<p>Mammals are not only good at hearing sounds, they are especially tuned to voices. A new cross-species study compared humans, dogs, and pigs and mapped how fast the brain flags a voice, then sorts out whether it belongs to one of our own.</p>



<p>The researchers recorded tiny pulses of brain activity while participants listened to people, dogs, and pigs, plus everyday noises. The animals were awake, relaxed, and unmedicated, and the sessions used gentle scalp sensors, not implants.</p>



<p>A team from <a href="https://www.elte.hu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eötvös Loránd University</a> (ELU) focused on two questions that cut to the heart of social hearing in mammals. </p>



<p>The first was whether the brain treats vocal sounds as a distinct category, separate from other noises. The second was whether it goes a step further, recognizing and highlighting voices that belong to members of the same species - a process known as conspecific recognition.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-brain-signals-to-sound">Tracking brain signals to sound</h2>



<p>The setup used non-invasive EEG sensors to track the brain’s fast electrical responses to sound. The signal components the team examined are called event-related potentials, and they are well suited for timing how processing unfolds.</p>



<p>Participants heard short clips such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/laughter-makes-the-stress-of-life-feel-less-overwhelming/">laughs</a>, barks, and grunts, alongside non vocal noises like traffic or a closing door. </p>



<p>The recordings let the researchers compare voice versus non-voice processing, then compare same species voices to all other sounds.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-step-brain-response">Two-step brain response</h2>



<p>In humans and pigs, the brain marked any voice very quickly, within about 0.2 seconds after the sound began. </p>



<p>Later, after roughly 0.3 seconds and beyond, all three species showed a second step that tagged same species voices as a special category.</p>



<p>“These patterns were very similar despite the large evolutionary distance between the three species, pointing to shared neural mechanisms that likely predate the divergence of their lineages some 90 million years ago,” said Boglárka Morvai, the study's lead author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dogs-pigs-and-people">Dogs, pigs, and people</h2>



<p>Dogs did not show the early “any voice” signal as clearly as humans and pigs, even though they live closely with people. </p>



<p>They did show the later step that marked dog sounds as different from other sounds, which matches the idea that same species calls matter most for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gut-bacteria-influence-our-social-behavior-and-sense-of-fairness/">social behavior.</a></p>



<p>Pigs showed both steps and did so on a similar time course to people. That pattern strengthens the case that the early voice flag is a general feature of mammal hearing, not a quirk of primates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-voice-areas-in-mammals">Voice areas in mammals</h2>



<p>For two decades, brain imaging in humans has found voice sensitive regions in the superior temporal cortex, often called temporal voice areas. </p>



<p>A comprehensive review outlines how these regions support recognition of who is speaking, what they feel, and how the voice changes over time.</p>



<p>Dogs have their own voice sensitive patches too, and they align in function with human areas when both species listen to vocal sounds.</p>



<p> A comparative paper showed that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lost-in-translation-how-we-misread-our-dogs-emotions/">dog</a> and human brains both devote cortex to processing voices, including sensitivity to emotional tone.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-speed-of-voice-detection">Speed of voice detection</h2>



<p>Past EEG work in people has reported early differences between voice and non-voice sounds on the order of a fifth of a second. </p>



<p>One open access article found effects emerging around 0.164 seconds and peaking near 0.2 seconds on frontotemporal sensors.</p>



<p>These timings line up with the early “any voice” response reported in the recent study. The later same species effect fits with known windows for categorical decisions in auditory cognition.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pig-brains-and-voices">Pig brains and voices</h2>



<p>Pigs are increasingly used in neuroscience because their brains share organizational features with ours. </p>



<p>Recent physiology work has mapped clear auditory event-related responses in healthy piglets using scalp EEG, strengthening their value as a model species.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Finding the early voice flag in pigs suggests that this quick detection step is not limited to primates or carnivores. It likely reflects a basic property of mammalian hearing tuned by social life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-roots-of-voice">Evolutionary roots of voice</h2>



<p>The two-step pattern, first voice detection, then same species sorting, makes evolutionary sense. Fast detection buys time to orient toward a biologically relevant sound, then a later pass adds the social label needed to decide how to react.</p>



<p>If distantly related species share both steps, the underlying circuitry likely traces back to a common ancestor. That is consistent with decades of work showing conserved organization for voice and affect processing across mammals.</p>



<p>All recordings relied on cooperative, awake participation. Dogs and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/selective-breeding-has-dramatically-sped-up-the-evolution-of-pigs/">pigs</a> were measured in calm settings, often near their owners, and no training or sedation was required for them to rest while the sensors recorded.</p>



<p>The protocol emphasizes trust and low stress, which improves data quality and respects the welfare of companion animals. The approach also allows direct comparisons with human EEG.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sorting-same-species-voices">Sorting same-species voices</h2>



<p>Same-species voices carry information about identity, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-identify-the-simple-emotion-that-gives-life-meaning-and-its-not-happiness/">emotion</a>, age, and intent. That richer meaning calls for more processing than a quick voice versus non-voice flag.</p>



<p>The later timing suggests a categorical decision process in which the brain checks acoustic features against learned templates for its own kind. </p>



<p>In humans, that machinery feeds into language, but it operates in social mammals that do not use speech.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-voice-studies">Future of voice studies</h2>



<p>Future studies can add more species and test a wider range of calls to see how acoustic structure shapes the early and late steps. Portable EEG could expand testing into natural settings where animals communicate most.</p>



<p>Combining EEG with imaging can also map the timing onto brain regions, tying the fast electrical signatures to specific circuits. That could clarify how the two steps interact during real world social listening.</p>



<p>Better models of voice processing can guide assistive tech for people with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drugs-may-be-available-to-prevent-hearing-loss/">hearing</a> or language challenges. They can also inform animal welfare by helping us detect stress or need from vocal cues in pets and livestock.</p>



<p>Cross species designs like this one keep us honest about what is uniquely human and what is widely shared. That distinction matters for both neuroscience and ethics.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053811925003581?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>NeuroImage</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Mammals share ancient brain mechanisms for voice recognition

Mammals are not only good at hearing sounds, they are especially tuned to voices. A new cross-species study compared humans, dogs, and pigs and mapped how fast the brain flags a voice, then sorts out whether it belongs to one of our own. The researchers recorded tiny pulses of brain activity while participants listened to people, dogs, and pigs, plus everyday noises. The animals were awake, relaxed, and unmedicated, and the sessions used gentle scalp sensors, not implants. A team from Eötvös Loránd University (ELU) focused on...

<p>While the ozone layer has been successfully healing over the past decades - thanks to international environmental policies like the Montreal Protocol - it is now facing a complex and yet unforeseen challenge.</p>



<p>New research has uncovered a paradoxical impact of large <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/discovery-massive-amounts-of-methane-gas-spews-from-wildfires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildfires</a> on this protective layer of the atmosphere, throwing a fresh spotlight on the complex interaction between natural events and atmospheric dynamics.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-smoke-charged-vortex">The smoke-charged vortex</h2>



<p>In an attempt to understand the impact of wildfires on the ozone layer, the researchers turned their attention to the smoke-charged vortex (SCV). This powerful, smoke-laden whirlpool, formed as a result of wildfires, pulls smoke into the middle <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/space-travel-has-left-a-metal-mark-on-earths-stratosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stratosphere</a>, reaching altitudes up to 35 kilometers.</p>



<p>This phenomenon was observed during the 2019/20 Australian wildfires, which resulted in a staggering increase in stratospheric <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aerosols-have-an-underestimated-effect-on-clouds-and-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aerosols</a>.</p>



<p>"By combining satellite observations with numerical model calculations, we investigated the transport process of the 2019-2020 Australian mega-bushfire to the stratosphere and its impact on aerosol burden and chemistry in the middle stratosphere, focusing on the role of SCVs that have been largely overlooked in the past," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>Study co-author Hang Su, a professor in the <a href="http://www.iap.cas.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute of Atmospheric Physics</a> at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, described the impacts of the smoke-charged vortex.</p>



<p>"This process led to at least a doubling of the aerosol burden in the southern hemisphere’s middle stratosphere. Once reaching such high altitudes, these aerosols initiated a series of chemical reactions at their surface that impacted ozone concentrations," noted Professor Su.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildfire-induced-aerosols-and-the-ozone-layer">Wildfire-induced aerosols and the ozone layer</h2>



<p>These wildfire-induced aerosols seem to be a double-edged sword when it comes to the ozone layer. While they hastened <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ozone-depletion-in-the-arctic-leads-to-weather-anomalies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ozone depletion</a> in the lower stratosphere, they also contributed to an increase in ozone in the middle stratosphere.</p>



<p>Professor Yafang Cheng, a study co-author from the <a href="https://www.mpic.de/2285/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Max Planck Institute for Chemistry</a>, elaborated on the implications of this phenomenon.</p>



<p>"Our study uncovers a mechanism by which absorbing aerosols in wildfire smoke, such as black carbon, can induce and sustain enormous smoke-charged vortices spanning thousands of kilometers, fundamentally changing the stratospheric circulation," said Professor Chang.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interconnectedness-of-earth-s-systems">Interconnectedness of Earth's systems</h2>



<p>Study first author Dr. Chaoqun Ma, a postdoc researcher in Cheng’s team at the MPIC, expressed his fascination with the interconnectedness of the Earth's systems.</p>



<p>“I love this study because it once again demonstrates how closely different parts of the Earth system are connected," said Dr. Ma.</p>



<p>"Smoke from a forest fire can significantly change the wind and circulation tens of kilometers above the ground, which allows the smoke to modify the ozone layer, influencing life on our planet.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increasingly-intense-wildfires">Increasingly intense wildfires </h2>



<p>The ozone layer's role is critical for shielding all life forms on Earth from harmful <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctic-ozone-hole-exposes-wildlife-to-harmful-uv-radiation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UV radiation</a>. </p>



<p>While the Montreal Protocol's success in curbing ozone-depleting substances was a colossal achievement, these new findings pinpoint natural events - intensified by climate change - as additional threats to this crucial atmospheric layer.</p>



<p>With rising temperatures driving an increase in the frequency and intensity of wildfires, the formation of SCVs and their impact on the stratosphere could become more prevalent, posing a potential hazard to the ozone layer.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-the-ozone-layer">Protecting the ozone layer</h2>



<p>The global community has long recognized the importance of protecting the ozone layer. The Montreal Protocol, signed in 1987, is a testament to international cooperation, successfully phasing out the use of many ozone-depleting substances (ODS).</p>



<p>This landmark agreement has led to significant recovery of the ozone layer, with scientists predicting a full restoration by the middle of the 21st century.</p>



<p>However, as new research reveals, natural phenomena like wildfires pose unforeseen challenges that require adaptive strategies. </p>



<p>Governments, scientists, and environmental organizations must continue to work together to address both man-made and natural threats to the ozone layer. This includes monitoring ozone concentrations, regulating emissions that contribute to climate change, and developing innovative solutions to mitigate the impact of wildfires.</p>



<p>Public awareness and education on the importance of the ozone layer are also crucial. Individuals can contribute by supporting policies that aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, making environmentally conscious choices, and by staying informed about the latest scientific findings.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adn3657" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Wildfires threaten the recovery of the ozone layer

While the ozone layer has been successfully healing over the...

<p>The vast and astounding diversity of nature remains largely unexplored, especially when considering the countless species of insects and fungi still unknown to science.</p>



<p>This hidden biodiversity holds secrets that could revolutionize our understanding of ecosystems and offer solutions to some of the world's most pressing environmental challenges.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-racing-against-time">Racing against time </h2>



<p>However, as the alarming rate of nature's loss accelerates due to factors like climate change, habitat destruction, and pollution, researchers find themselves in a race against time. </p>



<p>This race is not merely about cataloging new species; it is about understanding the intricate web of life that sustains our planet, deciphering the complex interactions within ecosystems, and devising effective strategies for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/effective-conservation-efforts-key-to-saving-biodiversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation</a>.</p>



<p>Every undiscovered species represents a potential key to unlocking new knowledge about ecological balance, resilience, and sustainability. </p>



<p>Therefore, the urgency to uncover and study these hidden <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-oldest-organisms-ever-discovered-show-dazzling-diversity-and-complexity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">organisms</a> has never been greater, as the window of opportunity to protect and preserve our planet's rich natural heritage is rapidly closing.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nature-s-secrets-are-in-the-air">Nature's secrets are in the air</h2>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vast-amounts-of-edna-captured-in-air-quality-monitoring-stations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">air</a> we breathe bristles with unimagined possibilities. "Air is a real treasure trove for nature research. It is full of DNA from plants, fungi, bacteria, insects, mammals and other organisms," noted study lead author Nerea Abrego from the <a href="https://www.jyu.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Jyväskylä</a>.</p>



<p>The DNA of these organisms floats around us, creating opportunities for deeper scientific explorations.</p>



<p>Abrego and her team embarked on a study that led to unprecedented knowledge about the world's fungi. They analyzed air samples from around the globe, using DNA sequencing to identify known and unknown fungi.</p>



<p>This research has shed light on the climatic and evolutionary factors that affect the occurrence and seasonal variation of different fungal species.</p>



<p>"Understanding where and when different fungal species thrive, and predicting their fate under ongoing global change is essential," said Abrego.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-era-of-biodiversity-monitoring">A new era of biodiversity monitoring</h2>



<p>Professor Otso Ovaskainen firmly believes in the revolutionary potential of these novel <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/racing-boat-collects-edna-samples-on-a-round-the-world-sailing-competition/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a> sampling techniques, predicting they will dramatically reshape how we monitor and forecast biodiversity.</p>



<p>“There are more than million insect species in the samples already collected, which is many more species than have been described by science so far,” said Professor Ovaskainen. </p>



<p>“The enormous size of the data set makes analysis challenging. We have more than a hundred years of sound, millions of camera trap images, and billions of DNA sequences.”</p>



<p>This vast array of data presents exciting challenges for statistical modeling, bioinformatics and artificial intelligence, as these tools will be critical for accurate forecasting of biodiversity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fungi-key-indicators-of-ecosystem-health">Fungi: Key indicators of ecosystem health</h2>



<p>The implications of the study extend far beyond academic curiosity to practical applications.</p>



<p>Most types of fungi, including boletes, russulas, lichens, bracket fungi, molds, and yeasts, are spread through the air. </p>



<p>“One particularly interesting subject for further research is a more detailed review of the sequences for fungi that are important to humans,” said Abrego. </p>



<p>“These include fungal diseases of humans, crops and production animals, as well as fungi that indicate the progress of the loss of nature and the weakening of natural ecosystem processes.” </p>



<p>Abrego's current project, funded by the Finnish Ministry of the Environment, aims to implement <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-vacuumed-animal-dna-from-a-forest-and-the-results-are-amazing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">air sampling</a> and other novel research methods as part of the Finnish national forest inventory coordinated by the Natural Resources Institute Finland.</p>



<p>The ultimate goal is to provide comprehensive information on natural diversity - especially about the lesser-known fungi and insects - to be used in decision-making processes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fungi-in-urban-environments">Fungi in urban environments</h2>



<p>Urban fungi, which thrive in parks, gardens, and even buildings, play a crucial role in urban ecology. Researchers are now exploring how these fungi interact with urban wildlife and plants, potentially offering natural solutions to pollution and waste management.</p>



<p>Understanding the dynamics of urban fungi can provide insights into maintaining healthier, more resilient urban ecosystems. Moreover, studying fungi in cities can reveal how these organisms adapt to human-made environments, offering clues about their evolutionary flexibility and resilience.</p>



<p>This pioneering work takes us a step closer in our quest to fully understand and preserve the rich biodiversity of our planet. </p>



<p><br>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07658-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Secrets of fungi diversity can be pulled out of thin air

The vast and astounding diversity of nature remains largely unexplored,...

<p>Are you familiar with the exhausting battle millions of people worldwide are fighting against dementia? If so, you'll agree that one of the most pressing challenges they face is <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predicting-the-rate-of-cognitive-decline-in-alzheimers-patients/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">early detection</a> of diseases such as Alzheimer's, where AI can play a crucial role.</p>



<p>A team of <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cambridge</a> scientists has knitted together tech threads to provide a ray of hope in this fight. They've created an artificially intelligent tool for predicting whether people with early dementia signs will develop Alzheimer's disease or remain stable.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-purpose-and-promise-of-the-ai-tool">Purpose and promise of the AI tool</h2>



<p>Did you know that Alzheimer's disease is at the root of 60-80% of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dementia-was-extremely-rare-in-ancient-times-so-why-is-it-now-so-prevalent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dementia cases</a>? The catch is that early detection carries the promise of more effective treatments. </p>



<p>Yet, it's a catch-22 situation: <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predicting-the-rate-of-cognitive-decline-in-alzheimers-patients/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Early diagnosis</a> often hinges on expensive or invasive tests which many memory clinics can't offer. Hence, the grim reality of misdiagnosis or late diagnosis. Enter the AI tool.</p>



<p>The team, led by Professor Zoe Kourtzi from the University of Cambridge's <a href="https://www.psychol.cam.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Department of Psychology</a>, conceived an advanced machine learning model. </p>



<p>According to their research, this model outperforms current clinical diagnostic tools in predicting Alzheimer's progression.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mechanics-of-the-alzheimer-s-ai-tool">Mechanics of the Alzheimer's AI tool</h2>



<p>The ingenious prediction power of this model relies on non-invasive, low-cost patient data. Cognitive tests and structural MRI scans, showing grey matter atrophy from over 400 individuals, provided the backbone for the AI model. </p>



<p>The model didn't stop at <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pupil-size-reveals-hidden-cognitive-fatigue/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">theoretical potential</a>. It confronted real-world conditions, with patient data from a further 600 US cohort participants and longitudinal data from 900 people from UK and Singapore memory clinics.</p>



<p>And how did it fare? With flying colors. The algorithm could tell apart people with stable mild <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lifestyle-choices-in-young-adulthood-impact-cognitive-ability-in-midlife/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive</a> impairment and those progressing to Alzheimer's disease within three years. </p>



<p>The AI tool identified people developing Alzheimer's correctly in 82% of cases and identified those who didn't in 81% of cases from cognitive tests and MRI scans alone.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-accuracy-and-patient-wellbeing">Accuracy and patient wellbeing</h2>



<p>“We’ve created a tool which, despite using only data from cognitive tests and MRI scans, is much more sensitive than current approaches at predicting whether someone will progress from mild symptoms to Alzheimer’s – and if so, whether this progress will be fast or slow," noted Prof. Kourtz.</p>



<p>“This has the potential to significantly improve patient wellbeing, showing us which people need closest care, while removing the anxiety for those patients we predict will remain stable. At a time of intense pressure on healthcare resources, this will also help remove the need for unnecessary invasive and costly diagnostic tests.”</p>



<p>The implications are far-reaching. Significantly reduced misdiagnosis rates, improved patient wellbeing, and avoidance of unnecessary invasive and costly diagnostic tests are all on the table.</p>



<p>The model also proved to be a crystal ball, forecasting the course of Alzheimer's progression in patients. Who would remain stable? Who would slowly progress? And who would deteriorate rapidly? The model could tell, and its predictions rang true when cross-verified with follow-up data over six years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-face-of-ai-for-alzheimer-s">Human face of AI for Alzheimer's</h2>



<p>As Prof. Kourtzi points out, the AI tool shines by being sensitive yet straightforward, using only cognitive tests and MRI scans to predict Alzheimer's progression. </p>



<p>The tool promises to work as a guide, showing which patients need the most care and calming those predicted to remain stable. To those familiar with the intense pressure on healthcare resources, it's a sight for sore eyes.</p>



<p>And there's more. The model distinguishes people who have memory loss symptoms but remain stable. This differentiation, as Prof. Kourtzi points out, helps redirect them to a different clinical pathway since their symptoms may stem from other causes, such as anxiety or depression.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-the-lab">Beyond the lab</h2>



<p>The team's algorithm isn't an ivory-tower innovation. It faced the real-world test with nearly 900 individuals from UK and Singapore memory clinics. And it successfully passed. </p>



<p>“Memory problems are common as we get older. In clinic I see how uncertainty about whether these might be the first signs of dementia can cause a lot of worry for people and their families, as well as being frustrating for doctors who would much prefer to give definitive answers," expressed Dr. Ben Underwood, assistant professor at the Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge.</p>



<p>The fact that we might be able to reduce this uncertainty with information we already have is exciting and is likely to become even more important as new treatments emerge.” </p>



<p>Importantly, the team trained and tested the AI model on routinely-collected data from patients in actual memory clinics. As Prof. Kourtzi underscores, this proves that the model can generalize to a real-world setting.</p>



<p>The team's vision doesn't stop here. They plan to stretch their AI tool to other forms of dementia, such as vascular dementia and frontotemporal dementia, and to integrate different data types, like markers from blood tests. </p>



<p>It's clear: the team's mission to tackle the growing health challenge presented by dementia is just starting to gather steam.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/eclinm/article/PIIS2589-5370(24)00304-3/fulltext" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>EClinicalMedicine</em></a><em>.</em></p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

AI tool is better at predicting Alzheimer’s disease than current tests

Are you familiar with the exhausting battle millions of people...

<p>Can you think of a narcissistic character who etched a profound mark on your memory? Regina George from Mean Girls or Nate Jacobs from Euphoria, perhaps? Teenagers, aren't they? Narcissism can manifest at any age, making these characters unforgettable.</p>



<p>Deftly conducted by researchers from none other than the reputable <a href="https://www.unibe.ch/index_eng.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bern</a>, this intriguing study presents some captivating insights. The seasoned scientist leading the troop was Dr. Ulrich Orth.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-narcissism-and-age">Narcissism and age</h2>



<p>The researchers endeavored to understand if narcissism, a personality trait rather notorious, ebbs, flows, or remains static with age. </p>



<p>Roping in data from an impressive selection of 51 previous studies involving a whopping 37,247 patients between the tender age of eight and a ripe old 77, they examined three different types of narcissism closely - agentic, antagonistic, and neurotic.</p>



<p>Agentic narcissism showers feelings of grandiosity, superiority, and a high need for admiration. </p>



<p>Antagonistic narcissism is characterized by arrogance, entitlement, and low empathy, while neurotic narcissism involves emotional hypersensitivity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-age-factor-shows-a-declining-curve">Age factor shows a declining curve</h2>



<p>The crunch point is here. The team's efforts bore fruit in revealing that all three types of narcissism decline with age. </p>



<p>However, there's a twist in the tale. People's narcissism relative to their peers doesn't significantly metamorphose over time. </p>



<p>To put it in a nutshell, if you were Mr. or Ms. Narcissistic among your peers as a child, chances are high you'd continue holding that title well into adulthood.</p>



<p>"This was true even across very long periods of time, which suggests that narcissism is a stable personality trait," Dr. Orth shared.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-and-how-of-it-all">‘Why’ and ‘how’ of it all</h2>



<p>Now, you might be wondering why or how this happens. Well, you're not alone. While the University of Bern researchers didn't delve into the possible reasons behind these findings, they hope their study will kindle the flames for future research.</p>



<p>"One theory posits that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/personality-type-can-accurately-predict-your-relationship-status/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social roles</a> we take on in adulthood, for example as a partner, a parent, an employee, lead to the development of more mature personality characteristics, including lower levels of narcissism," Dr. Orth suggested.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nature-vs-nurture">Nature vs. nurture</h2>



<p>One of the burning questions this study reignites is the age-old debate of nature versus nurture. Are we born with narcissistic traits, or are they sculpted by our environment and experiences? </p>



<p>While the University of Bern study sheds light on how narcissism can decline with age, it leaves open the question of whether genetic predisposition or life circumstances play a more pivotal role. </p>



<p>Some psychologists argue that early childhood experiences, such as parenting styles and peer interactions, significantly shape narcissistic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cryptocurrency-investors-linked-to-dark-personality-traits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tendencies</a>. </p>



<p>Conversely, others underline the role of inherent personality traits that manifest regardless of external influences.</p>



<p>Further research examining these differing perspectives is essential to understand the intricate dance between nature and nurture in the development of narcissism.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-mental-health-interventions">Implications for mental health interventions</h2>



<p>The findings from this study also bear substantial implications for mental health interventions. Understanding that narcissism can diminish over time provides a beacon of hope for therapeutic practices aimed at mitigating extreme narcissistic traits. </p>



<p>Mental health professionals can better tailor their interventions by focusing on enhancing empathy, emotional regulation, and fostering healthier <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/personality-has-a-profound-influence-on-gene-expression/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social interactions</a>. </p>



<p>Additionally, the study underscores the importance of early intervention in childhood and adolescence, potentially steering individuals away from entrenched narcissistic patterns that could have long-lasting repercussions on their personal and professional lives. </p>



<p>As research continues to evolve, nuanced approaches in psychological therapies could emerge, informed by the life-span changes in narcissistic traits highlighted by the University of Bern's innovative study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bigger-picture-of-narcissism-and-age">Bigger picture of narcissism and age </h2>



<p>Dr. Orth opines that these findings hold significant implications as high levels of narcissism influence people's lives in several ways. </p>



<p>The narcissistic individuals and perhaps even more, the lives of their families and friends are impacted.</p>



<p>Now that we've dished out the findings and their implications, it's time to ponder. </p>



<p>Do you know people who fit the bill? How do these insights influence your understanding of their behavior? And most crucially, how can society use this understanding to foster a healthier environment?</p>



<p>As they say, "knowledge is power." Let's use it well.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Narcissism declines with age but remains stable relative to peers

Can you think of a narcissistic character who etched a...

<p>Whale strandings are a common occurrence along the East Australian Coastline. Yet, what's often overlooked is the question of what to do with the whale remains, a topic that's now sparking considerable debate and scientific interest.</p>



<p>Cue the entrance of Griffith University's <a href="https://whalesandclimate.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Whales and Climate Research Program</a>. Led by Dr. Olaf Meynecke, the program is pioneering an innovative new approach to this conundrum.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-respectful-disposal-of-whale-remains">Respectful disposal of whale remains</h2>



<p>Dr. Meynecke is known for his tireless efforts in marine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humpback-whales-felt-less-stressed-during-the-pandemic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation</a>. He is now on an unusual mission - the sustainable and respectful disposal of whale remains.</p>



<p>"As we’ve seen more and more whales stranding on beaches in past years, the effective, safe and culturally sensitive removal of whale remains near or on public beaches has become a major issue,” he said. </p>



<p>“Our study shows that forecasting of where whale remains might end up when floating at sea is possible with surprisingly high accuracy.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>He also tells the story of a 14m female humpback whale, found floating lifeless off Queensland's Noosa Heads in July 2023, possibly to due to ship strike.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-odyssey-of-a-corpse">Odyssey of a corpse</h2>



<p>The humpback's remains were intercepted before they washed ashore. Then began their journey as the carcass was repositioned 30km offshore. </p>



<p>Equipped with a satellite tag, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shrinking-north-atlantic-right-whales-have-fewer-offspring/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">whale's voyage</a> was tracked as it drifted in the wind and ocean currents for six days before settling on the seabed.</p>



<p>Death is a natural part of life, and in the words of Dr. Meynecke, this unfortunate event opened the door to a scientific first. </p>



<p>The humpback's passing allowed researchers to test and establish a prediction method for whale drift trajectory.</p>



<p>Not only did this provide valuable data, but it also meant the whale's nutrients could remain in the marine ecosystem while aiding authorities in their decision-making process.</p>



<p>Here's a startling fact, Australia's go-to method of dealing with washed-up whale remains has been landfill. </p>



<p>There are seven known methods of whale removal like composting, natural decomposition on the beach, sinking the remains, and even using explosives. Each, however, comes with its own set of challenges, from public health risks to logistical nightmares.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nature-s-way-is-a-win-win-scenario">Nature's way is a win-win scenario</h2>



<p>Enter offshore towing. It's a method that's been used here and internationally, but with mixed success. </p>



<p>Drawbacks include remains washing back to shores or obstructing shipping lanes. But Dr. Meynecke's research might just change that.</p>



<p>Dr. Meynecke's findings serve as an initial tool to predict where the whale remains would drift. This could retain the decomposition nutrients within the marine ecosystem -- a huge win for marine life. Scavengers like tiger sharks often play a role in breaking down the remains.</p>



<p>“Perished whales provide a substantial nutrient source for marine ecosystems, and strategically placing whale remains offshore can enhance nutrient cycling and foster biodiversity, contribute to carbon removal and marine floor enrichment for up to seven years,” Dr. Meynecke said. </p>



<p>“Their gradual decomposition sustains scavengers and detritivores, and support microbial communities and deep-sea organisms.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-handling-whale-remains">Handling whale remains</h2>



<p>“The best strategy for handling whale remains depends on multiple factors and should be decided on a case-by-case basis. Offshore disposal can be an ethical, cost-effective, and safe option if managed appropriately," noted Dr. Meynecke.  </p>



<p>“By integrating scientific research and practical management strategies presented in our study, we can enhance our ability to predict and effectively manage the drift of whale remains, ensuring that ecological benefits are maximized while minimizing adverse impacts.” </p>



<p>While each case should be decided individually, offshore disposal emerges as an ethical, cost-effective, and safe option if managed properly. </p>



<p>Through scientific research and practical management strategies, we can predict and manage the drift of whale remains, maximizing ecological benefits while minimizing adverse impacts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-community-engagement-and-education">Community engagement and education</h2>



<p>A key but often overlooked aspect of sustainable whale disposal is community engagement.</p>



<p>Educating the public about the ecological benefits of offshore disposal is important. Involving local communities in cleanup and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-whales-epic-voyage-exposes-perils-of-the-mediterranean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">monitoring</a> efforts can foster a sense of stewardship. Additionally, shared responsibility can be achieved through these actions.</p>



<p>Workshops, awareness campaigns, and citizen science initiatives can demystify scientific processes and garner public support. </p>



<p>Empowering communities with knowledge can lead to more informed discussions and cohesive efforts in marine conservation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-marine-conservation">Future of marine conservation</h2>



<p>The advancements in the sustainable disposal of whale remains signify a broader trend towards more integrated and ecosystem-based approaches to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-a-warming-climate-will-change-the-humpback-whales-diet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine conservation</a>. </p>



<p>Future research could explore the long-term impacts of various disposal methods on marine biodiversity and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Integrating technology, such as drones and AI, could enhance monitoring and predictive capabilities, making offshore disposal even more efficient and reliable.</p>



<p>Innovative solutions by Dr. Meynecke provide hope for sustainable coexistence with ocean life as we deepen our understanding and respect for marine ecosystems.</p>



<p>The study is published in the <em><a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/jmse" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Marine Science and Engineering</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Sustainable benefits of whale remains and their proper disposal

Whale strandings are a common occurrence along the East Australian...

<p>Recent studies have shown that incorporating artificial intelligence in the creative process can have some surprisingly beneficial effects, especially for those who struggle with creativity.</p>



<p>However, these advancements may come with an unexpected quandary: a potential reduction in the diversity and novelty of our collective storytelling.</p>



<p>Renowned researchers from two highly reputed institutions - the University of <a href="https://www.exeter.ac.uk/research/institutes/idsai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Exeter Business School, Institute for Data Science and Artificial Intelligence</a> and the <a href="https://mgmt.ucl.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCL School of Management</a>, have delved into this riveting topic, exploring the involvement of AI in the realms of creativity and story-writing.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-enhances-creativity-but-at-what-cost">AI enhances creativity, but at what cost?</h2>



<p>Insights from the study indicated that AI assistance was able to "professionalize" stories, making them more enjoyable to read due to an increase in unexpected plot twists and generally improved <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/using-ai-writing-illustration-drastically-reduces-carbon-footprint/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">writing</a> quality. The result? Content that was far from dull.</p>



<p>In an experiment involving 300 participants, each asked to write a micro story aimed at young adults, AI proved to be a significant asset for those deemed less creative. </p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-perform-better-when-they-think-ai-is-helping-them/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AI-assisted</a> stories were up to 26.6% better written and 15.2% less boring than their human-only counterparts.</p>



<p>The borrowed intelligence, however, offered limited benefits to the participants who were naturally more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-outperforms-humans-in-creativity-tests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">creative</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-individual-creativity-vs-collective-novelty">Individual creativity vs. collective novelty</h2>



<p>While AI does seem to enhance individual creativity, the study also indicates a resultant decline in collective novelty. </p>



<p>The AI-assisted stories showcased notable similarities to one another, pointing towards a loss of variety and diversity in content generation.</p>



<p>The research was carried out with the participants divided into three groups. Some had no access to AI help, some could utilize ChatGPT to provide a three-sentence starting idea, and others could choose from up to five AI-generated ideas. </p>



<p>The quality of these stories was then assessed by 600 individuals, based on their novelty and "usefulness." </p>



<p>The results showed that writers with access to AI witnessed the most significant improvements in their creativity. Their stories scored 8.1% higher for novelty and 9% higher for usefulness compared to those written without AI assistance.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-level-playing-field">A level playing field</h2>



<p>An exciting revelation from this study was the capability of AI to level the playing field between less and more creative writers. </p>



<p>By providing less creative writers access to five AI ideas, their novelty improved by 10.7% and usefulness by 11.5% compared to those who used no <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/robots-teaching-other-robots-its-no-longer-science-fiction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AI concepts</a>. </p>



<p>The writing quality, enjoyability, and intrigue of the stories were significantly enhanced, putting writers with low creativity scores on par with their more creative counterparts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-artificial-intelligence-in-creativity">The future of artificial intelligence in creativity</h2>



<p>Despite these positive impacts, there's a more significant underlying concern. Using <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/artificial-intelligence-applications-can-use-as-much-power-as-entire-nations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">OpenAI</a>’s embeddings application programming interface (API), the researchers identified a 10.7% increase in similarity between stories that used one generative AI idea, compared with the group that wrote without AI assistance.</p>



<p>Professor Oliver Hauser, Deputy Director of the Institute for Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, highlighted the importance of this study. </p>



<p>“This is a first step in studying a question fundamental to all human behavior: how does generative AI affect human creativity? Our results provide insight into how generative AI can enhance creativity, and removes any disadvantage or advantage based on the writers’ inherent creativity.”</p>



<p>Professor Anil Doshi from the UCL School of Management added: “While these results point to an increase in individual creativity, there is a risk of losing collective novelty. If the publishing industry were to embrace more generative AI-inspired stories, our findings suggest that the stories would become less unique in aggregate and more similar to each other.”</p>



<p>Professor Hauser warned that this downward spiral shows parallels to an emerging social dilemma: if individual writers find out that their generative AI-inspired writing is evaluated as more creative, they have an incentive to use generative AI more in the future, but by doing so the collective novelty of stories may be reduced further. </p>



<p>"In short, our results suggest that despite the enhancement effect that generative AI had on individual creativity, there may be a cautionary note if generative AI were adopted more widely for creative tasks."</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adn5290" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Artificial intelligence boosts creativity, but reduces variety

Recent studies have shown that incorporating artificial intelligence in the...

<p>Around a million years ago, in what is now Spain, tusks and bones were buried in a deadly quicksand trap, revealing a remarkable tale of early human survival, fierce beasts, and natural hazards. </p>



<p>This ancient site became a converging point for the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/did-humans-first-evolve-in-europe-ape-skull-sparks-new-debate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">earliest European humans</a> and scavenging hyenas.</p>



<p>Drawn by the ensnared prey of the enormous extinct elephant, Mammuthus meridionalis, these early humans and predators found themselves in a deadly dance for survival. </p>



<p>The tale of this entangled drama was unearthed by diligent researchers from the <a href="https://www.uma.es/?set_language=en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Malaga (UMA)</a>, shedding light on a forgotten chapter of prehistoric life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-in-plain-sight">Hidden in plain sight</h2>



<p>The hotspot in question is the archaeological site of Fuente Nueva 3 (FN3), nestled in Granada's Guadix-Baza Depression, which is part of the renowned Orce region. </p>



<p>This unique area is a treasure trove of historical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/476000-year-old-ancient-woodworking-discovery-rewrites-early-human-history/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">artifacts</a>, offering a rich tapestry of human and animal activity from a distant past. Among the notable discoveries are lithic assemblages – stones meticulously carved by our ancestors.</p>



<p>The researchers uncovered compelling evidence of human presence dating back an astonishing 1.4 million years. These ancient inhabitants left behind unmodified <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-ancient-humans-hunted-elephants-with-stone-tools/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stones</a>, which were likely used as percussion tools to fracture bones and access the nutrient-rich marrow within.</p>



<p>Furthermore, these early humans may have employed these stones as primitive projectiles, hurling them to fend off scavenging hyenas and secure their hard-earned sustenance. </p>



<p>The site paints a vivid picture of early human ingenuity and adaptation in a challenging and competitive environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nature-s-lethal-trap">Nature's lethal trap</h2>



<p>The UMA researchers, led by Professor Paul Palmqvist and Professor María Patrocinio Espigares, made a stunning discovery. </p>



<p>The fertile layers of FN3 contained two different archaeological levels: lower and upper. Both levels were brimming with skeletal remains and lithic tools.</p>



<p>The lower level included a high density of manuports, hinting at increased hominin activity. The upper layer displayed remains of megaherbivores, particularly Mammuthus meridionalis, which suggested the increased involvement of giant hyenas.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-quicksand-quandary">The quicksand quandary</h2>



<p>The researchers analyzed the differences in the faunal assemblages in the two levels along with the particle size in the fertile layers. </p>



<p>They found that the lower layer predominantly consisted of silts and clays, while the upper layer contained fine sands. </p>



<p>“These fine sand sediments, deposited close to the paleolake that was in the region, would also contain slightly saline water, a mixture that explains that they could have worked as quicksand, where larger animals were trapped,” noted the researchers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-savage-scavengers-feast">Savage scavengers' feast</h2>



<p>The upper level, with its fine sands, had acted as a natural quicksand trap, effectively ensnaring the megaherbivores that roamed the area. </p>



<p>Once trapped, the massive creatures could not escape, and their half-sunken carcasses became a grim beacon for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-find-evidence-of-cannibalism-among-dinosaurs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">scavengers</a>.</p>



<p>Hyenas and early humans alike were drawn to these easy targets, capitalizing on the unfortunate demise of the megaherbivores. </p>



<p>The evidence of their presence is abundantly clear: lithic assemblages and coprolites (fossilized hyena excrement) scattered across the site paint a vivid picture of this ancient scavenging behavior.</p>



<p>This remarkable discovery offers significant insights into the survival strategies of our ancestors, revealing how they adapted to and exploited their environment. It highlights the intricate interactions between early humans and other species, showcasing a complex web of life and death that shaped the course of evolution. </p>



<p>Furthermore, it marks the first description of a natural quicksand trap in a fossil deposit of such critical importance to human evolution, underscoring the profound impact of natural hazards on the history of life on Earth.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-mechanics-of-quicksand-traps">The mechanics of quicksand traps</h2>



<p>Understanding how these quicksand traps formed requires a detailed study of the soil and water conditions at the time. </p>



<p>The researchers plan to investigate the sedimentary processes and water salinity that contributed to the formation of quicksand, which acted as a death trap for large animals and a feasting ground for scavengers.</p>



<p>The discovery at FN3 in Spain is not an isolated incident. Similar quicksand traps have been identified in other parts of the world, providing a broader understanding of how these natural phenomena influenced animal and human behavior.</p>



<p>Future research will compare these sites to gather more comprehensive data on the role of quicksand traps in prehistoric ecosystems.</p>



<p>The UMA team, which includes researchers from Complutense University of Madrid and Tarragona, plan to carry out more in-depth studies of the upper and lower archaeological levels and other significant sites within the Orce region.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41513-024-00241-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Iberian Geology</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Mammoth remains found in deadly quicksand trap

Around a million years ago, in what is now Spain,...

<p>Ultrasound technology is now at the forefront of modulating the brain's natural phenomena, such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/from-daydream-to-awareness-the-brains-alert-mechanism/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">daydreaming</a>, random fantasizing, and spontaneous thoughts, which open doors to creativity and reflection.</p>



<p>While it might seem unusual to attempt to control or modify these free-flowing thoughts, a new development in neuroscience aims to do just that. </p>



<p>The goal isn't to stifle our creative channels but to enhance our ability to stay present and mindful in the moment.</p>



<p>Researchers from the prestigious <a href="https://www.arizona.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Arizona</a> have discovered that low-intensity ultrasound technology can be used to non-invasively modulate a specific region of the brain associated with activities like daydreaming, memory recall, and future envisioning.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ultrasound-tech-and-brain-networks">Ultrasound tech and brain networks</h2>



<p>The focus of this technological intervention is the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/walking-is-a-powerful-tool-to-boost-brain-health-and-overall-well-being/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">default mode network</a> (DMN), a connected system of brain areas that are particularly active during introspective activities, such as daydreaming.</p>



<p>Utilizing a specific low-intensity ultrasound technology, termed "transcranial-focused ultrasound" or TFUS, the researchers aimed to subtly alter this network.</p>



<p>Brian Lord, lead author of the study and postdoctoral researcher in the University of Arizona's Department of Psychology, proudly stated: "We are the first to show that the default mode network can be directly targeted and noninvasively modulated."</p>



<p>Lord further clarified that one area of the DMN, the posterior cingulate cortex, plays a significant role in how the mind engages with experiences. </p>



<p>This network brings stories to life in our minds, revives past memories, and carves future scenarios.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-narratives-mindfulness-and-the-now">Narratives, mindfulness, and the now</h2>



<p>Fascinating as this narrative forming process is, it does not come without potential drawbacks. </p>



<p>Lord pointed out that while it contributes to a cohesive sense of oneself, such constant internal narrative-making can thwart our ability to be truly present in each moment.</p>



<p>To combat this, Lord's team employed TFUS to stimulate specific brain areas noninvasively, with millimeter precision. </p>



<p>TFUS carries an advantage over other noninvasive brain stimulation methods such as transcranial electrical stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation, due to its capacity to penetrate below the cortex.</p>



<p>Thirty participants underwent TFUS stimulation targeted at the posterior cingulate cortex of the DMN. </p>



<p>To measure the effects, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to observe changes in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mixed-emotions-linked-to-unique-brain-activity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain activity</a>.</p>



<p>Participants reported on their feelings and experiences before and after the TFUS treatment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ultrasound-s-impact-on-brain-health">Ultrasound's impact on brain health</h2>



<p>The experiment concluded that TFUS could reduce the brain's connectivity within the DMN and influence participants' mindfulness and subjective experiences, including their sense of self and perception of time.</p>



<p>"The best part is you are using a minimal amount of energy to alter brain activity. You are just giving a gentle push to the brain with low-intensity ultrasound," explained Lord.</p>



<p>The potential benefits are profound. The ability to target and alter <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/traffic-pollution-impairs-brain-network-connectivity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain networks</a> widens the doors to unique precision therapeutics, medical treatments specifically tailored to an individual's characteristics, lifestyle, and environment. Plus, it paves the way to possibly treat mood disorders like depression and anxiety.</p>



<p>"Unlike neuroimaging techniques where you can only make correlations with brain activity, noninvasive stimulation tools like TFUS allow you to probe the brain and develop causal models," Lord said. "That's a really powerful thing for the whole field of neuroscience."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions-and-ethical-considerations">Future directions and ethical considerations</h2>



<p>As promising as TFUS technology is, it also brings forth important ethical considerations. </p>



<p>The ability to modulate brain activity noninvasively raises questions about consent, privacy, and potential misuse. It's crucial that the field sets stringent guidelines to ensure that such powerful tools are used responsibly. </p>



<p>Researchers and ethicists must work hand-in-hand to create a framework that upholds the integrity of both scientific exploration and individual rights.</p>



<p>Moreover, future research should aim to explore the long-term effects of TFUS on brain networks and behavior. </p>



<p>While initial studies are promising, understanding the sustained impact of this technology will be vital for its integration into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/asking-for-consent-before-touching-someone-cultivates-trust/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">therapeutic practices</a>. </p>



<p>Continued collaboration across disciplines, including neuroscience, psychology, and ethics, will be essential to harness the full potential of TFUS while safeguarding human well-being.</p>



<p>This research from the University of Arizona opens new possibilities in the field of neuroscience, potentially revolutionizing our approach to mindfulness and mental health.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2024.1392199/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Human Neuroscience</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Ultrasound waves can enhance mindfulness and brain health

Ultrasound technology is now at the forefront of modulating the...

<p>Usually, <a href="https://www.spacex.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SpaceX</a> is synonymous with innovative space solutions, a name that sparks hopes of an extraterrestrial future. However, a recent incident involving the company's Falcon 9 rocket has left a dent in their otherwise stellar reputation.</p>



<p>A SpaceX rocket has gone off course for the first time in nearly a decade, marooning the company's Starlink internet satellites in a lower-than-intended orbit, spelling their inevitable plunge back to Earth.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spacex-rocket-falcon-9">SpaceX rocket Falcon 9</h2>



<p>This mishap occurred during the launch of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/falcon-9-ties-spacex-records-for-most-consecutive-reuse-rocket-launches/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Falcon 9 rocket</a> from California. The unfortunate event unfolded on Thursday night, taking its flight with 20 Starlink satellites onboard - a mission that was destined to fail within minutes.</p>



<p>The unexpected culprit? A malfunction in the upper-stage engine, resulting from a liquid oxygen leak, as explained by SpaceX on Friday.</p>



<p>Now, just picture half of those satellites, lost in space, being on the receiving end of a desperate rescue attempt. SpaceX's flight controllers tried to elevate them to a higher orbit using onboard ion thrusters. </p>



<p>However, reality struck hard when it was clear that the thrust could not compensate for negligibly low orbit of just 84 miles above Earth. Basically, this was less than half of the intended distance. SpaceX confirmed this predicament, stating that the maximum available thrust was far from enough to salvage the situation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fate-of-the-satellites">Fate of the satellites</h2>



<p>The fate of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earthcare-satellite-will-reveal-the-climate-effects-of-clouds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">satellites</a>? A dramatic reentry into the atmosphere, resulting in a fiery demise. The company, however, didn’t share any timelines as to when this might occur. It's worth noting that SpaceX has over 6,000 Starlink satellites in orbit, providing internet service to some of the remotest corners of the world.</p>



<p>The Federal Aviation Administration has since put its foot down. They insist that the issue be resolved. No future Falcon rockets will be given the green light until then. </p>



<p>What about the other upcoming SpaceX missions? Unfortunately, there's a cloud of uncertainty hanging over the issue, with crewed flights and a private spacewalk mission on the line.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-risks-of-spacex-rocket-malfunction">Potential risks of SpaceX rocket malfunction</h2>



<p>The fallout from this incident raises several crucial concerns, primarily regarding the safety of future missions. </p>



<p>With a significant pending queue of launches, any recurring technical issues might imperil the schedules and operational safety of forthcoming missions. </p>



<p>Moreover, there's an inherent risk of collision with other celestial objects, an area that demands immediate attention and effective <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/powerful-m9-5-flare-region-3654-strong-solar-activity-causes-radio-blackouts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solutions</a>. </p>



<p>Each malfunctioning satellite re-entering the Earth's atmosphere brings the potential for debris, albeit with controlled and calculated demise projections. The broader implication, however, is rooted in the need for heightened scrutiny and rigorous testing protocols before future launch authorizations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spacex-s-contingency-plan">SpaceX’s contingency plan</h2>



<p>SpaceX, never one to shy away from challenges, is reportedly working on contingency measures to address the current predicament. </p>



<p>Foremost on their agenda is conducting a thorough investigation to diagnose the exact cause of the liquid oxygen leak that led to the engine malfunction. They are also exploring potential design modifications and additional safety redundancies to prevent the recurrence of such <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/future-space-exploration-could-be-shut-down-by-orbiting-debris/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">anomalies</a>. </p>



<p>Collaboration with regulatory bodies like the <a href="https://www.faa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Federal Aviation Administration</a> ensures an integrated approach to troubleshooting. </p>



<p>SpaceX’s transparent communication with stakeholders and the public remains a cornerstone in maintaining trust and managing expectations during this turbulent phase.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-bigger-picture">The bigger picture</h2>



<p>In the grander scope of space exploration, occasional setbacks are not uncommon and often serve as steep learning curves. Despite the current challenges, SpaceX’s endeavors have profoundly transformed the industry, pioneering reusable rocket technology and commercial space travel. </p>



<p>The lessons gleaned from this incident will neither diminish their past achievements nor deter future advancements. The relentless pursuit of innovation and space exploration continues to inspire hope that humanity's reach will extend beyond our planet. </p>



<p>While the immediate horizon appears daunting, the bigger picture hints at a resilient and adaptive organization poised to overcome adversity and continue its mission towards space colonization and global connectivity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-missions">Future missions</h2>



<p>Despite these hiccups, Jared Isaacman, the tech entrepreneur set to lead the private flight, remains optimistic about SpaceX's Falcon 9. He places his faith firmly in its "incredible track record" and its integrated emergency escape system.</p>



<p>SpaceX's last rocket mishap dates back to 2015, during a cargo run to the space station. This was followed by another explosion the following year during ground testing. </p>



<p>Despite the recent setback, SpaceX CEO Elon Musk remains confident. He believes that a high flight rate will make it easier to identify the problem and implement the necessary corrections. The question is, how soon can SpaceX bounce back from this setback? Only time will tell.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Starlink satellites are stranded in low orbit after rocket malfunction

Usually, SpaceX is synonymous with innovative space solutions, a name...

<p>Just as you enjoy a picnic by the calming view of a lake, it's disheartening to know that those serene waters are in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/half-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-losing-their-resilience/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">grave danger</a>. Lakes worldwide are facing an unsettling trend of warming – their temperatures are skyrocketing at an unprecedented rate.</p>



<p>The scientific details behind this concern are meticulously drawn out in a recent study. This research is the work of a collaborative team of limnologists and climate modelers from various backgrounds.</p>



<p>The lead scientist, Dr. Lei Huang, garnered his postdoctoral research experience from the<a href="https://ibsclimate.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> IBS Center for Climate Physics</a> in Busan, South Korea, and now resides at Capital Normal University in Beijing, China.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-behind-the-lake-warming">Behind the lake warming</h2>



<p>The team's findings are indeed sobering. If the current rate of anthropogenic warming - warming caused by human activities - continues until 2100, the surface and subsurface waters of our beloved lakes are set to heat up at a rate they've never encountered before.</p>



<p>Imagine, the conditions that sustained rich biodiversity and important ecological services of lakes could be history soon.</p>



<p>The team made this prediction using a state-of-the-art climate computer model known as the Community Earth System Model (version 2), covering the period from 1850-2100 CE.</p>



<p>This model is a novelty in its field, as it seamlessly integrates the dynamics of lake systems with the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hundred-paths-into-the-future">Hundred paths into the future</h2>



<p>Ever wondered how scientists predict future <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lake-tsunamis-are-an-emerging-climate-linked-hazard/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate</a>? Here's an example - rather than running the computer model into the future only once, the scientists used an ensemble of 100 past-to-future simulations. </p>



<p>These simulations ran on "Aleph," one of South Korea's fastest computers at the <a href="https://www.ibs.re.kr/eng.do" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute for Basic Science</a>, producing slightly different versions of natural climate variability while also factoring in the warming effects of increasing greenhouse gas concentrations.</p>



<p>With this manifold approach, the scientists could separate the naturally occurring lake temperature variations from those caused by human actions. The team was able to predict when lake temperatures would permanently cross natural bounds – a situation they refer to as "no-analog" conditions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-delving-deeper">Delving deeper</h2>



<p>While surface warming affects creatures in the shallower parts, some organisms can relocate vertically to cooler depth layers. Therefore, it's not just the surface, but how the warming seeps into the subsurface layers needs considerable attention as well.</p>



<p>Dr. Iestyn Woolway, a NERC Independent Research Fellow at <a href="https://www.bangor.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bangor University</a>, UK, and a corresponding author of the study, highlights this crucial aspect.</p>



<p>According to Dr. Woolway, the subsurface layers of tropical lakes, which house rich biodiversity, will be the first to face these unprecedented conditions when global warming reaches about 2.4°C (36.32°F) above pre-industrial conditions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-steps-to-reduce-lake-warming">Steps to reduce lake warming</h2>



<p>Tackling lake warming requires both individual and collective action. Here are some steps to mitigate this issue: </p>



<ul>
<li>Reduce greenhouse gas emissions by using energy-efficient appliances and renewable energy.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Support afforestation and reforestation projects, as trees absorb CO2. Implement green infrastructure like green roofs and urban forests to lower temperatures.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Enhance water conservation efforts by fixing leaks and using water-saving fixtures. Advocate for clean energy policies and international agreements like the Paris Agreement. Increase public awareness through community programs and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/shasta-lake-is-full-for-the-second-consecutive-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">education</a>.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Support research and monitoring of lake temperatures. Protect wetlands and riparian zones to absorb heat and pollutants. </li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecosystems-at-stake">Ecosystems at stake</h2>



<p>"Our study reveals synchronous emergence of no-analog conditions in tropical lake subsurface layers, driven by rapid downward transmission of warming signals during frequent lake mixing events," said Dr. Woolway.</p>



<p>"In contrast, high-latitude lakes partly shield subsurface layers from surface&nbsp;warming&nbsp;through stratification, delaying or sometimes even preventing no-analog climates at depths."</p>



<p>These no-analog lake climates won't just stop at warming the lakes; they can trigger severe disruptions in ecosystems, warned Professor Axel Timmermann, a co-author of the study, and Director of the IBS Center for Climate Physics.</p>



<p>Lake organisms, compared to their terrestrial and marine counterparts, often find it hard to migrate to more optimal climates. Hence, understanding the timing of the emergence of no-analog conditions is vital for adaptation, planning, and climate mitigation in lake ecosystems.</p>



<p>As you now gaze at the gentle ripples of the lake, it's clear that our lakes are not simply bodies of water, but an integral part of our ecosystems – an area we can't afford to ignore. So, isn't it time we took some serious steps to prevent such a catastrophic future?</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-024-01491-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Geoscience</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Lakes are warming toward the point of no return

Just as you enjoy a picnic by the calming view...

<p>In the world of archaeology and anthropology, the Neanderthal has long been a subject of intrigue and speculation. </p>



<p>Ever since the first <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-the-structure-of-neanderthal-communities/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neanderthal bones</a> were unearthed in 1856, these ancient hominins have posed a string of questions.</p>



<p>Were they different or similar to us? Did our ancestors coexist peacefully or clash with them? What was their relationship with the recently discovered Denisovans, a Neanderthal-like group that dwelled in Asia and South Asia? </p>



<p>The narrative of Neanderthals and other early humans is replete with such queries.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-paradigm-shift">A paradigm shift </h2>



<p>An international team of geneticists and AI specialists, led by Professor Joshua Akey from <a href="https://lsi.princeton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Princeton University’s Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics</a>, is reshaping our understanding of early human history.</p>



<p>By delving deep into genetic intricacies, the team has uncovered evidence of extensive genetic intermingling among early human groups, implying a closer connection than previously assumed.</p>



<p>Liming Li, a professor at <a href="https://med.seu.edu.cn/en/22005/list.psp" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Southeast University</a> in China, underscored the significance of the discovery. “This is the first time that geneticists have identified multiple waves of modern human-Neanderthal admixture.”</p>



<p>The research was carried out while Li was an associate research scholar in Professor Akey’s laboratory.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sliding-dynamics-of-ancient-human-relations">Sliding dynamics of ancient human relations</h2>



<p>According to Professor Akey, our direct ancestors parted ways with the Neanderthal lineage around 600,000 years ago and developed modern physical traits approximately 250,000 years ago.</p>



<p>From that point until the Neanderthals vanished - a time frame of about 200,000 years - there was consistent interaction between modern humans and Neanderthal populations.</p>



<p>“For the vast majority of human history, we've had a history of contact between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/neanderthals-and-humans-lived-side-by-side-45000-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modern humans</a> and Neanderthals,” said Professor Akey, shedding light on this complex interspecies relationship.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-perspective-on-neanderthals">A new perspective on Neanderthals</h2>



<p>Neanderthals, formerly framed as slow and dull, are now seen as adept hunters and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/neanderthals-glue-created-and-used-underestimated-intelligence/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tool constructors</a>. They possessed advanced techniques to treat injuries and were well-adapted to Europe’s chilly climate.</p>



<p>These revelations suggest that there is a much more nuanced story about these hominin groups, which included our own ancient human ancestors, in addition to Neanderthals and Denisovans.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shedding-light-on-ancestral-gene-flow">Shedding light on ancestral gene flow</h2>



<p>By analyzing genomes from 2,000 present-day humans and three Neanderthals, plus one <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mysterious-denisovan-species-humans-lived-undisturbed-tibetan-plateau-160000-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Denisovan</a>, the researchers created a map of gene flow among these groups over the past 250,000 years.</p>



<p>The strategic application of the genetic tool IBDmix, using machine learning techniques, was instrumental in decoding the genome. This tool was designed by Professor Akey’s team as an alternative to the traditional method of comparing human genomes against a reference population.</p>



<p>The researchers discovered evidence of multiple waves of contact between modern humans and Neanderthals, contradicting earlier genetic data. </p>



<p>“Most genetic data suggests that modern humans evolved in Africa 250,000 years ago, stayed put for the next 200,000 years, and then dispersed out of Africa 50,000 years ago to populate the rest of the world," said Professor Akey.</p>



<p>“Our models show that there wasn’t a long period of stasis, but that shortly after modern humans arose, we've been migrating out of Africa and coming back to Africa, too.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-disappearance-of-neanderthals">The disappearance of Neanderthals</h2>



<p>The breakthrough realization came when Li and Akey chose to look for modern-human <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-and-neanderthals-may-belong-to-the-same-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DNA</a> in the Neanderthal genomes, and not vice versa.</p>



<p>The final twist in the saga was the revelation that the Neanderthal population was smaller than what was previously believed. </p>



<p>The researchers estimate that the Neanderthal population included around 2,400 breeding individuals, which about 1,000 fewer than expected. This new understanding sheds light on how the Neanderthals disappeared around 30,000 years ago.</p>



<p>" I don’t like to say ‘extinction,’ because I think Neanderthals were largely absorbed,” said Akey. His idea is that Neanderthal populations slowly shrank until the last survivors were folded into modern human communities.</p>



<p>Professor Akey’s assimilation model resonates with a hypothesis proposed by Fred Smith, an anthropology professor, in 1989.</p>



<p>“Our results provide strong genetic data consistent with Fred’s hypothesis. Neanderthals were teetering on the edge of extinction, probably for a very long time," noted Professor Akey.</p>



<p>"We just demographically overwhelmed Neanderthals and incorporated them into modern human populations.”</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adi1768" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Neanderthals and humans had multiple waves of contact

In the world of archaeology and anthropology, the Neanderthal has...

<p>Get ready to hop into a journey through time as we explore the fascinating world of ancient kangaroos, delving into an era when these remarkable creatures roamed the prehistoric landscapes of Australia.</p>



<p>Imagine a kangaroo - not the modern hopping creatures we all know and love - but a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/end-of-an-era-woolly-mammoth-remains-tell-an-intriguing-story/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mammoth</a> "giant wallaby" who roamed the Earth millions of years ago.</p>



<p>These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mammals-that-survive-mass-extinctions-arent-always-boring/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">colossal ancestors</a> were a far cry from the agile, bounding kangaroos of today, embodying a different kind of majesty and movement.</p>



<p>Intriguing new research reveals that these extinct relatives of our contemporary kangaroos moved in quite a different fashion. </p>



<p>Unlike their modern descendants who are known for their characteristic hopping, these ancient giants, known as Protemnodon, exhibited a unique mode of locomotion that sheds new light on the diverse evolutionary history of marsupials.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-the-giant-wallaby-kangaroos">Meet the giant wallaby kangaroos</h2>



<p>Diving into the Pleistocene era, between two and a half million to ten thousand years ago, we introduce you to a particular extinct kangaroo species known as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/protemnodon-kangaroo-fossils-may-explain-their-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Protemnodon</a>, endearingly referred to as the giant wallaby.</p>



<p>This fascinating period in Earth's history saw the rise and fall of numerous unique and extraordinary creatures, with Protemnodon standing out among them.</p>



<p>Several of these predecessors to our modern kangaroos were far larger, but contrary to what you might assume, the latest findings suggest that they were not hopping around.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-walking-the-walk-on-four-legs">Walking the walk...on four legs</h2>



<p>Previously, it was thought that despite their larger size, these ancient kangaroos hopped around much like their current-day descendants. </p>



<p>However, newly published findings from a team of researchers reveal that these mega-marsupials were primarily quadrupedal, displaying a preference for moving about on all four legs.</p>



<p>Billie Jones, a former masters student at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, had initially speculated that the giant wallaby was more likely to be quadrupedal.</p>



<p>The research team confirmed this theory by taking a quantitative look at the limb proportions of the animal.</p>



<p>An interesting discovery was that Protemnodon's limb proportions were quite unlike that of any living kangaroos. In particular, its short feet support the assumption that Protemnodon was primarily a quadrupedal creature.</p>



<p>“There had been some speculation in a graduate thesis from the University of Uppsala that it might have been more quadrupedal in its habits compared to living kangaroos," noted Jones, the lead author of the study. </p>



<p>“This new paper draws on a couple of previous quantitative studies that looked at the anatomy of the humerus (upper arm bone) in a diversity of mammals, and concluded that&nbsp;<em>Protemnodon&nbsp;</em>habitually put more weight on its forelimbs than kangaroos today.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diversity-of-movement-among-kangaroos">Diversity of movement among kangaroos</h2>



<p>Interestingly, Protemnodon isn't the first instance of non-hopping kangaroos discovered by the scientists at Bristol’s School of Earth Sciences. </p>



<p>In previous research, experts at Bristol had shown that another subfamily of kangaroos - the sthenurines - were bipedal striders instead of hoppers.</p>



<p>This diverse range of locomotion within the kangaroo family suggests a greater variety of habitats in ancient Australia.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-secrets-held-by-ancient-bones">Secrets held by ancient bones</h2>



<p>Analysis of the extinct giant wallaby's limb bones provide further evidence that Protemnodon was not well-equipped for hopping. The ankle bones, for instance, were unsuited to withstand the stresses of hopping.</p>



<p>Professor Christine Janis, the supervisor of the study, added that the extinct giant wallaby Protemnodon was likely a poor hopper at best.</p>



<p>The evidence suggests that Protemnodon most likely moved around quadrupedally, bounding on all fours similar to how tree-kangaroos move on the ground.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-habitats-and-ecosystems">Ancient habitats and ecosystems</h2>



<p>The locomotion style of Protemnodon suggests that these ancient kangaroos adapted to a diverse range of habitats.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extinct-giant-kangaroo-discovered-in-papua-new-guinea/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fossil</a> evidence indicates that these quadrupedal kangaroos likely thrived in forested regions and grasslands, where dense vegetation and varied terrain made hopping less efficient.</p>



<p>Their movement on all fours would have enabled them to navigate through these environments more effectively, accessing food sources and avoiding predators.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-modern-conservation">Implications for modern conservation</h2>



<p>Understanding the diverse locomotive adaptations of ancient kangaroos like Protemnodon provides valuable insights into the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marsupials-are-key-to-healthy-ecosystems-in-australia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marsupials</a>.</p>



<p>These findings can inform current conservation efforts by highlighting the importance of preserving varied ecosystems that support different forms of locomotion. </p>



<p>Protecting diverse habitats ensures the survival of modern kangaroos and their relatives, allowing them to continue their unique evolutionary journeys.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10914-024-09725-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Mammalian Evolution</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Giant kangaroos of the past didn't hop - they walked on all fours

Get ready to hop into a journey through time as...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



<p>Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



<p>The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.</p>



<p>The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



<p>This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.</p>



<p>The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.</p>



<p>The full study was recently published in <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



<p>—–</p>



<p>Like what you saw and read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>—–</p>



<p>Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.</p>



<p>—–</p>

Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



<p>Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



<p>A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.</p>



<p>Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.</p>



<p>Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents".  In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively.   MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.</p>



<p>MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization.  The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



<p>Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.</p>



<p>Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



<p>The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.</p>



<p>A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



<p>Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.</p>



<p>This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



<p>The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.</p>



<p>PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



<p>AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.</p>



<p>In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



<p>The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.</p>



<p>As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.</p>



<p>The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.</p>



<p>For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.</p>



<p>The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.</p>



<p id="block-9bd989d6-2fd3-4580-957f-6cacce134f08">-----</p>



<p id="block-eff5dea3-a9bb-40b5-a923-e5a9978bc0e2">Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p id="block-43e218f4-0391-477c-8396-eb777c8c80a3">Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p id="block-1f9a227a-ec37-4140-81b8-ffa4a7cc6689">-----</p>



<p>MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a></p>



<p>Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a></p>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



<p>The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



<p>Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.</p>



<p>The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



<p>The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



<p>While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



<p>As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVywlgRJXsc
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Some children read facial expressions when making food choices.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-other-people-s-reactions-influence-children-s-eating-habits">Other people's reactions influence children's eating habits</h2>



<p>Many children are finicky eaters, but research explains how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-learned-why-so-many-kids-dislike-vegetables/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">watching others eat and social modeling</a> influence the eating habits of children.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Study Methodology Demonstrates Social Learning Impact</h2>



<p>Researchers at <a href="https://www.aston.ac.uk/hls/school-of-psychology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aston University School of Psychology</a> have published findings in Frontiers in Psychology that illuminate the neurobiological foundations of food preference development through observational learning. The investigation employed controlled video stimuli featuring adults consuming raw broccoli while displaying systematically varied facial expressions to measure participant responses.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Asymmetrical Response Patterns Identified</h2>



<p>The research, conducted with 204 female participants, revealed a pronounced asymmetry in social modeling effects. Negative facial expressions during vegetable consumption significantly diminished observer food preference ratings, while positive expressions failed to produce corresponding increases in vegetable appeal. This finding challenges conventional assumptions about the bidirectional nature of social influence in dietary behavior formation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Evolutionary Psychology Framework Applied</h2>



<p>Dr. Katie Edwards and her research team propose that these results reflect adaptive mechanisms developed through evolutionary processes. The heightened sensitivity to disgust expressions likely functions as a protective system, enabling individuals to identify potentially harmful foods through social cues without direct risk exposure.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Clinical and Educational Implications</h2>



<p>These findings carry substantial implications for pediatric nutrition interventions and family meal dynamics. The research suggests that parental expressions of distaste during vegetable consumption may inadvertently reinforce children's existing food aversions through unconscious social transmission pathways.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Future Research Directions</h2>



<p>The study establishes a foundation for expanded investigation into real-time social modeling effects and cross-demographic applicability. Researchers emphasize the necessity for longitudinal studies examining actual consumption behaviors rather than preference ratings alone, particularly within family contexts where social learning occurs most frequently.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p></p>

Social modeling affects our food choices

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVywlgRJXsc Some children read facial expressions when making food choices....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JynHpMaNO8A
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Chaotic cancer protein finally controlled after decades of mystery</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cancer-causing-protein-bound-and-blocked">Cancer-causing protein bound and blocked</h2>



<p>In a discovery that can one day revolutionize cancer treatment, researchers at the <a href="https://www.ucr.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Riverside</a> have successfully developed a means of controlling MYC, a notoriously slippery protein that causes approximately <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chaotic-protein-that-fuels-75-of-cancers-can-be-controlled/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">75% of all cancers in humans</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-makes-myc-different">What makes MYC different</h2>



<p>MYC presents a unique challenge when studying cancer. Normally, this protein plays a vital role in healthy cells. It carefully controls transcription - the process that converts genetic information from DNA and RNA into proteins.</p>



<p>However, cancer changes everything. In cancer cells, MYC becomes a destructive force. It operates in overdrive mode with no regulation whatsoever.</p>



<p>Professor Min Xue, who led the research team, explains it simply: "MYC is less like food for cancer cells and more like a steroid. It drives cancer's aggressive growth." This superactive behavior makes MYC involved in three out of every four cancer cases.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-myc-is-hard-to-target">Why MYC is hard to target</h2>



<p>Despite its clear role in cancer, targeting MYC has been one of medicine's biggest challenges. The main problem lies in MYC's unusual structure - or rather, its complete lack of structure.</p>



<p>Professor Xue describes the protein as "basically a glob of randomness." This means conventional drug discovery methods don't work. These traditional approaches rely on sharply defined protein structures. MYC simply doesn't have one.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">A New Approach to Fighting MYC</h2>



<p>The UCR research team developed a clever solution. They designed a special peptide molecule that could selectively bind to MYC. More importantly, this peptide could block MYC's destructive activity.</p>



<p>The key was fine-tuning two specific features: the peptide's stiffness and its shape. Through careful adjustments, researchers achieved something remarkable. They reached "sub-micro-molar affinity" - meaning their peptide binds as strongly as antibodies do.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-results">Breakthrough results</h2>



<p>This accomplishment represents a major leap beyond previous attempts. The researchers enhanced their peptide's binding strength by two orders of magnitude. This dramatic improvement brings the work significantly closer to practical drug development goals.</p>



<p>The research opens new possibilities for treating the vast majority of cancers where MYC plays a destructive role.</p>



<p>The researchers are presently optimizing peptide-delivery systems based on lipid nanoparticles that deliver the peptide effectively into cancer cells. The<a href="https://www.nih.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> National Institutes of Health</a> and the <a href="https://www.defense.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Department of Defense</a> funded the study, which appeared in the Journal of the <a href="https://www.acs.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Chemical Society</a>.<br>This research offers renewed hope against cancer, and it can potentially open a door to more effective cancer therapies for most cancer patients worldwide.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

The protein that fuels 3 out of 4 cancers has been controlled

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JynHpMaNO8A Chaotic cancer protein finally controlled after decades of mystery...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



<p>On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.</p>



<p>This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.</p>



<p>Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.</p>



<p>The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators.  Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas.  These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.</p>



<p>Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



<p>Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.</p>



<p>Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



<p>385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.</p>



<p>The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.</p>



<p>Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



<p>The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."</p>



<p>This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a></em> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.</p>



<p>Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet <em>Archaeopteris</em>: the first modern tree</h2>



<p>The star of this ancient forest is <em>Archaeopteris</em> – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur <em>Archaeopteryx</em>. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.</p>



<p>William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.</p>



<p>Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



<p>These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.</p>



<p>This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



<p>The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified <em>Eospermatopteris</em>, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.</p>



<p>All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



<p>Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.</p>



<p>Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."</p>



<p>The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



<p>In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.</p>



<p>Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



<p>Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.</p>



<p>Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.</p>



<p>These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.</p>



<p>The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em>Current Biology</em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Veg4HmmRVZY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Our bodies hits two 'aging cliffs' at these ages.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-map-exact-ages-when-your-body-rapidly-ages">Scientists Map Exact Ages When Your Body Rapidly Ages</h2>



<p>Scientists have <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-bodies-begin-breaking-down-two-very-precise-ages/#google_vignette">discovered that aging</a> isn't the gradual, steady process many assume it to be. Instead, researchers from Stanford Medicine have found that our bodies undergo dramatic molecular changes at two specific ages: 44 and 60. This research, published in Nature Aging, reveals that aging happens in sudden bursts rather than smooth transitions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-waves-of-rapid-aging">Two waves of rapid aging</h2>



<p>The Stanford study tracked over 135,000 different molecules and microbes in 108 participants aged 25 to 75 over several years. Results showed that 81% of all molecules studied exhibited non-linear changes, meaning they shifted dramatically at certain ages rather than changing gradually over time.</p>



<p>Michael Snyder, chair of genetics at Stanford School of Medicine and the study's senior author, noted significant findings. "We're not just changing gradually over time; there are some really dramatic changes. It turns out the mid-40s is a time of dramatic change, as is the early 60s. And that's true no matter what class of molecules you look at."</p>



<p>The first wave of changes occurs around age 44, affecting molecules related to alcohol metabolism, caffeine processing, lipid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/age-related-changes-in-metabolism-dont-match-our-expectations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">metabolism</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heart-disease-remains-the-leading-cause-of-death-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular disease</a>, and skin and muscle function. The second wave hits around age 60, involving changes in carbohydrate metabolism, immune regulation, kidney function, and again cardiovascular and muscle health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-during-these-aging-bursts">What happens during these aging bursts</h2>



<p>During the mid-40s transformation, researchers observed significant changes in how the body processes alcohol and fats. This period often coincides with increased stress levels in many people's lives, potentially contributing to lifestyle factors that accelerate these molecular shifts.</p>



<p>"It's possible some of these changes could be tied to lifestyle or behavioral factors that cluster at these age groups, rather than being driven by biological factors," Snyder explained. For instance, alcohol metabolism dysfunction might result from increased consumption during the typically stressful mid-40s period.</p>



<p>The changes at age 60 are perhaps less surprising, as this is when many age-related diseases begin to manifest more prominently. The molecular shifts affect immune function and kidney health, both critical for maintaining overall wellness as we enter our senior years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-latest-research-confirms-aging-patterns">Latest research confirms aging patterns</h2>



<p>Recent 2025 studies have validated these findings. Research examining tissue samples from 76 people found similar aging patterns, noting an "inflection point" between ages 45 and 55.</p>



<p>Scientists discovered that blood vessels, particularly the aorta, age fastest among all body tissues. This vascular aging may drive aging in other body parts, highlighting cardiovascular health's central role in the aging process.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cellular-changes-and-microbiome-shifts">Cellular changes and microbiome shifts</h2>



<p>The Stanford research revealed that these aging bursts affect our microbiome – the trillions of bacteria, viruses, and fungi living in and on our bodies. These microbial communities undergo substantial shifts during both aging periods, potentially affecting everything from digestion to immune function.</p>



<p>Additionally, researchers found that protein production and gene expression begin to fall out of sync as we age. This breakdown in cellular communication becomes especially pronounced during the two aging waves, contributing to the accumulation of damaged proteins associated with diseases such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alzheimers-may-not-be-brain-disorder-important-data-was-fabricated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer's</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-implications-and-longevity-considerations">Health implications and longevity considerations</h2>



<p>Understanding these aging patterns has important implications for healthcare strategies. Research suggests that people should pay particular attention to their health during their 40s and 60s, when these dramatic molecular changes occur.</p>



<p>Snyder emphasized the importance of proactive health measures. "I'm a big believer that we should try to adjust our lifestyles while we're still healthy," he noted. This might include increasing exercise to protect heart health and maintain muscle mass, or reducing alcohol consumption in the 40s as the body's ability to metabolize it declines.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-approaches-to-anti-aging-treatment">New approaches to anti-aging treatment</h2>



<p>Aging research has seen notable advances in 2025. Harvard Medical School scientists developed chemical cocktails that reverse cellular aging without genetic modification. These six combinations restored aged cells to youthfulness in under a week, offering safer alternatives to gene therapy.</p>



<p>Researchers identified new biomarkers like "InflammAge," a saliva-based test measuring chronic inflammation associated with aging. This non-invasive approach could change how we monitor aging and intervention.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions-in-aging-research">Future directions in aging research</h2>



<p>Emerging technologies including artificial intelligence, cellular reprogramming, and senolytic therapies, are opening new possibilities for extending healthspan. Companies develop treatments targeting aging's fundamental mechanisms rather than just managing age-related diseases.</p>



<p>The Stanford findings provide a roadmap for implementing preventive measures. Rather than waiting for symptoms, people can prepare for and potentially mitigate these predictable aging waves.</p>



<p>As aging understanding evolves, one thing becomes clear: aging isn't inevitable decline, but specific biological events we may learn to prevent or reverse. The key is recognizing when these transitions occur and taking proactive health steps during vulnerable periods.</p>



<p>The study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/nataging" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Aging</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Scientists discover we age in bursts

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Veg4HmmRVZY Our bodies hits two 'aging cliffs' at these ages....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlF0XKzHY4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The hidden science behind tickling.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-discover-the-brain-s-tickling-command-center">Scientists discover the brain's 'tickling command center'</h2>



<p>Researchers have finally solved one of humanity's most enduring mysteries: why we can't <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/after-centuries-of-debate-we-still-dont-know-how-tickling-works/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tickle</a> ourselves and what makes some people incredibly ticklish while others barely react? Recent scientific discoveries are revolutionizing our understanding of this peculiar human behavior.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-discovery-in-the-brain">Breakthrough discovery in the brain</h2>



<p>In 2023, Dr. Michael Brecht's team at <a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humboldt University</a>-<a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Berlin</a> made a major discovery published in the <a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(22)01991-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">journal <em>Neuron</em></a>. They identified the brain's actual "tickling command center" – specific neurons in a region called the periaqueductal gray that control both tickling responses and play behavior.</p>



<p>When researchers used cutting-edge optogenetic technology to shut down these neurons in laboratory rats, something remarkable happened. The animals completely lost their ability to be tickled or engage in playful behavior.</p>



<p>"We found that global blockade of the rat periaqueductal gray with either muscimol or lidocaine interfered with ticklishness and play," the research team reported in their study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-types-of-tickling-revealed">Two types of tickling revealed</h2>



<p>What we call "tickling" is two completely different phenomena, according to the latest research. Light tickling – that feathery sensation that makes you want to scratch – is essentially your body's sophisticated bug detection system. This alerts you to potential insects or parasites on your skin.</p>



<p>Deep tickling – the kind that makes you laugh uncontrollably – involves complex brain circuits and is fundamentally social. You literally cannot tickle yourself with this type of stimulation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-self-tickling-is-impossible">Why self-tickling is impossible</h2>



<p>Your cerebellum acts like a prediction machine, recent findings show. When you move your own hand to touch yourself, your brain generates precise predictions about what you will feel and then cancels out the tickling sensation through neural inhibition.</p>



<p>When someone else tickles you, your brain can't predict their movements, so the full tickling response activates. It's like your brain's way of distinguishing between self and others.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-individual-differences-explained">Individual differences explained</h2>



<p>Individual differences in ticklishness depend on genetics, psychology, and even trust. Dr. Xinzhong Dong at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Johns Hopkins University</a> notes that people with denser nerve endings tend to be more sensitive.</p>



<p>Psychological factors matter just as much. You respond more strongly when tickled by people you trust, and anxiety completely shuts down tickling responses. This explains why the same physical stimulus can produce completely different reactions depending on who's doing the tickling.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-controlling-your-ticklishness">Controlling your ticklishness</h2>



<p>Science offers answers for controlling your ticklishness. You can reduce tickling sensitivity through systematic desensitization – gradual exposure in controlled settings.</p>



<p>Dr. Konstantina Kilteni's 2025 research, published in <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adt0350" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em>, reveals another technique: place your hand on the tickler's hand. This allows your brain to partially predict the sensations, reducing the tickling response by up to 90 percent.</p>



<p>"Your brain is essentially learning to override its own reflexes," Kilteni explained in her review of tickling research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-purpose-discovered">Evolutionary purpose discovered</h2>



<p>From an evolutionary perspective, tickling serves vital functions according to <a href="https://www.umd.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Maryland</a> researcher Dr. Robert Provine's extensive studies. It trains our defense reflexes for vulnerable body areas and facilitates social bonding between family members.</p>



<p>Tickling-induced laughter is actually one of the first forms of communication between infants and caregivers. "Tickle involves a neurological self/nonself discrimination, providing the most primitive social scenario," Provine noted in his research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clinical-applications-emerge">Clinical applications emerge</h2>



<p>Research shows people with autism spectrum disorder perceive touches as more ticklish than people without the condition. Investigating this difference could provide insight into brain differences and help advance autism research.</p>



<p>People with schizophrenia tend to experience self-touches similarly to external tickles, allowing them to essentially tickle themselves. This suggests altered sensory prediction mechanisms in the condition.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animal-research-reveals-universal-nature">Animal research reveals universal nature</h2>



<p>Scientists have discovered that many species beyond humans are ticklish. Rats emit ultrasonic "laughs" when tickled, while chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans all respond to tickling stimulation.</p>



<p>This widespread occurrence across species suggests that tickling serves fundamental biological and social functions that evolved long before humans developed complex language and culture.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



<p>Dr. Kilteni argues that tickling research deserves more scientific attention. "It is a complex interplay of motor, social, neurological, developmental, and evolutionary aspects," she stated in her recent review.</p>



<p>New haptic technologies and advanced research methodologies now permit scientists to investigate tickle sensation with unprecedented precision. Standardized experimental methods using mechanical tickling devices ensure consistent results across studies.</p>



<p>Recent findings published in <em>Science Advances</em> show that tickling research is opening new doors in neuroscience, potentially leading to a better understanding of social behavior, sensory processing, and neurological conditions.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Scientists solve the mystery of tickling

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlF0XKzHY4 The hidden science behind tickling. Scientists discover the brain's...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elr4948_uOU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Dr. Ronald Mallett from the University of Connecticut reveals secret mission to create working time travel device.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-could-an-equation-truly-bend-time-a-physicist-s-decades-long-quest-to-rewrite-reality">Could an equation truly bend time? A physicist's decades-long quest to rewrite reality</h2>



<p>Imagine the impossible: stepping back through time in a time machine, not in fantasy, but through a scientific endeavor driven by profound personal loss. For <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astrophysicist-says-hes-cracked-the-equation-for-time-travel/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Ronald Mallett</a>, a distinguished astrophysicist and professor emeritus at the <a href="https://uconn.edu/">University of Connecticut</a>, this deeply human longing has fueled a lifelong mission. He claims to have discovered the equation that could unlock temporal displacement, pushing boundaries once deemed purely science fiction.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-profound-grief-that-forged-a-vision">A profound grief that forged a vision</h2>



<p>Mallett's extraordinary pursuit began with devastating tragedy in 1955. At merely 10 years old, he endured his father Boyd's sudden death—a television repairman whose passion for science had ignited a similar spark in his young son. Boyd Mallett, only 33, succumbed to a heart attack, leaving behind a grief-stricken child searching for solace.</p>



<p>That solace came through H.G. Wells' <em>The Time Machine</em>. Within its pages, Mallett found a captivating concept: "Time is only a kind of Space." These words transformed from a literary phrase into a guiding principle, becoming the driving force behind his unwavering commitment to unraveling time's fundamental mysteries.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-humble-beginnings-to-academic-heights">From humble beginnings to academic heights</h2>



<p>Mallett's journey was far from straightforward. After serving in the Air Force during the Vietnam War era, he utilized the GI Bill for higher education, earning his Ph.D. in physics from Pennsylvania State University in 1973 at the age of 28.</p>



<p>In 1975, he made history as the first African American professor in the University of Connecticut's physics department, achieving full professorship in 1987 before retiring in 2024 as professor emeritus.</p>



<p>Throughout these successful academic years, Mallett harbored his radical ambition as a closely guarded secret. "I kept my time travel goal a secret," he confessed. "I worried people would think I was nuts." His public research centered on black holes, serving as a "cover story" while he quietly developed his revolutionary time travel theory.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-breakthrough-moment">The breakthrough moment</h2>



<p>His pivotal insight arrived while hospitalized for a heart condition—a profound irony given his father's heart attack started this journey. The breakthrough was elegantly simple yet revolutionary: "If gravity can bend time, and light can create gravity, then light can bend time."</p>



<p>"It turns out that black holes can create a gravitational field that could lead to the creation of time loops that could allow us to go back in time," he explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-blueprint-for-a-temporal-vortex">The blueprint for a temporal vortex</h2>



<p>Mallett's vision for a functioning time machine replicates spacetime-warping phenomena around black holes. He offers a compelling analogy: "Picture a cup of coffee. Stir it with a spoon, and the coffee swirls. A spinning black hole does the same to spacetime."</p>



<p>In Einstein's general relativity, the universe is a dynamic fabric woven from space and time. Massive objects like black holes warp this fabric—an effect we perceive as gravity. Mallett theorizes that an intense, continuous, circulating beam of light from a ring of powerful lasers could replicate this gravitational torsion, effectively twisting time into a loop.</p>



<p>This "time loop" would theoretically allow information—or perhaps matter—to travel backward in time. He detailed this mathematical concept in his 2006 autobiography, <em>Time Traveler: A Scientist's Personal Mission to Make Time Travel a Reality</em>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-published-research-and-recognition">Published research and recognition</h2>



<p>His work, published in respected journals including <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/physics-letters-a" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physics Letters A</a></em> and <em><a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/10701" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Foundations of Physics</a></em>, suggests circulating laser light could generate gravitational fields potent enough to create closed timelike curves, enabling time travel for data.</p>



<p>Mallett's research has gained worldwide media attention, featured on <a href="https://www.thisamericanlife.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Public Radio's <em>This American Life</em></a>, the <a href="https://www.history.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">History Channel</a>, and <a href="https://www.today.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NBC's <em>Today Show</em></a>. The widespread interest reflects both his compelling personal story and rigorous scientific approach.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-galactic-hurdles-and-persistent-skepticism">The galactic hurdles and persistent skepticism</h2>



<p>While Mallett's equations captivate imagination, the path to reality faces immense obstacles. The energy requirement is staggering—Mallett acknowledges needing "galactic amounts of energy," far beyond current technological capabilities.</p>



<p>There's also a poignant limitation: even if realized, his machine could only send information back to when it was first activated, meaning it couldn't transport him to 1955 to prevent his father's death.</p>



<p>The scientific community remains skeptical. Physicists Ken Olum and Allen Everett argue that Mallett's proposed laser ring would need to be larger than the observable universe to achieve the necessary spacetime distortion. They invoke Stephen Hawking's chronology protection conjecture, suggesting physics may prevent macroscopic time travel.</p>



<p>Astrophysicist Paul Sutter has voiced doubts about Mallett's underlying mathematics, while science writer Brian Clegg finds the concept intriguing enough to warrant experimental investigation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-legacy-that-transcends-time">A legacy that transcends time</h2>



<p>Now approaching 80, Dr. Mallett remains steadfast. "I believe my work will show time travel is possible," he asserts. "Future generations will build on it in ways we can't yet imagine."</p>



<p>His equations, though yet to physically bend time, have bent our collective imagination. Ongoing public interest, evidenced by his continued media appearances and Spike Lee's film adaptation of his memoir, underscores his ideas' profound impact.</p>



<p>More than a scientific pursuit, Mallett's story testifies to human resilience, intellectual courage, and hope's enduring power. Whether his theoretical time machine ever materializes, his legacy is immeasurable—inspiring countless individuals to challenge conventional limits and perceive time not as an unyielding barrier, but as a boundless frontier awaiting exploration.</p>



<p></p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Retired professor claims he solved time travel

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elr4948_uOU Dr. Ronald Mallett from the University of Connecticut reveals...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?</p>



<p>One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ACS Reactions</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;</p>



<p>'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."</p>



<p>"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

News coming your way