animals">Robots evolve faster than animals</h2>



The research team remains optimistic about the future of robotics, noting the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/robots-can-now-learn-to-accomplish-any-task-by-watching-videos-or-observing-people/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rapid progress</a> made in a relatively short time compared to the millions of years over which animals have evolved. 



Dr. Burden highlights the advantage of directed design in robotics over natural <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/evolution-is-not-as-random-as-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolution</a>: “It will move faster, because evolution is undirected,” he says. “Whereas we can very much correct how we design robots and learn something in one robot and download it into every other robot, biology doesn't have that option.”



“So there are ways that we can move much more quickly when we engineer robots than we can through evolution – but evolution has a massive head start.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-applications-for-running-robots-nbsp">Potential applications for running robots&nbsp;</h2>



The potential applications for efficient running <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/robots-can-now-learn-to-accomplish-any-task-by-watching-videos-or-observing-people/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">robots</a> are vast, ranging from solving “last mile” delivery challenges to performing tasks in hazardous environments.



Looking forward, the researchers aim to focus not merely on developing better hardware but on improving how existing hardware is integrated and controlled.&nbsp;



“As engineering learns integration principles from biology, running robots will become as efficient, agile, and robust as their biological counterparts,” Donelan concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animals-that-have-inspired-robots">Animals that have inspired robots</h2>



Many animals have inspired the design and function of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tiny-crab-robot-is-smaller-than-a-flea/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">robots</a>, thanks to their unique abilities and adaptations. Here are a few notable examples:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insects">Insects</h3>



Swarm robots are small robots that collaborate in large numbers to accomplish tasks, much like how insects work together in colonies.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spiders">Spiders</h3>



The movements and mechanics of spiders have inspired the creation of multi-legged robots, which are useful in navigating rough terrain or in performing complex, coordinated tasks.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-snakes-nbsp">Snakes&nbsp;</h3>



Snake robots can maneuver through tightly confined spaces and are used in rescue operations, medical procedures, and inspection tasks in complex environments like collapsed buildings or inside machinery.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geckos-nbsp">Geckos&nbsp;</h3>



Robots that mimic the ability of geckos to climb smooth surfaces have been developed using synthetic adhesives that replicate gecko footpads.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-birds-nbsp">Birds&nbsp;</h3>



The flight of birds has influenced the design of aerial robots or drones, which mimic the flapping and soaring of wings to improve maneuverability and energy efficiency.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fish-nbsp">Fish&nbsp;</h3>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biohybrid-jellyfish-robotics-ocean-exploration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Robotic fish</a> are designed to swim efficiently through water, used for underwater exploration, surveillance, and studying aquatic life without disturbing natural habitats.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dogs-nbsp">Dogs&nbsp;</h3>



Quadruped robots, such as Boston Dynamics' Spot, mimic the movement of animals like dogs and are used for tasks ranging from industrial inspection to search and rescue operations.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cheetahs-nbsp">Cheetahs&nbsp;</h3>



The high-speed running of cheetahs has inspired the development of robots that can move quickly over land, potentially for military use or emergency response.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.adi9754" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Robotics</a>.



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Robots cannot outrun animals, but they're evolving faster

Robotics engineers have worked for decades, using substantial funding, to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.



"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.



The research, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



-----



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex
</div></figure>







Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



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What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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