Young aspen trees in Yellowstone are doing something they have not done in almost 100 years. Rather than sprouting and being eaten back to nubs by elk and bison, they're actually growing into tall, adult forest trees rising up towards the canopy.



This matters more than it might seem, because it shows what happens when a missing piece of an ecosystem returns.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-yellowstone-aspens-and-elk">Yellowstone, aspens, and elk</h2>



In the 1920s, people <a href="https://www.yellowstone.org/wolf-project/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eliminated wolves in Yellowstone</a>. At the time, with limited scientific knowledge, managers believed it was the right thing to do.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/from-wolves-to-dogs-did-domestication-begin-without-human-help/">Without wolves</a>, elk herds grew very large. Elk love to eat aspen shoots - the tender young growth is highly palatable to them.



For roughly 70 years, elk browsed aspen sprouts down to stub height, and the trees couldn't grow. 



If you had walked through Yellowstone in the 1980s, you would have seen many tiny aspen shoots covering the ground, but almost no young trees gaining height. 



The forest's regeneration was stalled. Old trees died, and no new ones replaced them.



In 1995 and 1996, park managers reintroduced wolves into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstone-supervolcano-eruption-study-sparks-new-debate-on-where-and-when-it-will-erupt/">Yellowstone Park ecosystem</a>. Scientists hoped and wondered whether this would change anything for the trees.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-aspen-matter-to-yellowstone">Why aspen matter to Yellowstone</h2>



Aspen groves provide habitat for many species. Birds nest in them. Beavers eat the bark and use the wood for dams. Butterflies and moths lay eggs on the leaves. 



Their canopy admits enough light for wildflowers and shrubs to grow beneath. When it rains, aspen groves hold water in the soil better than some other forest types.



In short, when aspen return, dozens of other species benefit. More trees support more insects, which in turn support more birds, enriching the ecosystem.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-checking-the-trees-three-decades-later">Checking the trees three decades later</h2>



<a href="https://fwcs.oregonstate.edu/users/luke-painter" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Luke Painter</a>, an ecologist at <a href="https://oregonstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oregon State University</a>, sought clear answers. His team returned to 87 aspen stands across Yellowstone that scientists had previously surveyed. 



They measured thousands of young trees, looked for bite marks, and counted how many stems were tall enough that elk could no longer reach the tips.



About a third of these stands now have many tall young aspens pushing toward the canopy. 



"About 26 of the 87 aspen stands we examined had large numbers of tall saplings throughout, a remarkable change from the 1990s when surveys found none at all," Painter said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-wolves-matter-to-yellowstone-aspens">Why wolves matter to Yellowstone aspens</h2>



Breaking it all down, the conclusions of this study are pretty simple. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wolves-move-pups-across-mountains-to-adapt-to-climate-pressure/">Wolves hunt elk</a>. When wolves came back, two things happened. First, elk numbers declined from unusually high levels. Second, elk changed their behavior. They spent less time in the same areas feeding.



With fewer elk and shorter feeding bouts, more aspen shoots survived long enough to exceed the browsing zone - about six to seven feet high. 



Once a sapling reaches that height, elk cannot easily reach the growing tip. The tree continues to grow.



"The reintroduction of large carnivores has initiated a recovery process that had been shut down for decades," Painter explained.



Scientists call this a <a href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/trophic-cascades-across-diverse-plant-ecosystems-80060347/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trophic cascade</a> - when adding or removing one species causes changes that ripple through the whole system.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-some-places-recover-others-don-t">Some places recover, others don't</h2>



Unfortunately, not every aspen stand has recovered yet. Some valleys still have many short, heavily browsed shoots, because it's not only elk eating them anymore. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstones-iconic-bison-have-merged-into-a-single-herd/">Bison herds have grown</a>, and bison browse on aspen as well. They are strong enough to break young trees. 



"Increasing numbers of bison may be emerging as a new constraint to aspen in some areas," Painter confirmed.



Additionally, winter snow depth varies; droughts stress trees; bears and mountain lions also hunt elk; and hunting outside the park influences elk distribution. 



All of these factors interact, which is why some sites show strong recovery, others show moderate recovery, and a few have changed very little.



The key pattern is that places with many tall saplings experience little browsing, and aspen groves that remain popular eating grounds today stay short. 



This fact is the strongest indication that tree recovery is linked directly to wolf presence, not solely to weather or soil conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-proof-in-the-measurements">Proof in the measurements</h2>



Painter's team did not rely on casual observation. They used the same methods as earlier researchers, measuring the same plots. 



They counted recruitment - when young trees surpass browsing height and begin progressing toward maturity. This measure is crucial. Sprouts are insufficient if they never grow; without recruitment, the forest cannot replace itself.



The results are robust. After being stalled for most of a century, Yellowstone's aspens are increasing in height. In recovering stands today, you will see saplings - six, eight, or ten feet tall - that were not present in the 1990s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-yellowstone-s-aspens">The future of Yellowstone's aspens</h2>



"This is a remarkable case of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-viruses-found-in-yellowstones-hot-springs-may-be-near-the-root-of-all-life-on-earth/">ecological restoration</a>," Painter concluded. "Wolf reintroduction is yielding long-term ecological changes contributing to increased biodiversity and habitat diversity."



Trees grow slowly, so even with wolves restored, it will take decades for these young aspens to form a full-grown forest. 



Some areas might never fully recover if bison numbers continue to rise or if the climate becomes too hot and dry.



Thanks to the work of Painter and his team, scientists are now certain that restoring the Yellowstone predator has restarted aspen forest regeneration. Not everywhere and not perfectly, but enough to be measured, creating hope for the future.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112725004499?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Forest Ecology and Management</a>.



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Yellowstone's aspen trees are growing again thanks to the reintroduction of wolves

Young aspen trees in Yellowstone are doing something they have not done in almost 100 years. Rather than sprouting and being eaten back to nubs by elk and bison, they're actually growing into tall, adult forest trees rising up towards the canopy. This matters more than it might seem, because it shows what happens when a missing piece of an ecosystem returns. Yellowstone, aspens, and elk In the 1920s, people eliminated wolves in Yellowstone. At the time, with limited scientific knowledge, managers believed it was the right...

iron ore deposit - 1

Far away, on a remote island in the northwestern Pacific, stands a volcano that many people have never heard of. It quietly shaped global events nearly two centuries ago by sending clouds of ash high into the atmosphere.



This imposing feature is known as Zavaritzki, a caldera that rests within the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Kuril-Islands" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kuril Islands</a>. Once overlooked by explorers and mapmakers, it recently drew attention when scientists linked it to a mysterious weather shift in the early 1800s.



<a href="https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/earth-sciences/people/wh39/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">William Hutchison</a>, a volcanologist at the <a href="https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of St. Andrews</a>, matched sulfur-laden ice core samples with the distinct rock chemistry found on Zavaritzki’s slopes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unraveling-the-zavaritzki-puzzle">Unraveling the Zavaritzki puzzle</h2>



Ice cores preserve chemical and mineral traces that help researchers identify old volcanic explosions. For decades, one major blast from 1831 baffled experts because they could not figure out <a href="https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=290180" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">which volcano</a> triggered such dramatic cooling.



Historical journals from that year described unusual hues in the sky, including a Sun that took on a greenish cast. 



Many reports also noted a stark drop in temperature, which pointed to a significant injection of volcanic material into the air. 



Scientists suspected that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/faster-global-warming-linked-to-fewer-aerosols-in-ship-pollution/">sulfur aerosols</a> had reflected sunlight, but pinpointing the exact source to Zavaritzki proved challenging.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potassium-poor-ash-as-the-key">Potassium-poor ash as the key</h2>



Clues emerged when geologists examined tiny shards of minerals, from the cores, under powerful microscopes. 



Tests showed these particles were low in potassium, which indicated a composition unlike many of the well-known volcanoes in Iceland or Alaska.



The discovery led researchers toward the Kurils, a remote chain of islands bridging northern Japan and Russia’s Kamchatka Peninsula. 



Additional analysis revealed that these shards mirrored fresh samples from the slopes of the Zavaritzki caldera, which led to a breakthrough.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cinder-cones-from-the-zavaritzki-caldera">Cinder cones from the Zavaritzki caldera</h2>



Zavaritzki’s complex includes several <a href="https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/cinder-cones.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cinder cones</a>, which arise when gas-charged lava splatters and cools in steep mounds. These clusters often form around larger vents, adding layers of material each time an eruption occurs.



Cinders and ash accumulate at angles that can reach around 30 degrees, sometimes forming cones a few hundred feet tall. 



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Zavaritski-Caldera_volcanic-eruption-1800s_nasa_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Zavaritski-Caldera_volcanic-eruption-1800s_nasa_1s.webp" alt="The Zavaritskogo volcano (also called Zavaritskii) is a striking feature on Simushir Island, in the middle of the archipelago. It is made up of nested, steep-walled calderas surrounding a central lake. The OLI (Operational Land Imager) on Landsat 8 captured these images of Zavaritskogo and its complex edifice on September 12, 2024. Credit: NASA" class="wp-image-1960590"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The Zavaritskogo volcano (also called Zavaritskii) is a striking feature on Simushir Island, in the middle of the archipelago. It is made up of nested, steep-walled calderas surrounding a central lake. The OLI (Operational Land Imager) on Landsat 8 captured these images of Zavaritskogo and its complex edifice on September 12, 2024. Credit: NASA</figcaption></figure>



These structures can collapse inward if lava flows breach the sides, creating a patchwork of vents and channels.



<a href="https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/monogenetic-volcanic-fields.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Monogenetic cones</a> typically appear during a single eruptive phase, but multiple cones can punctuate the same region. 



The presence of these features in Zavaritzki’s caldera indicates a history of intermittent volcanic episodes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracing-the-eruption-s-impact">Tracing the eruption’s impact</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-volcanoes-chaos-poisoned-ferns-for-millions-of-years/">Volcanoes</a> that push sulfur aerosols into the stratosphere can affect temperatures far from their origin. In 1831, the fallout is believed to have caused widespread weather anomalies and a notable chill.



Diarists in Europe described summer storms and hail that damaged crops, while some regions reported an early onset of colder spells. 



These conditions aligned with the timeline suggested by scientists from their ice core studies.



Radiocarbon analysis offered further confirmation that a major event happened around that date. By matching carbon signatures in volcanic deposits with those in dated materials, experts pieced together a more accurate chronology.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-threats-and-modern-lessons">Invisible threats and modern lessons</h2>



Remote volcanoes can create havoc when they erupt, as they often remain off the usual monitoring grids. 



William Hutchison pointed out that blasts in higher latitudes can still impact worldwide climate by spreading sulfate aerosols.



Historic examples, like the 1991 <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/1510/pinatubo-erupts" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Pinatubo eruption</a> in the Philippines, illustrate how a single volcano can lower global temperatures for months or years. 



Even with modern satellite data, it is easy to overlook the activities of lesser-known peaks.



Scientists now prioritize collaborative efforts to expand surveillance networks. Improving early detection could reduce the toll of such eruptions on agriculture, infrastructure, and public health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-peering-beneath-the-waves">Peering beneath the waves</h2>



Some Kuril volcanoes lie partially submerged, forming flooded calderas where the ocean flows in. Others have steep-walled basins dotted with cinder cones and small lakes, as seen in Zavaritzki’s terrain.



During the Cold War, parts of this archipelago hosted submarines and hidden bases. Today, geologists map remnants of older eruptions to better grasp how these islands evolved over time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-the-zavaritzki-eruption-matters">Why the Zavaritzki eruption matters</h2>



Powerful <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-research-enhances-predictions-on-volcanic-eruptions/">volcanic eruptions</a> can leave behind evidence in ice cores, tree rings, and written accounts. These clues reveal how the planet responds to sudden injections of ash and gases.



Distant events can disrupt harvests, freeze waterways, and shift weather patterns, reminding us that we share a connected atmosphere. 



Understanding these processes helps us plan for future episodes that might catch us unprepared.



Zavaritzki highlights the importance of watching every corner of our planet, no matter how remote, in order to avoid the disasters associated with surprise volcanic eruptions. 



The study is published in <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2416699122" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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Volcanic eruption that cooled the Earth and turned the Sun green

Far away, on a remote island in the northwestern Pacific,...

For years, scientists have been eager to tune in to the subtle vibrations sent across the universe by cataclysmic events. Gravitational-wave observatories provide that opportunity, but capturing the weakest signals demands innovative advancements.



A newly developed optical system offers a possible route to higher laser power levels, which is crucial for capturing more distant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-particles-solution-gravitational-wave-mystery-bose-einstein-condensate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">events</a>.



Jonathan Richardson, an assistant professor at <a href="https://www.ucr.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC Riverside</a>, noted that the research represents a leap forward in our ability to control the heat-related distortions that hamper current detectors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ring-like-targeted-heating">Ring-like targeted heating</h2>



The new system directs infrared radiation onto mirrored surfaces with carefully shaped patterns. The ring-like approach corrects the warping that arises from intense laser power.



Each main mirror weighs about 88 pounds, so minimizing distortions is not easy. With precisely controlled heating zones, the system keeps the reflections crisp and stable, which is a major benefit for detecting faint <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gravitational-waves-dark-matter-big-bang-breakthrough/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">signals</a>.



Conventional adaptive optics in astronomy often corrects atmospheric blurring, but controlling thermal effects on a massive mirror is a different challenge. 



Engineers must ensure that the heating pattern doesn't add noise or degrade the device's sensitivity.



By shaping the heat precisely, the technique preserves the optical path. This safeguard is essential for measuring tiny disturbances in spacetime without spurious signals creeping in.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-detecting-faint-gravitational-wave-signals">Detecting faint gravitational wave signals</h2>



The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (<a href="https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LIGO</a>) has already recorded events involving black holes and neutron stars, broadening our knowledge of cosmic collisions. 



The path to even fainter signals involves pushing laser power beyond 1 megawatt inside the detectors.



"We expect this technology, and future versions of it, will be able to achieve more power in the interferometer," said Professor Richardson. This boost brings greater heat, which introduces more distortion.&nbsp;



Quantum noise presents another obstacle, since gravitational-wave detectors rely on laser beams that exhibit quantum fluctuations. 



Researchers use techniques like light squeezing to reduce these uncertainties and gain clearer measurements.



Larger laser power amplifies the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rare-cosmic-object-detected-gravitational-wave-signal/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum effects</a>, making it vital to have stable mirrors. The new ring-like heating control is expected to help maintain mirror quality in those high-power conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-vision-for-tomorrow">A vision for tomorrow</h2>



Moving beyond current facilities, the proposed <a href="https://cosmicexplorer.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cosmic Explorer</a> aims for arms about 25 miles in length. That vast distance should help capture gravitational ripples from earlier chapters in the universe.



Researchers predict that such a facility could show us signals when the cosmos was a small fraction of its present age. 



This might clarify puzzling details about the <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2302.05709" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">expansion rate</a> of the universe, which has two conflicting measurements right now.



Cosmic Explorer's design is guided by lessons learned from LIGO's upgrades. Each expansion in size and power requires solutions that can handle more severe thermal and quantum effects.



Scientists are also evaluating materials that can endure higher energy levels without warping. Selecting the right substrates and coatings can make or break the performance of next-generation observatories.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-secrets-unlocked-with-gravitational-waves">Secrets unlocked with gravitational waves </h2>



Accurate gravitational-wave observations might offer new insights into how general relativity works under extreme conditions. 



Researchers also see a chance to confirm or challenge alternative <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/black-hole-draco-1es-1927-654-just-awoke-is-spewing-material-at-incredible-speeds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">theories</a>, especially near the boundaries of a black hole.



"If you look at the history of astronomy, every time we’ve developed electromagnetic telescopes that can observe a different wavelength, we have discovered new objects," said Professor Richardson, who hopes gravitational waves will reveal something equally unanticipated.



By detecting more subtle signals, researchers can gather data on the evolution of black holes, including their spins and possible interactions with nearby objects. This might reveal patterns that haven't been visible with current methods.



Gravitational waves can also function as a different kind of cosmic ruler. When combined with traditional light-based observations, they could refine distance measurements to far-off galaxies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-era-of-gravitational-wave-detection">New era of gravitational wave detection</h2>



Experts plan to pair advanced optical systems with quantum-enhanced lasers to open new frontiers in detection. 



Studies show that combining these methods can lower noise across multiple frequency bands, allowing for the detection of weaker signals.



This work highlights the value of practical engineering in exploring cosmic mysteries. It also strengthens the case for building next-generation observatories that demand intense laser power and precise mirror control.



Ongoing experiments aim to integrate adaptive heating with other sensor improvements. Scientists are testing prototypes that can switch heating patterns in real time for different operating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/detecting-warp-drives-extraterrestrial-spacecraft-using-gravitational-waves-experiment/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conditions</a>.



A coordinated global network of detectors might share insights on mirror shaping techniques, so the entire community benefits from every development. This synergy could accelerate our progress toward capturing signals from even more distant events.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-creating-a-worldwide-network">Creating a worldwide network </h2>



Other projects, like Europe's proposed <a href="https://www.et-gw.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Einstein Telescope</a>, aim to use underground tunnels arranged in a triangular shape to reduce seismic noise. 



This approach could complement what Cosmic Explorer attempts on a larger scale, creating a worldwide network.



Such coordination increases the odds of catching elusive signals and pinning down their sources. By comparing data across different detectors, scientists can refine their estimates of where in the sky a gravitational wave originated.



Collaborative data analysis is crucial, as it confirms detections and further refines estimates of each signal's origin.



Upgrades to existing facilities are already showing how small engineering tweaks can sharpen our vision of the cosmos. The adaptive heating approach is one such tweak, but it sets the stage for more ambitious changes.



Each incremental improvement broadens our view of gravitational-wave sources, whether they lurk billions of light-years away or hide in our local cosmic neighborhood. 



As these technologies advance, new mysteries might emerge that redefine our understanding of space and time.



The study is published in <a href="https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physical Review Letters</a>.



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New technology dramatically boosts gravitational wave detection

For years, scientists have been eager to tune in to...

Animals are not just wandering around aimlessly. They’re rearranging dirt, redirecting water, and influencing ecosystems in ways that scientists once considered impossible. 



New research reveals that animals of all shapes and sizes make surprising contributions to landscape <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trees-are-losing-the-battle-against-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">formation</a>. The sheer variety of these living movers and shakers has never been so carefully documented.



According to Professor Gemma Harvey, a geography specialist at Queen Mary University of London, this comprehensive look at animals as engineers changes how we view habitat dynamics.



Professor Harvey worked alongside collaborators in an effort to pinpoint exactly where and how these organisms move sediment, build structures, or alter waterways.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animals-reshaping-landscapes">Animals reshaping landscapes </h2>



Scientists first noticed <a href="https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article-abstract/38/11/753/294302?redirectedFrom=fulltext" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">beaver dams</a> having a major impact on river flow and wetland formation decades ago. They observed notable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/landscapes-with-a-mix-of-habitats-are-biodiversity-hotspots/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">changes</a> in water chemistry, fish populations, and flood patterns.



Since then, additional discoveries have spotlighted unexpected players like ants, <a href="https://gorongosa.org/hippos/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hippos</a>, and a wide range of fish species. Each creature modifies its surroundings in a specific way by shifting soil, building mounds, or even rerouting stream channels.



The research team gathered data on 603 distinct species, genera, or families that measurably change the earth’s surface.



The experts calculated that at least 76,000 gigajoules of energy are channeled into shaping landscapes every year, putting these activities on par with enormous flood events.



This figure is almost certainly on the lower side, because many regions such as tropical zones remain understudied. Many of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-are-reshaping-landscapes-and-national-borders-around-the-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystems</a> are home to countless organisms that have yet to be fully documented.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-closer-look-at-insects">A closer look at insects</h2>



Termites stand out for constructing intricate networks of mounds, sometimes visible over large distances. Their excavation and relocation of soil alter drainage, create microhabitats, and may even influence plant growth patterns.



<a href="https://portal.nifa.usda.gov/web/crisprojectpages/1022904-environmental-dynamics-of-ecosystem-engineering-ants-and-their-modifications-of-soil-structure.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ants</a> also manipulate their environment with small yet frequent digs that reshape the topsoil. This has implications for water infiltration and nutrient cycling - two factors that determine how plants thrive or struggle. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fish-and-flowing-waters">Fish and flowing waters</h2>



Salmon rearrange the gravel in streams when they prepare spawning sites, creating areas known as redds. This digging changes sediment composition, oxygen flow, and even nutrient distribution.



Other fish, such as certain species of catfish, disturb riverbeds while feeding or nesting. The effects can ripple out, sometimes encouraging different plants and invertebrates to settle in the newly created pockets of calm or fast water.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-losing-animals-could-disrupt-landscapes">Losing animals could disrupt landscapes</h2>



The study reveals that nearly 30% of these identified species are rare, <a href="https://www.iberdrola.com/sustainability/endemic-species" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">endemic</a>, or threatened. If these animals disappear, their unique ways of moving earth and water could disappear along with them.



Environmental groups often focus on big predators or charismatic mammals, but these natural shapers deserve attention too. A collapse in their activities might lead to significant shifts in erosion, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/landscapes-with-different-habitats-greatly-increase-biodiversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">habitat</a> formation, and nutrient flow.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strategies-for-restoration">Strategies for restoration</h2>



Projects that introduce or protect earth-moving species are gaining momentum, especially in places grappling with flooding and soil erosion. By giving these organisms room to be productive, communities might tap into a natural way to slow down water or stabilize fragile ground.



Conservationists have looked at <a href="https://rewildingeurope.com/what-is-rewilding/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rewilding</a> efforts involving beavers in various U.S. states. The results hint that their dam-building can help recharge aquifers and keep precious water from draining away too quickly.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-viewing-animal-landscapes-from-above">Viewing animal landscapes from above</h2>



Advanced satellite <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-07459-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">data</a> has opened our eyes to the large-scale patterns created by species like termites. Their sprawling mounds can sometimes stretch for hundreds of miles, forming patchwork landscapes that affect everything from water runoff to vegetation growth.



High-resolution imagery also shows how animals alter terrain in desert regions and mountainous areas. Such observations confirm that our planet’s architecture is shaped by claws, mandibles, and hooves as much as by wind or rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-healthier-landscapes-for-the-future">Healthier landscapes for the future</h2>



Conserving these animal-engineered systems may become a critical part of climate resilience strategies. They offer a low-cost way to manage floods, maintain fertile soils, and preserve the diverse <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-ice-caps-may-only-exist-because-of-unusual-climate-shifts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">habitats</a> that humans rely on.



Studies suggest that reintroducing certain species or encouraging their return could be more effective than large-scale engineering fixes. There is growing optimism that these surprising architects might help us secure healthier landscapes for the future.



“This research shows that the role of animals in shaping Earth’s landscapes is much more significant that previously recognized,” noted Professor Harvey.



Experts suspect that losing certain species might disrupt vital processes, including how wetlands form and how soils develop.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-further-research-is-needed">Further research is needed </h2>



Large-scale community engagement could encourage solutions that blend nature’s own building crews into restoration projects. Whether it’s constructing wetlands or improving soil quality, allowing animals to continue their ancient routines might cut costs and preserve biodiversity.



Some regions have already embraced these approaches, but further research is needed to confirm their long-term viability. More insights will likely emerge as technology helps us keep an eye on these ecosystem architects from space.



Moving ahead, scientists aim to map more species that churn soil, channel water, or shape habitats in overlooked corners of the planet. These efforts may add fresh scientific insights that see animals not only for their beauty, but also for their indispensable role in steadily shaping our world.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.2415104122" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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Animals secretly reshape landscapes in powerful ways

Animals are not just wandering around aimlessly. They’re rearranging dirt,...

Blue whales, the largest creatures on Earth, remain remarkably elusive despite their immense size. One of the most intriguing mysteries about them is their reproductive cycle.



Only two blue whale births have ever been recorded in human history - both decades ago. This is puzzling, considering that the global blue whale population is estimated at between 10,000 and 25,000 individuals, and they give birth every two to three years.



With so many births expected over time, why have so few been documented? Sightings of calves remain significantly low, raising concerns among marine biologists.



A University of Washington study may explain why blue <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-predicts-whale-movements-to-reduce-deadly-ship-strikes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">whale</a> calves are rarely seen. The researchers analyzed long-term data and historical records to explore this mystery.



The findings suggest that blue whale calves are out there - but scientists may not be looking in the right place at the right time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rare-sightings-of-blue-whale-calves">Rare sightings of blue whale calves</h2>



Blue <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-whales-use-songs-to-hide-from-predators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">whale</a> calves are rarely seen, even though pregnancies are common. They are sometimes spotted with their mothers, but far fewer pairs are recorded than expected. 



Many theories have attempted to explain this mystery. Some scientists have speculated that blue whale calves have low survival rates. Others have proposed that many pregnancies do not reach full term. 



Another theory suggests that mother and calf pairs avoid areas where researchers typically conduct studies. Each of these possibilities has been considered, but none fully explains why calves are so rarely observed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-theory-emerges">A new theory emerges</h2>



Trevor Branch, a professor of aquatic and fishery sciences at the <a href="https://www.washington.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Washington</a>, analyzed multiple hypotheses to determine why so few blue whale calves are sighted. His research points to a simple but often overlooked factor: the seasonal timing of field studies.



Most blue <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-helps-humans-have-20-minute-conversation-with-humpback-whale-named-twain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">whale research</a> takes place in the summer months when these massive creatures gather in feeding grounds to consume krill. However, blue whale births occur in fall and winter, when they migrate to warmer waters. 



By the time researchers return to their usual study areas in summer, the calves have already grown and separated from their mothers, making them much harder to identify.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seasonal-migration-patterns">Seasonal migration patterns </h2>



Blue whales follow a well-established migratory pattern. During the summer, they travel to colder waters to feed on dense populations of krill. 



Locations such as the California coast serve as primary feeding grounds. However, when it is time to give birth, they move toward warmer waters, such as the Gulf of California and the eastern tropical Pacific.



Calves remain with their mothers for about seven months after birth. By the time they return to feeding areas in the summer, they are already independent and no longer travel alongside their mothers. 



This could explain why researchers, who focus on summer feeding grounds, rarely encounter mother-calf pairs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-observations-of-blue-whale-calves">Observations of blue whale calves </h2>



Pregnancy rates among different blue whale populations range from 33% to 50% annually. However, recorded sightings of mother-calf pairs make up only about 3.1% of all blue whale observations.



This gap has raised concerns about the health of blue whale populations. Some researchers feared that the species might be experiencing high calf mortality or declining birth rates, but the new findings suggest that this may not be the case. 



"My conceptual model can explain the mystery of the missing calves: Blue whales produce calves, or give birth, shortly after departing their summer feeding grounds, and wean their calves seven months later, just before they return,” explained Professor Branch.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monitoring-blue-whale-populations">Monitoring blue whale populations </h2>



Professor Branch analyzed long-term field studies and whaling records. He found more blue whale calves in wintering regions than in summer feeding areas. This suggests calves are born and raised in places that are rarely studied.



Branch is now coordinating a large-scale collaboration to gather data across different months and locations. His goal is to confirm this pattern by tracking calf sightings and estimating their size throughout the year. 



If successful, this study could reshape how scientists monitor and protect blue whale populations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-hopeful-outlook-for-blue-whales">A hopeful outlook for blue whales</h2>



Instead of indicating a population crisis, the low sightings of blue whale calves could be a result of research bias. If scientists shift their focus to winter and spring habitats, they may discover that more calves exist than previously thought.



"This new idea provides an alternative explanation for why some blue whale populations appear to produce very few calves: It's not a failure of calf production, it's because fieldwork in those <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/whale-poop-is-a-natural-fertilizer-that-keeps-the-ocean-alive/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">populations</a> is understandably concentrated in easily accessible summer feeding areas," noted Professor Branch.



The findings highlight the importance of adjusting research methods to account for seasonal migration patterns.



If researchers focus more on wintering regions, they may gain a better understanding of blue whale reproduction and calf survival rates.



This study, supported in part by the <a href="https://iwc.int/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Whaling Commission</a>, could change how scientists study blue whales. Expanding research beyond summer feeding areas may reveal more about their births and improve their protection.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/esr/v56/p53-67/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Endangered Species Research</a>.



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Why blue whale calves are rarely seen in the wild

Blue whales, the largest creatures on Earth, remain remarkably elusive...

Scientists have been investigating colossal structures that exist deep inside of Earth's mantle. Located beneath Africa and the Pacific Ocean, the underground "islands" were first discovered in the late 20th century.



These vast areas, positioned more than 1,242 miles (2,000 kilometers) below the surface, are about the size of a continent and are estimated to be at least half a billion years old.



The location and staggering age of these subsurface features has drawn attention from geophysicists. 



A recent study led by Professor Arwen Deuss from Utrecht University suggests that the massive structures may be more stable than previously thought.



The research challenges the long-held idea that Earth’s mantle is a rapidly mixing environment. Instead, the results suggest that there is much less flow within the mantle than previously believed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mysterious-mantle-structures">Mysterious mantle structures </h2>



Earth’s mantle is the thick layer between the crust and the core. It includes a graveyard of <a href="https://www.usgs.gov/news/science-snippet/earthword-subduction">subducted tectonic plates</a> that have been pushed downward over millions of years by plate collisions.&nbsp;



Experts have been using seismic signals from large earthquakes to examine the hidden structures. Deuss and her colleague at Utrecht University, Dr. Sujania Talavera-Soza, incorporated a novel approach to studying seismic waves. 



Beyond analyzing how much waves slow down, they also measured “damping,” or how much energy the waves lose as they travel through the Earth.



“Nobody knew what they are, and whether they are only a temporary phenomenon, or if they have been sitting there for millions or perhaps even billions of years,” said Professor Deuss.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-zones-inside-earth-s-mantle">Hidden zones inside Earth's mantle</h2>



Researchers call these deep regions Large Low Seismic Velocity Provinces (<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-22185-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LLSVP</a>) because seismic waves lose speed as they pass through them. However, the new study has introduced an extra piece of information about just how much energy the waves lose.



“Against our expectations, we found little damping in the LLSVP, which made the tones sound very loud there. But we did find a lot of damping in the cold slab graveyard, where the tones sounded very soft,” explained Dr. Talavera-Soza.



This difference could be explained by larger mineral grains in the LLSVPs compared to the smaller grains present in old slabs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-clues-about-earth-s-mantle">New clues about Earth’s mantle</h2>



The presence of large, ancient features suggests the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-brittle-star-tissue-could-transform-regenerative-medicine/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mantle</a> is not fully churning everything into a uniform mixture. 



Slower convection in these deep sections challenges assumptions found in standard textbooks, and offers a new perspective on Earth’s dynamics.



Mantle motions feed processes such as vulcanism and mountain formation. Hot blobs, known as plumes, may start at the edges of these big structures and eventually cause volcanic activity on the surface, as observed in spots like Hawaii.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-peering-into-the-past-with-earthquakes">Peering into the past with earthquakes</h2>



Ultra-strong earthquakes have been vital in probing our planet’s deep interior. One classic case is the 1994 Bolivia quake, which struck at a depth of around 403 miles (650 kilometers).



Seismometers collect data on how Earth “rings” following such events. Researchers analyze this ringing to detect wave speed changes and energy losses, which helps form a detailed picture of what lurks far beneath our feet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-large-grains-ancient-foundations">Large grains, ancient foundations</h2>



Older slabs sink, recrystallize, and become full of tiny grains. These small particles cause waves to lose more energy because the wave boundaries are more frequent. 



Meanwhile, the huge underground “islands” appear to have larger grains that likely took a very long time to develop. 



The discrepancy in grain size implies that these deep features have been around for many millions of years, adding weight to the theory that they predate much of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-breaking-hole-drilled-into-earths-mantle-scientific-goldmine-magma-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>’s modern surface geography.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions </h2>



New observations may reveal how these hidden structures influence surface geology. Shifts in Earth's mantle flow might lead to changes in volcanic patterns over millennia, and the alteration of landscapes and ecosystems.



Scientists also aim to investigate whether similar deep pockets exist elsewhere. If further research uncovers more ancient zones, it could lead geologists to refine their understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mantle-heat-shaped-earths-crust-3-billion-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mantle</a> convection and the formation of continents.



The study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08322-y">Nature</a>.



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Hidden mountains: The mysterious structures deep inside Earth's mantle

Scientists have been investigating colossal structures that exist deep inside...

In a world where gender roles are continually shifting, a fresh study illuminates the unexpected benefits of extended paternity leave.



According to the research, an extended break for dads after the arrival of a new baby can enhance their co-parenting dynamics with mothers in a rather significant manner. However, the effects of longer paternity leave aren't just limited to the fathers.



The study was led by Reed Donithen and Professor Sarah Schoppe-Sullivan at <a href="https://www.osu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Ohio State University</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extended-paternity-leave-and-co-parenting">Extended paternity leave and co-parenting</h2>



Mothers have been reported to interfere less with the father's involvement in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/child-care-quality-has-direct-impact-on-later-success-in-science-and-math/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">childcare</a> when the fathers take an extended break from work after the birth of their child.



"When fathers take longer leaves, mothers might take that as a sign that fathers are more interested in being an active parent and be less likely to try to prevent them from participating in childcare," said Donithen, the lead author of the study.



In addition, longer leave for fathers is linked to mothers changing their attitudes about fathers and child care, noted Professor Schoppe-Sullivan.



When dads take more time off after the birth of their baby, moms relax unrealistically high standards for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fathers-give-children-an-educational-advantage-by-playing-with-them/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">father's parenting</a> and are less reliant on others’ evaluations about their fulfillment of the maternal role.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-redefining-parental-roles">Redefining parental roles </h2>



Remarkably, a more extended paternity leave not only modifies mothers' reaction to fathers' involvement in childcare but also their perception of parental roles. 



"It is difficult to change people’s attitudes. But a longer paternity leave appears to change not only how mothers respond to fathers’ involvement in child care but how they view <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parent-children-relationships-are-key-to-lifelong-well-being/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parental roles</a>," said Professor Schoppe-Sullivan. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-how-new-parents-adjust">Studying how new parents adjust </h2>



The researchers based their findings on data from the New Parents Project, a long-term study led by Professor Schoppe-Sullivan.



The project investigates how dual-earner couples adjust to becoming parents and how families and children evolve over time. 



The study involved 182 couples who were predominantly married and white. The participants were assessed four times: once during the mother's third trimester of pregnancy, and then when the baby was 3, 6, and 9 months old.



When the baby was nine months old, both parents were questioned about their behaviors and attitudes regarding "maternal gatekeeping."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shifting-dynamics-with-paternal-leave">Shifting dynamics with paternal leave</h2>



The term "maternal gatekeeping" describes the extent to which a mother either inhibits or encourages a father's involvement in childcare.



Here, "gateopening behaviors" include encouraging the father's engagement in parenting, for example, by seeking his opinion on childcare behaviors. 



Conversely, "gateclosing behaviors" include instances when moms discourage dads, such as through criticism.



Interestingly, when fathers took longer leaves, both parents agreed that mothers were less likely to employ gateclosing behaviors. 



However, the researchers noticed that it didn't necessarily lead to increased gateopening by the moms, which was unexpected.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-societal-expectations-of-moms">Societal expectations of moms</h2>



Donithen noted that this reluctance could possibly be attributed to the societal perception that mothers should predominantly handle childcare.



"<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/moms-are-more-worried-about-chores-and-its-a-heavy-mental-load/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mothers</a> may think they are the default main parent and so they don't go out of their way to encourage dads to get more involved," noted Donithen.



However, Professor Schoppe-Sullivan suggests a more optimistic interpretation - mothers observing fathers take longer paternity leaves and assume a more active parenting role might not feel the need to push for further involvement.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-balanced-parenting">The future of balanced parenting</h2>



In essence, the study signifies that longer paternity leave could trigger a series of changes to reduce the load new mothers usually carry in childcare. 



Professor Schoppe-Sullivan believes this could be a pathway towards establishing more balanced parental roles.



"This study suggests that a longer paternity leave may be a way out of the trap, that it may lead to a situation where fathers do have more of an equal role in parenting," she explained.



In conclusion, the benefits of extended paternity leave extend beyond the fathers. As we progressively move towards a society keen on gender equality, we may need to pay more attention to strategies that encourage balanced co-parenting.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-025-01565-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sex Roles</a>.



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How paternity leave changes parenting dynamics

In a world where gender roles are continually shifting, a...

Imagine navigating the intricate pathways of your mind, deciphering the signals that shape your decisions. Whether it's choosing where to eat or making a life-changing move, your brain is constantly balancing risk and reward.



The complex puzzle of how the brain navigates these choices continues to inspire extensive research and remarkable discoveries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-navigating-reward-based-decisions">Navigating reward-based decisions </h2>



Recently, a team of researchers from <a href="https://hms.harvard.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Harvard Medical School</a> made a compelling discovery. The study connected machine-learning concepts to mouse experiments to explore deeper into the brain circuitry that governs reward-based <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/navigating-uncertainty-how-to-make-transformative-life-decisions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">decisions</a>.



The experts identified two distinct groups of neurons in the brains of mice. One group aids in learning about outcomes that are above-average, while another associates with below-average results.



Together, these neurons grant the brain the capacity to assess the entire spectrum of potential <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-the-brain-identify-rewards-and-punishments/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rewards</a> linked with a decision.



Jan Drugowitsch is the co-senior author of the study and an associate professor of neurobiology at the Blavatnik Institute at Harvard Medical School.



"Our results suggest that mice - and by extension, other mammals - seem to be representing more fine-grained details about risk and reward than we thought before," explained Professor Drugowitsch.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-approach-to-risk-and-reward">A new approach to risk and reward</h2>



Neuroscience has long explored how past experiences influence future decisions. Yet, as Professor Drugowitsch pointed out, traditional theories often fall short in capturing the intricate patterns and subtle complexities of real-world behavior.



For instance, choosing between familiar good food at a known restaurant or testing a new place with a mix of good and not-so-good dishes is a choice that goes beyond mere averages. Existing theories fail to account for such risk-seeking or safe-playing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/science-behind-predicting-and-changing-human-behavior/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">behavior</a>.



A new theory of decision-making borne out of machine learning research has begun to address these gaps. The new algorithm learns from the entire distribution of outcomes rather than just focusing on averages.



This approach significantly enhances performance, as observed in Atari video games and several other tasks involving multiple potential outcomes for each decision.



"They basically asked what happens if rather than just learning average rewards for certain actions, the algorithm learns the whole distribution, and they found it improved performance significantly," explained Professor Drugowitsch.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decisions-and-potential-rewards">Decisions and potential rewards</h2>



In the latest study, Drugowitsch collaborated with Naoshige Uchida, a professor of molecular and cellular biology at Harvard University. The goal was to gain a better understanding of how the potential risks and rewards of a decision are weighed in the brain.



The experts devised experiments with mice to unravel how the decision-making process unfolds within the ventral striatum - a region of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-human-brain-decides-which-memories-to-remember/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain</a> that stores data about potential rewards linked with a decision.



"We used high-density probes (neuropixels) to record striatal activity from mice performing a classical conditioning task in which reward mean, reward variance and stimulus identity were independently manipulated," explained the researchers.



The team trained mice to associate different odors with varying extents of rewards, effectively teaching mice about the range of potential outcomes for each decision.



The researchers then observed the mice's licking behavior (an indication of their anticipation for better rewards) alongside recordings of neural activity in the ventral striatum. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-neurons-that-make-decisions">The neurons that make decisions </h2>



The results were remarkable. The experts identified two distinct groups of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/first-complete-map-of-every-neuron-in-the-brain-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">neurons</a> that were guiding decisions made by the mice.



When the researchers silenced "optimistic" neurons, mice acted as if they anticipated lesser rewards. Conversely, when "pessimistic" neurons were silenced, the mice behaved as if they expected a more valuable treat.



Professor Drugowitsch compared this to "having an optimist and a pessimist in your brain, both giving you advice on what to do next."



Continuing the exploration of these intriguing findings will provide insights into how the brain makes decisions in situations of greater uncertainty.



"These two groups of brain cells work together to form a representation of the full distribution of potential rewards for a decision," explained Drugowitsch.



He believes that these insights could help us understand why people with conditions like depression or addiction struggle with assessing risks in decisions.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08488-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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Our decisions are shaped by optimistic and pessimistic neurons

Imagine navigating the intricate pathways of your mind, deciphering the...

A recent study has unveiled how chemical elements and powerful winds shape the atmosphere of a planet far beyond our solar system.&nbsp;



By examining separate layers of the planet’s atmosphere in 3D, the researchers have revealed an intricate system of jet streams and temperature contrasts.



The discovery was made by astronomers at the <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Southern Observatory</a> (ESO) in Chile and other institutions, who combined multiple telescope units to obtain a detailed view.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-weather-conditions-on-a-distant-world">Weather conditions on a distant world</h2>



The research focused on WASP-121b (also called Tylos), a so-called “ultra-hot Jupiter” about 900 light-years away in the constellation Puppis. The results offer an unprecedented glimpse into the weather conditions of a distant world.&nbsp;



“This planet’s atmosphere behaves in ways that challenge our understanding of how <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08664-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">weather</a> works - not just on Earth, but on all planets. It feels like something out of science fiction,” said Julia Victoria Seidel, a researcher at the European Southern Observatory (<a href="https://www.eso.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESO</a>) in Chile and lead author of the study.



WASP-121b completes an orbit around its host star in roughly 30 hours, hugging it so closely that one side is perpetually scorched while the opposite side remains significantly cooler. 



This extreme temperature difference results in what scientists describe as a violent and highly unusual climate.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distinct-layers-of-the-exoplanet-s-atmosphere-nbsp">Distinct layers of the exoplanet’s atmosphere&nbsp;</h2>



The research team used high-resolution observations of starlight passing through the exoplanet’s atmosphere to deduce how distinct layers move and mix.



“What we found was surprising: a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jupiters-turbulent-atmosphere-includes-a-high-speed-jet-stream/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">jet stream</a> rotates material around the planet’s equator, while a separate flow at lower levels of the atmosphere moves gas from the hot side to the cooler side. This kind of climate has never been seen before on any planet,” Seidel explained.&nbsp;



By tracing iron and other gases at different heights, the scientists identified powerful winds racing across Tylos’s skies. “Even the strongest hurricanes in the Solar System seem calm in comparison,” she added.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-viewing-the-planet-in-3d">Viewing the planet in 3D</h2>



To map out these winds and their distribution of elements, the astronomers made use of the Very Large Telescope (VLT), merging the light from four of its units into a single signal via a specialized instrument.&nbsp;



The goal was to capture enough detail to distinguish chemical signatures at various altitudes - all within a single transit of WASP-121b in front of its host star.



“The VLT enabled us to probe three different layers of the exoplanet’s atmosphere in one fell swoop,” said study co-author Leonardo A. dos Santos, an assistant astronomer at the <a href="https://www.stsci.edu/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Space Telescope Science Institute</a> in Baltimore, United States.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/exoplanet-Tylos_atmospheric-structure_3d-view_illustration_ESO_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/exoplanet-Tylos_atmospheric-structure_3d-view_illustration_ESO_1s.webp" alt="This diagram shows the structure and motion of the atmosphere of the exoplanet Tylos (WASP-121b). The exoplanet is shown from above in this figure, looking at one of its poles. The planet rotates counter-clockwise, in such a way that it always shows the same side to its parent star, so it's always day on one half of the planet and night on the other. The transition between night and day is the &quot;morning side&quot; while the &quot;evening side&quot; represents the transition between day and night; its morning side is to the right and its evening side to the left. Credit: ESO" class="wp-image-1960368"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">This diagram shows the structure and motion of the atmosphere of the exoplanet Tylos (WASP-121b). The exoplanet is shown from above in this figure, looking at one of its poles. The planet rotates counter-clockwise, in such a way that it always shows the same side to its parent star, so it's always day on one half of the planet and night on the other. The transition between night and day is the "morning side" while the "evening side" represents the transition between day and night; its morning side is to the right and its evening side to the left. Credit: ESO</figcaption></figure>



By monitoring how iron, sodium, and hydrogen moved within these layers, the team reconstructed the flow of material from the planet’s deep interior to its outermost atmospheric regions.&nbsp;



“It’s the kind of observation that is very challenging to do with space telescopes, highlighting the importance of ground-based observations of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exoplanet-discovery-nasa-identifies-over-5500-distant-worlds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exoplanets</a>,” noted dos Santos.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-metals-and-other-compounds">Metals and other compounds</h2>



The deeper parts of WASP-121b’s atmosphere feature intense heat, while the upper layers experience a dynamic interplay between cooler regions and strong winds.&nbsp;



The combined data indicate that metals and other compounds are shuttled around by swift jets, leading to the unfamiliar climate patterns seen on Tylos.



Alongside iron, sodium, and hydrogen, the researchers uncovered titanium in levels just beneath the high-altitude jet stream - an unexpected finding, given that previous attempts to locate titanium in WASP-121b’s atmosphere had come up short.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/exoplanet_WASP-121b_Tylos_atmosphere-layers_weather_eso_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/exoplanet_WASP-121b_Tylos_atmosphere-layers_weather_eso_1s.webp" alt="The atmosphere of Tylos (WASP-121b) is divided into three layers, with iron winds at the bottom, followed by a very fast jet stream of sodium, and finally an upper layer of hydrogen winds. This kind of climate has never been seen before on any planet. Credit: ESO" class="wp-image-1960558"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The atmosphere of Tylos (WASP-121b) is divided into three layers, with iron winds at the bottom, followed by a very fast jet stream of sodium, and finally an upper layer of hydrogen winds. This kind of climate has never been seen before on any planet. Credit: ESO</figcaption></figure>



“It’s truly mind-blowing that we’re able to study details like the chemical makeup and weather patterns of a planet at such a vast distance,” said Bibiana Prinoth, a PhD student at Lund University, Sweden, and ESO.



Prinoth led a companion study published in the journal <a href="http://aanda.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452405" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics</a> and co-authored the Nature paper.



The newly detected titanium, hidden at lower altitudes, indicates the planet’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hubble-finds-a-water-rich-planet-with-a-steamy-atmosphere-named-gj-9827d/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmosphere</a> is even more complex than once thought.&nbsp;



While it remains unclear exactly how these metals form and move around Tylos, one possibility is that temperature gradients and the planet’s day-night contrast help determine where certain elements accumulate.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-insights-on-alien-climates">Future insights on alien climates</h2>



The fact that WASP-121b’s jets and temperature distributions can be traced in such detail from light-years away marks a significant leap in exoplanet science.&nbsp;



Yet, as astronomers look to study smaller, rockier planets with potentially milder climates, even more powerful instruments will be required.&nbsp;



“The ELT will be a game-changer for studying exoplanet atmospheres,” Prinoth said, referring to the <a href="https://elt.eso.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Extremely Large Telescope</a> currently under construction in Chile’s Atacama Desert.&nbsp;



“This experience makes me feel like we’re on the verge of uncovering incredible things we can only dream about now.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-probing-the-atmospheres-of-exoplanets">Probing the atmospheres of exoplanets</h2>



Using next-generation telescopes such as the ELT, researchers hope to probe the atmospheres of Earth-like planets and see if they harbor any hints of habitability.&nbsp;



By refining techniques already showcased in this study, astronomers aim to decode the layers, winds, and potentially life-supporting chemistry of still more distant worlds.&nbsp;



The success of this recent work on WASP-121b foreshadows a new era in which entire atmospheric systems - weather, chemical cycles, and beyond - can be revealed in detail, unveiling the dynamic nature of far-off environments that were once the stuff of pure speculation.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08664-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



Image Credit: ESO/M. Kornmesser



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"Out of science fiction" - Weather on an alien planet viewed for the first time ever

A recent study has unveiled how chemical elements and powerful...

Icebergs,In,Jokulsarlon,Glacial,Lagoon.,Vatnajokull,National,Park,,Southeast,Iceland,

The world has long operated under the assumption that achieving climate goals would prevent the worst impacts of global warming, such as the melting of Arctic ice.



In 2016, nearly 200 world leaders committed to keeping global temperatures from rising beyond 1.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels. 



This agreement has shaped policies across nations, and driven efforts to cut emissions and transition toward cleaner energy.



Yet, despite those commitments, scientists now confirm that Earth's temperature increase crossed the 1.5-degree threshold in 2024. Not only has the planet <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drastic-warming-will-transform-the-arctic-beyond-recognition/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">warmed</a> faster than expected, but the changes already in motion cannot be undone.



The consequences are affecting every continent in a variety of ways, from intensifying storms to record-breaking heat waves.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-paris-agreement-pledges">Paris Agreement pledges</h2>



A new study published in the journal Science reveals an even starker reality. If all countries follow through on their <a href="https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Paris Agreement</a> pledges - which is a big assumption in itself - the planet is still on track to warm by an average of 2.7 degrees Celsius by the end of the century.



This level of warming will reshape economies, displace populations, and alter ecosystems in ways that humans have never before experienced.



"This is a reality check: we took a first step by signing the Paris Agreement, but we're already living in the 'changed world' we are attempting to prevent," noted Ted Schuur, a professor at <a href="https://nau.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northern Arizona University</a>.



"It's time to take the next step to adjust our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-warming-permafrost-melt-devastating-role-accelerating-global-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate goals</a> to accommodate this new reality."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-arctic-s-role-in-accelerated-warming">Arctic's role in accelerated warming</h2>



One of the reasons the planet passed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/costs-of-reversing-climate-change-multiply-after-a-tipping-point/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">1.5 degrees of warming</a> so much sooner than expected lies far to the north. The Arctic, which once seemed distant and isolated, is now a central driver of climate shifts around the world.



Research shows that the Arctic is warming nearly four times faster than the rest of the planet. This is largely because ice, once a defining feature of the region, is disappearing at an alarming rate.



Sea ice, which used to form reliably every winter and partially melt in summer, is now melting at an accelerating pace. As more ice disappears, more of the ocean remains exposed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-warming-and-dark-arctic-waters">Warming and dark Arctic waters</h2>



Since dark ocean water absorbs more sunlight than white ice, this change amplifies the warming trend, creating a feedback loop that speeds up ice loss year after year.



"The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-industrialization-how-will-it-impact-delicate-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arctic</a> seas have already become unrecognizable," Schuur said. "The amount of ice we're left with at the end of the summer keeps declining over time. Soon enough, summer ice could become a thing of the past."



This transformation will have far-reaching consequences. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/permafrost-is-no-longer-permanent-arctic-communities-in-danger/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Coastal Arctic communities</a> depend on sea ice for hunting, transportation, and protection from storm surges. 



As ice disappears, shipping routes will open, altering global trade patterns and potentially creating new geopolitical tensions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-thawing-permafrost-crisis">Thawing permafrost crisis</h2>



While melting sea ice is a visible reminder of climate change, another transformation is unfolding on land that is less obvious. 



Beneath the Arctic’s surface lies permafrost - frozen ground that has locked away massive amounts of carbon for thousands of years.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/arctic-meltdown_global-warming-acceleration_credit-Victor-Leshyk_1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/arctic-meltdown_global-warming-acceleration_credit-Victor-Leshyk_1s.webp" alt="How 2.7 degrees of warming could accelerate permafrost thaw, ice melt and sea level rise in the Arctic. Credit: Victor Leshyk" class="wp-image-1959572"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">How 2.7 degrees of warming could accelerate permafrost thaw, ice melt and sea level rise in the Arctic. Credit: Victor Leshyk</figcaption></figure>



As temperatures rise, this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/thawing-permafrost-may-release-billions-of-tons-of-carbon-by-2100/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">permafrost is thawing</a> and releasing carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere. 



These greenhouse gases intensify global warming, making it even harder to slow the planet’s temperature increase.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exponential-warming-acceleration">Exponential warming acceleration</h2>



Scientists estimate that, as this organic material decomposes, it will emit carbon at a rate that is comparable to that of industrialized nations.



Despite the scale of this threat, Schuur explained that policymakers in 2016 did not fully account for these Arctic-driven emissions.



"We're talking about a place that's remote to many people, but changes in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-arctic-may-be-ice-free-sooner-than-we-expected/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arctic</a> don't stay in the Arctic," Schuur said.



The warming Arctic is shaping <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-warming-influences-us-weather-patterns-ai-machine-learning/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">weather patterns worldwide</a>, intensifying droughts, and increasing the likelihood of wildfires worldwide.



The effects of permafrost thaw are already being felt far from the Arctic. Extreme heat events, like the 70 days of 110-degree temperatures in Phoenix last summer, are partially linked to these additional greenhouse gas emissions. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-arctic-warming-impacts-the-world">How Arctic warming impacts the world</h2>



The rapid transformation of the Arctic is not just an environmental issue - it is an economic and social challenge that will affect millions of people.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-level-rise-will-cost-coastal-cities-over-1-trillion-in-damages/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Coastal cities</a>, which are already vulnerable to rising seas, will face even more frequent flooding as ice sheets continue to melt. 



Fisheries that support millions of livelihoods will struggle to adapt as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-warming-broke-records-for-450-straight-days/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean temperatures</a> rise and ecosystems shift.



The disappearance of Arctic ice is also reshaping the world’s energy landscape. As previously unreachable oil and gas reserves become accessible, some countries may push to exploit these resources, potentially increasing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-co2-emissions-rise-as-nations-tackle-fossil-fuel-dependence/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil fuel production</a> at a time when emissions need to be cut.



Schuur emphasized that the world must recognize this new reality and respond accordingly. The past assumption that global warming could be controlled easily is no longer valid.



The task ahead is twofold: adapt to the inevitable changes that are already happening and work to prevent the worst-case scenarios from unfolding.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preparing-for-an-unavoidable-future">Preparing for an unavoidable future</h2>



The latest projections show that, if current policies remain unchanged, the planet will warm by 2.7 degrees Celsius before 2100. 



That means there will be more extreme weather events, rising sea levels, and ecosystems pushed beyond their limits.



"We can't stop change from happening; it's already happening," Schuur said. "But we can slow the change by reducing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-first-greenhouse-gas-detecting-satellite-is-now-in-orbit/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greenhouse gas emissions</a> and managing the change as best as we can so that people and ecosystems are better positioned for the future."



Governments must strengthen infrastructure, improve disaster preparedness, and develop climate-resistant agriculture. 



Individuals can push for policies that prioritize renewable energy, sustainable urban planning, and conservation efforts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-action-is-needed-at-every-level">Action is needed at every level</h2>



While global policies play a crucial role, local action can often have a more immediate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/first-ice-free-day-in-the-arctic-may-arrive-in-2027/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">impact</a> against Arctic warming. 



Schuur encouraged people to engage with their city, county, or state <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sustainable-food-systems-are-gaining-momentum/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainability efforts</a>. Getting involved can mean attending meetings, proposing new policies, or supporting climate initiatives through voting.



Individual actions also matter. Choosing cleaner transportation, reducing energy use, and supporting businesses that prioritize sustainability all contribute to slowing climate change. 



These choices may not reverse <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-warming-is-accelerating-beyond-control-as-co2-levels-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global warming</a>, but they can delay its effects and provide communities with more time to adapt.



"Don't give up, even in the face of change," Schuur said. "Instead, change your thinking. Say to yourself: I live in a new, changed world. What can I do to help adapt and slow the change so we have more time to adjust?"



The challenge ahead is immense, but action at every level - global, national, and local - will determine how well the world navigates this new era. 



The time for waiting has passed. Now is the moment to prepare for the world that is already here.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ads1549" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Earth is already changing in 'unimaginable ways' due to rapid Arctic meltdown

The world has long operated under the assumption that achieving...

In recent months, there has been growing interest in whether gas stove emissions harm our health. Some studies have suggested a connection to respiratory problems, while others question these conclusions.



This debate has existed for decades, with experts linking indoor air pollution from gas stoves to conditions like asthma. One person who has scrutinized industry strategies in this area is Allan M. Brandt, a public health historian at Harvard University.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-research-on-gas-stove-emissions">Research on gas stove emissions</h2>



Industry documents from the 1970s reveal attempts to challenge the results of early research on gas stove <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gas-stoves-release-more-harmful-nanoparticles-than-vehicle-exhaust/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emissions</a>. Observers noticed parallels to the tobacco industry’s pattern of funding selective studies to cloud the evidence.



Financial support from companies with a vested interest can sometimes lead the researchers to modify the way in which they report their results or interpretations. This approach can sideline important data that is then unavailable for public scrutiny.



<a href="https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/42/6/1724/737113" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Researchers</a> who found potential harm from gas stove emissions faced pushback. They often encountered criticism that their findings were inconclusive or flawed.



In many cases, industry-associated consultants challenged study designs or questioned the statistical methods. A backdrop of uncertainty frequently stalled the implementation of stronger regulations on indoor pollutants.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nitrogen-dioxide-and-respiratory-health">Nitrogen dioxide and respiratory health</h2>



Burning natural gas produces <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gas-stoves-emit-unsafe-levels-of-nitrogen-dioxide/">nitrogen dioxide</a>, a byproduct that can irritate airways and aggravate respiratory issues. It can also worsen existing conditions in those with sensitive lungs.



Scientists note that ventilation plays a key role in reducing nitrogen dioxide levels. However, older homes and smaller kitchens may not have effective ventilation systems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gas-pollution-beyond-the-kitchen">Gas pollution beyond the kitchen</h2>



While many discussions focus on emissions from cooking appliances, gas use for heating can also influence indoor air quality. Leaky connections or inadequate exhaust vents can introduce pollutants into living spaces.



Studies have shown that prolonged exposure to combustion byproducts can contribute to respiratory symptoms. More research is ongoing to pin down exact thresholds for safe indoor air.



“If there is one thing that is clear about the natural gas industry, we do not stand in place,” stated Karen Harbert, president and CEO of the American Gas Association. Her perspective confirms the industry’s stance that questions about health risks are still open to debate.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-perceptions-of-gas-stoves">Public perceptions of gas stoves</h2>



Industry campaigns have historically shaped how consumers view their stoves. Some outreach efforts emphasized the convenience and efficiency of gas, while downplaying potential hazards.



Similar to tobacco’s past strategies, these campaigns highlighted doubt rather than clarity. As a result, many households remained unaware of safer alternatives or the advantages of proper ventilation.



Critics <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37638371/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">argue</a> that transparent disclosure of study funding could address lingering doubts. Without clarity, readers may struggle to weigh evidence on gas stove-related health findings.



Independent oversight boards have advocated clearer labeling of potential conflicts of interest. Organizations that set air quality guidelines increasingly scrutinize such conflicts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reassessing-cooking-habits">Reassessing cooking habits </h2>



Households seeking fewer emissions can use range hoods or open windows during cooking. Some experts also recommend trying induction or electric stoves, which avoid burning fuel indoors.



Replacing a stove may seem daunting, but consumer rebates and incentive programs can help with the cost. Even small steps, like using portable induction burners, reduce the levels of indoor pollutants.



Much like tobacco litigation, momentum for policy change often comes from grassroots activism. Families concerned about breathing issues are pressing for stronger indoor air quality standards.



Elected officials are also beginning to talk about limiting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/natural-gas-isnt-as-clean-as-we-think/">natural gas</a> in new buildings. Arguments for electrification hinge on both climate concerns and individual well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-ongoing-debate-on-indoor-air-pollution">The ongoing debate on indoor air pollution</h2>



Brandt's work reminds us that hidden influences can shape public dialogue in subtle ways. Gas stoves represent one part of a bigger conversation about the extent of corporate influence on science.



Independent researchers continue to analyze the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exposure-to-gas-stoves-in-homes-is-worse-for-your-health-than-secondhand-smoke/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health impacts</a> of indoor pollution. Their findings suggest that improved transparency can support better decisions for families and policymakers.



Navigating these issues starts with understanding the science behind what we breathe at home. By recognizing past tactics, people can advocate for healthier environments and hold industries accountable.



Organizations like the <a href="https://climateinvestigations.org/who_we_are/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Climate Investigations Center</a> highlight the decades-old use of tactics that are still in play today. Greater public awareness can spark changes to building codes and consumer protections.



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Gas stove pollution: Why we don't have the full story

In recent months, there has been growing interest in whether...

The ability of robots to navigate aquatic environments is crucial for a variety of applications, such as mapping pollution levels and monitoring the health of coral reefs. However, challenges remain.



The commotion from the noisy propellers of these underwater devices can cause unnecessary disturbances, and even harm wildlife.



The natural obstacles in these aquatic settings - like plants, underwater animals, and floating debris - further test the navigation abilities of these robotic swimmers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tiny-robot-with-big-potential">Tiny robot with big potential</h2>



A team of experts has introduced a novel solution to these issues. They have developed a compact, nimble robot that is capable of navigating tight corners and carrying payloads much heavier than itself. 



Remarkably, the aquatic robot is smaller than the size of a credit card and weighs only 6 grams (0.2 ounces).



This tiny device is designed to work in confined environments, making it perfect for tasks like inspecting waterborne machines and studying the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pesticides-travel-far-and-wide-endangering-aquatic-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aquatic ecosystem</a> of compact spaces, like rice fields.



Herbert Shea, head of <a href="https://sti.epfl.ch/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EPFL</a>'s Soft Transducers Lab, elaborated on the challenges of developing aquatic robots.



“In 2020, our team demonstrated autonomous insect-scale crawling robots, but making untethered ultra-thin robots for aquatic environments is a whole new challenge. We had to start from scratch, developing more powerful soft actuators, new undulating locomotion strategies, and compact high-voltage electronics,” said Shea.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-movements-of-marine-flatworms">Movements of marine flatworms</h2>



Breaking away from traditional propeller-based systems, this new robot propels forward with silently undulating fins that are inspired by the movements of marine flatworms.



This novel design, coupled with its feather-weight structure, allows the robot to float on the water’s surface and blend into its natural surroundings without causing a stir.



Florian Hartmann, a former EPFL researcher who is now a research group leader at the Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, in Stuttgart, Germany, offered an interesting perspective.



“Our design doesn’t simply replicate nature; it goes beyond what natural organisms can achieve," he said.



By oscillating its fins up to 10 times faster than marine flatworms undulate, this new <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tiny-robotic-fish-developed-to-collect-microplastics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">robotic swimmer</a> achieves impressive speeds of 12 centimeters (4.7 inches) per second, which is equivalent to 2.6 body lengths per second.



With four artificial muscles driving the fins, the robot exhibits unprecedented maneuverability, which allows controlled backward and sideways swimming.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-applications-of-aquatic-robots">Potential applications of aquatic robots</h2>



The researchers developed a compact control system that charges the robot’s actuators with up to 500 volts at a power of 500 milliwatts - four times less than that of an electric toothbrush.



Despite using a high voltage, the tiny robot's low currents and shielded circuitry make it perfectly safe for its environment.



The light sensors on the robot act as its eyes, enabling it to detect and follow underwater light sources autonomously .



The potential applications of this swimming robot include <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-of-things-tech-will-transform-ocean-data-collection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecological studies</a>, pollution tracking, and precision agriculture. However, the researchers are not finished with the robot just yet.



“We aim to extend operating times and enhance autonomy. The fundamental insights gained from this project will not only advance the science of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hummingbird-wings-the-future-of-robotic-flight/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bioinspired robotics</a> but also lay the foundation for practical, lifelike robotic systems that harmonize with nature,” said Hartmann.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-bioinspired-robotics">The future of bioinspired robotics</h2>



The team now plans to focus on expanding this miniature aquatic robot’s capabilities. They wish to integrate more advanced sensors, improve battery life, and refine autonomous decision-making.



Future iterations could feature enhanced <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-can-design-and-build-walking-robots-in-seconds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AI-driven</a> navigation, which would allow these tiny swimmers to collaborate in groups (much like schools of fish) for large-scale environmental assessments.



In the realm of precision agriculture, such robots could assist in monitoring irrigation systems and identifying nutrient imbalances in flooded crops. 



They may also play a role in underwater infrastructure inspections, assisting in detecting pipeline leaks or assessing the condition of offshore wind farms.



By combining cutting-edge robotics with insights from nature, researchers are not only overcoming long-standing challenges in aquatic exploration but also paving the way for a new generation of intelligent, adaptable, and environmentally harmonious robotic systems.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scirobotics.adr0721" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Robotics</a>.



Image Credit: © EPFL-LMTS



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Aquatic robot inspired by flatworms can swim in harmony with nature

The ability of robots to navigate aquatic environments is crucial...

Water is essential to life, driving our economies and supporting the foundation of ecosystems. Yet, despite its critical role, many regions are facing severe water shortages.



Add to this the plight of a warming planet, and the result is an urgent global crisis that needs effective water management strategies.



Research conducted by Lorenzo Rosa of <a href="https://carnegiescience.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Carnegie Science</a> and Matteo Sangiorgio of the <a href="https://www.polimi.it" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Polytechnic University of Milan</a> sheds light on the growing water crisis under various climate scenarios.



The experts emphasize a critical need for robust <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fog-harvesting-could-ease-water-shortages-in-the-worlds-driest-places/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water</a> policies, with insights that could prove instrumental in future preparations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-water-gap-issue">The water gap issue</h2>



A "water gap" happens when people need more water than what is available. This problem affects billions of people around the world.



The amount of water needed for drinking, farming, and industry is often more than what nature can provide. When people use too much water without allowing time for it to be replenished, natural sources like rivers, lakes, and aquifers start to dry up.



Over time, this continuous overuse creates a serious water shortage, making it harder for communities, farms, and businesses to get the water they need.



"Water scarcity is one of the greatest challenges facing humanity this century. About 4 billion people reside and about half the world's irrigated agriculture is in regions that experience <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-drought-has-caused-crisis-levels-of-food-and-water-scarcity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water</a> scarcity for at least one month each year," said Rosa.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-water-shortages">Climate change and water shortages</h2>



The water <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-now-the-driving-force-behind-droughts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">scarcity</a> issue is further complicated by climate change. Rising temperatures destabilize rainfall patterns, shift water cycles, and deplete natural freshwater sources. 



This adds substantial strain to already fragile water systems, elevating the risk of shortages in urban and rural areas.



According to Rosa, higher temperatures accelerating evaporation rates can deplete water supplies, even in regions that have historically been stable. Unpredictable weather patterns causing droughts and floods further complicate water management.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-water-demand-amidst-population-growth">Water demand amidst population growth</h2>



Population explosion further strains water resources with expanding cities requiring greater quantities for drinking, sanitation, and industrial usage. 



Agricultural production must also increase to feed the growing population, making water conservation and management even more critical.



"We must be able to balance environmental resilience and the growing need for water in a warming world with a burgeoning population," noted Rosa.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rising-temperatures-and-water-shortages">Rising temperatures and water shortages</h2>



The research paints a troubling picture. The baseline global water gap stands at nearly 458 billion cubic meters (121 trillion gallons) annually.



The water gap is expected to increase by 6% under 1.5°C (2.7°F) warming and by 15% under 3°C (5.4°F) warming.



"Even relatively modest increases in the water gap can put pressure on ecosystems and lead to severe shortages for agricultural use, resulting in food insecurity," said Rosa.



Water resource management needs quick action and future planning. Building better systems to store and share water can help solve the problem. Advances in technology present possibilities like desalination of seawater and wastewater treatment and reuse.



Agriculture, a major consumer of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/distress-signals-earths-water-cycle-is-becoming-more-erratic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global water</a>, must adapt by shifting to crops that require less water or employing advanced irrigation techniques.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-finding-solutions-for-water-shortages">Finding solutions for water shortages </h2>



Rosa's research plays an important role in finding solutions for water shortages. He is exploring ways to make irrigation more efficient so that less water is wasted.



Rosa also investigates how to keep soil moist for longer, which helps crops grow with less water. Another part of his work focuses on improving how water is stored, making sure it is available when needed.



In addition to water management, Rosa also examines how to reduce the harmful effects of fertilizer production on the environment. The goal is to make farming more sustainable, ensuring that future generations can grow food without harming natural resources.



As climate change intensifies, water shortages will continue to be a significant issue across the globe. It is essential for policymakers, researchers, and communities to collaborate on finding effective solutions.



By understanding water scarcity and exploring innovative approaches, we can work toward ensuring a sustainable water future.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-56517-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.&nbsp;



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Climate change is fueling a global water crisis

Water is essential to life, driving our economies and supporting...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.



"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.



The research, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.



—–



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex
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Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



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What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

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A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"] Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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