A recent study comparing how mothers in the U.K. and Uganda soothe their crying babies found something surprising: Ugandan babies calm down faster, even though their moms take longer to respond.



On the surface, this flips the script on common Western parenting advice. We often hear that faster is better when it comes to calming a crying infant. But this research suggests that the manner in which a mother comforts her baby matters more than how quickly she does it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-touch-versus-talk-to-calm-babies">Touch versus talk to calm babies</h2>



Researchers observed 147 real-life moments of distress in 82 infants across both countries. They focused on what mothers did in those moments, not just how quickly they reacted.



In both places, faster responses did help babies settle down. But here’s the twist: even though U.K. mothers typically responded more quickly, Ugandan babies calmed faster overall. That wasn’t random. The difference came down to the way mothers soothed their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/conscious-awareness-when-does-our-sense-of-purpose-emerge/">infants</a>.



In Uganda, moms often used touch - holding, carrying, or <a href="https://www.afro.who.int/countries/uganda/news/safe-space-nourish-who-uganda-champions-breastfeeding-workplace" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">breastfeeding</a> - as their main method of comfort, even with older babies. In the U.K., mothers started with physical comfort when babies were young, but switched to using more words and less touch as their infants grew.



That shift in strategy seems to make a difference.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-culture-shapes-our-parenting">Culture shapes our parenting</h2>



The study was led by researchers from the <a href="https://www.dipf.de/en/frontpage" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DIPF Leibniz Institute</a> in Germany, and Durham University in the U.K.. They wanted to understand how caregiving works in real life - outside of labs or parenting books - and across very different environments.



“Our findings show that maternal responsiveness is universally important. But how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mothers-can-use-singing-to-engage-with-infants/">mothers</a> respond, and the effectiveness of their strategies, varies in meaningful ways between cultures,” said Dr. Carlo Vreden of the DIPF Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education.



“Importantly, we are not making value judgments about which approach is better. Rather, we are highlighting that caregiving strategies are shaped by culture. It is not just about how quickly the mothers respond to their babies, but also the type of maternal soothing response which plays a crucial role in infant emotion regulation.”



In the U.K., many parenting norms are based on studies done in Western countries, often under very controlled conditions. But this doesn’t reflect the full picture of how most babies are raised around the world.



Professor Zanna Clay explained, “Most of what we know about babies’ early emotional development is based on studies conducted in Europe and North America. But of course, these Western settings don’t reflect the caregiving environments experienced by the majority of infants around the world, nor how they may have been historically.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-babies-stay-calm-despite-slower-responses">Babies stay calm despite slower responses</h2>



One principal reason why Ugandan mothers would take longer to reply is plain: they’re frequently engaged in manual labor, such as working in the fields or taking care of household chores outside. In contrast to high-income environments, mothers in rural Uganda typically cannot abandon everything the instant their baby begins crying.



“Uganda is an interesting place to study <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/child-care-quality-has-direct-impact-on-later-success-in-science-and-math/">caregiving</a>,” Clay said, “as infants are typically cared for by multiple different caregivers and their styles of caregiving culturally differ, such as prioritising more physical contact with their babies.”



Even with slower response times, Ugandan mothers’ reliance on touch - especially breastfeeding - seemed to have a calming effect. The babies got comforted in a way that worked well for them, even if it wasn’t immediate.



Professor Clay added, “Our study also highlights the balance between responding to your baby while also having to manage daily tasks, which can be more challenging in rural low-resource settings.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rethinking-parenting-advice">Rethinking parenting advice</h2>



This research challenges the idea that there’s only one right way to raise emotionally healthy kids. It shows that parenting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parenting-may-help-keep-the-brain-younger/">strategies</a> can look different in different places - and still be effective.



“We’ve shown that Western ideas about optimal parenting don’t always apply in other settings,” said Dr. Vreden. “Even though the U.K. mums do seem to follow this sort of gold standard of responding as soon as possible, it's the Ugandan children, who don't get that quicker response, who actually recovered faster.”



“This emphasises the complexity of different strategies working in different ways and in different settings.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-calm-babies-in-real-life">Calm babies in real life</h2>



By watching what happens in real-life settings - not just in labs - researchers can get a clearer picture of what helps babies <a href="https://www.eccpct.com/Resources/Child/Tips-for-Tots/Help-Young-Children-Regulate-Their-Emotions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">regulate</a> their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/facial-expressions-arent-enough-to-understand-human-emotions/">emotions</a>. This matters for building parenting support programs that fit the realities of people’s lives, no matter where they live.



Future research may explore how these early caregiving approaches affect children as they grow and how parenting differs across even more cultures.



In the end, it’s not just about being fast - it’s about being effective. And effectiveness can look very different, depending on where you are.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://psycnet.apa.org/fulltext/2026-56898-001.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Developmental Psychology</a>.



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How, or how fast? Study examines fascinating cultural differences in how babies are calmed

A recent study comparing how mothers in the U.K. and Uganda soothe their crying babies found something surprising: Ugandan babies calm down faster, even though their moms take longer to respond. On the surface, this flips the script on common Western parenting advice. We often hear that faster is better when it comes to calming a crying infant. But this research suggests that the manner in which a mother comforts her baby matters more than how quickly she does it. Touch versus talk to calm babies Researchers...

When people think about human papillomavirus (HPV), cancer tends to be the initial medical risk that comes to mind. For years, HPV has been connected with various types of cancer, such as those located in the cervix, genitals, anus, and throat. 



However, research now suggests another potential link of concern: heart disease.



Researchers from the <a href="https://medicine.uconn.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Connecticut School of Medicine</a> have analyzed a large set of data from close to 250,000 patients in multiple countries.



The results indicate that people who have HPV are far more likely to suffer from cardiovascular disease than people without the virus.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hpv-and-heart-disease">HPV and heart disease</h2>



“Our study shows that clearly there is an association of some kind between HPV and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-century-of-progress-in-the-fight-against-cardiovascular-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular disease</a>,” said Dr. Stephen Akinfenwa, who is an internal medicine resident at UConn School of Medicine and the study’s lead author.



“The biological mechanism has not been determined but is hypothesized to be related to chronic inflammation. We would ultimately like to see if reducing HPV via vaccination could reduce cardiovascular risk.”



This study stands out because it’s the first to bring together findings from multiple global studies - seven in total - that span the years 2011 to 2024.



These studies followed patients for anywhere between three and 17 years and came from the United States, South Korea, Brazil, and Australia. Most were long-term observational studies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-data-shows">What the data shows </h2>



The researchers employed a number of statistical techniques to compare the relationship between HPV and three diseases: cardiovascular disease, coronary artery disease, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-link-between-insomnia-and-hypertension-in-women/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hypertension</a>.



The findings were dramatic. HPV-positive patients had a 40% greater likelihood of developing cardiovascular disease and were twice as likely to have coronary artery disease than participants who were HPV negative.



Even after the researchers controlled for risk factors that normally affect heart health, such as smoking, diabetes, lifestyle and family history, HPV carriers remained 33% more at risk of developing heart disease.



In an interesting aside, no robust association was identified between HPV and high blood pressure.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-this-means-for-patients-and-doctors">What this means for patients and doctors</h2>



The human papillomavirus is very prevalent and transmitted through close or intimate contact. Although most people equate HPV with genital warts and cancers, this new report indicates that it could also have implications for heart health.



The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention already advises that all children and adolescents should receive the HPV <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/universal-vaccine-may-be-effective-against-any-variant-of-any-virus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vaccine</a> in order to avoid the development of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/simple-lifestyle-changes-could-prevent-half-of-all-cancer-deaths/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cancer</a>s associated with this viral infection. But a lot of adults didn't get the vaccine when it was initially offered in 2006.



This new information may impact the way clinicians treat heart health in HPV-positive patients.



“We always talk about cardiovascular risk factors like smoking, high blood pressure and so on, but we know that about 20% of cardiovascular disease cannot be explained by these conventional risk factors,” said Akinfenwa. 



“This makes it important to identify non-conventional risk factors like HPV that could potentially be targeted.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-part-of-a-larger-picture">Part of a larger picture</h2>



More research is needed to understand exactly how HPV contributes to heart disease. 



Scientists are particularly interested in whether reducing HPV infections through vaccination could also help lower <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/your-diet-may-save-your-life-six-key-foods-lower-the-risk-of-heart-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heart disease risk</a>.



For now, these findings highlight the importance of keeping an open mind when it comes to assessing cardiovascular risk - and suggest that viruses like HPV may be part of a much larger picture.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-can-hpv-vaccination-reduce-heart-risks">Can HPV vaccination reduce heart risks?</h2>



The HPV vaccine has long been promoted for its role in preventing cancers linked to the virus, but this new research gives it even more weight. If there’s a connection between HPV and heart disease, the vaccine could end up protecting more than just reproductive health - it might also support cardiovascular health down the line.



Raising awareness about the broader effects of HPV could encourage more people to get vaccinated or talk to their doctors about eligibility. 



It could also shift public perception, showing that this isn’t just a vaccine for teens - it's a preventive step that may affect health outcomes in multiple ways.



If future studies confirm that HPV vaccination can reduce heart disease risks, it would make the case even stronger for expanding access and education around this underused but powerful tool.



The results of this <a href="https://www.acc.org/About-ACC/Press-Releases/2025/03/25/10/19/Growing-Body-of-Evidence-Links-HPV-with-Heart-Disease">research</a> will be presented at the American College of Cardiology’s Annual Scientific Session.



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Hidden heart risk of HPV: What new research reveals

When people think about human papillomavirus (HPV), cancer tends to...

New moms often face a whirlwind of emotions, sleepless nights, and the physical demands of recovery. In the midst of caring for a newborn, taking care of their own well-being can feel overwhelming.



But health experts say one of the most effective ways to support that recovery is surprisingly simple: move more.



Researchers from the <a href="https://csep.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology</a>, in collaboration with scientists from the <a href="https://www.ubc.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of British Columbia</a>, have released a new guideline for new moms.



According to the experts, women should aim for at least two hours of moderate to vigorous physical activity each week in the first three months after giving birth, as long as they’re physically able.



Activities like brisk walking, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/active-commuting-cycling-to-work-linked-to-enormous-health-benefits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cycling</a>, and resistance exercises should be spread over four or more days per week.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-new-moms-need-to-know">What new moms need to know</h2>



The weeks and months after <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/maternal-mortality-the-overlooked-needs-of-mothers-after-childbirth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">childbirth</a> are a time of rapid change. The risk of depression, sleep disorders, weight gain, diabetes, and even heart issues tends to rise, especially for those who experienced complications during <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-pregnancy-changes-the-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pregnancy</a>.



Despite this, clear advice on physical activity during the postpartum period has been hard to come by. This new guidance is based on a comprehensive review of 574 studies.



The researchers made sure the recommendations apply to all people who have recently given birth - regardless of breastfeeding, cultural background, disability, or socio-economic status.



To shape the recommendations, the team spoke directly with new moms. They identified 21 key areas to focus on, including injury prevention, fatigue, depression and anxiety, breast milk production, urinary incontinence, and infant development.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-holistic-approach-to-recovery">A holistic approach to recovery</h2>



Physical activity is just one piece of the puzzle. The guideline also strongly recommends daily pelvic floor muscle training to help reduce the risk of urinary incontinence and support pelvic rehabilitation. 



Getting better sleep is also a priority. Suggestions include building a nighttime routine that limits screen time and keeps the bedroom dark and quiet.



Importantly, even light activities like gentle <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/walking-is-a-powerful-tool-to-boost-brain-health-and-overall-well-being/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">walking</a> can help. The panel emphasized that all new moms - whether fully recovered or still healing - should avoid long periods of inactivity whenever possible.



For those with medical conditions or troubling symptoms, they recommend consulting a healthcare provider before jumping into moderate exercise.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-benefits-are-worth-it">The benefits are worth it</h2>



“Even small steps towards achieving them will still promote physical and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exercise-may-improve-mental-health-more-than-medication/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mental health</a> benefits,” the experts said. 



Following these recommendations has been linked to reduced depression, better cholesterol levels, less fatigue, and even improvements in weight management.



Importantly, the guidelines were not found to be associated with any additional risk of injury or negative effects on breast milk.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-realistic-goals-for-new-moms">Realistic goals for new moms</h2>



The experts noted that these activities and habits are cost-effective and likely to lead to long-term savings in healthcare.



Most importantly, the goals are realistic. Feedback from parents indicated that the advice is feasible, affordable, and easy to integrate into everyday life. While more research is still needed to fill gaps in the science, the evidence so far is clear.



“These clinically meaningful benefits strongly support incorporating consultation and guidance on movement behaviours into clinical practice for the postpartum period,” the team said.



Caring for a new baby is demanding. But taking time to care for your own body and mind - through movement, sleep, and simple routines - can make all the difference in this new chapter of life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-supporting-the-postpartum-journey">Supporting the postpartum journey</h2>



The postpartum period is often misunderstood, and most new moms feel they need to “bounce back” fast.



Recovery is not a race, though. It's a slow process that's more than just physical recovery - it’s also emotional adjustment, hormonal changes, and redefining daily habits.



These new guidelines remind us that small, consistent steps - such as moving more, building up the pelvic floor, and sleeping better - can have a lasting effect.



By acknowledging the individual obstacles of this period, the recommendations provide a kinder, more realistic vision for postpartum well-being. 



It’s not about getting moms to do more - it’s about getting them to feel a bit better, week by week.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/early/2025/03/22/bjsports-2025-109785" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">British Journal of Sports Medicine</a>.



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Why movement matters for new moms

New moms often face a whirlwind of emotions, sleepless nights,...

Children are growing up surrounded by screens, apps, and constant notifications. Phones and social media shape their early lives. This widespread tech use has raised concerns among parents, teachers, and governments. In response, many have opted to ban phone use.



In recent years, countries like France, Turkey, and Sweden have pushed forward policies to restrict or eliminate smartphone use in schools. 



Australia went further by banning social media access for children under sixteen. Across the United States and Canada, similar efforts are gaining traction. Even the US Surgeon General proposed warning labels for social media platforms.



This surge in regulation stems from fears about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/taking-a-smartphone-break-can-improve-your-life-in-surprising-ways/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mental health</a>, declining academic performance, and digital addiction. But are bans truly helping children, or are we simply delaying the conversation that actually matters?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flawed-promise-of-phone-bans">Flawed promise of phone bans</h2>



The appeal of bans lies in their simplicity. Remove the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/childrens-screen-time-shapes-their-mental-health-as-teens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">device</a>, and the problems go away - or so the logic goes.



A UK-based evaluation of school smartphone policies reported no real improvement in mental health, academic success, physical activity, or classroom behavior. Students’ overall phone use and problematic social media habits remained unchanged.



Experts like Victoria Goodyear from the <a href="https://www.birmingham.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Birmingham</a> and colleagues challenge the idea that phones themselves are the problem.



Instead, they argue that restricting access does not teach children how to use technology in healthy, thoughtful ways. In fact, bans may only offer the illusion of control while ignoring the long-term needs of growing minds.



There’s a fundamental truth we cannot ignore - technology isn’t going anywhere. Teaching children to use it wisely is far more useful than simply removing it from their hands. Without support and guidance, children lose the chance to learn self-regulation and digital responsibility.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-phone-bans-ignore-how-children-s-needs">Phone bans ignore how children’s needs</h2>



Children are not all the same. Where they live, how they grow up, and what access they have matters deeply. A blanket rule cannot work equally for every child. In some parts of the world, especially rural or conflict zones, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/screen-time-delays-language-development-in-toddlers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">digital access</a> is a lifeline. 



Girls in Afghanistan use social media to learn about their rights and safety. LGBTQ+ youth in China report improved mental wellbeing through online communities. In sub-Saharan Africa, social media connects families to healthcare and support.



Banning tech in these contexts would not protect children - it could isolate them. On the flip side, for children vulnerable to anxiety or self-esteem issues, the wrong kind of digital exposure can indeed cause harm.



The solution, however, cannot be one-size-fits-all. Children’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/childrens-screen-time-must-be-limited-to-protect-their-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">experiences</a> with tech are shaped by culture, economics, identity, and safety.



Restrictions ignore this complexity. They reduce a nuanced challenge into a binary choice - access or no access. That approach leaves too many children unsupported.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-we-need-phone-safety-tools-not-bans">We need phone safety tools, not bans</h2>



Some have compared tech bans to public health measures like tobacco control. But this analogy falls apart quickly. Smoking causes direct, irreversible harm. 



Phones and social media, on the other hand, offer both benefits and risks. They can build confidence, open doors to learning, and provide much-needed social connection.



A better analogy might be driving. When car crashes became a concern, we didn’t ban cars. We built seat belts, set speed limits, installed traffic lights, and taught people how to drive. The same kind of infrastructure is needed for children navigating the digital world.



Designing safer digital experiences, creating supportive online communities, and teaching children how to use technology with intention - these are the traffic lights and seat belts of our era. They don’t ban the road. They help children travel it more safely.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-need-for-better-children-s-rights">Need for better children’s rights</h2>



The authors call for a shift to a rights-based approach, shaped by the United Nations <a href="https://www.unicef.org/child-rights-convention" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a>. 



This global framework emphasizes inclusion, development, and protection. It does not aim to isolate children from digital spaces. Instead, it seeks to prepare them for responsible, informed participation.



At the heart of this idea lies four guiding principles: non-discrimination, acting in the child’s best interests, the right to development, and respect for children’s views. 



Rather than removing children from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/too-much-screen-time-is-making-teens-anxious/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">digital environments</a>, this model advocates equipping them to navigate these spaces with confidence and care.



Design also plays a central role. Age-appropriate features can nudge children toward better habits. These could include default limits on notifications, learning-focused content, or shared features that involve families in positive interaction. 



But right now, most platforms are not built with children’s needs in mind.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-law-in-a-child-s-world">Role of law in a child’s world</h2>



Despite growing global concern, no major legislation currently centers children’s rights in digital product design. Voluntary action from tech companies has fallen short. 



Many features are built to keep users scrolling, not learning. To fix this, experts propose clearer legal requirements for how platforms should serve young users.



The UK’s Child Rights by Design guidance offers one of the most detailed roadmaps. It encourages developers to consider privacy, mental health, creativity, learning, and play when building digital tools. 



Yet these ideas remain optional. Laws like the EU’s Digital Services Act have made progress but still miss key challenges like algorithmic targeting, which can push biased or harmful content.



Without firm rules, companies have little reason to shift their priorities. Children’s safety and growth must become more than an afterthought — they should be built into the foundation of digital spaces.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-skills-for-a-lifelong-digital-journey">Skills for a lifelong digital journey</h2>



Education is the most powerful tool we have. Not just academic learning, but emotional and social growth. The authors stress that schools and families need to teach digital habits as life skills - comparable to nutrition, exercise, or sleep.



One promising model is called the agency-centered approach. It helps children feel in control of their tech use. Developed through research and classroom trials in the US, this method blends evidence-based mental health strategies with children’s own digital experiences.



For example, children can learn how to manage the anxiety that comes from being “left on read.” They can gain tools to question manipulative app designs or resist misinformation. Teaching happens on three levels: personal understanding, peer support, and adult partnership. 



Together, these approaches create a digital life that children own, not one they merely react to.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-phone-bans-fail-without-support">Phone bans fail without support</h2>



While promising, these shifts won’t come easy. Many schools still prioritize test scores over emotional education. Teachers may lack training or time to co-design meaningful lessons with students. 



Parents often struggle to relate, drawing on their own memories rather than current realities. They may set rules based on fear, not on trust or learning.



That’s why professional support and accessible guidance are essential. Policymakers, educators, and families need reliable tools to build environments where children’s digital skills can thrive.



And yes, the tech industry must change. Profit can no longer come at the expense of childhood. Until laws reflect that priority, children will remain unprotected in a system not built for them.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-empowerment-over-elimination">Empowerment over elimination</h2>



“Ultimately, there is a need to shift debates, policies, and practices from a sole focus on restricting smartphone and social media access toward an emphasis on nurturing children’s skills for healthy technology use,” the authors conclude.



Bans might offer adults a sense of control, but they don’t prepare children for the realities of life. What truly helps is guidance, consistent education, and digital spaces built with care. Strong laws and thoughtful design play a vital role.



The goal is not to disconnect children from the digital world, but to help them grow within it - safely and confidently.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.bmj.com/content/388/bmj-2024-082569" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The BMJ</a>.



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Phone bans don't help children learn to navigate the digital world

Children are growing up surrounded by screens, apps, and constant...

A new long-term study indicates that children who spend more time on screens during their early years - particularly on phones and tablets - experience higher levels of stress and depressive symptoms once they enter adolescence.&nbsp;



The eight-year study offers fresh insights for parents deciding when and how to give their kids digital access, especially given the rising <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mental-health-crisis-half-of-the-worlds-population-will-be-affected-by-age-75/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mental health</a> challenges among the youth.



According to the experts, between one-quarter and one-third of adolescents worldwide experience mental health issues, with first symptoms usually appearing during the teenage years.&nbsp;



The researchers see their findings as additional evidence that parents might want to limit screen time and encourage active play, since cultivating certain habits early may serve as a buffer against future psychological distress.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-screens-and-teen-health">Screens and teen health</h2>



Scientists drew data from the Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children (<a href="https://www.panicstudy.fi/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PANIC</a>) study, a project that tracked 187 Finnish children aged between 6 and 9 years until they were 15 to16. 



Over the course of eight years, the team monitored the participants’ <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fitness-focused-medicine-physical-activity-reduces-chronic-disease-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">physical activity</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/too-much-screen-time-is-making-teens-anxious/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">screen time</a>, sleep patterns, and eating behaviors. 



Then, as teenagers, those same participants were assessed for mental health using standardized measures of stress and depressive symptoms.



The findings revealed that teens who accumulated more total screen time, specifically on mobile devices, ended up showing significantly higher levels of stress and depression.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-physical-activity">The role of physical activity</h2>



Encouragingly, a high level of physical activity during childhood proved to have the opposite effect. 



Teens who remained active - particularly in structured or supervised settings - demonstrated stronger mental health outcomes, even after accounting for factors like body composition, puberty stage, and parents’ educational background.&nbsp;



This trend was more pronounced among boys, who seemed to derive a greater protective effect against stress from exercise than girls.



Meanwhile, diet quality and sleep duration did not show notable links to teen mental health in this research. 



While this does not rule out their importance for overall well-being, it suggests that daily movement and minimized screen time may have more pronounced effects when it comes to adolescent stress and depression levels.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-interventions-for-screen-habits">Early interventions for screen habits</h2>



For those wary of introducing personal devices too early, the study’s conclusion is clear: childhood screen behavior can echo into the teenage years, shaping emotional health. 



Researchers especially emphasize caution with mobile device use. 



Balanced approaches appear to matter most. Kids who paired more screen time with lower physical activity ended up with the worst mental health outcomes.&nbsp;



This highlights that focusing on just one of these factors - reducing screen time or encouraging regular exercise - may be less effective than addressing both simultaneously.



The authors also point out that supervised physical activities, such as team sports, can have particularly strong benefits. 



This could fuel arguments for policies that increase children’s access to organized athletics, either through schools or community programs. 



The study further indicates that mental health professionals should consider making routine inquiries about technology habits as part of early interventions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-shifting-technological-landscape">A shifting technological landscape</h2>



While the study results are not strictly causal, they highlight the power of everyday choices in shaping long-term psychological outcomes. 



Given how quickly technology evolves, the authors warn that this knowledge becomes more and more urgent. 



Social media platforms and mobile games continue to expand, and children are exposed to smartphones at younger ages, making it crucial to recognize how these patterns might affect their mental well-being.



Notably, the study concluded before the recent explosion in newer social media apps, so the current generation may see even more negative consequences of their digital consumption.&nbsp;



That said, the fundamental takeaway - that more screens plus less physical activity predicts a rougher mental health path - likely remains valid.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-research-limitations-and-future-directions">Research limitations and future directions</h2>



While the study’s eight-year timeframe offers valuable longitudinal data, the final sample of 187 adolescents is small. Many participants dropped out midway, so the final group may not be entirely representative.&nbsp;



Also, while the researchers tracked overall screen time, they did not distinguish between different types of screen exposure or social media content. Future studies might look at which specific apps or games pose the highest risks.



The research also measured sleep duration but not <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-quality-is-determined-by-daily-activities/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep quality</a>, leaving open questions about how nighttime device use might undermine rest and, in turn, mental health.&nbsp;



Most notably, the authors highlight that the data cannot prove that one factor directly causes the other. It’s possible, for instance, that children already prone to stress or depression might gravitate more toward screen usage.



Still, as mental health difficulties among younger demographics continue to rise, these findings can guide parents and care providers. 



Ensuring kids stay active may mitigate some of those effects, but the broader message is that habits formed early can shape teens’ emotional landscapes in the years to come.



In essence, the authors advise parents to craft balanced digital environments, offering moderate device access and ample opportunities for physical activity and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-activity-may-delay-the-onset-of-dementia-by-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social engagement</a>.&nbsp;



Full details of the study were published in the <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2830233" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JAMA Network Open</a>.



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Children’s screen time shapes their mental health as teens

A new long-term study indicates that children who spend more...

Chewing gum may be doing more than just freshening your breath. According to a recent study, each piece of gum could be releasing hundreds - or even thousands - of microplastic particles into your mouth.



This means that, along with the minty taste, you might be getting a mouthful of plastic.



These findings come from scientists at the <a href="https://www.ucla.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Los Angeles</a> (UCLA), who recently conducted a pilot study to test how much microplastic can be released during gum chewing. Their goal wasn’t to raise alarm but to shed light on an everyday source of plastic exposure that hasn’t been widely considered.



“Our goal is not to alarm anybody,” said Sanjay Mohanty, the project’s principal investigator and an engineering professor at UCLA.



“Scientists don’t know if microplastics are unsafe to us or not. There are no human trials. But we know we are exposed to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/4200-harmful-plastic-chemicals-hidden-in-everyday-objects/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastics</a> in everyday life, and that’s what we wanted to examine here.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-plastic-than-you-think">More plastic than you think</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-pose-a-greater-threat-to-some-ocean-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microplastics</a> - tiny particles between 1 micrometer and 5 millimeters wide - are found in food, drinks, packaging, clothes, and even the air we breathe. But chewing gum, despite being so common, hasn't received much attention as a source.



Gum is typically made from a rubbery base, along with sweeteners and flavorings. Some gums use synthetic rubber made from petroleum-based plastics. Others use natural bases like tree sap.



The UCLA team wanted to see if chewing either kind would release microplastics.



“Our initial hypothesis was that the synthetic gums would have a lot more microplastics because the base is a type of plastic,” explained Lisa Lowe, a graduate student at UCLA and the study’s presenter.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-tests-were-done">How the tests were done</h2>



The researchers picked ten different chewing gum brands - five synthetic and five natural. To limit variables, all seven samples of each gum brand were chewed by the same person.



In one test, the person chewed each piece for four minutes, pausing every 30 seconds to produce saliva samples. After that, a mouth rinse was added to the sample.



In another test, they collected saliva every few minutes for up to 20 minutes. The samples were examined under a microscope and through spectroscopy to detect and identify <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastic-particles-found-in-99-of-tested-seafood-samples/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic particles</a>.



On average, each gram of gum released about 100 microplastic particles. Some pieces released as many as 600 particles per gram. 



Since most pieces of gum weigh between two and six grams, a large piece could release up to 3,000 microplastics while it is being chewed. And with the average person chewing 160 to 180 pieces per year, that could add up to around 30,000 ingested plastic particles annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-not-just-synthetic-gums">Not just synthetic gums</h2>



“Surprisingly, both synthetic and natural gums had similar amounts of microplastics released when we chewed them,” said Lowe.



Both types contained the same kinds of plastic - polyolefins, polyethylene terephthalates, polyacrylamides, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastics-can-be-passed-from-mothers-to-unborn-babies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">polystyrene</a>. The most common of these were polyolefins, which include common plastics like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-found-in-the-human-blood-for-the-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">polyethylene</a> and polypropylene.



Most of the microplastics were released during the first two minutes of chewing. But this wasn’t because of enzymes breaking things down. It was simply due to the abrasive motion of chewing.



“The plastic released into saliva is a small fraction of the plastic that’s in the gum,” says Mohanty.



In fact, by the eight-minute mark, 94% of the detectable plastic particles had already been released.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-can-you-do-about-it">What can you do about it?</h2>



While the study only tracked plastic particles 20 micrometers or larger due to equipment limits, it's possible that even smaller particles went undetected. These could include nano-sized plastics, which may be more easily absorbed by the body. 



More research will be needed to understand the presence and potential health impacts of the nanoparticles.



If you’re concerned, chewing a single piece of gum for longer rather than popping in several for a short chew may help reduce your exposure.



Aside from the potential health concerns, improperly discarded gum also adds to plastic pollution in the environment. “So, be mindful about the environment and don’t just throw it outside or stick it to a gum wall,” said Mohanty.



Next time you reach for a stick of gum, remember that how you chew it and how you dispose of it could matter more than you think.



Details of <a href="https://acs.digitellinc.com/p/s/chewing-gums-unintended-sources-of-ingested-microplastics-in-humans-618916">the study</a> will be presented at the spring meeting of the American Chemical Society.



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Your chewing gum may be full of microplastics

Chewing gum may be doing more than just freshening your...

In the fight against obesity and related health issues, attention is often focused on the nutritional content of meals or total calorie intake. Yet new research in Japan suggests that how we eat - particularly the pace at which we chew and swallow - could play a significant role in regulating food consumption and potentially combating obesity.&nbsp;



Led by professor Katsumi Iizuka from <a href="https://www.fujita-hu.ac.jp/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fujita Health University</a>, the team’s work sheds light on straightforward methods for slowing meal duration that might help people consume less food overall.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rethinking-eating-habits">Rethinking eating habits</h2>



Though numerous studies have underscored the link between slower eating and reduced <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/breaking-free-from-ultra-processed-foods-the-surprising-health-benefits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food intake</a>, Japan-specific evidence on how best to slow eating has been limited.&nbsp;



“While nutritional science is often concerned with food metabolism and absorption and dietary content, there’s limited evidence in Japan on dietary behavior that connects the two,” Iizuka said.



The researchers set out to explore factors influencing meal duration and eating behavior, from sex differences to chewing patterns and the potential impact of external rhythmic stimuli - namely, metronome beats or music that might prompt people to chew more slowly.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-closer-look-at-meal-duration">A closer look at meal duration</h2>



The study involved 33 healthy adults between the ages of 20 and 65 who were asked to eat slices of pizza under a range of experimental scenarios.&nbsp;



The scientists recorded each participant’s meal duration, their number of chews and bites, and the speed at which they chewed. In some trials, participants listened to a slow metronome of about 40 beats per minute, while in others, they ate in silence.



When analyzing these data, several notable results emerged. First, the researchers found that there were sizable differences between men and women in how quickly they finished eating. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eating-habits-across-genders">Eating habits across genders </h2>



Women generally took longer on average to finish a slice (about 87 seconds) than men (about 63 seconds), and they tended to chew and bite more often (107 chews and 4.5 bites, compared with men’s 80 chews and 2.1 bites). However, both sexes had similar “chewing tempos” - that is, they chewed at roughly the same rate.



Once the researchers accounted for these sex-related differences, they observed that how long people took to finish a slice of pizza strongly correlated with how many chews and bites they performed. By contrast, body mass index (BMI) and chewing tempo had no direct tie to total meal duration.



Perhaps most striking, the team found that having participants listen to a slow metronome beat significantly increased their mealtime. This means that rhythmic cues could effectively encourage people to consume food more slowly.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-switching-up-eating-habits">Switching up eating habits</h2>



From these results, the research team proposes several strategies for extending mealtime.&nbsp;



First, increasing the number of chews per bite can lengthen the period spent eating. Next, taking smaller bites can raise the overall count of bites and therefore slow down consumption.&nbsp;



Finally, introducing slow, rhythmic cues in the environment - like calm music or deliberate metronome beats - may further encourage diners to reduce their eating pace.



“These are easy, money-saving measures that can be started right away to help prevent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-is-obesity-difficult-to-reverse-it-starts-in-the-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">obesity</a>,” said Iizuka, emphasizing that these tactics do not require special technology or major expense.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-combating-obesity">Implications for combating obesity</h2>



Given the worrying rise in obesity worldwide, these findings may prove valuable for policymakers and public health practitioners.&nbsp;



The study demonstrates that practical, no-cost interventions focusing on how we eat might complement more conventional approaches, such as dieting and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/evening-exercise-can-reduce-major-health-risks-of-obesity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exercise</a>. 



“Incorporating the proposed eating behavior into school lunches and other programs can lead to the prevention of future diseases related to obesity,” Iizuka noted.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-combining-exercise-and-slower-eating">Combining exercise and slower eating</h2>



While this particular experiment relied on pizza as the test food, future research will likely extend to different cuisines and contexts to see if the principle holds. 



If so, meal duration could join the ranks of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-almonds-can-help-you-cut-calories/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">calorie</a> control and balanced diets as a key point of emphasis in anti-obesity campaigns.



Additionally, the findings suggest a certain synergy between higher physical activity and slower eating as well.&nbsp;



Though the study itself did not measure physical activity, prior research indicates that combining mindful eating habits with regular exercise can be more effective than tackling these issues separately.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



No single study can resolve all questions, and the researchers acknowledge that further investigation is needed. More work could explore the effect of different food textures on chew rates, how cultural eating norms shape mealtime pacing, and whether long-term interventions focusing on slow eating can achieve lasting behavioral change.



Though the study did not find that BMI directly affects meal duration, it provides significant evidence that how people eat might alter how much they ultimately consume.&nbsp;



By urging people to chew more thoroughly, take smaller bites, or dine with calm, slow rhythms in the background, we may be able to gently nudge better habits without relying on dramatic diets or expensive gadgets.



Ultimately, this research delivers promising clues that our daily routines - such as the bite-by-bite process of eating - can be leveraged in combating obesity. 



By helping people develop an increased awareness of their meal speed and offering simple environmental tweaks, we can hope to reduce unnecessary caloric intake and pave the way for a healthier population.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu17060962" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nutrients</a>.



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Simple eating habit may be key to weight management

In the fight against obesity and related health issues, attention...

You might already know that salty food affects your blood pressure. But a new study suggests it could be doing something far more surprising - it might be changing how you feel. Scientists have now linked high salt intake to depression-like behavior, revealing a new immune mechanism that connects the gut, the brain, and mood.



The study, led by researchers from <a href="https://english.njmu.edu.cn" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nanjing Medical University</a> explored how excess salt changes the immune system in ways that alter brain function and behavior.



The findings are built on years of clinical observations that hinted at a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-with-chronic-pain-have-high-rates-of-depression-and-anxiety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">connection</a> between high-sodium diets and worsening mental health. Now, there is experimental evidence to back it.



“This work supports dietary interventions, such as salt reduction, as a preventive measure for mental illness. It also paves the way for novel therapeutic strategies targeting IL-17A to treat depression,” said Dr. Xiaojun Chen, the study's lead researcher.



“We hope these findings encourage discussions on salt consumption guidelines.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-salt-leads-to-depression">How salt leads to depression</h2>



The researchers noticed that mice on a high-salt diet for five weeks showed less curiosity and more inactivity. These behaviors resembled those seen in standard stress-based models of depression. 



Mice with high salt intake also showed elevated IL-17A levels in the spleen, blood, and brain - especially the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.



IL-17A was not just present; it was active. In mice lacking the RORγt gene - a gene required for IL-17A production - these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stress-related-brain-inflammation-linked-to-depression/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">depressive symptoms</a> did not appear. This points to a direct causal link between IL-17A and mood changes triggered by salt.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-special-immune-cells-trigger-mood-changes">Special immune cells trigger mood changes</h2>



The research also pinpointed γδT17 cells as the key producers of IL-17A. These cells made up nearly 40% of IL-17A producers in the spleen, blood, and brain. Their activity increased in the high-salt group, but the total number of γδT cells stayed the same. Instead, the shift was in their function, not quantity.



Specifically, HSD triggered γδT cells to become hyperactive IL-17A producers, marked by higher CD44 expression and a tilt toward the Vγ4 subtype. These cells likely carry out the salt-triggered immune attack on the brain, altering <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/psilocybin-therapy-offers-hope-for-millions-with-depression/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mood and behavior</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-blocking-salt-linked-cells-eases-depression">Blocking salt-linked cells eases depression</h2>



To investigate further, scientists treated mice with antibodies that deplete γδT cells. This lowered IL-17A levels and reversed depression-like behavior. The mice explored more and spent less time immobile in behavioral tests. These results highlight γδT17 cells as potential drug targets.



Interestingly, combining salt with restraint stress did not worsen depression in the same way. This suggests that salt may trigger a different biological route to depression than psychological stress.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-salt-alters-immunity-and-metabolism">Salt alters immunity and metabolism</h2>



The team also proposed two possible molecular pathways. First, HSD may activate the p38/MAPK pathway in γδT cells, increasing IL-17A output. 



Second, salt might raise IL-1β levels in macrophages. IL-1β is a known driver of IL-17 production. Both routes could explain how salt tweaks immune function and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/millions-of-americans-have-lost-years-of-time-to-poor-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mood</a>.



Salt also affects how immune cells make energy. By shifting cells from mitochondrial respiration to glycolysis, HSD reprograms how immune cells behave. These metabolic shifts might further activate γδT17 cells, linking diet and mood through immune cell energy use.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-this-means-for-mental-health">What this means for mental health</h2>



Major depressive disorder is already a leading cause of disability and death. Its ties to other diseases, like cancer and autoimmune conditions, make it an urgent health issue. Treatments that target immune signals, especially IL-17A, could provide new hope.



The research confirms what some clinical data hinted at: high salt worsens depression, while low sodium intake improves mood. Dietary advice could now go beyond blood pressure and heart health. It may become a mental health intervention too.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-next-steps-and-broader-impacts">Next steps and broader impacts</h2>



The researchers will now try to validate these results in human studies. 



If confirmed, simple dietary changes could lower depression risk. Drugs that block IL-17A or deactivate γδT cells might also help people with salt-sensitive mood disorders.



This study not only challenges how we view diet and mood but also shows how tightly the immune system and brain work together. What we eat might shape how we feel - cell by cell, molecule by molecule.



The study is published in <a href="https://academic.oup.com/jimmunol/advance-article/doi/10.1093/jimmun/vkaf019/8090296?login=false" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Journal of Immunology</a>. 



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Eating too much salt may contribute to depression

You might already know that salty food affects your blood...

In many Western countries today, the number of dogs is increasing, but the number of children is not. This striking shift raises big questions. Are people choosing dogs instead of kids? Or is something deeper going on?



Professor Enikő Kubinyi from <a href="https://www.elte.hu/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eötvös Loránd University</a> believes she has found the answer. Her theory connects the rise of dog ownership to falling birth rates - but not in a simple, cause-and-effect way.



Kubinyi explains that many see their dogs not just as pets, but as full <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/national-puppy-day-2025-where-happiness-meets-responsibility/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">family members</a>. Some even place their relationships with their dogs above those that they have with humans.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dogs-as-emotional-anchors">Dogs as emotional anchors</h2>



Recent surveys in Hungary show a surprising trend. Nineteen percent of childless adults, and ten percent of parents, value their dog more than any human.



Kubinyi’s theory explores why this emotional shift is happening.



"Some say dogs are the new children, while others find this idea outrageous. Pope Francis, for example, has called it selfish for childless people to pamper pets," noted Kubinyi.



She points to studies suggesting that dog owners often feel more negatively about motherhood. Some mothers with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lost-in-translation-how-we-misread-our-dogs-emotions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a> feel parenting becomes more burdensome, reducing their desire for more children. In some cases, dogs even create distance in romantic relationships.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dogs-as-a-step-before-having-a-child">Dogs as a step before having a child</h2>



But the picture isn’t one-sided. Kubinyi highlights another argument: dog ownership may actually support family life.



"Families with children are more likely to own dogs, and some couples see their pet as a 'practice child,' a preparatory step toward starting a family. Women also tend to find men with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-focus-more-when-humans-use-eye-contact-and-gestures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a> more attractive, which could increase the chances of fatherhood."



In this view, dogs don’t replace children. They support and sometimes lead to parenthood.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dogs-build-social-ties-too">Dogs build social ties too</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-and-dogs-share-genes-linked-to-obesity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dog ownership</a> doesn’t just affect families. It also shapes social life. Dog walking often leads to more human interaction. 



Kubinyi explains that dogs serve as "social glue" in modern life. They help build relationships.



But there’s a flip side. If someone&nbsp;leans only on dogs for emotional needs,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1558787820300356" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">behavior issues</a> like barking or aggression can isolate them further, instead of connecting them to other people.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-emotional-bonds-now-shift-to-dogs">Emotional bonds now shift to dogs</h2>



"The number of children is not declining because the number of dogs is increasing, but the same trend lies behind both phenomena: the transformation of social networks," said Kubinyi.



She calls this the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.x-mol.com/paper/1900939840006262784">companion dog runaway theory</a>.&nbsp;It ties the rise of dog ownership to both biology and culture.&nbsp;Humans have an innate need to care and connect.&nbsp;When bonds between humans weaken, these instincts shift to dogs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-changed-in-society">What changed in society?</h2>



Nearly 90% of Hungarian adults don’t spend even an hour a week with children. That’s unusual for a species built around cooperative childcare.



Kubinyi points out that modern support networks have eroded. People feel alone. Some have lost faith in human relationships altogether. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rewards-of-dog-ownership-outweigh-the-challenges/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dogs</a> that offer loyalty and comfort fill that space.



Cultural shifts support this trend.&nbsp;Memes joke about dog-parent life, and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1558787824000819" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pet businesses are booming</a>. People call themselves "dog moms" and "dog dads." These aren’t just trends - they reflect emotional truths.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dogs-are-treated-like-children">Dogs are treated like children</h2>



Dogs aren’t just pets anymore. For many, they’re the most important companion a person has. Their loyalty, shaped by thousands of years beside humans, fits perfectly in the role of substitute family.



Even breeding reflects this change.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/flat-faced-dogs-have-childlike-traits-that-humans-cannot-resist/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Small, baby-faced dogs</a> are now wildly popular. Their “cuteness” triggers our nurturing instincts. But these breeds also suffer from many health issues. Owners care for them intensely - and feel deeply needed.



Sometimes, though, over-caring causes confusion and behavior problems. Dogs have needs, but they aren’t children. Misreading these needs can cause stress - for both pet and owner.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-people-substitute-caregivers-with-dogs">People substitute caregivers with dogs</h2>



"The changing role of dog ownership suggests that people in Western societies experience a significant lack of caregiving and social support - and they try to compensate for this, at least in part, with dogs and likely cats as well," said Kubinyi.



She urges stronger support systems for families and better ways to fight loneliness. Dog ownership should help people connect - not push them further apart.



Other experts agree. Researcher Hal Herzog refers to Kubinyi’s theory as "an important new perspective" on how dogs fit into our social and emotional world.



In the end, keeping dogs reflects our deepest human needs - for love, connection, and care.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09637214251318284" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Directions in Psychological Science</a>.



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Are dogs replacing children? How modern society is changing

In many Western countries today, the number of dogs is...

Have you ever noticed how memories from the same day seem to blend together, while events that happened weeks apart feel like they exist in totally separate mental files? 



A new study sheds light on why this happens - and it’s not because of what’s happening in the main body of brain cells. Instead, the secret lies in the tiny branches called dendrites.



In a recent study, scientists from <a href="https://www.osu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Ohio State University</a> used advanced imaging tools, including miniaturized microscopes, to track how mice formed memories in real time. 



The team focused on a lesser-known part of the brain cell - dendrites, the slender projections that stretch out from neurons. These branches are known for receiving information, but they’re much more active than previously thought.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-small-branches-big-role">Small branches, big role</h2>



The researchers zeroed in on the retrosplenial cortex (RSC), a brain area involved in spatial and contextual memory.



When mice were introduced to two different environments close together in time, something remarkable happened: the memories of those places became linked. 



If the mice were later given a small shock in just one of the environments, they reacted with fear in both. Their brains treated the two places as connected - even though only one was associated with the unpleasant experience.



“If you think of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/first-complete-map-of-every-neuron-in-the-brain-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">neuron</a> as a computer, dendrites are like tiny computers inside it, each performing its own calculations,” said study lead author Megha Sehgal.



“This discovery shows that our brains can link information arriving close in time to the same dendritic location, expanding our understanding of how memories are organized.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-communication-between-neurons">Communication between neurons </h2>



The researchers studied how dendrites change during the process of learning and storing information. On the surface of these branches are small bumps called spines - tiny hubs where communication between neurons happens.



When a new memory was formed, they saw clusters of these spines pop up. Then, if another memory formed shortly after, those same spots were more likely to attract additional spines.



This physical clustering of connections appears to be how the brain binds related <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/we-often-undervalue-the-most-meaningful-experiences-in-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">experiences</a> together.



“The idea is that we don’t form memories in isolation. You don’t form a single memory. You use that memory, make a framework of memories, and then pull from that framework when you need to make adaptive decisions,” said Sehgal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-role-of-dendrites">Critical role of dendrites</h2>



To test whether these dendritic branches were really causing the linking effect, the team used a method called optogenetics. This technique lets scientists control <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mixed-emotions-linked-to-unique-brain-activity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain activity</a> using light. 



The experts reactivated the exact dendritic branches that had been used during one memory and found that doing so could link it to another, unrelated memory.



This confirmed the critical role that dendrites play in how memories are joined together in our brains.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-memory-related-disorders">Understanding memory-related disorders</h2>



This discovery not only changes how we think about memory - it also opens the door to new ways of understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dementia-was-extremely-rare-in-ancient-times-so-why-is-it-now-so-prevalent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">memory-related disorders</a>.



If scientists can learn to influence how dendrites work, they may be able to treat conditions where memory formation or linking is impaired.



“Our work not only expands our understanding of how memories are formed but also suggests exciting new possibilities for manipulating higher order memory processes,” said Sehgal. “This could have implications for developing therapies for memory-related conditions such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stopping-alzheimers-before-it-starts-early-treatment-shows-potential/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer’s disease</a>.”



The research marks an important step in decoding the physical structure of memory -and it all starts with the tiny, busy branches inside each brain cell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rethinking-memory-storage">Rethinking memory storage</h2>



This study encourages us to rethink how we view memory storage. Instead of seeing each experience as a separate snapshot, it may be more accurate to picture them as parts of a timeline - physically tied together through shared dendritic changes.



This could explain why certain days feel like a continuous stream of events, while others stand alone. 



The findings also suggest that how we mentally group events may depend more on timing than emotional weight. 



With a clearer picture of how the brain organizes information, scientists can better understand what happens when that system begins to fail, such as in age-related cognitive decline.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-025-01876-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Neuroscience</a>.



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Why memories close in time feel connected

Have you ever noticed how memories from the same day...

In every classroom, on every street, there are teenagers quietly battling depression. It’s a growing crisis, one that does not treat everyone equally. Around the world, depression strikes women twice as often as men. 



This disparity begins not in adulthood but during adolescence. While hormones, social pressure, and life events all play roles, new science is pointing to something deeper - something biological.



A new study published in&nbsp;Biological Psychiatry&nbsp;explores how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-with-chronic-pain-have-high-rates-of-depression-and-anxiety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain chemistry</a> may drive this gender divide. It focuses on a lesser-known series of chemical reactions in the brain called the "kynurenine pathway."



This pathway has long been studied in adults with depression, but for the first time, scientists have turned their attention to teenagers. The goal was to find out whether differences in this brain chemistry could explain why depression takes root more strongly in adolescent girls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biological-drivers-for-depression">Biological drivers for depression </h2>



Tryptophan breaks into two key products. Kynurenic acid protects the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stress-related-brain-inflammation-linked-to-depression/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain</a>. Quinolinic acid harms it. These chemicals may influence how depression develops. 



The researchers focused on this pathway in teenagers, examining how these brain chemicals differ between boys and girls.​



“Adolescence is a time when many <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-adult-depression-linked-to-worse-memory-skills/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">changes occur in the brain</a> and body but we still know very little about the possible biological drivers for depression and how this might affect the difference between teenage boys and girls,“ said Professor Valeria Mondelli from King’s IoPPN.



“Our study indicates the ‘kynurenine pathway’ plays a role in development of depression during the teenage years which may help us to understand why there is a higher incidence amongst girls."



“During adolescence there are a wide range of social and individual factors that influence mental health and by identifying the biological pathways involved we hope we can help build a clearer picture of how we can help teenagers manage depression.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-teen-girls-with-a-chemical-imbalance">Teen girls with a chemical imbalance </h2>



The teenagers, aged between 14 and 16, were placed into three distinct groups based on their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/teens-with-problematic-smartphone-use-suffer-from-depression/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mental health</a> profiles: those with low risk of depression, those considered high risk, and those already diagnosed with depression. 



Each group included 50 adolescents, with an equal number of boys and girls. To determine risk levels, the researchers used an assessment developed as part of the IDEA project, which evaluates various psychological and social factors.



The participants were then tracked over a period of three years to observe whether their symptoms improved or remained.



The findings revealed that teens with a high risk of depression or a current diagnosis had lower levels of kynurenic acid, a chemical known to protect the brain. 



This decrease was especially evident among girls, suggesting that an imbalance in the kynurenine pathway may affect them more severely during adolescence.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inflammation-and-its-role-in-depression">Inflammation and its role in depression</h2>



The experts also measured proteins that show inflammation. These markers rise during infection or stress. 



The researchers found high inflammation levels linked to more quinolinic acid. This means inflammation could push the kynurenine pathway toward damage.



This pattern appeared only in high-risk or depressed teens. Low-risk teens did not show the same chemical changes. That points to inflammation as a driver of depression’s deeper roots in the brain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-persistent-depression-in-teen-girls">Persistent depression in teen girls</h2>



Three years later, the researchers checked back in. Girls with ongoing depression had more neurotoxic chemicals in their blood. Those who improved had lower levels, suggesting that a long-term <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/psilocybin-therapy-offers-hope-for-millions-with-depression/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chemical imbalance</a> might slow recovery.



“Our study indicates that the measurement of chemicals involved in the kynurenine pathway could potentially help identify those who at risk of persistent depression, particularly amongst females, as well as inform the approaches we take to providing support,“ said Dr. Naghmeh Nikkheslat, the study’s first author.



“This insight could help develop more targeted support for teenagers with depression through interventions that work in a range of ways on the kynurenine pathway from medication to lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-personalized-support-is-needed">Personalized support is needed</h2>



This research could change how we detect and treat teen depression. Measuring brain-related chemicals may help flag those most at risk. With more data, doctors might offer depression support earlier, especially to girls.



By linking biology to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/millions-of-americans-have-lost-years-of-time-to-poor-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mental health</a>, the study brings new options to the table. It offers hope for more effective, personal care in the teenage years.



Funded by <a href="https://www.mqmentalhealth.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MQ Mental Health Research</a>, the research received support from the <a href="https://www.maudsleybrc.nihr.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre</a>. 



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com/article/S0006-3223(24)01789-X/fulltext" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Biological Psychiatry</a>.



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Why teen girls struggle more with depression

In every classroom, on every street, there are teenagers quietly...

We often think parenting begins after birth - diapers, lullabies, and sleepless nights. But what if a mother’s bond with her baby starts much earlier, long before the baby is born?



A recent study led by Dr. Nora Medina from <a href="https://www.jefferson.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Thomas Jefferson University</a> suggests just that. 



Dr. Medina and her colleagues at the <a href="https://www.uchicago.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Chicago</a> have shed light on how the emotional connection between mother and child during pregnancy lays the groundwork for future relationships.



This work goes beyond traditional research, which often begins after the child is born. By tracing bonds from the prenatal stage, Medina reveals new insight into how early experiences influence <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/moms-health-shapes-how-well-an-embryo-develops/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parenthood</a>. 



Her study focuses on a group often overlooked or misjudged - young, low-income, racially diverse mothers - and highlights their emotional resilience and strength. In doing so, she challenges long-held assumptions about who makes a good parent.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mother-child-bond-begins-before-birth">Mother-child bond begins before birth</h2>



Dr. Medina and her team followed 160 women from pregnancy through their children’s toddler years. The mothers came from racially diverse backgrounds and faced economic challenges. Yet within this group, the researchers discovered powerful stories of connection, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mothers-care-linked-to-the-evolution-of-longer-lifespans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emotion, and care</a>.



Mothers who reported feeling emotionally connected to their babies during pregnancy later had stronger, more positive relationships with them. They interacted with greater sensitivity and warmth. These bonds weren’t fleeting emotions - they predicted lasting patterns in how mothers related to their toddlers over time.



On the other hand, mothers who had difficult experiences with their own parents struggled more to connect prenatally. 



These women often expressed frustration and anger in their early <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-chili-during-pregnancy-may-actually-be-a-good-idea/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parenting</a>. The study reveals how cycles of emotional distance can repeat — but also how they can be identified and changed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bonding-shapes-how-motherhood-begins">Bonding shapes how motherhood begins</h2>



Most parenting studies begin after childbirth. They examine how parents behave, what support systems they use, and how children respond. But Medina’s work shifts that focus to pregnancy itself - a time often treated as purely medical.



Her research fills a critical gap. The prenatal period isn’t just about physical development. It’s also an emotional window, where a parent begins forming their sense of identity and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/all-of-your-energy-comes-from-mom-not-dad/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">connection</a>. 



When that early bond feels strong, it can shape everything that comes after - from how a mother soothes her baby to how she sees herself in the role of a parent.



These findings suggest we need to rethink when parenting really begins. Pregnancy isn’t just preparation - it’s the beginning of a relationship.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-young-mothers-can-build-strong-early-bonds">Young mothers can build strong early bonds</h2>



In addition to emotional insights, Dr. Medina’s study takes on harmful cultural stereotypes. Young, low-income mothers often carry the burden of negative assumptions. They are seen as disengaged or incapable. Medina wanted to counter that image with data from real lives.



“Parenting is challenging, and young, low-income mothers face additional stressors,” said Dr. Medina. “I focused on studying mother-infant relationships within this population to produce findings that may inform parenting support programs more closely aligned with the lived experiences of young, low-income mothers.”



The results contradict common misconceptions. The majority of participants reported strong prenatal connections. They continued to show care, attentiveness, and love as their children grew. 



This group, often painted in broad and negative strokes, revealed themselves as thoughtful, emotionally aware parents - navigating hardship with strength.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-support-and-the-mother-baby-bond">Early support and the mother-baby bond</h2>



Dr. Medina believes our systems need to support mothers earlier in the journey. Too often, interventions wait until problems appear. Instead, she proposes we begin during pregnancy, when emotional connections are forming.



Dr. Medina suggests that support to promote strong parent-child relationships should begin during pregnancy. Interventions should help young mothers explore their past relationship experiences and recognize how they shape their expectations of parenthood. 



Programs that incorporate perinatal social workers or doulas could help facilitate these discussions and encourage healthier attachment patterns.



Support during pregnancy allows mothers to reflect on their own emotional histories. It also helps them build a sense of confidence and preparedness. 



Early conversations about relationships, expectations, and past trauma can have lasting effects on parenting style and connection.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-access-remains-the-greatest-challenge">Access remains the greatest challenge</h2>



While the research offers clear solutions, one problem remains - access. Despite the promising insights, Dr. Medina says funding remains a key barrier to accessibility of such support programs.



Moving forward, she hopes to further investigate how familial and community-based support can help strengthen early mother-child bonds and improve long-term outcomes for young mothers and their children.



Her hope lies in community support networks - systems already embedded in many families’ lives. These local connections may offer flexible, culturally grounded ways to support young mothers. 



Medina’s future research will explore how family structures and neighborhood ties can reinforce early attachment.



Dr. Medina’s study invites us to expand our understanding of what it means to parent. Parenthood doesn’t begin with birth - it begins with emotion, intention, and connection. Her work reminds us that even in challenging circumstances, strong relationships can take root early.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/imhj.22162" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Infant Mental Health Journal Infancy and Early Childhood</a>.



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Mothers start bonding with their baby before delivery

We often think parenting begins after birth - diapers, lullabies,...

Why is a good night’s sleep so crucial for a sharp memory? A team of neuroscientists has taken a major step toward answering this question.&nbsp;



By monitoring brain activity in rats for up to 20 hours after a learning task, they discovered that sleep reorganizes neural patterns in a way that helps memories take hold and prepares the brain for new information.&nbsp;



The study, led by researchers from the <a href="https://ista.ac.at/en/home/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute of Science and Technology Austria</a> (ISTA), offers new insights into how the brain engraves long-term memories during times of rest.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monitoring-brain-cell-activity-during-sleep">Monitoring brain cell activity during sleep</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-is-essential-for-memory-formation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sleep</a>’s role in helping animals remember things - like where food is hidden - has long been known. But scientists still don’t fully understand how this happens at the neuronal level.&nbsp;



To investigate, the ISTA team focused on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chimpanzees-have-remarkable-spatial-memory-and-sense-of-direction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spatial memory</a>, by training rats to locate food rewards in a maze while recording brain activity using a wireless system.&nbsp;



The setup allowed them to monitor hippocampal neurons, which play a key role in spatial navigation and learning, for up to 20 continuous hours of sleep following the task.



“We showed that the neuronal assemblies in the early stages of sleep reflect recently learned spatial memories. However, as sleep progresses, neuronal activity patterns gradually transform into those seen later, when the rats awaken and remember the locations of their food rewards,” explained Professor Jozsef Csicsvari, the senior author of the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-hippocampus-as-a-map-maker">The hippocampus as a map maker</h2>



Earlier research has shown that the hippocampus creates internal “maps” of an animal’s environment by firing specific neurons at specific locations. These mental maps are updated during learning and become especially focused around important activities, like where food is found.&nbsp;



The hippocampus continues to play a vital role during sleep by replaying memory traces, a process called reactivation.



Previous work by the Csicsvari group showed that the more frequently the hippocampus reactivated a reward location during sleep, the better the animal remembered it later. When this replay was blocked, the rats struggled to recall the location - suggesting that reactivation is key to cementing memory.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-memory-patterns-shift-during-sleep">Memory patterns shift during sleep</h2>



Until now, such studies were limited to short sleep sessions lasting just a few hours. In the new study, the team extended the recordings to cover a full overnight sleep.&nbsp;



The extended monitoring revealed a previously unseen phenomenon: memory-related neural patterns shifted gradually during sleep.



“Our findings were unexpected,” said co-first author Lars Bollmann. “We showed that the activity patterns of neurons linked to the reward locations reorganized during the long sleep.”



Initially, when the rats entered sleep, the same neurons that were active during learning remained active, forming what the researchers called a “stable subgroup.”&nbsp;



But as sleep progressed, some of these neurons stopped firing and new neurons took their place. By the end of the sleep period, the firing pattern had evolved to resemble the one seen when the rats successfully remembered the reward locations the next day.



This representational shift occurred specifically during non-REM sleep, the researchers found, while REM sleep seemed to prevent or counteract this reorganization.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-making-room-for-new-memories">Making room for new memories</h2>



What’s the point of this neural reshuffling? The researchers suggest it could be a way for the brain to optimize its memory storage.



“It is possible that memory representations must be formed quickly during <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-learning-how-the-brain-stores-new-information/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">learning</a> but that such representations are not optimal for long-term storage,” Csicsvari explained.&nbsp;



“Therefore, a process may take place in sleep that optimizes these representations to reduce brain resources to store a specific memory.”



In other words, by trimming down the number of neurons needed to represent a particular memory, the brain may free up resources for encoding new experiences.&nbsp;



Supporting this idea, the researchers found that fewer neurons were linked to a given reward location after sleep than before.



“Any new memories must find a way to be integrated into existing knowledge,” Csicsvari adds. “Frequent repetitions of the new memories as well as partial change in the neuronal code may thus help optimize their integration into existing memory representations.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-sleep-and-memory">Understanding sleep and memory</h2>



This study marks a significant advance in understanding how sleep strengthens memory. By showing that the brain reorganizes memory representations over the course of sleep - and by linking these shifts to improved recollection - the research sheds light on one of the most essential functions of sleep.



While the findings come from animal models, they offer promising avenues for future research into human memory and the consequences of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-sex-differences-in-sleep-disorders/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep disorders</a>.&nbsp;



As scientists continue to explore how memories evolve overnight, they may eventually uncover strategies for enhancing learning, supporting brain health, and even treating memory-related conditions.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2025.02.025" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neuron</a>.



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Sleep rewires the brain to strengthen memories

Why is a good night’s sleep so crucial for a...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex
</div></figure>







Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



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What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

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