In a remarkable medical breakthrough, engineers have developed a light-activated pacemaker so tiny that doctors can inject it into the body through a syringe. Remarkably, the device simply dissolves after it’s no longer needed.&nbsp;



Designed for newborns, the pacemaker could transform temporary heart care after congenital defect surgeries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-controlling-the-heart-with-light">Controlling the heart with light</h2>



The new pacemaker is smaller than a grain of rice. It's wirelessly activated through pulses of light which are delivered by a soft, wearable device mounted on the patient’s chest.



The external controller detects abnormal rhythms and sends light through the body to activate the pacemaker and restore heartbeat. The study demonstrates the device’s effectiveness across animal and human donor hearts.&nbsp;



The development of the pacemaker was led by John A. Rogers, a professor of material science, biomedical engineering, and neurological surgery at <a href="https://www.northwestern.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northwestern University</a>.&nbsp;



“We have developed what is, to our knowledge, the world’s smallest pacemaker,” said Professor Rogers.



“There’s a crucial need for temporary pacemakers in the context of pediatric heart surgeries, and that’s a use case where size miniaturization is incredibly important. In terms of the device load on the body - the smaller, the better.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solution-designed-for-newborns">Solution designed for newborns</h2>



Though the light-activated pacemaker can function in patients of all sizes, its miniaturized design was motivated by the needs of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/infant-speech-is-driven-by-heart-rate-activity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">infants</a>. 



Igor Efimov is a co-leader of the study and experimental cardiologist at Northwestern.&nbsp;



“About 1% of children are born with congenital heart defects. The good news is that these children only need temporary pacing after a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-smallest-robot-could-transform-minimally-invasive-surgery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">surgery</a>. In about seven days or so, most patients’ hearts will self-repair. But those seven days are absolutely critical," said Efimov.



Traditional pacemakers require surgery and have wires sticking out of the chest to connect to an external device. When they are no longer needed, the wires are removed - risking bleeding, tissue damage, or even death.



“Wires literally protrude from the body, attached to a pacemaker outside the body,” Efimov explained. “When the pacemaker is no longer needed, a physician pulls it out. The wires can become enveloped in scar tissue. That’s actually how Neil Armstrong died.”



The new injectable pacemaker addresses these risks. All of its components are biocompatible and bioresorbable, meaning they safely dissolve in the body’s fluids without needing surgical removal. Once the device has served its purpose, it simply disappears.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-refining-the-light-activated-pacemaker">Refining the light-activated pacemaker</h2>



This innovation builds on <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41587-021-00948-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">earlier work</a> by Rogers and Efimov, who developed a quarter-sized dissolvable pacemaker in 2021. Surgeons asked for a smaller version to allow easier placement and suit the smallest patients.&nbsp;



The original device used near-field communication (NFC), but its antenna limited how small the device could be made. To overcome this, the team replaced the NFC system with a novel light-based mechanism.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/pacemaker_light-activated_worlds-smallest_heart-health_Northwestern_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/pacemaker_light-activated_worlds-smallest_heart-health_Northwestern_1s.webp" alt="The tiny pacemaker sits next to a single grain of rice on a fingertip. The device is so small that it can be non-invasively injected into the body via a syringe. Credit: John A. Rogers/Northwestern University" class="wp-image-1964846"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The tiny pacemaker sits next to a single grain of rice on a fingertip. The device is so small that it can be non-invasively injected into the body via a syringe. Click image to enlarge. Credit: John A. Rogers/Northwestern University</figcaption></figure>



“Instead of using the radio frequency scheme for wireless control, we developed a light-based scheme for turning the pacemaker on and delivering stimulation pulses to the surface of the heart. This is one feature that allowed us to dramatically reduce the size,” said Professor Rogers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-powered-by-the-body-s-own-fluids">Powered by the body’s own fluids</h2>



The engineers also reimagined how to power the tiny pacemaker. Rather than requiring a battery or external power source, the device uses a simple galvanic cell - a chemical battery formed by two different metals as electrodes.&nbsp;



When the device is inside the body, surrounding biofluids act as the electrolyte, allowing electrical current to flow and stimulate the heart.



“A very tiny light-activated switch on the opposite side from the battery allows us to turn the device from its ‘off’ state to an ‘on’ state upon delivery of light that passes through the patient’s body from the skin-mounted patch,” explained Professor Rogers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reducing-trauma-and-risk">Reducing trauma and risk</h2>



Using infrared light, which can safely penetrate deep into the body, the wearable controller detects when a patient’s heart rate falls too low. It then triggers a light-emitting diode (LED) to flash on and off at the desired pacing rhythm.&nbsp;



“Infrared light penetrates very well through the body,” Efimov said. “If you put a flashlight against your palm, you will see the light glow through the other side of your hand. It turns out that our bodies are great conductors of light.”



Despite its microscopic size - just 1.8 mm wide, 3.5 mm long, and 1 mm thick - the pacemaker delivers stimulation on par with traditional devices. “The heart requires a tiny amount of electrical stimulation,” Rogers said.&nbsp;



“By minimizing the size, we dramatically simplify the implantation procedures, we reduce trauma and risk to the patient, and, with the dissolvable nature of the device, we eliminate any need for secondary surgical extraction procedures.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-era-of-heart-care">A new era of heart care</h2>



Because these light-activated pacemakers are so small and wireless, doctors could one day deploy multiple units on different parts of the heart to create more advanced pacing systems. 



Each device could be controlled independently using different light wavelengths, enabling personalized and precisely timed stimulation across the heart’s surface.



“We can deploy a number of such small pacemakers onto the outside of the heart and control each one,” Efimov said. “Then we can achieve improved synchronized functional care.”



Professor Rogers noted that because it’s so small, the pacemaker can be integrated with almost any kind of implantable device.



“We also demonstrated integration of collections of these devices across the frameworks that serve as transcatheter aortic valve replacements to address complications that can occur during a patient’s recovery process," said Rogers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-bioelectronic-medicine">Future of bioelectronic medicine</h2>



While this breakthrough has clear implications for pediatric heart care, the technology could pave the way for a new generation of bioelectronic medicine.&nbsp;



These tiny, dissolvable devices could one day be adapted to promote nerve and bone regeneration, manage <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mindfulness-meditation-is-a-powerful-weapon-against-chronic-pain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pain</a>, support wound healing, and more.



Northwestern engineers shrank the device and removed risks by making it dissolve after use. In doing so, they’ve created a tool that could reshape how doctors care for the heart - from the tiniest patients to adults.



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Click here to <a href="https://youtu.be/j_0hZ8cUwgo" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">watch a video interview...</a>



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08726-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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World's smallest pacemaker is set to revolutionize heart health

In a remarkable medical breakthrough, engineers have developed a light-activated pacemaker so tiny that doctors can inject it into the body through a syringe. Remarkably, the device simply dissolves after it’s no longer needed.&nbsp; Designed for newborns, the pacemaker could transform temporary heart care after congenital defect surgeries. Controlling the heart with light The new pacemaker is smaller than a grain of rice. It's wirelessly activated through pulses of light which are delivered by a soft, wearable device mounted on the patient’s chest. The external controller detects...

Despite significant progress in clean energy, global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-carbon-dioxide-emissions-hit-a-record-high-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CO2 emissions</a> continue to rise. This highlights the need for a more integrated approach that combines technological advancements with strong institutional capacities to formulate effective policies to reach global climate goals. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://iiasa.ac.at/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis</a> (IIASA) have contributed to a new international study that emphasizes this crucial integration as essential for meeting the ambitious goals of the Paris Agreement.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-co2-emissions-on-the-rise">CO2 emissions on the rise</h2>



The Paris Agreement aims to limit global warming to 1.5°C, a target that requires rapid reductions in CO2 emissions and a greater focus on reducing non-CO2 greenhouse gases.&nbsp;



However, despite advancements in clean energy technologies, global CO2 emissions have been on the rise for the past three years, reversing the temporary decline observed during the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-pandemic-shows-us-how-to-tackle-the-climate-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">COVID-19 pandemic</a> in 2020.



Published in <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-024-02073-4">Nature Climate Change</a>, the study was led by the <a href="https://cgs.umd.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Center for Global Sustainability</a> (CGS) at the University of Maryland, in collaboration with the IIASA-led <a href="https://iiasa.ac.at/projects/engage" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ENGAGE project</a> (Exploring National and Global Actions to reduce Greenhouse gas Emissions). This global consortium brings together leading research groups from various disciplines to address the complex challenges of climate change.



“These new insights highlight the critical challenges in meeting the Paris Agreement's long-term goals given recent global climate-damaging emissions trends,” said Bas van Ruijven, a co-author of the study and coordinator of the ENGAGE project.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-feasible-pathways-to-climate-goals">Feasible pathways to climate goals</h2>



The researchers aimed to generate knowledge that could inform the design of cost-effective, technologically viable, and socially and politically feasible pathways to achieve the Paris Agreement's objectives.&nbsp;



Using eight advanced multi-regional and process-based global integrated assessment models (IAMs) and analyzing 20 different feasibility scenarios, the researchers found that the institutional dimension - specifically, the capacity of countries to implement effective climate regulation - plays the most significant role in determining feasible peak temperatures.



“Through rigorous analysis of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worst-case-climate-scenarios-are-no-longer-plausible/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate scenarios</a> across eight different models, our research underscores the importance of accounting for the varying capacities of countries as well as regional differences,” explained Christoph Bertram, an associate research professor at CGS and lead author of the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-approach-to-climate-goals">New approach to climate goals</h2>



The study demonstrates that when institutional constraints are considered alongside technological and socio-cultural factors, the most feasible pathways to achieving the Paris climate goals differ significantly from the cost-effective benchmarks that are often used.



“From an international fairness perspective, this also means that today's affluent countries like the US and the EU not only need to reach their net-zero targets, but they need to think about multilateral collaborations to enhance governance and institutional capacity in vulnerable regions,” added Keywan Riahi, co-author of the study and director of the Energy, Climate, and Environment Program at IIASA.



By incorporating region-specific governance indicators, the study showcases the varying capacities of regions to implement climate mitigation policies effectively.&nbsp;



This approach builds on earlier work conducted under the ENGAGE project, which assessed the feasibility of transformation pathways for achieving the Paris Climate Agreement and served as a foundation for developing the new scenarios.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-institutional-capacity-across-different-regions-nbsp">Institutional capacity across different regions&nbsp;</h2>



The tools and methodologies developed as part of the ENGAGE project to explore the multidimensional feasibility of decarbonization pathways have been made available to decision-makers in a Summary for Policymakers.&nbsp;



The new study adds a nuanced framework that can be used in future research to represent institutional capacity across different regions and over time.



“These new scenarios explore the implications of having many countries that potentially lack the institutional capacity to implement ambitious climate policies,” said Elina Brutschin, a co-author of the study and researcher in the IIASA Transformative Institutional and Social Solutions Research Group.&nbsp;



“With additional strategies such as rapid demand-side transformation (especially in affluent countries) combined with fast electrification, it could still be possible to limit peak temperature to below 1.7°C.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-technological-feasibility-of-climate-neutrality">Technological feasibility of climate-neutrality</h2>



Study co-author Gunnar Luderer leads the Energy Systems Group at the <a href="https://www.pik-potsdam.de/en/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research</a> (PIK) and is a professor of global energy systems analysis at the <a href="https://www.tu.berlin/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Berlin</a>. 



Luderer noted that thanks to the latest advances in low carbon technology deployment such as solar, wind, or electric vehicles, the technological feasibility of climate-neutrality is no longer the most crucial issue. “It is much more about how fast climate policy ambition can be ramped up by governments.”



The research underscores the critical need to balance technological advancements with institutional capabilities when formulating effective climate policies. It demonstrates that inadequate institutional capacity could hinder the achievement of even a 2°C target, while improved global institutional support could increase the likelihood of meeting the 1.6°C target by up to 45 percent.



As the global community intensifies its efforts toward the 1.5°C goal, it is imperative to identify pathways that enhance the feasibility of climate actions and reduce <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/calculating-cost-climate-change-2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon costs</a>. 



The study's findings offer valuable insights for guiding ongoing climate policy discussions and future scenario assessments, thereby supporting informed decision-making on global climate ambitions.



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Capable countries must take the lead on climate goals

Despite significant progress in clean energy, global CO2 emissions continue...

When walking your dog during the scorching summer heat, you should think twice about allowing them to drink from public water sources. That is the recent warning issued by veterinarians.



it may be tempting to let your furry friend drink from various water sources encountered along the way, such as puddles, fountains, or even streams.



However, it's important to understand that these shared public water sources can pose significant dangers to your dog’s health.



Contaminated water can harbor harmful bacteria, parasites, or chemicals that may lead to gastrointestinal issues or more severe illnesses.



Lori Teller, a clinical professor at the <a href="https://vetmed.tamu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Texas A&amp;M</a> School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, has identified the main risks dogs are exposed to when consuming water outside their homes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-keeping-dogs-hydrated">Importance of keeping dogs hydrated</h2>



Keeping your dog well-hydrated is really important for their overall health and happiness. Just as it is with humans, water is essential for most of your dog's body functions, like digestion and temperature control. A well-hydrated pup is likely to have more energy, a healthy appetite, and better resistance to illness.



On average, your dog needs about one ounce of water for every pound they weigh each day. This can change based on how active they are, what they eat, and the weather. 



When you are out and about in hot weather, it's very important that you keep a close eye on your furry friend in order to spot signs of dehydration. These include dry gums, lethargy, sunken eyes, and less elastic skin, to help keep your pet healthy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quality-of-public-water-sources">Quality of public water sources</h2>



Teller recommends <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-humans-close/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dog owners</a> to take into consideration the quality of the public <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forever-chemicals-are-an-underestimated-source-of-water-contamination/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water</a> sources before letting their pets drink from them, since a well-meaning gesture by a neighbor or local business owner may in fact contain various contaminants. 



“This is of particular concern if the bowl is not cleaned regularly or if the water is left standing for extended periods of time,” said Teller.



“Stagnant water can retain environmental contaminants, such as plant material, parasites, toxins, mold, and more. Dogs that have stepped in fecal matter and then played in the bowl could leave parasites and bacteria in the water.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-risks-for-dogs-drinking-public-water">Health risks for dogs drinking public water </h2>



According to her, there are many possible diseases which can be transmitted from public water bowls, including:



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Kennel cough: a respiratory infection leading to a gag-like cough, appetite loss, and breathing difficulties; </li>



<li>Canine papilloma: a virus spread through saliva causing warts in and around the mouth; </li>



<li>Salmonella: an infection causing vomiting, fever, and bloody diarrhea; </li>



<li>Giardia: a parasite that leads to vomiting, diarrhea, and weight loss; </li>



<li><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-dangerous-e-coli-strains-come-from-cattle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">E. coli</a>: a bacterium causing lack of appetite, diarrhea, and dehydration; and  </li>



<li>Leptospirosis: a bacterial infection frequently spread through rodent urine, leading to kidney or liver disease.</li>
</ul>



Awareness of these risks is essential for protecting dogs, particularly if owners consider their pets’ water needs before leaving the house.



“Ideally, owners would carry a collapsible, portable bowl and some fresh water with them to give to their dog,” Teller advised. 



“Alternatively, they could stop at a restaurant or convenience store and request a cup of water for their dog.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-use-your-best-judgement">Use your best judgement</h2>



Nonetheless, although potential risks will always be present in public water sources, there are certain situations when these risks are worth taking.&nbsp;



“If your dog is hot and thirsty and at risk of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/birds-dehydration-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dehydration</a>, then that may take precedence over avoiding the water in the bowl,” Teller said.



Excessive panting can be a sign of dehydration, especially if it continues after the dog has cooled down. In addition, your dog's nose and gums may become dry and sticky due to dehydration.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-multiple-pets-sharing-food-bowl">Multiple pets sharing food bowl</h2>



Besides taking into consideration the safety concerns linked to publicly shared water bowls, Teller recommends owners to also consider the risks associated with multiple pets sharing the same food bowl in the same home.&nbsp;



“Often, dogs may need different portions of food, and in many cases, one dog may need a diet change due to a medical condition; that can be much more challenging to manage if the dogs share a bowl,” Teller said. “Or, one dog may prevent another from eating out of the bowl.”



However, as she makes clear, using the same water bowl in a household of multiple pets does not bring similar problems as food bowl sharing.&nbsp;



“In most cases, dogs living in the same house will be exposed to similar infectious agents, so sharing a water bowl will not have a tremendous impact on that,” she said. “It is still important that water bowls (and food bowls) be washed with soap and hot water on a regular basis.”



Determining whether a public water bowl is safe for your thirsty dog should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Teller emphasizes that if the water resembles pond water, it's best to prevent your dog from drinking it.&nbsp;



When uncertain, it's always wiser to err on the side of caution, as risking your beloved pet's health isn't worth the gamble.



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Warning: Letting dogs drink from public water sources is dangerous

When walking your dog during the scorching summer heat, you...

The heavens are getting ready to roll out a stunning red carpet for a rare "supermoon blue moon" that's about to light up our skies. 



This isn’t just any full moon; it's set to outshine and outsize all the other moons we've seen this year, grabbing the attention of stargazers and casual viewers alike.



Make sure to look up on August 19, when the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/august-nights-perseid-meteor-shower-peaks-this-weekend/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">August full moon</a> -- lovingly called the 'Sturgeon Moon' -- will sprinkle its brilliance across the twilight, lighting up the night with its enchanting glow. 



This particular moon also goes by the "moon names" of the red, corn, green corn, barley, herb, grain, or dog moon; Raksha Bandhan or Rakhi Purnima; and Tu B'Av.



This supermoon will shine about 30 percent brighter than your average moonlit night, casting long shadows and creating a magical vibe for anyone lucky enough to catch it.



Worried about missing this incredible sight? No need! Over the next few months, the sky will host several of these amazing supermoons, each with its own unique charm.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prime-time-to-view-supermoon">Prime time to view supermoon</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/super-sturgeon-moon-is-coming-next-week-followed-by-a-rare-blue-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Our Sturgeon moon</a> will reach its zenith at 2:26pm ET on August 19. Those located in the United States may not get a glimpse of it at this time. This is because our lone satellite will be on the other side of our home planet, Earth.



You can still feast your eyes on this celestial marvel at moonrise, which is slated to happen around 8:07 p.m. ET. And you can trust this timing - it's straight from the Farmer's Almanac, known for its reliability.



For spectators on the East Coast, the supermoon will arise in the east-southeastern skies. It will ascend about one-third of the way across the sky before taking a bow at approximately 7:00 a.m. in the west-southwest.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-supermoon-when-and-how">Supermoon: When and how?</h2>



If you find yourself pondering over why supermoons look so incredibly large and brilliant, allow us to let you in on the secret. 



A supermoon comes into its own, appearing at its maximum size and brightness when it's closest to the horizon. This happens just after moonrise or before moonset. 



With the moon playing off against terrestrial objects like trees and buildings, an optical illusion is created that pumps up the moon's size.



This spectacle takes place when the full moon is at 'perigee,' which is the point in its orbit when it's its closest to Earth. 



Supermoons scatter about 30 percent more light on our planet than the moon at its dimmest. This is because more of the sun's rays bouncing off the moon's surface reach us on Earth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-supermoons-coming-up">More supermoons coming up</h2>



In case you can't make it for this event, there's no reason to be upset. More stargazing opportunities are waiting in the wings. 



After the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sturgeon-moon-final-supermoon-of-2022-peaks-tonight/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sturgeon moon</a>, the next supermoons of 2024 are scheduled for September 18, October 17, and November 15.



It's typical to be graced with supermoons three to four times per year, and they always appear in consecutive months.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-this-supermoon-is-also-a-blue-moon">This supermoon is also a "blue moon"</h2>



Even though it won't actually look blue, the third full moon in a season with four full moons is called a blue moon. 



The first time "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/august-will-host-two-supermoons-including-a-rare-blue-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">blue moon</a>" showed up in English was back in 1528. There's some speculation about where the term comes from -- some say it comes from an old English phrase meaning "betrayer moon," since it messed up the dates for Lent and Easter. 



Others think it might refer to those rare times when dust in the atmosphere makes the moon look blue. Since the 1940s, "blue moon" has also been used to describe the second full moon in a month that has two full moons.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-get-set-for-the-show">Get set for the show</h2>



To make the most of this experience, find a spot with a clear view of the horizon, like a beach, hill, or open field. If you find yourself in an urban setting, darker skies offer a better view as light pollution can put a damper on the moon's brightness. 



To really delve into details like craters, think about bringing binoculars or a telescope. These tools will boost your ability to take in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/two-meteor-showers-delta-aquarids-alpha-capricornids-light-up-night-skies-august-2024/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">moon's beauty</a> up close. 



Carefully picking the right place and equipment will turn this into an unforgettable experience. It will let you forge a deeper connection with the marvels of the night sky.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-moonlight-magic">Moonlight magic</h2>



Appreciating these celestial shows can be even more enjoyable once we understand the science behind the moon's light. Moonlight isn't generated by the moon itself. Instead, it’s sunlight reflecting off the moon's surface. 



This reflection can alter depending on the moon's phase and position relative to Earth. This, in turn, influences how bright or dim the moon appears in our night sky. 



For instance, during a supermoon, when the moon is at its perigee, the sunlight that reaches us is maximized due to the moon's closeness to Earth. 



This results in a breathtaking show that grabs attention worldwide. The interplay of light and distance creates an ever-evolving sight that continues to spark scientific interest and artistic inspiration.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dance-between-earth-and-moon">Dance between Earth and moon</h2>



The distance between Earth and the moon is always changing because of the moon's elliptical orbit around our planet. This fluctuation can range up to around 226,000 miles. 



When the moon is nearest to Earth, it appears larger and brighter, and when it's farthest, it appears smaller and dimmer. If the moon's orbit were a perfect circle, we would not see these changes in size and brightness during a full moon.



Understanding this phenomenon sheds light on the dynamic relationship between Earth and its natural satellite, showing us the meticulous ballet of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-and-jupiter-will-have-a-close-encounter-in-the-sky-this-week/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">celestial bodies</a> in our solar system.



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Tonight's rare 'supermoon blue moon' is the biggest and brightest of 2024

The heavens are getting ready to roll out a stunning...

We can often find the stunning beauty and fascination that nature has to offer right in our own backyard. However, could there be a plant lurking in your outdoors that's not quite as benign as it appears? 



Recently, researchers delved into the dark side of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-are-the-biggest-drivers-of-biodiversity-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant world</a> where a (commonly found) toxic specimen is causing quite a stir -giant hogweed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-giant-hogweed-the-toxic-plant">Giant hogweed: The toxic plant</h2>



Giant hogweed, a plant that comfortably sprouts 10 to 20 feet high, seems like just another pretty flora - striking in appearance and sporting a radiant white bloom in summer.



As it turns out, this attractive facade conceals a weapon - sap laden with toxins. This sap can cause painful blisters, but it doesn't stop there. 



The sap amalgamates with your skin's DNA. The UV rays from the sun then aid in the demolition of these DNA molecules. So, while your eyes enjoy the spectacle, your DNA suffers an onslaught.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-invasive-giant-hogweed">Understanding invasive giant hogweed</h2>



Giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) has thick, hollow stem usually sports dark reddish-purple spots and can grow up to 4 inches in diameter, covered in fine white hairs that make it stand out in any landscape.



The plant boasts massive leaves that can stretch up to 5 feet wide. These deeply lobed and sharply serrated leaves form a rosette pattern at the base, adding to its imposing presence. 



In late spring to early summer, giant hogweed bursts into bloom with expansive, umbrella-shaped clusters of small white flowers, known as umbels. Each plant has the potential to produce thousands of seeds, showcasing its impressive reproductive capabilities.



The seeds themselves are light brown, oval-shaped, and flat, featuring ridged edges. A single plant can generate up to 50,000 seeds, which get dispersed by wind, water, or even human activity. They can linger in the soil for several years, complicating efforts to control this invasive species.



Unfortunately, its rapid growth and large size enable it to outcompete native plants, threatening biodiversity and disrupting ecosystems. Its deep roots can also destabilize soil, increasing the risk of erosion, especially near waterways.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-growing-concern-of-toxic-plants">Growing concern of toxic plants</h2>



This is not some isolated, once-in-a-blue-moon occurrence. The spread of giant hogweed has triggered warnings in several regions, including New York. The impact of this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/effective-conservation-efforts-key-to-saving-biodiversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">invasive species</a> on public health and the environment is profound.



When you brush against this plant, your skin can experience an intense reaction such as blisters, burns, and even DNA damage.



The repercussion of this exposure is immediate and discomforting. Burn-like marks show up within a day, followed by swellings filled with fluid. 



Although the irritation subsides over time, the UV sensitivity of the affected areas might persist.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-invader-in-the-united-states">Invisible invader in the United States </h2>



Is that the end of the horror tale? Unfortunately, no. On a microscopic level, the toxins infiltrate your skin cells, causing DNA and cell destruction. This ghastly process results in the burn-like blisters synonymous with the giant hogweed encounter.



This toxic terror is a foreign <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/economic-time-bomb-costs-of-invasive-species-are-greatly-underestimated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">invasive species</a>. Giant hogweed has its roots in the Caucasus Mountains, nestled between Asia and Europe, and Central Asia.



However, its journey to the United States began when it was sown in a New York City garden in 1917. Since then, it has invaded the Northeast, the Great Lakes region, and even Washington and Oregon.



Being <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-create-plants-that-change-colors-when-toxic-chemicals-are-present/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">toxic</a> is not the only claim to fame for the giant hogweed. It's also exceptionally fertile, as each plant is capable of producing up to 100,000 seeds.



This fertility makes it incredibly challenging to remove. Despite the best efforts of the <a href="https://dec.ny.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York Department of Environmental Conservation</a>, these plants are holding their ground in more than a thousand sites across the state.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-battling-toxic-and-invasive-giant-hogweed">Battling toxic and invasive giant hogweed</h2>



As the giant hogweed continues to assert its dominance, concerted efforts to manage its spread have become paramount. 



Various methods have been employed to combat this invasive species, ranging from mechanical removal to the use of herbicides.



Mechanical removal, while effective, demands caution and protective gear, as the risk of exposure to its toxic sap persists. 



Alternatively, herbicides can be used strategically to target the plant while minimizing impact on surrounding ecosystems. However, timing and application must be meticulously controlled to ensure success.



Education plays a vital role in these efforts. Increasing public awareness can help in early identification and reporting, thereby curtailing the plant's spread.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-our-landscapes">Future of our landscapes</h2>



Looking ahead, the battle against giant hogweed requires collective action from communities, policymakers, and environmentalists.



Continued research into effective control strategies is necessary, alongside the collaboration of local agencies to monitor and address outbreaks systematically. 



As we continue to enjoy our green spaces, it is crucial to remain informed about local flora and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/toxic-plants-can-be-easily-confused-with-edible-ones/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">report concerning sightings</a>.



By fostering a deeper understanding of our environment and being proactive in our approach to invasive species, we can help preserve the integrity of our natural landscapes for future generations. 



The beauty of our surroundings should not come at a hidden cost, and together, we can work to ensure that the tale of giant hogweed concludes with a resounding victory over this botanical intruder.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-should-you-do">What should you do?</h2>



Considering this alarming scenario, what's your best line of defense if you encounter giant hogweed? First off, report it to the authorities.



In addition, do not try to remove it yourself. If you do come into contact with the plant, wash off the sap immediately, avoid any sunlight exposure, and keep the area covered.



The next time you spot a large plant with spiky leaves and white blossoms, the story of giant hogweed should spring to mind. 



This cautionary tale serves to remind us that no matter how alluring, nature has its own rules. Approach with knowledge, respect, and, most importantly, a safe distance.



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Rapidly spreading invasive plant alters DNA and causes severe burns

We can often find the stunning beauty and fascination that...

What truly defines our consciousness? How does it arise from mere biological processes? These questions have sparked countless debates and studies. Some fascinating new research in the quantum realm might bring a glimmer of light into this abyss of questions, potentially unraveling the enigma that is human consciousness.



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/panpsychism-what-if-all-things-humans-plants-atoms-have-universal-consciousness/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mystery of consciousness</a> has tied us in knots for centuries, captivating philosophers, scientists, and thinkers alike. We marvel at the brilliance of our own minds, exploring the depth of our thoughts, emotions, and experiences, only to find it equally baffling and elusive.



Through neuroscience, psychology, and philosophy, we can begin to piece together the puzzle of what it means to be aware and alive.



Meet Yong-Cong Chen, an esteemed professor from <a href="https://en.shu.edu.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Shanghai University</a> and the Shanghai Center for Quantitative Life Sciences. Chen is dedicated to unraveling those mind-bending questions that keep us awake at night. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-consciousness-conundrum">The consciousness conundrum</h2>



The greatest challenge in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/when-do-babies-start-gaining-their-consciousness/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">understanding consciousness</a> lies in its inherent complexity. 



How do our brains, composed solely of biological tissue, manage to generate intricate processes such as thoughts, emotions, and the remarkable phenomenon of self-awareness? 



This perplexing question has intrigued philosophers and scientists for centuries.



While intriguing theories like neural synchronization -- which posits that various regions of the brain collaborate seamlessly -- and neurotransmitter interactions influencing mood and behavior provide valuable insights, they do not offer a comprehensive explanation. 



The synchronous <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/where-in-the-brain-does-consciousness-reside-scientists-think-they-might-know/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">firing of millions of neurons</a> that creates the rich tapestry of human experience remains a mystery. 



Some researchers even speculate that quantum mechanics might hold the key to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-consciousness-and-you-what-happens-when-machines-become-sentient/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">unraveling the secrets of consciousness</a>. In particular, the fascinating notion of instantaneous communication between particles across vast distances known as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elusive-quantum-negative-entanglement-entropy-deciphered-in-the-lab/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum entanglement</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-quantum-consciousness-theories">Exploring quantum consciousness theories</h2>



Striding into this relatively unexplored territory, Chen and his team speculated that quantum mechanics, specifically quantum entanglement, could have a role in brain communication. 



They have zoomed in on the myelin sheath, a protective layer encasing nerve fibers, which seems to play a huge role in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rebooting-the-brain-experts-can-transform-cells-into-neurons/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">neuron synchronization</a>.



The myelin sheath, our neural bodyguard, not only shields axons (neuron transmitters) but also boosts neural transmission speed. 



However, the puzzle remains unsolved as the neural signals tend to travel slower than sound, prompting us to ask, how do our brains <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/meditation-reveals-common-altered-states-of-consciousness/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">synchronize countless neurons</a> efficiently? Chen and his crew believe quantum entanglement could hold the answer.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-consciousness-in-the-quantum-realm">Studying consciousness in the quantum realm</h2>



Chen's team, in their pursuit of answers, treated photons and their surrounding electromagnetic fields in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heart-conditions-linked-hidden-brain-changes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">myelin sheath</a> as quantum entities. 



They unearthed that the myelin sheath traps energy within, acting as an electromagnetic cavity, producing highly entangled photons. 



These entangled photons defy the basic principles of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/radical-new-theory-finally-unites-gravity-spacetime-and-the-quantum-realm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">classical physics</a> where changing the state of one photon, would instantly affect the other, regardless of the distance between them.



"We showed that the two photons can indeed have a higher rate of being entangled under certain conditions," Chen explained.



This intriguing discovery implies that our brains might be using quantum mechanics to promote faster <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/zombie-neurons-shed-new-light-on-learning/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">neuron communication</a>, potentially rewriting our understanding of neural communication, and ultimately, consciousness.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-real-world-implications">Real-world implications</h2>



Imagine if we unraveled the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mindfulness-can-lead-to-altered-states-of-consciousness/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mystery of consciousness</a>. It would change the way we understand not only our minds but perhaps offer profound insights into brain diseases, improve brain-machine interfaces, and maybe even advance artificial intelligence. The potential applications of these findings are vast.



Consider the possibility of this photon entanglement extending to potassium ion channels in neurons. This could mean a quantum effect on neuron firing, opening up new perspectives on brain signaling.



Chen highlights, "at this early stage, our primary goal is to identify possible mechanisms of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-bonding-can-positively-shape-the-success-of-a-group/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">neural synchronization</a>, which affects numerous neurobiological processes." 



His work is a testament to the boundless mysteries that our brains hold and the extent of our efforts to understand it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-quantum-consciousness-research">Future of quantum consciousness research</h2>



Our brains, the most complex organs in our bodies, continue to amaze and challenge us. Chen's research offers a new lens to view these wonders, suggesting that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/impossibility-paradox-calculating-incalculable-quantum-realm-particles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum mechanics might be a silent player</a> in our brain communication. 



As we grapple with consciousness's intricacies, mind-bending research like Chen's reminds us of the limitless possibilities that stretch before us.



Could quantum mechanics and the human brain be entwined in ways we never imagined? The story of the origin and emergence of consciousness is only just beginning.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevE.110.024402">Physical Review E</a>.



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Quantum connection behind brain signals and human consciousness

What truly defines our consciousness? How does it arise from...

Over 700 million years ago, our planet experienced a deep freeze known as Snowball Earth. During this time, ice nearly covered the entire globe, setting the stage for life as we know it. 



Recent research from University College London (UCL) has revealed a significant rock formation that may hold the most complete record of this icy chapter in Earth's history.



The Port Askaig Formation spans across Ireland and Scotland, with rock layers reaching up to 1.1 kilometers thick. 



These rocks likely formed during the Sturtian glaciation, one of the planet's most severe ice ages, which occurred between 662 and 720 million years ago. This period is thought to have been crucial for the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/past-snowball-earth-conditions-drove-evolution-complex-multicellular-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolution of complex, multicellular life</a>.



Researchers believe these ancient rocks could signal the beginning of the Cryogenian Period. In geology, this important marker is known as a Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP), often symbolized by a "golden spike" embedded in the rock.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glimpse-into-the-snowball-earth-record">Glimpse into the Snowball Earth record</h2>



One exposed outcrop of the formation, found on the Scottish islands known as the Garvellachs, is unique as it shows the transition into Snowball Earth from a previously warm, tropical environment. 



Other rocks formed at a similar time, such as those in North America and Namibia, are missing this critical transition.



“These rocks record a time when <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-was-a-giant-snowball-700-million-years-ago-and-now-scientists-know-why/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth was covered in ice</a>. All complex, multicellular life, such as animals, arose out of this deep freeze, with the first evidence in the fossil record appearing shortly after the planet thawed,” explained Senior Author Professor Graham Shields, of <a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/earth-sciences/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCL Earth Sciences</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-warm-seas-to-ice-age">From warm seas to Ice-age</h2>



The layers of rock exposed on the Garvellachs are globally unique. 



Beneath the rocks laid down during the frigid Sturtian glaciation, 70 meters of older carbonate rocks formed in tropical waters showcase a time of flourishing cyanobacterial life that gradually cooled, ending a billion-year span of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/summers-seasons-warm-faster-than-winters-earths-climate-history/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's temperate climate</a>. 



“Most areas of the world are missing this remarkable transition because the ancient glaciers scraped and eroded away the rocks underneath, but in Scotland, by some miracle, the transition can be seen,” said Elias Rugen, the study's first author and a PhD candidate at UCL Earth Sciences.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-snowball-earth-and-the-cryogenian-period">Snowball Earth and the Cryogenian period</h2>



The Sturtian glaciation, which lasted approximately 60 million years, was one of two big freezes during the Cryogenian Period (635 to 720 million years ago). 



For billions of years before this period, life consisted only of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/organisms-called-protosterol-biota-lived-1-6-billion-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">single-celled organisms</a> and algae. 



After this period, complex life emerged rapidly, with most animals today similar in fundamental ways to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ecosystem-behavior-earth-first-sea-creatures-stirring-water-drove-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life forms that evolved</a> over 500 million years ago.



One theory is that the extreme cold may have prompted the emergence of cooperation among single-celled organisms, leading to the formation of multicellular life. 



“The retreat of the ice would have been catastrophic. Life had been used to tens of millions of years of deep freeze. As soon as the world warmed up, all of life would have had to compete in an arms race to adapt. Whatever survived were the ancestors of all animals,” Professor Shields added.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-legacy-of-the-port-askaig-formation">Legacy of the port Askaig formation</h2>



For the new study, the research team collected samples of sandstone from the 1.1km-thick Port Askaig Formation and the older, 70-meter-thick Garbh Eileach Formation underneath. 



They analyzed durable minerals called zircons within the rock, which contain the radioactive element uranium. 



By examining the decay of uranium to lead, the researchers precisely dated the rocks to between 662 and 720 million years ago.



The researchers believe these new age constraints may support the case for the site to be declared a marker for the start of the Cryogenian Period. 



Such markers, known as Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) or 'golden spikes,' often attract international visitors and can even lead to the establishment of museums at these geological landmarks.



A group from the International Commission on Stratigraphy, part of the International Union of Geological Sciences, visited the Garvellachs in July to assess the potential for a golden spike on the archipelago. Currently, these islands are accessible only by chartering a boat or by sailing or kayaking to them.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-snowball-earth-s-past-holds-the-key-to-earth-s-future">Snowball Earth's past holds the key to Earth's future</h2>



To sum it all up, the discovery of the Port Askaig Formation highlights one of Earth’s most amazing periods, giving us a rare look at a time when our planet was completely frozen. 



This formation shares a story of survival and how complex life emerged from tough conditions. As researchers keep exploring this site, they’re uncovering insights that help us understand life's resilience and adaptability.



If the Port Askaig Formation gets designated as a golden spike, it could put this remote Scottish spot on the map internationally. This recognition would not only secure its place in the geological record but also remind us of the importance of preserving and studying our planet’s ancient past. 



In a time when we’re facing rapid environmental changes, these insights serve as a reminder of the delicate balance that supports life on Earth and the significant effects climate shifts can have on our future.



The study involved researchers from UCL, the <a href="https://en.unimib.it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Milano-Bicocca</a>, Italy, and <a href="https://www.bbk.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Birkbeck University</a> of London. The work was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC).



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://chooser.crossref.org/?doi=10.1144%2Fjgs2024-029" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of the Geological Society</a>.



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'Golden spike' discovered in rock formation reveals when Earth became a snowball

Over 700 million years ago, our planet experienced a deep...

Life on Earth was once ruled by the small, single-celled organisms swimming in the vast oceans. For an epoch, these tiny powerhouses were the kings and queens of the world, dominating for well over a billion years. Then came the period known as "Snowball Earth" that changed everything.



The reign of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cyanobacteria-may-shed-new-light-on-the-history-of-life-on-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">single-celled organisms</a> was seemingly endless, until Snowball Earth turned all known models of life upside down, roughly 700 million years ago.



This icy era was no ordinary winter. The entire globe was ensnared in such <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-was-a-giant-snowball-700-million-years-ago-and-now-scientists-know-why/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extreme glaciation conditions</a> that even the equator may have been blanketed in ice. 



However, it was during this frigid epoch that a marvel of evolution occurred -- the birth of multicellular organisms.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-multicellular-life-and-the-oxygen-paradox">Multicellular life and the oxygen paradox</h2>



One of the biggest enigmas in biology is the sudden emergence and dominance of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fossils-capture-a-turning-point-in-the-evolution-of-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">multicellular life</a>. Imagine a world where single-celled eukaryotes (organisms with intricate cells containing a nucleus) were the unrivaled rulers. 



Then, in the wink of a geological eye, multicellular life blossomed amid the frosty reign of Snowball Earth. The prevailing theory suggests that oxygen levels had to reach a critical point before single cells could band together, forming multicellular colonies. 



However, this theory falls short of explaining why the ancestors of today's animals, plants, and fungi all popped up simultaneously during this icy epoch.



The answer to this billion-year-old riddle has led researchers to delve deeper into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/snowball-earth-may-not-have-been-frozen-solid/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">unique conditions</a> of Snowball Earth. 



One such scientist is William Crockett, a former Undergraduate Complexity Researcher at <a href="https://www.santafe.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Santa Fe Institute</a>, who put forward a compelling new model.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-snowball-earth-and-the-viscosity-factor">Snowball Earth and the viscosity factor</h2>



Crockett's study sheds light on the Snowball Earth mystery. The research team suggests that the physical conditions during this icy period, such as the increased viscosity of the oceans and scarcity of resources, might have led to the rise of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannibalism-cellular-level-common-across-various-life-forms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">multicellular life</a>.



During this glaciated period, oceans were choked with ice, inhibiting sunlight, and hindering photosynthesis. These conditions led to a significant reduction in nutrients, creating a struggle for survival. 



According to the study, larger organisms, capable of filtering more water and seizing scarce resources, would have had a significant edge over their smaller, single-celled counterparts.



Crockett observes, "It seems almost counterintuitive that these really harsh conditions, this frozen planet, could actually select for larger, more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rewrite-the-textbooks-life-on-earth-did-not-arise-due-to-increased-oxygen-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">complex organisms</a>, rather than causing species to go extinct or reduce in size."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-survival-of-the-largest-early-animals-thrive">Survival of the largest: Early animals thrive</h2>



By developing scaling theories, the researchers modeled how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/organisms-called-protosterol-biota-lived-1-6-billion-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">different organisms</a> would have fared during these harsh conditions. 



The findings indicated that early ancestors of animals, similar to modern-day swimming algae that consume prey instead of relying on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/key-to-life-on-earth-photosynthesis-begins-on-the-quantum-level-with-a-single-photon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">photosynthesis</a>, would have prospered in this freezing environment. 



In stark contrast, single-celled organisms that depend on diffusion for movement and feeding, such as bacteria, may have shrunk in size. 



These findings highlight the selective pressure of environmental conditions during Snowball Earth, favoring larger, more complex organisms, and paving the way for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animals-exist-today-ediacaran-period-earth-weak-magnetic-field/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">multicellular life’s emergence</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-glaciers-to-greatness">From glaciers to greatness</h2>



The melting of Snowball Earth’s icy grip marked a new era for the newly evolved multicellular organisms. Liberated from the icy world's constraints, they diversified, leading to the wide variety of life we see today.



"The world is different after Snowball Earth because there's a new form of life on the planet," explains SFI Professor Christopher Kempes, the senior author of the study. 



"Our research suggests that these pivotal moments in Earth's history are not random occurrences, but rather predictable outcomes of planetary evolution." 



By understanding these patterns, scientists can gain insight into the fundamental processes that shape life's journey from simple beginnings to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rna-world-unraveling-mysteries-life-origin/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">complex ecosystems</a> and even intelligent civilizations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-snowball-earth-scavenger-hunt">Snowball Earth scavenger hunt</h2>



The study provides a new framework for interpreting Earth's past, offering hypotheses for ancestor organism features to hunt for in the fossil record. 



The team also believes their work could aid in the search for extraterrestrial life, helping identify conditions that might foster complex organisms' emergence <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microbial-life-may-exist-on-one-of-jupiters-moons/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">on other planets</a>.



The period of Snowball Earth was undoubtedly a time of extreme hardship, but it also served as a catalyst for life's greatest innovation: the transition from single cells to complex, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/weak-magnetic-field-may-have-set-the-stage-for-life-on-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">multicellular organisms</a>.



In unearthing the secrets of this ancient era, we better appreciate the resilience and adaptability of life on Earth, gaining insight into the transformative forces that have sculpted our planet’s rich tapestry of biodiversity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-snowball-earth-shaped-multicellular-life">How Snowball Earth shaped multicellular life</h2>



In summary, this remarkable research opens a new window into understanding the complex journey from single-celled organisms to the diverse, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ecosystem-behavior-earth-first-sea-creatures-stirring-water-drove-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">multicellular life</a> that fills our world today. 



It is a story of survival, adaptation, and ultimately, evolution, shaped by the most inhospitable conditions our planet has ever experienced during a period of time known as Snowball Earth. 



In the face of adversity, life finds a way to thrive and diversify, which indeed is the greatest wonder of evolution.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2023.2767" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences</a>.



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Past 'Snowball Earth' conditions drove evolution of complex multicellular life

Life on Earth was once ruled by the small, single-celled...

Quantum entanglement can be described as an almost magical link between particles that challenges our usual understanding of how things behave in reality.



This phenomenon shows that particles can become so intertwined that the state of one <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-entanglement-discovery-is-a-revolutionary-step-forward/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">instantly affects the state of another</a>, no matter how far apart they are.



Now, an exciting new study has expanded our grasp of this phenomenon by revealing something even more puzzling: negative entanglement entropy.



This finding suggests that under certain conditions, entangled particles can show a type of entanglement that really shakes up the traditional ideas of information and disorder in quantum systems.



This study, led by Dr. Xiangdong Zhang and his team of researchers from Singapore and China, promises to shift our understanding of quantum systems and their classical counterparts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-quantum-entanglement-and-entropy">Understanding quantum entanglement and entropy</h2>



To really get why negative entanglement entropy matters, we first need to understand some basics about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-entanglement-laws-thermodynamics-follow-entropy-rule/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum entanglement and entropy</a>.



Quantum entanglement happens when particles like photons or electrons become linked, so that the state of one affects the other, no matter how far apart they are. This "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-entanglement-spooky-action-at-a-distance-persists-between-top-quarks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spooky action at a distance</a>," as Einstein called it, is a key concept in quantum mechanics.



Entropy, on the other hand, is a measure of disorder within a system. The higher the entropy, the greater the disorder and unpredictability.



In a tidy room, everything is in its place, representing low entropy. In a messy room, where items are scattered randomly, entropy is high.



When these two concepts merge in the quantum realm, we get what is known as entanglement entropy -- a measure of how much information is lost about one part of a system if another part becomes inaccessible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-emergence-of-negative-entanglement-entropy">Emergence of negative entanglement entropy</h2>



In classical quantum mechanics, systems are typically "Hermitian," meaning that they obey conservation laws -- particles and energy are neither created nor destroyed. 



However, when we consider "Non-Hermitian" systems, where these conservation rules are relaxed, strange things begin to happen. 



Specifically, in these non-Hermitian systems, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-entanglement-photons-used-to-measure-earth-rotation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">concept of entanglement</a> needs to be rethought, as the number of particles and their associated information can change. This leads us to the curious case of negative entanglement entropy.



Dr. Ching Hua Lee is a key figure in this research and an Assistant Professor at the <a href="https://nus.edu.sg/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National University of Singapore</a>. 



He explains, "A very pertinent question that we have always wanted to answer is: can the esoteric negative entanglement behavior manifest in realistic experiments? In this work, we provide an affirmative 'yes' through the novel concept of exceptional bound (EB) states."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-classical-systems-in-quantum-discoveries">Classical systems in quantum discoveries</h2>



Interestingly, the breakthrough in observing negative entanglement entropy did not come from an advanced quantum system but from a classical electrical circuit. 



This circuit, composed of everyday components like resistors, capacitors, and operational amplifiers, was used as a "sandbox" to mimic the complex behavior of a quantum system. 



Using this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/traditional-computers-verify-errors-made-by-quantum-computers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">classical approach</a>, the research team was able to bypass the usual challenges associated with manipulating quantum states, such as the need for ultralow cryogenic cooling or high-precision lasers.



Dr. Xiangdong Zhang, from the <a href="https://english.bit.edu.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Beijing Institute of Technology</a>, elaborates, "EB states are highly robust and exhibit prominent measurable signatures, thus greatly facilitating their physical realization in relatively simple classical networks such as electrical circuits without the need for fine-tuning."



This innovative approach demonstrates the existence of negative entanglement entropy while breaking new ground in quantum phenomena exploration by using more accessible and cost-effective methods.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-quantum-information-technology">Implications for quantum information technology</h2>



The implications of this discovery are far-reaching, particularly in the realm of quantum information technology. Negative entanglement entropy could play a crucial role in developing new quantum computing and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/artificial-atoms-qkd-quantum-communication-revolutionizing-data-protection-privacy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communication technologies</a>. 



These technologies rely on the ability to control and measure entanglement precisely, and understanding how negative entanglement works could lead to more robust and efficient systems.



Assistant Professor Yee Sin Ang from the <a href="https://www.sutd.edu.sg/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Singapore University of Technology and Design</a>, who co-authored the study, highlights the potential applications.



"This work suggests classical electrical circuits as a new hunting ground for the search of exotic quantum phenomena which are otherwise challenging to realize using atoms and material crystals," Professor Ang explained. 



"Due to their ease of fabrication, electrical circuits may offer a low-cost sandbox for designing and prototyping devices useful for future quantum technology."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-negative-entanglement-entropy">Future of negative entanglement entropy</h2>



As the research progresses, scientists are eager to explore how these exceptional bound (EB) states can be used to probe even more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/impossibility-paradox-calculating-incalculable-quantum-realm-particles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exotic physics in higher dimensions</a>. 



The combination of topological, non-Hermitian, and EB physics could usher in a new era of quantum research, where classical systems serve as a bridge to understanding and harnessing the complexities of quantum mechanics.



Professor Haiyu Meng from <a href="https://en.xtu.edu.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Xiangtan University</a>, another co-author of the study, notes, "EB states are special states that provide the key fingerprints for negative entanglement. Whenever the host system becomes very sensitive due to the non-Hermiticity, EB states may emerge as a direct consequence of negative entanglement."



This research challenges our current understanding of quantum mechanics while suggesting new ways to explore the quantum world without relying on the often prohibitive costs and complexities of quantum systems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-engaging-with-the-quantum-world">Engaging with the quantum world</h2>



Discoveries like negative entanglement entropy remind us of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-quantum-revolution-will-impact-all-aspects-of-society/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">endless possibilities that lie ahead</a>. By using classical systems to explore quantum phenomena, we can make these complex ideas more accessible and applicable to real-world technologies.



So, what does this mean for the future of quantum research? It suggests that the line between classical and quantum systems might not be as rigid as once thought. 



With continued exploration, who knows what other surprises the quantum world has in store for us? As we look forward to further developments in this field, one thing is certain: the future of quantum mechanics is brighter, and stranger, than ever before.



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Elusive quantum 'negative entanglement entropy' deciphered in the lab

Quantum entanglement can be described as an almost magical link...

An unusual mix of blazes sparked Alberta's fierce 2023 wildfire season, according to a new report by experts, including researchers at the <a href="https://www.ualberta.ca/en/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Alberta</a>.



The season was unlike anything seen before, with an estimated 2.1 million hectares of land burned. Experts are now investigating the causes and what this could mean for future <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/intense-fire-season-in-mexico-is-part-of-a-worldwide-trend/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fire seasons</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unusually-severe-wildfire-season">Unusually severe wildfire season</h2>



What made 2023 especially unusual was the occurrence of two different types of fire patterns in the same year. This rare combination resulted in 36 large fires, which accounted for 95% of the area burned. 



The fires were so intense that they have reshaped our understanding of the potential impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-impacts-are-evolving-due-to-climate-change-but-in-what-ways/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>. "Last year's wildfire season redefined what is possible under a warming climate," said Jen Beverly, a professor of wildland fire at the University of Alberta and co-author of the study.



Alberta's 2023 fire season was unusually severe, far exceeding all other years in the province's historical record. The amount of land burned was about 63% greater than the previously recorded maximum in 1981.



The study authors noted that while large wildfires in Alberta were similar in severity to past years on an individual basis, there were simply more of them.



In the 20 years prior to 2023, there was an average of two fires per year larger than 10,000 hectares, compared with the total of 36 large fires that burned last year.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-wildfire-season-sparked-by-lightning">Early wildfire season sparked by lightning</h2>



The fire season started early in May, with west-central Alberta experiencing 18 wildfires in just two weeks. Thirteen of these were caused by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lightning-is-the-leading-cause-of-wildfires-in-boreal-forests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lightning</a>, an unusually high number for spring.



"Normally, lightning doesn't start to become a factor in spring wildfires until late May, and more into June, July, and August," said Beverly. However, the 2023 fire season revealed early <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/in-tropical-forests-lightning-strikes-the-most-resilient-trees/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lightning strikes</a> as a previously unrecognized threat.



"If we hadn't had that outbreak in early May from lightning fires, the season would still have been severe, but it would not have been off the charts," added Beverly.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-northern-fires-add-to-the-crisis">Northern fires add to the crisis</h2>



As the season progressed, another 18 large fires broke out in northern Alberta. This second wave of fires further compounded the damage, making 2023 one of the most <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-fire-risk-has-grown-exponentially-in-a-hotter-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extreme fire</a> seasons in Alberta's history.



"Either one of those alone wouldn't have produced the extraordinary amplification in area burned that we saw," said Beverly.



The combination of climate warming, dry conditions, and limited firefighting resources allowed these fires to grow out of control, especially in isolated areas.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preparing-for-the-future">Preparing for the future</h2>



The 2023 fire season serves as a stark reminder of how unpredictable nature can be, especially in the context of climate change. 



"We can't rely on past data to anticipate what's coming," noted Beverly. "There was nothing in the 40 years before 2023 that would lead us to expect and plan for a burst of lightning activity in the first week of May."



To better respond to future wildfires, the experts are calling for more research, improved data tools, and better methods for triaging fires and allocating resources.



"We've got to get better at triaging those fires and knowing which ones to devote resources to quickly," Beverly said.



The unforgettable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/canadian-wildfires-of-2023-were-a-global-environmental-setback/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">2023 fire season</a> is a warning that such extreme conditions could happen again, even if not for many years. 



"We may not see another burst of early lightning activity for 30 more years, but what 2023 shows us is that we are extremely vulnerable," Beverly concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-term-impacts-on-alberta-s-communities">Long-term impacts on Alberta's communities </h2>



The 2023 wildfire season not only set new records for the amount of land burned but also left lasting impacts on Alberta's ecosystems and communities. 



The fires devastated vast stretches of forests, grasslands, and wildlife habitats, disrupting the natural balance and leaving the landscape scarred. 



The loss of vegetation also increased the risk of soil erosion and flooding, which could have further implications for local agriculture and water quality in the coming years.



In addition to the environmental damage, the fires forced numerous communities to evacuate, displacing thousands of residents and causing widespread property damage. 



The emotional toll on those affected cannot be overstated, as many people lost their homes and livelihoods in the wake of the fires. 



Recovery efforts are ongoing, but the rebuilding process will take time, and the memories of the 2023 fire season will linger for years to come.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/cjfr-2024-0099" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Canadian Journal of Forest Research</a>.



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Wildfire season of 2023 redefined what is possible

An unusual mix of blazes sparked Alberta's fierce 2023 wildfire...

Once upon a time, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/personality-type-can-accurately-predict-your-relationship-status/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">standing out</a> and embracing uniqueness was desirable. However, recent studies suggest a major change over the past two decades. It seems we've become fond of the idea of blending in, of being just another face in the crowd.



Enter William Chopik, associate professor in the Department of Psychology at <a href="https://msu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Michigan State University</a>. Chopik is the lead author of a study that uncovers a dramatic decline in the desire to be different. That's right, we're less keen on standing out these days, and it's all backed by some pretty formidable evidence.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quest-for-uniqueness">Quest for uniqueness</h2>



The study spans a period of 20 years, from 2000 to 2020. Its findings track the desire for individualism in a whopping million people.



Uniqueness, for the purpose of this study, is broken down into three facets: worry over others' perceptions, the urge to break the established norms, and the readiness to publicly uphold personal beliefs. But, all three of these elements saw a decline during the study period.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-are-we-afraid-to-stand-out">Why are we afraid to stand out?</h2>



The most staggering drops were seen in the public defense of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/personality-is-more-important-than-finances-when-it-comes-to-dating/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">personal beliefs</a> (6.52% decline), and an increasing concern about public opinion (4.28% decline). These numbers might sound small, but as Chopik points out, "a 6.52% decline is a dramatic population change in as short as 20 years."



And why these drops? The data points to a possible explanation. Perhaps individuals see expressing their uniqueness as a threat to social acceptance. Yes, standing out might make them vulnerable to exclusion. Or worse, cancellation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-truly-worthwhile">Is it truly worthwhile?</h2>



Chopik's study warns us of the possible implications of this trend. Suppressing our true selves to fit into societal molds can sometimes have an adverse effect, triggering feelings of guilt and anxiety. And let's not forget, this often leads to increased hostility.



"It's really important to have people willing to go against the grain - say the occasional unpopular thing, challenge groupthink, highlight the need to compromise with people different than us, and not cover up the diversity of opinions and people because they're too scared to stand out," says Chopik.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-perceptions-of-uniqueness-on-social-media">Perceptions of uniqueness on social media </h2>



In today's interconnected world, social media platforms wield immense power over individual perceptions and behaviors. While these platforms can facilitate the expression of diverse opinions and lifestyles, they also contribute to a culture of comparison and conformity. 



As users curate their online personas, the pressure to fit in intensifies, often leading to a hedonic treadmill of dissatisfaction where uniqueness is celebrated only if it conforms to prevailing trends. 



Chopik’s study provides critical context here: as the desire for uniqueness declines, it begs the question: are we shaping our identities based on genuine self-expression or merely mirroring the expectations set by our digital environments?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reclaiming-individuality">Reclaiming individuality</h2>



Despite the unsettling trend of conformity, there lies an opportunity for revitalizing the celebration of uniqueness. To counteract societal pressures, individuals can begin cultivating a mindset that embraces <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/personality-traits-are-not-strongly-inherited-from-parents/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">self-acceptance</a> and authenticity.



Engaging in open dialogues about differences, fostering environments that encourage dissenting opinions, and understanding the value of diverse perspectives are vital steps. 



We must not cover up the diversity of opinions, but rather embrace them. Ultimately, reclaiming our individuality not only enriches our lives but also contributes to a more nuanced and empathetic society.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-appeal-for-authenticity">An appeal for authenticity</h2>



In an age where everyone seems connected through various platforms, we find ourselves paradoxically isolated in our personal lives. This raises an important question: is it truly worth sacrificing our individuality to fit into a crowd? 



While the notion of standing out may feel intimidating, especially in a world that often celebrates conformity, we should consider the value of being authentic. Embracing our true selves allows us to form deeper connections with others and to live more fulfilling lives. 



It's essential to recognize that the cost of blending in can be higher than the fear of being different. After all, authenticity fosters genuine relationships and enriches our experiences. The pursuit of fitting in may not be worth the price we pay.



Embracing our uniqueness can be a powerful way to inspire others and create a more diverse and vibrant community. Isn't it time we embraced our individuality, in all its vibrant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cryptocurrency-investors-linked-to-dark-personality-traits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diversity</a>?



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://online.ucpress.edu/collabra/article/10/1/121937/202992/Changes-in-Need-for-Uniqueness-From-2000-Until" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Collabra: Psychology.</a>



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Humans are losing 'uniqueness' as people no longer desire to stand out

Once upon a time, standing out and embracing uniqueness was...

Humans have always been captivated by the star-studded skies. Much like an orchestra thrills its audience with each instrument, our universe continues to astound us with each new revelation, including this recent discovery of CWISE J1249 by NASA citizen scientists of an unknown object moving at incredible speed.



One such incredible discovery was recently made by an exceptional group of astronomical enthusiasts, the citizen scientists of NASA's Backyard Worlds: <a href="https://www.zooniverse.org/projects/marckuchner/backyard-worlds-planet-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Planet 9 project</a>.



Their keen eyes spotted an object moving at an astonishing speed of 1 million miles per hour, a rarity in the tranquil orbits of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>. This sensational find marks the first detection of such a fast and compact celestial object.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-backyard-worlds-project">Understanding the Backyard Worlds project</h2>



NASA's "<a href="https://science.nasa.gov/citizen-science/backyard-worlds-planet-9/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Backyard Worlds</a>" is a fun citizen science project that invites everyone to help find new celestial objects. 



This initiative aids in the analysis of huge amounts of data from NASA’s <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/neowise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NEOWISE mission</a> to spot elusive brown dwarfs, rogue planets, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/thousands-of-worlds-do-not-fit-the-definition-of-a-planet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">other cosmic gems</a> that might have slipped past automated searches.



Participants, called "citizen scientists," get to analyze images online, hunting for moving objects that could lead to exciting discoveries. 



It’s a fantastic opportunity for people from all walks of life -- no matter their scientific background -- to pitch in on real astronomical research.



Those involved in Backyard Worlds have played a key role in spotting several <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scorching-weather-temperatures-storms-measured-two-distant-brown-dwarfs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brown dwarfs</a> -- objects that are too big to be planets but not quite large enough to become stars.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cwise-j1249-and-the-neowise-mission">CWISE J1249 and the NEOWISE mission</h2>



The Backyard Worlds 



From 2009 to 2011, WISE diligently mapped the sky, capturing images in infrared light, before being reactivated as NEOWISE in 2013. 



This project, which was retired in 2024, played a crucial role in this discovery. 



A few years back, dedicated citizen scientists, Martin Kabatnik, Thomas P. Bickle, and Dan Caselden, noticed a faint and fast-moving object on their screens, which was later titled CWISE J124909.08+362116.0. 



Follow-up observations confirmed the discovery and allowed the scientists to characterize the object, earning these citizen scientists co-authorship in the study documenting this discovery.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mysteries-of-cwise-j1249">Mysteries of CWISE J1249</h2>



“I can’t describe the level of excitement. When I first saw how fast it was moving, I was convinced it must have been reported already,” said Kabatnik, hailing from Nuremberg, Germany. 



Yet, the unique attributes of this object didn't stop at its extraordinary speed.



The low mass of CWISE J1249 makes it a difficult object to categorize -- it could either be a low-mass star or a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cold-brown-dwarf-captured-emitting-methane-first-time-surprising-scientists/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brown dwarf</a>, a celestial body somewhere between a gas <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-giant-planets-form/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">giant planet</a> and a star.



Despite being rare, planet-searching volunteers have already identified over 4000 brown dwarfs. However, none of these objects are on a galactic getaway like CWISE J1249.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-secrets-of-an-ancient-star">Secrets of an ancient star</h2>



The intrigue doesn't end there. 



Data from the <a href="https://www.keckobservatory.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">W. M. Keck Observatory</a> shows that CWISE J1249 possesses a different composition, with markedly less iron and other metals than other stars and brown dwarfs.



This unique composition indicates that CWISE J1249 might be quite ancient, possibly from one of the first generations of stars. 



The object's breakneck speed has led to theories about its origin. Some speculate that it was part of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exoplanet-found-in-the-habitable-zone-of-a-binary-star-system/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">binary system</a> with a white dwarf, which exploded as a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shockingly-bright-carbon-monoxide-detected-in-supernova-remnant/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernova</a>. 



Alternatively, it might have been part of a globular cluster, a tightly bound cluster of stars, and a fortuitous encounter with a pair of black holes could have flung it off its path.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-collective-effort-in-discovering-fast-moving-star">Collective effort in discovering fast-moving star</h2>



To further investigate these theories, scientists plan to examine the elemental composition of CWISE J1249 more closely. 



The discovery was a collective endeavor, involving a medley of participants—volunteers, professionals, and students. 



Kabatnik mentions Melina Thévenot and Frank Kiwy, whose efforts significantly contributed to this finding. 



This study was led by Adam Burgasser, a professor at the University of California, San Diego (<a href="https://www.ucsd.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCSD</a>), along with co-authors Hunter Brooks and Austin Rothermich, who both commenced their astronomical careers as citizen scientists.



These scientific triumphs demonstrate how the collective power of curious minds can unravel the most profound mysteries hiding in the depths of our fascinating universe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-citizen-science">Future of citizen science</h2>



The discovery of CWISE J1249 is not just a remarkable achievement for those involved, but also a testament to the growing potential of citizen science in modern astronomy. 



With access to ever-expanding data from missions like WISE and NEOWISE, citizen scientists are increasingly contributing to groundbreaking discoveries. 



Projects like Backyard Worlds: Planet 9 demonstrate how the collaborative efforts of enthusiastic volunteers, armed with the right tools and guidance, can lead to significant scientific advancements. 



As technology continues to evolve, the future holds even greater possibilities for citizen scientists to play an active role in unraveling the mysteries of our universe.



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Unknown space object is discovered speeding at over 1 million miles per hour

Humans have always been captivated by the star-studded skies. Much...

Tree mortality in the Amazon rainforest is a critical issue with significant ecological, climatic, and economic implications. The Amazon, often referred to as the "lungs of the Earth," plays a vital role in sequestering carbon dioxide, thereby regulating global climate. However, various factors are contributing to an alarming rate of tree mortality in this vast rainforest.



Amazon tree mortality is driven by increasing droughts, extreme weather events, and deforestation. The dying trees, which absorb carbon through photosynthesis when they are living, release carbon into the atmosphere during their decay. Rising tree mortality may turn the rainforest from a carbon sink to a carbon source.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fragile-carbon-and-biodiversity-reserves-nbsp">Fragile carbon and biodiversity reserves&nbsp;</h2>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-amazon-rainforest-is-approaching-widespread-collapse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Amazon rainforest</a> is home to an enormous variety of plants and animals, and plays a crucial role in managing the effects of climate change by storing massive amounts of carbon, while helping regulate temperatures and rainfall regionally as well as globally.



By employing models which predict <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-identify-the-cause-of-tree-mortality-in-the-amazon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tree mortality</a> and the subsequent changes in carbon balance, a new study published in the journal Earth's Future has found that some regions of the Amazon rainforest might pass a tipping point by the middle of this century.



“The Amazon rainforest biome is a crucial concern due to its vast yet fragile carbon and biodiversity reserves. Intact Amazon forests hold more than 20% of terrestrial species, house 100 billion tons of carbon, absorb atmospheric CO2, and regulate regional and continental climates by recycling moisture,” the authors wrote.&nbsp;



“Despite these critical functions, the stability and spatial continuity of the forest are threatened by climate extreme events such as droughts and storms, widespread <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coordinated-efforts-needed-to-slow-deforestation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deforestation</a> in the South, East, and South-West regions, as well as forest degradation in adjacent areas.”



According to the researchers, these factors increase the risk of reaching a tipping point, where intact forests may transition to carbon sources and even collapse within a few decades.&nbsp;



“As a result, it is crucial to reduce uncertainties and better understand the likelihood of such a tipping point, and take mitigative actions to preserve the health and resilience of the Amazon rainforest.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-simulating-tree-mortality-in-the-amazon">Simulating tree mortality in the Amazon</h2>



The experts used ORCHIDEE-CAN-NHA, a groundbreaking land surface model, to simulate Amazon tree death and regrowth in the face of droughts. This model was calibrated and assessed using historical data from previous <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/droughts-and-fires-diminish-forests-carbon-storage-ability/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drought</a> events.



The scientists combined the use of this land surface model with four climate scenarios to project future changes in carbon movement and tree loss until the end of the century.&nbsp;



Although the climate models provided different specific outcomes - such as variations in wetting and drying - they all identified a warming trend over the next decades, particularly throughout the northeastern Amazon rainforest.



“These climate models display diverse patterns of climate change across the Amazon region. The simulation conducted with the HadGEM climate model reveals the most significant drying trend, suggesting that the Guiana Shield and East-central Amazon are approaching a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-still-prevent-critical-climate-tipping-points/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tipping point</a>,” noted the researchers.



“These two regions are projected to transition from carbon sinks to carbon sources by the mid-21st century, with the Brazilian Shield following suit around 2060. This transition is attributed to heightened drought-induced carbon loss in the future.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pinpointing-hotspots-of-amazon-tree-mortality-nbsp">Pinpointing hotspots of Amazon tree mortality&nbsp;</h2>



Better understanding which areas of the Amazon rainforest are most at risk for drying out and dying will help inform scientists about the carbon balance in the region and provide invaluable information about how to protect this ecosystem from the effects of a rapidly changing climate.



“This study makes an important step forward by providing a spatial image of the likelihood of drought risks and predicting the evolution of future Amazon rainforest net carbon balance, by resorting to a well-calibrated model that incorporates hydraulic failure induced tree mortality, and subsequent recovery from demographic processes, including recruitment and growth of survivor trees,” wrote the study authors.&nbsp;



“The predicted possible vulnerability state of the Amazon rainforest required further investigation and concerns on mitigation policies.”



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Tree mortality is pushing the Amazon to a tipping point

Tree mortality in the Amazon rainforest is a critical issue...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

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