Dogs can imitate human actions from two-dimensional video projections, according to a new study led by researchers from the Department of Ethology at <a href="https://www.elte.hu/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eötvös Loránd University</a> (ELTE).



The experts discovered that the cognitive ability of dogs to process and replicate actions observed in 2D video projections aligns with their everyday observational <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/age-and-experience-help-young-kids-recognize-dog-emotions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">experiences</a> with humans.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-actions-as-verbal-dog-cues">Human actions as verbal dog cues </h2>



Using the “Do as I Do” training method, the researchers trained two <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dog-communication-what-is-your-pet-trying-to-tell-you/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a> - Tara, a male Golden Retriever, and Franc, a female Labrador Retriever - to imitate human actions, first from live demonstrations, and then displayed on a screen. 



The setup involved life-size video projections streamed via online conference software, enabling real-time interaction between the dogs and their owners, who were located remotely. For example, the owner would spin in a circle in front of the camera of its device and verbally cue the dog to imitate the action.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dogs-ability-to-imitate-human-actions">Dogs’ ability to imitate human actions</h2>



The experiment tested the dogs’ ability to imitate actions observed from three different camera angles: frontal, side and above. The tested actions included walking backward, spinning horizontally, pushing a buzzer button and lying down, among others.&nbsp;



Additionally, the dogs were tested on their ability to imitate novel actions, not included in the training, such as picking up an object, touching a pole with their nose, and knocking down a water bottle.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-observational-perspectives-in-dogs-daily-lives">Observational perspectives in dogs’ daily lives</h2>



The results showed that dogs could replicate actions observed from frontal and side angles, which are observational perspectives commonly encountered in dogs’ daily lives with humans.



However, they faced challenges when trying to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/imitation-guides-important-social-decisions-among-parrots/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">imitate</a> actions from an overhead perspective, which is a less familiar viewpoint.



“Using the Do as I Do imitation paradigm is similar to asking the dogs, ‘What did I just do?’ while showing them on the screen various human actions under different camera angles,” explained study co-author Fumi Higaki, the founder and director of the Ichinomiya Animal Assisted Education Dog Club.&nbsp;&nbsp;



“The dogs responded by performing matching actions based on how they perceived and processed the demonstration. For instance, one of the demonstrated actions included knocking down a plastic bottle, which was demonstrated from an overhead view.”&nbsp;



“My dog Tara observed my demonstration on the screen, looked for the bottle in his room, in front of the screen, and then knocked it down. But he struggled to replicate other actions with an overhead view.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-research-nbsp">Broader implications of the research&nbsp;</h2>



“This study, even if only exploratory, not only advances our understanding of how dogs perceive and interpret human actions, but more importantly, this innovative method could broaden research into several other potential cognitive abilities, and could also be extended to other species,” concluded lead author Claudia Fugazza, an ethologist at ELTE.



The Do as I Do training method has been employed to study imitative abilities not only of dogs but also of cats, orcas, and various other species. If you are intrigued by this training approach, you can explore it further in the recently published second edition of the authors’ book, now available from <a href="https://www.dogwise.com/do-as-i-do-2nd-edition-using-social-learning-to-train-dogs" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dogwise</a>. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-dogs-imitate-human-actions">How dogs imitate human actions</h2>



Dogs have a remarkable ability to imitate human actions, a skill that's deeply rooted in their history of domestication and their relationship with people. This capability is partly due to their keen observation skills and their social nature, which drive them to engage and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-use-their-tails-more-for-communication-than-movement/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">interact</a> with their human companions. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-learning-nbsp">Social learning&nbsp;</h3>



When a dog imitates human actions, it is often through a process known as social learning, where the dog watches a human perform a task and then tries to replicate that behavior. This might include simple actions like opening a door, fetching specific items, or more complex behaviors seen in training scenarios such as assistance dogs who perform tasks to aid their handlers.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bonding-hormone">Bonding hormone</h3>



The inclination to imitate also stems from the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/interactions-with-dogs-relieve-stress-and-heighten-concentration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bonding</a> hormone, oxytocin, which enhances social learning abilities in dogs. This hormone increases their attentiveness to their human companions and makes them more likely to engage in mimicry. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reward-system">Reward system</h3>



Additionally, dogs are motivated by the rewards they receive from humans, whether those are treats, praise, or affection, reinforcing their imitative behaviors. 



This interplay of biological predisposition and environmental reinforcement helps explain how dogs can effectively mirror human actions in their own way.



The ELTE study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42977-024-00222-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Biologia Futura</a>.



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Dogs can imitate human actions from videos

Dogs can imitate human actions from two-dimensional video projections, according to a new study led by researchers from the Department of Ethology at Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE). The experts discovered that the cognitive ability of dogs to process and replicate actions observed in 2D video projections aligns with their everyday observational experiences with humans. Human actions as verbal dog cues Using the “Do as I Do” training method, the researchers trained two dogs - Tara, a male Golden Retriever, and Franc, a female Labrador Retriever - to...

Cougars, not wolves, are the main predator driving the movements of Elk across Yellowstone National Park, new research has revealed.

<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/end-protections-gray-wolves/">Wolves</a> have a reputation as apex predators. In Yellowstone, 90 percent of wolves’ winter prey are Elk, according to the<a href="https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/wolves.htm"> National Park Service</a>, and it’s easy to assume that wolves have the biggest influence on Elk herd populations. 

But researchers from <a href="https://www.usu.edu/">Utah State University</a> discovered that this isn’t the case, and by focusing on wolves in Yellowstone, the cougar has been overlooked along with its impact on prey populations and the ecosystem. 

“Wolves are often the presumed or blamed predator for any change in a prey population, numerical or behavioral,” said Doug Smith, an author of the study. “Our research shows that this is not necessarily true, and that other large predators in addition to wolves need to be considered.”

For the study, the researchers reviewed GPS data from 27 elk that had been fitted with tracking collars between 2001 and 2004. At this time, both wolf and cougar populations were at their peak in the park. 

Tracking collar data from cougars, wolves, and elk allowed the researchers to map daily activity patterns and understand the relationships between predator and prey. 

Cougars and wolves hunt in different places and at different times, and the researchers wanted to see how elk maneuvered around predators hunting in different areas. 

“Cougars hunted mainly in forested, rugged areas at night, whereas wolves hunted mainly in grassy, flat areas during morning and at dusk,” said Michel Kohl, the lead author of the study. “Elk sidestepped both cougars and wolves by selecting for areas outside these high-risk domains, namely forested, rugged areas during daylight when cougars were resting, and grassy, flat areas at night when wolves were snoozing.” 

The researchers say that if they focused on one predator or didn’t factor in the different hunting schedules, the results would have concluded that elk increase their risk of exposure to one predator by avoiding the other. 

“Movement out of the grassy, flat areas and into the forested, rugged areas to avoid wolves did not result in greater risk from cougars and vice versa because these predators were active at different times of the day,” said Dan MacNulty, a co-leader of the research. “

While elk are still a primary food source for both cougars and wolves in Yellowstone, the study helps show how elk co-exist alongside two predators.

The researchers published their findings in the journal Ecology Letters. 

--

By <a href="mailto:kayvandette@gmail.com">Kay Vandette</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 

Image Credit: Shutterstock/Larry Jacobsen

Cougars pose an even bigger threat than wolves to Yellowstone elk

Cougars, not wolves, are the main predator driving the movements...

Canine cancer dating back thousands of years spread across the oceans. Canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT), a cancer commonly spread through mating in dogs, has spread to almost all corners of the globe and evolved to thrive in new environments through the years. 

Researchers from the <a href="https://www.tcg.vet.cam.ac.uk/">Transmissible Cancer Group at the University of Cambridge</a> were able to piece together CTVT’s extensive travel log to help pinpoint its origins, determine how it spread and mutated over time, and examine its evolutionary changes. 

The extensive genetic study was published in the journal Science. 

“This tumour has spread to almost every continent, evolving as it spreads,” said Adrian Baez-Ortega, the lead author of the study. “Changes to its DNA tell a story of where it has been and when, almost like a historical travel journal.”

The cancer is noteworthy because of its tumors. The cells in the tumor are not linked to the carrier dog that spread the disease but can be traced all the way back to the original dog in which transmissible venereal tumor first arose. Canine cancer dating back thousands of years spread across the oceans

Baez-Ortega, along with an international team of researchers, analyzed tumors collected from 546 dogs worldwide, looking for clues to how the disease spread so efficiently. 

The researchers created a phylogenetic tree showing different mutations in the tumors through generations of CTVT. This particular type of family tree allowed the researchers to trace back the origins of CTVT to between 4,000 and 8,500 years ago. 

CTVT likely first arose in one individual dog in Asia or Europe. All of the tumors analyzed in the study could be traced back to a common ancestor 1,900 years ago. 

Next, the researchers tracked CTVT’s spread across the globe. The disease first traveled to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/european-dogs-american-dogs/">Americas with European settlers</a> by boat around 500 years ago. All cases of transmissible venereal tumor in modern dogs in North, Central, and South America can be linked back to this one event. 

After first making its way through the Americas, the researchers say CTVT spread to European colonies in Africa and along the Indian subcontinent. 

The researchers were also able to take an up-close look at mutations in the tumor DNA that have occurred through CTVT’s history. 

Five biological processes that damaged the tumor DNA through the years, including UV light exposure, were identified by the researchers. 

One process called “Signature A,” stuck out to the researchers because it caused mutations thousands of years ago but hasn’t resulted in any recent changes. 

“This is really exciting - we’ve never seen anything like the pattern caused by this carcinogen before,” said Dr. Elizabeth Murchison, an author of the study. “It looks like the tumour was exposed to something thousands of years ago that caused changes to its DNA for some length of time and then disappeared. It’s a mystery what the carcinogen could be. Perhaps it was something present in the environment where the cancer first arose.” 

The good news is that the cancer is getting weaker and is on its way out, but the study sheds light on the evolutionary changes CTVT underwent to get where it is today. 

--

By <a href="mailto:kayvandette@gmail.com">Kay Vandette</a>,<a href="https://www.earth.com/"> Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 

Image Credit: Shutterstock/Presslab

Canine cancer dating back thousands of years spread across the oceans

Canine cancer dating back thousands of years spread across the...

Poisonous frogs can adapt to warmer temperatures… but there’s a limit. Many species worldwide are being forced to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-animals-adapt/">adapt to new environments</a> due to climate change and human activities. 

In Costa Rica, poisonous frogs called strawberry frogs that once thrived in shady forest habitats now live sunny fields and pastures due to clearing for farmland.  

Two undergraduate students recently led a study to determine how strawberry frogs are fairing in these hotter and drier areas and if habitat changes have led to new thresholds for heat tolerance.  

The project was no small feat and required some innovative, out-of-the-box thinking on the part of the researchers Juana Rivera-Ordonez and Adrian Manansala. 

“We’re trying to understand what happens to species when we transform forests for human land uses,” said Justin Nowakowski, who served as a mentor for the project. “For this study, we were trying to understand how strawberry poison frogs that live in these converted pastures handle warmer temperatures in these land uses compared to individuals that live in the forest.”

The researchers recorded the temperatures of 111 frogs in the wild and caught 32 strawberry frogs. The frogs were then placed in a temperature-controlled enclosure. 

On one side of the enclosure, the temperatures were cooler to mimic the shadier forest habitat of some of the frogs. The other side was warmer, similar to temperatures found in the sunny and warm fields where the other frogs were collected. 

The researches placed frogs on either side of the enclosure for two and a half hours and monitored how long the frog stayed on one side of the habitat and if it moved to seek out warmer or cooler temperatures. 

The frogs that were collected from the sunny pastures preferred the warmer side of the enclosure but the frogs that were taken from shady areas sought out the cooler temperatures. 

After making a note of the frog’s preferred habitat temperature, the researchers next tested heat tolerance. 

“We found that if there’s an increase in temperature, there may be some ability to acclimate or adapt, but in situations where temperatures change drastically, it may be bad news for them,” said Michelle Thompson, a fellow mentor on the project.  

The team placed the frogs in water baths and raised the temperatures until the frogs were under stress.  

It didn’t matter where the frogs were collected from, as their maximum tolerance for heat stayed the same. Even though certain frogs can adapt and live in sunny areas, these adaptations may not help with long-term climate change. 

“It appears that for the time being, this species can eke out a living in these converted habitats using different behaviors to avoid extreme temperatures. But this is all subject to change,” said Nowakowski. “On top of habitat change, temperatures are rising due to climate change.” 

Because strawberry frogs thrive in the shade and make do in shady patches in cleared pastures, the researchers say that the study could help inform conservation policies to ensure that species have a better chance of adapting to climate change. 

“In the current biodiversity crisis that we’re a part of, we have to think of ways to make changes for positive impact,” said Thompson. “This is something we can act on. Where habitat conversion cannot be avoided, leaving small pockets of vegetation will let small populations of frogs persist. It shows that people can make a change.”

The study was published in the journal Biotropica.

--

By <a href="mailto:kayvandette@gmail.com">Kay Vandette</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 

Paid for by <a href="http://earth.com">Earth.com</a>

Image Credit: Michelle Thompson, Field Museum

Poisonous frogs can adapt to warmer temperatures… but there’s a limit

Poisonous frogs can adapt to warmer temperatures… but there’s a...

Bat-inspired drones could be used to monitor weather or pollinate crops. Scientists are creating a new generation of ultralight drones that are inspired by the aerodynamics of birds and insects. The tiny drones may be ultimately be used to monitor traffic, collect weather data, or even to pollinate crops.

Alireza Ramezani is an assistant professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at <a href="https://www.northeastern.edu/">Northeastern University</a> who is designing a drone that mimics the flight ability of <a href="http://www.earth.com/news/migratory-bats-cruise-control/">bats</a>. According to Professor Ramezani, bats "have arguably the most sophisticated flight mechanisms of any animal."

The autonomous drone developed by Professor Ramezani and his team, known as Bat Bot, weighs just over three ounces with wings that can flap or glide. It can also make sharp turns and dives, and will be capable of accessing tight spaces that larger drones cannot access. Bat-inspired drones could be used to monitor weather or pollinate crops

Professor Ramezani explained that this type of drone will be particularly useful for surveillance, whether inside of buildings or outside hovering over streets. 

“There will be these machines that are round the clock doing monitoring and providing information,” Professor Ramezani told <a href="https://www.nbc.com/">NBC</a>. “We can think of them as the guardians of future cities.”

He pointed out that conventional drones like quadcopters are "made out of hard materials, rigid structures, fast-rotating blades and propellers, which are not really safe to operate in proximity of human beings."

On the other hand, the Bat Bot has a carbon fiber skeleton covered with a soft, super-stretchable membrane that would not be harmful if it collided with people or other objects. The bio-inspired drone is also much less intrusive. 

Next, the Northeastern team will construct an advanced version of the Bat Bot that can perch and hang upside down just like the animal itself. Cameras and sensors will be added to collect various types of data. 

"If robotic systems can hang from structures, they can harvest solar energy and once they’re fully charged they can fly around again,” said Professor Ramezani. “It sounds futuristic, but we’ll see how we can accomplish this.”

The study is published in the journal <a href="https://robotics.sciencemag.org/">Science Robotics</a>.

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Image Credit: Alireza Ramezani

Bat-inspired drones could be used to monitor weather or pollinate crops

Bat-inspired drones could be used to monitor weather or pollinate...

While the earliest <a href="http://www.earth.com/news/dinosaur-species-crawled-two-legs/">dinosaur</a> feathers were needed for warmth, the development of feathers that were more structurally complex has remained a mystery. New research suggests that, after feathers evolved for insulation and before they were used for flight, elaborate feathers likely played a role in mate selection. 

"Over the last two decades, paleontologists have pieced together the early evolutionary history of feathers," wrote the researchers.  "Simple hair‐like feathers served as insulating pelage, but the first feathers with complex branching structures and a plainer form evolved for the purpose of sexual display."

Study lead author Dr. Scott Persons is curator of the <a href="http://geology.cofc.edu/natural-history-museum/">Mace Brown Museum of Natural History</a> at the College of Charleston. He told <a href="https://www.newscientist.com/">New Scientist</a> that early dinosaur feathers were very much like hair, which makes their purpose quite clear. However, the need for stiffer feathers that provided little insulation is much less obvious. 

Dr. Persons and his colleague Philip Currie from the University of Alberta propose that it was not natural selection, but sexual selection, that drove the evolution of complex feathers. This is analogous to the brilliant tail feathers that are thought to help male peacocks catch the attention of potential mates. 

The new theory indicates that sexual selection can serve as a link between two natural selection events. 

The team speculates that after dinosaurs like tyrannosaurus evolved simple feathers for insulation, sexual selection created the need for dinosaurs like oviraptors to grow more complex feathers for display. These feathers were soon sophisticated enough for dinosaurs to glide with them and, ultimately, natural selection refined the feathers for flight. 

"Feathers illustrate how sexual selection can generate complex novel phenotypes, which are then available for natural selection to modify and direct toward novel functions," wrote the study authors. "In the longstanding metaphor of the adaptive landscape, sexual selection is a means by which lineages resting on one adaptive peak may gradually bridge a gap to another peak, without the landscape itself being first altered by environmental changes."

The study is published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15585646">Evolution</a>.

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Image Credit: Aranami / Shutterstock

Complex feathers used for flight may have first evolved for sexual display

While the earliest dinosaur feathers were needed for warmth, the...

New research led by the <a href="https://www.zsl.org/">Zoological Society of London</a> (ZSL) has investigated how socio-economic trends in lower income countries may have affected bird and mammal populations over the last two decades. 

The study revealed that the combination of economic growth and more gender-balanced governments lead to better outcomes for wildlife populations. This dynamic was also found to link the UN's human development and <a href="http://www.earth.com/news/conservation-projects-participate-home/">conservation</a> targets.

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development was formally adopted by all United Nations member states to provide "a shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and into the future." 

The agenda is focused on 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which are designed to coordinate a global effort for reducing inequality, improving human health, promoting economic growth, addressing climate change, and conserving biodiversity.

Overall, these goals are complex and can lead to conflicting priorities. The ZSL team set out to determine whether the pursuit of socio-economic targets may limit the odds of meeting conservation targets.

The researchers compared data from the Living Planet Index on 298 bird and mammal populations with indicators of social, economic, and political progress towards the SDGs in 33 low- and lower-middle income countries.

The team identified consistently positive relationships between economic growth and wildlife abundance. In other words, biodiversity is increasingly protected as people have more money. There was also a correlation between safer biodiversity and longer life expectancy, more gender-equal societies, and less corruption within the government. 

"Our study suggests that at a national level, it is possible to work towards conservation and economic development at the same time and underlines the need for further integration of sustainable development strategies," said study lead author Judith Ament. 

"We think this might be because as standards of living rise, people become less dependent on local natural resources for income and food, and environmental regulation becomes tighter. We are concerned that this could lead to more importing however, the impact of which would fall on wildlife elsewhere. This certainly merits further research."

Wildlife numbers were found to be reduced in regions where human populations were growing the fastest.

"This is consistent with other studies that have shown how humans compete with animals for space and resources and if more people are concentrated in one place, more areas are open to wildlife," said study co-author Dr. Chris Carbone.

"It wasn't all good news though and we did find that aspects of human development had a negative impact on some species. Numbers of water-birds, for example, fell as wider water sanitation and treatment processes were implemented. It's only by understanding these relationships that we can mitigate them and put forward policies that are good for people and for the natural world."

"This paper provides the first empirical evidence that simultaneous progress for both international development and conservation is possible and, should further research uphold our findings, could revolutionise UN target setting in the future."

The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.britishecologicalsociety.org/publications/journals/people-and-nature/">People and Nature</a>.

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Image Credit: Shutterstock/Matej Kastelic

Economic growth can help wildlife numbers, but human population growth does not

New research led by the Zoological Society of London (ZSL)...

Human impact on nature has been immense and in some cases, irreversible. We’re driving species to extinction, shrinking habitats, and emitting greenhouse gases that are steadily warming up the planet. As a result, many species are being forced to adapt quickly to new stressors and challenges.

In a new study, researchers have discovered the underlying mechanisms that drive rapid evolutionary changes in species. 

Squid fisheries are a perfect example of how humans are impacting marine wildlife. A <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jumbo-squid-declines/">recent study</a> found that jumbo squid have gotten smaller and have shorter lifespans due to overfishing rapidly depleting squid populations over the years. 

For this research, frozen fish helped provide insights into the genetic pathways that make rapid evolution over a few generations possible. 

There are two popular theories on what causes evolutionary change. One says that DNA in a species is the result of thousands of years of careful evolutionary intervention. The other school of thought says that a few hundred genes influence evolutionary traits. 

The researchers reviewed a two-decade-old study and sequenced the genomes of frozen fish to see how intensive fishing through the years correlated with genomic changes that led to changes in body size. 

A rapid decrease in body size of the fish occurred through different genome mechanisms in the fish, showing that there wasn’t one specific pathway that led to evolutionary adaptations. 

In some of the fish, there were small genetic changes across unrelated genes, but in other fish, there were huge shifts in sections of tightly linked genes. 

Two researchers at the <a href="https://www.uib.no/en">University of Bergen</a> published a companion perspective to the study explaining how the study results fit within the two popular schools of thought that explain evolutionary adaptations. 

“Interestingly, the genes that strongly increased in one population did not change in parallel populations subject to the same treatment, supporting the view that genetically speaking there are multiple ways to Rome,” Christian Jørgensen and Katja Enberg wrote in the Perspective. 

Both the study and Perspective were published in the journal Science.  

--

By <a href="mailto:kayvandette@gmail.com">Kay Vandette</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com </a>Staff Writer 

Paid for by <a href="http://earth.com">Earth.com</a>

Image Credit: Shutterstock/Yampics photography

Frozen fish shed light on rapid evolutionary adaptations

Human impact on nature has been immense and in some...

An insect perched perfectly still on a leaf might think it’s safe from its bat predator, but a new study has found that bats can snatch up acoustically camouflaged insects with ease. 

Bats <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/white-nose-syndrome-bats/">navigate with echolocation</a>, sending out high-frequency soundwaves and using the information to fly around obstacles and hunt. This is an especially useful trick since most bats are nocturnal and are active at night. 

Because sound waves bounce off leaves, it was long thought that motionless insects resting on leaves were acoustically camouflaged, blending into the soundwaves. 

Researchers at the <a href="https://stri.si.edu/">Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute</a> discovered that bats create a mirror image of their surroundings, using the soundwaves that bounce off leaves to their advantage.

“For many years it was thought to be a sensory impossibility for bats to find silent, motionless prey resting on leaves by echolocation alone,” said Inga Geipel, an author of the study. 

The researchers emitted sound waves at a leaf that sometimes had an insect on it. The soundwaves were aimed from over 500 different positions, and the researchers created a 3D model of the reflecting echoes from the leaf and calculated how strong each echo was. 

When the soundwaves were pointed straight at the leaf, a loud echo reflected back, masking the quieter echo from the still insect. However, when approached from a different angle, the leaves reflect back a sort of mirror image in sound showing where the insect was hiding. 

The optimal angle for a bat to find a resting insect was between 42 and 78 degrees, the researchers found. 

When the researchers recorded bats in the wild using high-speed cameras, they were able to prove that echolocation from different angles helped the bats find insects, just as their lab work had shown. 

“This study changes our understanding of the potential uses of echolocation,” said Geipel. “It has important implications for the study of predator-prey interactions and for the fields of sensory ecology and evolution.”

The study findings were published in the journal Current Biology. 

--

By <a href="mailto:kayvandette@gmail.com">Kay Vandette</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 

Image Credit: Shutterstock/Perla Sofia

Leaves help bats use echolocation to find prey

An insect perched perfectly still on a leaf might think...

When wildlife populations shrink down to a small size, it becomes difficult for animals to avoid inbreeding. However, breeding among relatives can cause many issues including depression, shortened life, or even death. 

A team of researchers at <a href="https://www.monash.edu/">Monash University</a> set out to investigate the damage that results from inbreeding among the critically endangered Helmeted Honeyeater species.

According to study lead author Professor Paul Sunnucks, the findings have wide-ranging implications for wildlife management.

"Our study combines over 30 years of demanding fieldwork and advanced genetics to quantify how much harm is done by inbreeding in the last wild population of the Helmeted Honeyeater, and identifies ways forward," said Professor Sunnucks.

By 1989, the Helmeted Honeyeater population in the bird's native Australian state of Victoria was reduced to only 50 wild individuals. This drastic reduction was caused by the loss of 99 percent of the region's suitable <a href="http://www.earth.com/news/permanent-deforestation-rate/">forest habitat</a>. 

Conservation efforts such as captive breeding at Healesville Sanctuary have boosted the current number of wild Helmeted Honeyeaters to about 230 individuals, who all live in the Yellingbo Nature Conservation Reserve.

Over 30 years of monitoring, the experts compiled a detailed record of how long each of the birds lived and how many offspring they had in their lifetimes. The team combined this information on breeding success with advanced genetic analysis to quantify the extent of damage caused by inbreeding. The study revealed that the most inbred Helmeted Honeyeaters produced only one-tenth as many young as the least inbred.

"Clearly, inbreeding depression is likely to impact the population's chances of survival,"  said study first author Dr. Katherine Harrisson.

To help reduce inbreeding depression, experts at Zoos Victoria have cross-bred Helmeted Honeyeaters with members of the most similar subspecies of Yellow-tufted honeyeater.

"Mixing the two subspecies in captivity is going very well, with no signs of genetic or other problems," said Dr. Michael Magrath. "We have plans to release the first out-crossed birds into the wild population at Yellingbo soon."

If this gene pool mixing strategy proves to be a success, Professor Sunnucks said it may help overcome the burden of inbreeding depression and promote the continued recovery of the Helmeted Honeyeater.

The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home">Current Biology</a>.

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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Image Credit: Shutterstock/Luke Shelley

30 years of conservation efforts may finally save the helmeted honeyeater

When wildlife populations shrink down to a small size, it...

Turtle embryos have an ability to avoid extreme temperatures inside the egg. For some <a href="http://www.earth.com/news/warming-temperatures-painted-turtles/">turtle</a> species, the gender of the offspring is largely determined by the temperature of the egg. In a new study, however, experts have discovered that the turtle embryos can move around inside the egg to avoid extreme temperatures. The team set out to investigate how this may benefit the turtles in the face of climate change.

"We previously demonstrated that reptile embryos could move around within their egg for thermoregulation, so we were curious about whether this could affect their sex determination," said study co-author Professor Wei-Guo Du at the <a href="http://english.cas.cn/">Chinese Academy of Sciences</a>. "We wanted to know if and how this behavior could help buffer the impact of global warming on offspring sex ratios in these species."

The research team incubated turtle eggs under a range of temperatures in the lab and in outdoor ponds. They found that a single embryo could experience a temperature rise of up of 4.7°C within the egg. This is significant because any shift larger than 2°C can massively change the offspring sex ratio of many turtle species, according to Professor Du.

In half of the eggs, the team applied a chemical that blocked temperature sensors called capsazepine to prevent behavioral thermoregulation. 

When the eggs hatched, the researchers found that the embryos without behavioral thermoregulation were either dominantly male or dominantly female, depending on the incubation temperature. Among the embryos that reacted to nest temperatures by moving around inside their eggs, however, about half developed as males and the other half as females.

"The most exciting thing is that a tiny embryo can influence its own sex by moving within the egg," said Professor Du. By seeking out ideal temperatures, the embryos can shield against extreme thermal conditions and produce a relatively balanced sex ratio. 

"This could explain how reptile species with temperature-dependent sex determination have managed to survive previous periods in Earth history when temperatures were far hotter than at present," said Professor Du.

"The embryo's control over its own sex may not be enough to protect it from the much more rapid climate change currently being caused by human activities, which is predicted to cause severe female-biased populations. However, the discovery of this surprising level of control in such a tiny organism suggests that in at least some cases, evolution has conferred an ability to deal with such challenges."

The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home">Current Biology</a>.

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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Image Credit: Ye et. al / Current Biology

Turtle embryos have an ability to avoid extreme temperatures inside the egg

Turtle embryos have an ability to avoid extreme temperatures inside...

This month, footage of a nine-year-old girl being thrown in the air by a charging bison went viral online. The incident is just one of the many examples of the risks in interacting too closely with wildlife. 

The incident occurred on July 22 near the Old Faithful Geyser in Yellowstone National Park, according to the<a href="https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/news/072319.htm"> National Park Service</a>. A group of approximately 50 people were crowding the bison, standing within 5 to 10 feet of it for at least 20 minutes before it attacked. 

The National Park Service states that the incident is still under investigation but does warn visitors to be respectful of the wildlife and give them space.

Large animals such as <a href="http://www.earth.com/news/scientists-work-increase-genetic-diversity-yellowstone-bison/">bison</a>, elk, bighorn sheep and moose should be given at least 75 feet of space from people while bears and wolves need at least 300 feet, the service states. This basic precaution both protects people and allows wild animals to perform their natural behaviors undisturbed by humans.

The incident at Yellowstone National Park occurred shortly after a <a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2019/07/26/video-speedo-man-kicked-crotch-wild-horse-assateague-island/1837401001/">video</a> depicting a man getting kicked by a horse went viral online. The video was shot at Assateague State Park in Maryland which is known for its herd of wild horses. In the video, a man attempts to pet a horse on the beach as the horse walks away. The horse then kicks the man in his stomach causing him to fall to the ground. 

According to the<a href="https://dnr.maryland.gov/publiclands/Pages/eastern/Assateague/Wild-Ponies.aspx"> Maryland Department of Natural Resources</a>, the horses are wild and do not behave like domesticated animals. Visitors are urged to stay at least 40 feet away from the horses at all times.

Both incidents showcase the risks of interacting with wildlife firsthand. Thankfully, no one was seriously injured in either of the videos but it does not always end that way. Although humans can become injured during human-wildlife interactions, many times it is the animal who pays the ultimate price.

Last month Earth.com<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/selfies-animals-danger/"> reported</a> on a young bear who was euthanized in Oregon after becoming habituated to humans who fed him snacks and took selfies with him.

In 2016, a juvenile bison was euthanized after visitors in Yellowstone National Park put him in their car and brought him to a ranger station because he appeared to be in distress. Biologists attempted to reunite him with his herd but he was repeatedly rejected.

Both of the videos occurred at popular vacation destinations, which is perhaps unsurprising considering the large role wildlife watching plays in the tourism sector. As wild animals continue to soar in popularity with travelers, harmful interactions become all the more inevitable.  

The answer to addressing human-wildlife interactions is unclear. Signs warning people to give wildlife space are often met with disregard. While viral videos of wild animals attacking humans are often difficult to watch, they might just help to illustrate the consequences of interacting with wildlife. 

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By <a href="mailto:brianna.grant134@gmail.com">Brianna Lynne</a>, <a href="http://earth.com">Earth.com</a> Contributing Writer

Image Credit: Shutterstock/Gray Photo Online

National Park Service issues warning after bison attacks child who got too close

This month, footage of a nine-year-old girl being thrown in...

The Oregon coast is home to thousands of harbor seals year round, and now tracking devices are helping researchers understand the movements and range of these seals. 

After the <a href="https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/marine-mammal-protection/marine-mammal-protection-act">Marine Mammal Protection Act </a>was first implemented in 1972, Oregon seal populations dramatically bounced back. Today, anywhere from 10,000 to 12,000 harbor seals inhabit the state’s bays and coastal waters, but very little data exists on seal populations in the area. 

To remedy this, researchers from <a href="https://oregonstate.edu/">Oregon State University</a> placed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seals-regulate-oxygen-diving/">wearable external tracking devices</a> (satellite transmitters) on 24 adult harbor seals from Alsea Bay and Netarts Bay in Oregon. 

The researchers monitored the seals’ movements from September 2014 to April 2015, and location data was collected every other month. 

[caption id="attachment_1876212" align="aligncenter" width="650"]<a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/seals.png"><img class="wp-image-1876212" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/seals.png" alt="" width="650" height="487" /></a> Image Credit: S. Steingass, 2019[/caption]

After modeling their movements, the researchers were able to calculate each seal’s home range and core area.

The home range is where a seal spends 95 percent of its time, and the core area is a small space that the seal prefers to inhabit. 

The researchers also examined how the seals use their habitat and how much time was spent in newly-established marine reserves. 

For the 25 seals in the study, the average home range was about 140 square miles. The average core area for the seals was around 11 square miles. However, individual home range and core area varied considerably between each seal, the researchers found. 

The seals stayed close to the shore and spent half of their time in rivers and bays. 70 percent of the time the seals stayed in water and only spent around 22 hours on average in the open ocean. 

Marine reserves were rarely taken advantage of, and the seals visited the new reserves less than two percent of the time. 

The study, published in the journal <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0219484">PLOS ONE</a> and authored by Sheanna Steingass, Markus Horning and Amanda M. Bishop, represents the first major survey of harbor seal habitats in Oregon recorded in the past 30 years. 

“Satellite tracking reveals at-sea habitat use for the first time for Pacific harbor seals in Oregon,” the researchers said. “Results from 24 seals demonstrate individual differences in behavior, with some study animals ranging hundreds of miles and few spending time within Oregon’s marine reserves.” 

--

By <a href="mailto:kayvandette@gmail.com">Kay Vandette</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com </a>Staff Writer 

Main Image Credit: Shutterstock/Swapan Photography

Wearable devices help researchers monitor the movement of harbor seals

The Oregon coast is home to thousands of harbor seals...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes why satellite images and measurements of our planet have become "essential to our survival, offering a new outlook of our world."&nbsp;



Rising sea levels pose one of the biggest societal threats associated with climate change. According to ESA, satellite altimeter missions such as Copernicus Sentinel-6 are essential in monitoring global and regional changes in sea level.



"Unbeknown to many, the island of Crete, Greece, plays an important role in the Copernicus satellite altimetry constellation and on an international stage," reports ESA.



"Satellite altimetry data have to be continuously monitored at the ESA’s Permanent Facility for Altimetry Calibration where different techniques have pioneered the use of transponders to provide the best measurements to validate satellite altimeters in space soon after launch."



Dr. Craig Donlon explains that, by understanding planet Earth through satellite measurements, we are able to find evidence of change.&nbsp;



Video Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Satellites have become essential to our survival

[sendtonews key="761m2QQvR1-2035772-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...