Pile,Of,Colorful,Blankets,Made,From,Fleece,,All,Rolled,Up.

<span style="font-weight: 400;">Since outdoor clothing brand Patagonia introduced fleece in the early 1980s, it’s become a wardrobe staple for nature lovers across the globe. But the light, breathable fleece microfibers aren't as environmentally friendly as its fan-base might suggest. </span>

<span style="font-weight: 400;">It’s made from synthetic textiles -- specifically polyester, acrylic, and nylon -- and in a single washing machine cycle, </span>fleece can shed hundreds of thousands of tiny plastic particles known as microfibers<span style="font-weight: 400;">. </span>

<span style="font-weight: 400;">These microfibers contribute to global plastic pollution and can harm both marine organisms and the humans who eat them. </span>

<span style="font-weight: 400;">Before we go any further, let’s cover what exactly microfibers are and how they travel from our fleece sweaters into the bellies of fish.</span>

<img class="alignnone wp-image-1872025 size-full" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/fleece-233768_960_720.jpg" alt="fleece microfiber plastic pollution" width="960" height="639" />
<h2><strong>What Are Microfibers? </strong></h2>
<span style="font-weight: 400;">Microfibers are a subgroup of microplastics -- pieces of plastic typically defined as smaller than five millimeters (even thinner than a strand of hair) and composed of various synthetic polymers.</span>

<span style="font-weight: 400;">The water from washing machines takes microfibers down the drain, through wastewater treatment plants (</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">which are unable to filter out 40 percent of all microfibers</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">), and eventually into rivers, lakes, and oceans.</span>
<h2><strong>How Are Microfibers Harmful to the Environment?</strong></h2>
<span style="font-weight: 400;">It’s clear the accumulation of plastic in surface waters is detrimental to the environment. But since they’re not visible to the naked eye, it’s easy to underestimate the power of microfiber accumulation. </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">According to a 2011 study, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/clothes-dryers-release-millions-of-microfibers-into-the-air/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">microfibers</a> make up the majority of human-made debris on shorelines around the world.</span>

<span style="font-weight: 400;">Because they’re so small and pervasive in our oceans, microfibers can easily be consumed by fish and other marine wildlife. </span>

<span style="font-weight: 400;">Though the effects of this consumption are still being determined, research shows that ingesting microfibers </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">decreases the appetites of </span><a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.5b04026?journalCode=esthag" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Carcinus maenas </span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">(crabs)</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">increases the mortality of </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Daphnia magna</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (water fleas).</span>

<span style="font-weight: 400;">In </span><a href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/chi-great-lakes-plastic-fibers-scientists-20150109-story.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400;">a 2015 interview with the </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Chicago Tribune</span></i></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, chemist Sherri Mason said that in her research studying microscopic litter in the Great Lakes, she found that while other kinds of microplastic were able to be excreted by fish, she’d seen microfibers laced through their gastrointestinal tracts. </span>

<span style="font-weight: 400;">"The longer the plastic remains inside an organism,” Mason explained, “the greater the likelihood that it will impact the organism in some way."</span>
<h2><strong>How Are Fleece Microfibers Harmful to Humans? </strong></h2>
<span style="font-weight: 400;">Although some doubt that humans ingest or are affected by these smaller organisms’ ingestion of microfibers, toxic chemicals in microfibers could bioaccumulate in the sea creatures we eat and ultimately negatively impact human health. </span>

<span style="font-weight: 400;">However, the problem extends beyond our seafood: </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">microplastics have been </span><a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.5b03163" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400;">found in table salt in China</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, and in tap water all over the world. </span>

<span style="font-weight: 400;">The US has the highest tap water contamination rate -- </span><a href="https://orbmedia.org/stories/Invisibles_plastics/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400;">microfibers </span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">existed in 94 percent of the samples tested.</span>
<h2><strong>Patagonia Studies</strong></h2>
<span style="font-weight: 400;">In acknowledgment of their role in the early popularization of synthetic fleece, over the past several years Patagonia commissioned two scientific research studies to assess how many microfibers a single washing machine cycle releases, and compared their own products to off-brand fleece. </span>

<a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.6b03045" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The results</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> found that one fleece garment can shed up to 250,000 microfibers; that both older and lower-quality clothing sheds more microfibers than newer and higher-quality clothing; and that top-load machines shed more than front-load machines.</span>
<h2><strong>Can the Spread of Fleece Microfibers Be Stopped?</strong></h2>
<span style="font-weight: 400;">Patagonia responded to their studies’ findings with plans to inform customers about microfibers and proper care for synthetic items, as well as the benefits of using washing machine filters. </span>

<span style="font-weight: 400;">Patagonia is also helping fund a company called Tersus Solutions, which invented a waterless washing machine that cleans clothing with pressurized carbon dioxide. </span>

<span style="font-weight: 400;">However, it’s unlikely that consumers would purchase these machines for the sole purpose of preventing fiber loss from their fleeces. </span>

<span style="font-weight: 400;">Other recent studies</span><span style="font-weight: 400;"> suggest that apparel companies like Patagonia could mitigate the proliferation of microfibers with knitting techniques designed to reduce fiber loss, tighter yarns, and pre-washing and vacuuming textiles at manufacturing facilities. </span>

<span style="font-weight: 400;">Additionally, beyond the apparel industry, wastewater treatment plants could install filtration systems.</span>

<span style="font-weight: 400;">There’s also precedent for legislation limiting the production of microplastics. The US banned microbeads, a type of microplastic used in toothpaste and cosmetics, with the passing of the Microbead-Free Waters Act in 2015. </span>

<span style="font-weight: 400;">In 2018, California lawmakers struck down a bill that would require clothing with more than 50 percent microfiber-containing synthetic materials to have a label informing consumers to hand-wash the product.</span>

<span style="font-weight: 400;">Less than half a century since the advent of fleece, microfibers are everywhere—in oceans, marine life, and even our drinking water. </span>

<span style="font-weight: 400;">Though it's probably impossible to reverse the damage that’s already been done, changes in the manufacturing of synthetic apparel, the way consumers wash synthetic apparel, and new laws could help prevent the problem from getting any worse.</span>

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The Dirty Secret of Fleece: Microfibers and Plastic Pollution

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<p data-marked="true">Trees are a valuable part of all of our lives. Trees create the oxygen we breathe, grow the food we eat, provide us with shade on hot days, and beautify our homes and neighborhoods. Learning tree identification is the first step in appreciating this incredible group of woody plants that impact our lives so profoundly. Once you learn to call a tree by name, you will begin to notice more and more features and facts about that type of tree.</p>


[caption id="attachment_1893647" align="alignnone" width="500"]<img class="size-full wp-image-1893647" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/shutterstock_1374784175.jpg" alt="eucalyptus trees" width="500" height="334" /> Eucalyptus trees have interesting branching patterns and bark.[/caption]
<h2>What Is A Tree?</h2>
<p data-marked="true">The technical definition of a tree is a woody plant that has a single trunk that grows to a considerable height.</p>
<p data-marked="true">Let's rule out some broad categories of plants that aren't trees.</p>
<p data-marked="true">Any plants that die back to the ground in winter are never trees. This group includes herbaceous and <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/a-gardeners-guide-to-perennial-identification/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">perennial wildflowers</a>. Vines also aren't trees (although some tree branches have vine-like habits).</p>
<p data-marked="true">The line between bush and tree can be blurry. Bushes, like trees, are also woody plants. However, if the plant has many trunks coming from the ground and is less than 15 feet tall, it is a bush rather than a tree. Rarely, some 'bushes' can reach <a href="http://www.madrono.org/san-francisco-landscape/journalism/journey-to-the-worlds-tallest-manzanita.html#.YO48mxNKhhE" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">up to 40 feet high</a>. Nature never fits perfectly in the boxes we prescribe to it.</p>
<p data-marked="true">Botanically speaking, only dichotomous plants can produce wood. This means that monocots are never trees. Palm 'trees' and bamboo fall under the monocot category and therefore aren't trees (you can still think of them as trees though, only snobby botanists will call you out on this).</p>

<h3>How Many Tree Species Are There?</h3>
<p data-marked="true">There are about 60,000 species of trees on Earth. This accounts for about 20% of all plant species on the planet. If you're in mainland Alaska then your task as a tree identifier is pretty easy. There are about a <a href="https://www.alaska.org/expert-advice/trees" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">half dozen species</a> of trees in that massive area! If you're in Florida you'd better get to work because there are hundreds of species in that state. Generally, U.S. tree diversity is much higher east of the Mississippi river compared to the West.</p>


[caption id="attachment_1893648" align="alignnone" width="500"]<img class="size-full wp-image-1893648" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/shutterstock_1245559723.jpg" alt="giant sequoias" width="500" height="334" /> Giant sequoias are the largest trees on Earth. Their shaggy bark and gigantic size are great identifying factors.[/caption]
<h2>Conifer Versus Broadleaf Tree Identification</h2>
<p data-marked="true">A major distinction between trees groups is coniferous trees and broadleaf trees. Don't get these terms mixed up with evergreen and deciduous. These terms mean different things!</p>
<p data-marked="true">A <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/gymnosperms-and-angiosperms/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">conifer tree</a> has needles instead of leaves. These needles are thin and long. Christmas trees, for example, are always a type of conifer. Famous examples of conifers are redwoods, giant sequoias, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/what-is-a-monkey-puzzle-tree/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">monkey puzzle trees</a>. Cedars, junipers, and cypresses are conifers that have scales instead of needles. There are only about 600 species of conifers in the world, meaning they represent only about 1% of all tree species.</p>
<p data-marked="true">Broadleaved trees make up the vast majority of tree species. These trees have true leaves, like a sycamore or a red oak.</p>


[caption id="attachment_1893641" align="alignnone" width="500"]<img class="size-full wp-image-1893641" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/shutterstock_1568653840.jpg" alt="deciduous conifer" width="500" height="334" /> A larch loses its needles in the fall. Larches are deciduous conifers.[/caption]
<h3>Evergreen and Deciduous Tree Identification</h3>
<p data-marked="true">An evergreen tree is a tree that never drops its leaves or needles. Think spruce, fir, or juniper. Deciduous trees drop all of their leaves for winter. Think dogwood, hickory, or horse chestnut.</p>
<p data-marked="true">People often think of the terms conifer and evergreen as meaning the same thing. This is incorrect. Likewise, broad-leafed is not interchangeable with deciduous.</p>
<p data-marked="true">Almost all conifers are indeed evergreen. However, tons of broad-leafed trees are also evergreen. Magnolias in the American south and live oaks in the American southwest and eucalyptus are common examples of evergreen broad-leafed trees.</p>
<p data-marked="true">In fact, there are tons of broad-leafed evergreen tree species since most species of trees live in the tropics where trees don't need to drop leaves because of a cold winter.</p>
<p data-marked="true">Larches, dawn redwoods, and bald cypresses are all kinds of conifers that drop their needles in the fall. These types of trees are deciduous conifers.</p>

<h2>Next Level Tools for Tree Identification</h2>
<p data-marked="true">There are three main methods for learning tree species; direct, in-person teaching, tree identification guides, and plant identification apps.</p>
<p data-marked="true">The first, and in my opinion most valuable, is to go out with someone who knows the trees and can teach you firsthand. Schools and other institutions offer classes and workshops on plant identification. Perhaps your friend can teach you a thing or two as well. Going to an arboretum or a botanic garden is also a great way to learn trees since trees in these places are usually identified with their species name.</p>
<p data-marked="true">Field guides are only helpful if you know how to use them. If you're looking for a field guide, try to get the one that is the most specific to your region.</p>
<p data-marked="true">A guide to the 'Trees of Western North Carolina' will be much more useful for someone living in Asheville than a generic 'Trees of the South' guide. Similarly, that 'Trees of the South' guide will be better than a 'Trees of North America' guide.</p>
<p data-marked="true">Some field guides are full of pictures or drawings. These sorts of guides act as visual references for tree ID. However, since there are sometimes hundreds of tree species, these guides usually only list the common tree species. For most people, this is sufficient.</p>
<p data-marked="true">More technical, dichotomous keys are the most accurate guides for identifying trees. The niche botanical vocabulary and lack of pictures in these guides are usually daunting for the layperson. People usually need to take botany classes to learn how to use these dichotomous keys.</p>
<p data-marked="true">Lastly, plant identification apps can be quite effective for quick identification. Apps are frighteningly accurate in many situations. All you do is take a picture of the plant and the app will suggest likely plant species based on the appearance and location of the plant. The future is here!</p>

<h2>Use Different Plant Parts for Tree Identification</h2>
<p data-marked="true">Paying attention to features both large and small helps aid proper tree identification. Details as small as the veins on the leaves or as large as the general branching structure of the tree can give you valuable clues into what species of tree you are looking at.</p>


[caption id="attachment_1893642" align="alignnone" width="500"]<img class="size-full wp-image-1893642" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/shutterstock_98706824.jpg" alt="oak leaf" width="500" height="333" /> Oak leaves are generally lobed. This leaf shape is a good clue for identifying oaks.[/caption]
<h3>Leaves Are Essential for Tree Identification</h3>
<p data-marked="true">There are too many types of tree leaves to cover in this guide, but let's touch on some basics. Leaves can be either simple or compound. A simple leaf has no divisions whereas a compound leaf is made up of several leaflets. Leaves can be palmately compound, like the fingers coming off of your palm. Maple leaves are palmately compound. Leaves can also be pinnately compound, which means they look like a fern. Acacias sometimes have pinnately compound leaves.</p>


[caption id="attachment_1893643" align="alignnone" width="1024"]<img class="size-large wp-image-1893643" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/shutterstock_562460287-1024x614.jpg" alt="leaf shapes" width="1024" height="614" /> This illustration shows a few kinds of leaf shapes.[/caption]
<p data-marked="true">The leaf margins are also important to notice. A leaf margin is the shape of the edge of a leaf. A margin is entire if it has no texture to it. Leaves can have serrate or toothed margins, like a bread-cutting knife, along with a whole host of other margin types. Oak leaves generally have lobed margins. There are a few dozen types of leaf margins to learn.</p>
<p data-marked="true">The general leaf shape can give clues to the tree species as well. Is the leaf shaped like an oval or a heart? Lanceolate, oblong, oval, and cordate are just a few of the possible leaf shapes.</p>
<p data-marked="true">Leaf size, the shape of leaf tips, color of the top side versus underside, venation, and even the shape of hairs on the leaves can also be used to identify trees.</p>


[caption id="attachment_1893644" align="alignnone" width="500"]<img class="size-full wp-image-1893644" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/shutterstock_1074642392.jpg" alt="jacaranda" width="500" height="452" /> Jacaranda trees display their stunning purple flowers in the spring. This bounty of purple makes them unmistakable when flowering.[/caption]
<h3>Flowers Only Sometimes Work for Tree Identification</h3>
<p data-marked="true">Don't rely on tree flowers for identification! This is for one simple reason; flowers are only present for a short time every year. However, if you do find yourself lucky enough to be identifying a tree with flowers, they are often quite helpful in distinguishing between different tree species.</p>
<p data-marked="true">Get your hands on one of the flowers (or cones) and dissect it with your fingers. Every possible part of the flower you can see has a technical botanical name. The same types of aspects you noticed on the leaf can help with flowers. For example, the shape of the flowers, the margins of the flowers, the hairs on the flowers, and the colors of the flowers are all clues towards finding the right tree species.</p>
<p data-marked="true"><img class="alignnone size-large wp-image-1893645" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/shutterstock_408718939-1024x681.jpg" alt="tree shapes" width="1024" height="681" /></p>

<h3>It Is Important to Notice Overall Tree Structure</h3>
<p data-marked="true">While the teeny tiny details of flowers and leaves can get you to the right tree, you often need to look at the overall tree structure as well. Is the tree wide or tall? Does it have tons of branches or just a few big ones? Can you see through the canopy or is it fully shaded? Is the base of the tree enlarged by the roots or not?</p>
<p data-marked="true">Botanists often refer to the overall <em>gestalt </em>of a plant. Gestalt is a German word that translates loosely to 'entire pattern'. For plant ID nerds, this means the patterns that the entire plant seem to exude. Since plants from the same species can look very different based on environmental factors, a hunch based on the plant's gestalt is often the quickest and most accurate way to identify the plant!</p>
<p data-marked="true">The more ID repetitions you get, the more accurate your gestalt for a plant species becomes. Once you have seen 1,000 of the same tree species in tons of different places, you will no doubt be able to pick out that same species in any forest.</p>


[caption id="attachment_1893646" align="alignnone" width="500"]<img class="size-full wp-image-1893646" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/shutterstock_252615424.jpg" alt="bristlecone pine" width="500" height="331" /> Bristlecone pines are the oldest trees on Earth, living over 5,000 years. They only live in extremely high, windy locations in the Mountain West on nutrient-poor soils.[/caption]
<h2>Pay Attention to Habitat for Tree ID</h2>
<p data-marked="true">Once you feel like you have a good guess on the group of trees your tree is in, you can use environmental factors to parse it out from similar species. Often times you can whittle down potential tree species by taking the geographic range and habitat of a species into account.</p>
<p data-marked="true">For example, incense cedars look similar to western red cedars, but western red cedars don't grow in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California. Therefore, if you see a cedar in the hills of those mountains, you don't need to pick apart the differences between the two cedars because only the incense cedar lives in that ecosystem.</p>
<p data-marked="true">You can weed out additional similar tree species by taking the elevation, sunlight, soil moisture, geology, and slope direction into account.</p>
<p data-marked="true">Learning your local trees, whether they are gnarled oaks or grand chestnuts, adds meaning to the landscape and combats plant blindness.</p>
<p data-marked="true">Once you learn tree species, you can pay attention to which bird species prefer which kinds of trees. You can notice which species of trees tend to grow next to each other. If you're willing to put in the time, the natural world has infinite fascinating stories to tell.</p>
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A Beginner's Guide to Tree Identification

Trees are a valuable part of all of our lives....

If you’ve ever been to <a href="https://www.earth.com/image-category/wonders-of-iceland/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Iceland</a>, you may have been shocked at the otherworldly landscapes that help make it famous. Its volcanoes and stark landscapes make it seem like a place that shouldn’t be rich in plant life. After all, it’s in the name - a land of ice!

The name, however, is highly misleading. Summers in Iceland are notoriously green, with fields carpeted by plants such as wildflowers and grasses. In fact, Iceland is home to <a href="http://en.ni.is/botany/vegetation/vegetation-types/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">around 1,000 plant species</a>. When you include fungi and lichen, this number grows to 5,000 species!

There is a myth, though, that Iceland is completely devoid of trees. Trees can’t survive in temperatures that are too cold year-round. One reason is that prolonged freezing temperatures can freeze the sap for too long, and kill the tree.

Another reason trees can’t survive in extreme cold is that their roots can’t penetrate deep enough through permafrost to access nutrients. So, is Iceland actually devoid of trees? Are there trees in Iceland? To answer these questions, we have to go back to when humans arrived on the small island.

<img class="alignnone wp-image-1877198 size-full" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Forest_habitat_in_Iceland.jpg" alt="forest iceland trees" width="1590" height="1138" />
<h2>History of Iceland Trees</h2>
When Vikings first arrived on the island more than a millennium ago, up to 40% of the landmass was wooded. This percentage could have been even higher long before Vikings set foot on the rocky shores of Iceland.

After their arrival, mass deforestation ensued to provide wood for houses and other structures as people settled. After just a few hundred years, most of the trees in Iceland had been cut down, leading to <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/desertification/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">“desertification.”</a>

Desertification is when once fertile land becomes infertile as a result of drought, unsustainable use, or in this case, deforestation. No trees meant there was more erosion, which led to poor and shallow soil that couldn’t support tree life.

To make matters worse, animal agriculture kept forests from regenerating due to sheep and other animals eating saplings, leading to even more erosion.

The resulting landscape is now extremely characteristic in Iceland. Rocky and barren fields are the first sight visitors see when they land in <a href="https://guidetoiceland.is/reykjavik-guide/top-10-things-to-do-in-reykjavik" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Reykjavík</a>. Even when people completely expect such a sight, it can be a surprising and alien-looking environment.
<h2>Native Trees in Iceland</h2>
Despite diminished numbers, there are some tree species native to Iceland. They were once abundant on the island before it was settled, and made up the bulk of the long-gone forests. Now, they are relics of the past, but you can still find them in certain areas today.

Although trees are often thought of as big, towering giants, trees in Iceland are much smaller due to the limited growing season and harsh conditions. Rarely do even the largest ones get to be 15 meters in height.

<img class="alignnone wp-image-1877199 size-full" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/eurobirch.jpg" alt="iceland trees downy birch betula pubescens" width="1024" height="672" />
<h3>Downy Birch (<em>Betula pubescens</em>)</h3>
This particular birch species is also native to Northern Europe all the way into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hanging-climate-siberia-livable/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Siberian Russia</a>. Downy birch is definitely the most common tree species in Iceland and makes up the bulk of the forested area that’s still present in the country.

Historically, settlers used birchwood as a building material and as a fuel source. Perhaps the most important product of birch was charcoal, which was necessary for metalworking.
<h3>Tea-Leaved Willow (<em>Salix phylicifolia</em>)</h3>
Tea-leaved willow is more of a shrub than a tree, but it does occasionally get to be tree-sized. This is probably the second most common tree in Iceland and often accompanies the downy birch in forest stands. It’s also present in marshlands throughout its range. The Icelandic name of the tea-leaved willow is Gulvíðir.

<img class="alignnone wp-image-1877201 size-full" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/rowan.jpg" alt="iceland trees, sorbus aucuparia" width="900" height="602" />
<h3>Rowan (<em>Sorbus aucuparia</em>)</h3>
Rowan is a more uncommon tree species in Iceland. It’s typically pickier than other Iceland trees and is only found in more favorable conditions. Where it is found, it’s often the tallest tree in the area, outperforming other more common species.
<h3>European Aspen (<em>Populus tremula</em>)</h3>
This is the rarest tree species in Iceland, although it’s extremely common throughout the rest of Europe and Asia. Interestingly, it doesn’t actually flower in Iceland. It spreads by shoots that come from the roots, essentially cloning itself over and over again. A different species of aspen in Colorado does this too, and is now the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pando-oldest-organisms/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">largest clonal organism on the planet</a>!

<img class="alignnone wp-image-1877200 size-full" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Thjorsardalur_National_Forest_Iceland.jpg" alt="forest iceland reforestation" width="1000" height="629" />
<h2>Reforestation in Iceland</h2>
In recent years, reforestation efforts have been underway to restore parts of Iceland that were once covered by trees. Downy birch is really the only commercially valuable tree in Iceland, so this particular species has been a target for reforestation efforts.

Unfortunately, climate change is making it hard for native Icelandic trees to thrive. So, many non-native species have been introduced to the country.

These days, we know introducing non-native species can have drastic negative impacts on local ecosystems. Regardless, trees in Iceland are making a comeback one way or another.

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Trees in Iceland, or Lack Thereof

If you’ve ever been to Iceland, you may have been...

<p>Native to New Zealand, kiwi birds are fascinating and unique creatures. These birds cannot fly and don’t have a tail, but they have long, loose feathers and powerful legs.</p>



<p>Hundreds of years ago, these birds thrived abundantly in their home country. Now, their populations have become dispersed and fragmented, as well as vulnerable.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Why are kiwi birds endangered? Let’s take a look at all of the factors that are threatening their long-term survival and driving this species toward extinction.&nbsp;</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Habitat-loss-1024x683.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-1911708"/><figcaption>Deforestation has reduced New Zealand's landscape dramatically. Photo from <a href="https://www.istockphoto.com/portfolio/nazar_ab?mediatype=photography"><img alt="">nazar_ab</a> on <a href="http://istockphoto.com">iStock</a>.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 id="h-habitat-loss">Habitat Loss</h2>



<p>In an effort to make room for new farmlands and urban development, a majority of New Zealand’s natural forests have been cleared. As a result, the landscape has changed dramatically.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Around 750 years ago, natural forests covered about 85% of the country’s landscape, or about 23 million hectares. Deforestation efforts have reduced this to around 23%, which equals just 6.2 million hectares.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Many lowland forests, estuaries, and dunes have been converted into grasslands and pastures, while others are transformed into towns. Both measures are designed to boost local economies, though they have devastating effects on certain species, like the kiwi birds, that depend on the forest for survival.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Flat pastures do not provide kiwi birds with the natural protection and barriers they need to survive. Yet, their scope is rapidly increasing. Before New Zealand was populated, only 5% of the country was grassland. Now, more than 38% of the country’s total land area is covered in grass.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 id="h-the-damaging-effects-of-clearing-land">The Damaging Effects of Clearing Land</h3>



<p>What happens to the kiwi birds when forest land is cleared and converted into grasslands and pastures? There are three main ways these actions harm the species.&nbsp;</p>



<p><strong>Population Movement</strong></p>



<p>When land is cleared, kiwis <em>and</em> their predators are forced to move out of their widespread natural habitats. Instead, they migrate into smaller and more concentrated areas, where there are fewer resources and the likelihood of an encounter is greater. If the kiwi birds remain in the farmland, they are often attacked by predators, such as dogs.&nbsp;</p>



<p><strong>Physical Threats</strong></p>



<p>Developers use various means to clear land, including burning and crushing vegetation. Both approaches pose a direct threat to kiwis and other species that call the area home. The large rollers used to crush plants and trees can harm or kill the birds, who cannot fly to higher altitudes for safety. Likewise, the fire and smoke from the burning process are also significant dangers.&nbsp;</p>



<p><strong>Increased Competition</strong></p>



<p>With a smaller habitat to live in, kiwis are affected both physically and socially. Deforestation creates more competition for free space, which leads to boundary wars between kiwi birds and other local inhabitants. Not only can these encounters turn deadly, but they also make breeding less frequent.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 id="h-the-rise-of-the-dairy-farming-industry">The Rise of the Dairy Farming Industry</h3>



<p>In an effort to offset the negative effect of pastureland development, country leaders have led programs to establish plantation forests where the kiwi birds can live. The movement hit its apex in 2006, when planted forests covered around 1.8 million hectares in New Zealand.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, there’s another movement changing the landscape and diverting attention elsewhere: the growth of the dairy farming industry. Over the past 30 years, dairy exports in New Zealand have increased from around NZ $2 billion per year to nearly $20 billion per year.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Dairy farmers need pastures to support their livelihoods, which means fewer exotic forests are being replanted. In fact, some immature forests have even been converted into dairy farms to support this sector.&nbsp;</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/stoat-1024x487.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-1911710"/><figcaption>Stoats are particularly dangerous for baby kiwi birds. Photo from <a href="https://www.istockphoto.com/portfolio/Andyworks?mediatype=photography"><img alt="">Andyworks</a> <a href="https://www.istockphoto.com/portfolio/ahmettgiden?mediatype=photography"><img alt=""></a>on <a href="http://istockphoto.com">iStock</a>.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 id="h-predatory-activity">Predatory Activity</h2>



<p>While habitat loss contributes to the dwindling numbers of kiwi birds, it isn’t the primary factor affecting their survival.</p>



<p>In fact, kiwi birds are surprisingly adaptable and can conform to a variety of environments. While flat grasslands aren’t ideal, these soil feeders <em>can</em> survive in other areas, from native forests and rougher farmland to sand dunes and mangroves.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The only problem? When they migrate to these different habitats, kiwis aren’t alone. Instead, they meet a variety of predators, including dogs, stoats, and ferrets. Faced with these constant threats, it’s estimated that only 5% of kiwi bird chicks survive into adulthood.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 id="h-stoats-and-baby-kiwi-birds">Stoats and Baby Kiwi Birds</h3>



<p>Stoats are particularly dangerous for baby kiwi birds. In the same family as ferrets and weasels, these short-tailed mammals are extremely smart, fast, and mobile. They were introduced into New Zealand back in the 1800s in an attempt to control the overpopulation of introduced rabbits.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, once they arrived in the country, the stoats quickly found that it was easier to attack and kill flightless ground-nesting birds (like the kiwi) than rabbits. Thus, newly-hatched kiwi birds became their primary prey -- a relationship that continues to this day. It’s especially difficult for kiwis to outwit or outrun stoats due to the fact that kiwis are mostly nocturnal, while stoats hunt during the day.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 id="h-dogs-and-adult-kiwi-birds">Dogs and Adult Kiwi Birds</h3>



<p>While baby kiwis often fall victim to stoats, dogs are the biggest predator of adult kiwi birds. Even the smallest and most delicate dog can crush a kiwi due to its size and weight. While there has been some legislation to control dog populations in New Zealand, including the Dog Control Act of 1996, some dog owners are not aware of (or choose to openly ignore) the rules required to keep their pets under control in areas where wild kiwi birds live.</p>



<h3 id="h-other-predators">Other Predators</h3>



<p>In addition to dogs, adult kiwi birds also have to be on the lookout for ferrets, which are increasing in number across New Zealand. Ferrets also prey on rabbits and have had plenty of hunting activity lately. As summers become longer, hotter, and dryer, rabbit populations are on the upswing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Thus, ferrets are thriving as well. It’s not uncommon for them to migrate from farmlands into deep forests, where they can find kiwi among other forms of natural wildlife. Other animals that can kill kiwi birds include possums, cats, and pigs.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 id="h-predator-control-efforts">Predator Control Efforts</h3>



<p>As conservation leaders learn more about the types of animals that commonly prey on kiwi birds, they are taking measures to keep them safe. Research shows that when predatory activity is intensively controlled, kiwi hatching rates increase to up to 60%. For population levels to grow, a rate above 20% is necessary, so this is promising progress.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The specific techniques and tools used to control predators will vary depending on the target species, area size, terrain, and personnel responsible. However, there is always a focus on using humane measures (including traps and poisons) to protect the kiwi birds and preserve other native species.&nbsp;</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Future-kiwi-1024x550.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-1911711"/><figcaption>Education and advocacy are key for the future of the kiwi bird population. Photo from <a href="https://www.istockphoto.com/portfolio/tobiasjo?mediatype=photography"><img alt="">tobiasjo</a> on <a href="http://istockphoto.com">iStock</a>.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 id="h-the-future-of-the-kiwi-bird-population">The Future of the Kiwi Bird Population</h2>



<p>As a result of habitat loss and predatory activity, kiwi bird populations across New Zealand are becoming increasingly sparse and fragmented. When this occurs, it becomes more difficult for the species to breed, which further inhibits population growth.&nbsp;</p>



<p>As long as safe and effective pest control measures are in place, kiwi can thrive in various habitats. The key is understanding how to protect the birds that live in your homeland, whether that’s a town, pasture, forest, or farm.&nbsp;</p>



<p>As community leaders continue to look for ways to drive out predators and keep these birds safe, education and advocacy are key. Continue to educate yourself on the measures taken to safeguard this species, and check back here often for all of the eco-central news and updates you need. </p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Why Are Kiwi Birds Endangered?

Native to New Zealand, kiwi birds are fascinating and unique...

<p>For millennia, the planet's birds have been an integral part of the ecosystem, playing important roles in pollination, seed dispersal, and controlling insect populations. Sadly, human activity has put many species of birds in danger.</p>



<p>The world's population has <a href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/earth-s-population-doubled-since-1960-1.336155">more than doubled</a> since 1960, and as our demand for resources increases, so does the pressure on the environment. Sure, human activity is the primary threat to birds, but there are other causes, too.</p>



<p>In this post, we'll take a look at some of the most vulnerable bird species and why these birds are endangered. We'll also outline some of the things you can do to help protect them.</p>



<h2 id="h-which-bird-species-are-endangered">Which Bird Species Are Endangered?</h2>



<p>There are <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/birds#:~:text=There%20are%20more%20than%2011%2C000,the%20most%20unique%20bird%20species.">more than 11,000 species</a> of birds in the world, with the tropics being home to the greatest diversity. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List classifies bird species into several categories, including birds that are vulnerable, endangered, and critically endangered. The list also includes animals from other groups, such as mammals, reptiles, and fish.</p>



<p>Currently, the IUCN lists <a href="https://www.iucn.org/content/more-critically-endangered-birds-iucn-red-list#:~:text=The%20IUCN%20Red%20List%20now,than%20in%20the%202008%20update.">192 bird species</a> as critically endangered. That makes birds the highest category in terms of threat. Some of the most endangered birds include the:</p>



<ul><li>Medium Tree-finch</li><li>Gorgeted Puffleg</li><li>Bateleur</li><li>Sidamo Lark</li><li>Chimney Swift</li><li>Chatham Petrel</li><li>Lear’s Macaw</li></ul>



<p>The threat of bird extinction is spread across the globe. However, there are some hotspots where the problem is more acute. These include the island of Madagascar, Brazil's Atlantic Forest, and the Himalayan region.</p>



<h2 id="h-what-are-the-biggest-threats-to-birds">What Are the Biggest Threats to Birds?</h2>



<p>For a long time, birds thrived, ruling the skies and playing vital roles in ecosystems around the world. But the tables have turned, with these creatures now among the most at risk of disappearing forever. But why are birds endangered? Here are four reasons:</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Deforestation-1024x683.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-1911699"/><figcaption>Photo from <a href="https://www.istockphoto.com/portfolio/WhitcombeRD?mediatype=photography"><img alt="">WhitcombeRD</a> on <a href="http://istockphoto.com">iStock</a>.</figcaption></figure>



<h3 id="h-1-human-activity">1.&nbsp;&nbsp; Human Activity</h3>



<p>Human actions have had an unprecedented impact on the earth and its wildlife. According to a UN report, humans have severely altered <a href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/human-activity-put-million-species-risk-extinction-report/story?id=62852406#:~:text=Around%2075%25%20of%20Earth's%20terrestrial,mostly%20within%20the%20past%20century.">75 percent</a> of the planet's terrestrial environment, putting at least one million animal species at threat of extinction.</p>



<h4 id="h-a-habitat-loss-and-degradation">a.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Habitat loss and Degradation</h4>



<p>As human settlements expand, they encroach on natural habitats, destroying them in the process. This is one of the biggest threats to bird populations and has contributed to the decline of many species.</p>



<h4 id="h-b-deforestation">b.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Deforestation</h4>



<p>The clearing of forests for timber, agriculture, or urbanization destroys vital habitats for birds and other animals. It also fragments once-continuous habitat, making it harder for birds to find mates and food.</p>



<h4 id="h-c-pollution">c.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Pollution</h4>



<p>Air, water, and soil pollution can all take a toll on bird populations. For example, lead poisoning is a major problem for many bird species that feed on insects contaminated by the toxin.</p>



<h4 id="h-d-pesticides">d.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Pesticides</h4>



<p>The widespread use of pesticides has had devastating effects on bird populations, particularly those that eat insects. Studies have shown that some insecticides can cause neurological damage in birds, leading to impaired motor function and death.</p>



<h4 id="h-e-overfishing">e.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Overfishing</h4>



<p>Birds that rely on fish for food are among the hardest hit by overfishing. As fish stocks decline, so do the birds that depend on them. This is a particular problem for seabirds such as albatrosses and penguins.</p>



<h4 id="h-f-illegal-hunting">f.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Illegal Hunting</h4>



<p>In some parts of the world, birds are still hunted for food or trade, despite laws against it. This is a significant problem in Asia, where many bird species are captured and sold as pets.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Climate-change-1024x683.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-1911702"/><figcaption>Climate change is one of the biggest threats to birds and other wildlife. Photo from <a href="https://www.istockphoto.com/portfolio/AegeanBlue?mediatype=photography"><img alt="">AegeanBlue</a> on <a href="http://istockphoto.com/">iStock</a>. </figcaption></figure>



<h3 id="h-2-climate-change">2.&nbsp;&nbsp; Climate Change</h3>



<p>Climate change is one of the biggest threats to birds and other wildlife. As temperatures rise and weather patterns become more extreme, many bird species are struggling to adapt. This is especially true for those that breed in the Arctic, where melting sea ice is destroying vital habitats.</p>



<p>Rising temperatures are also causing problems for migrating birds. For example, as spring arrives earlier in the northern hemisphere, some migrant birds are arriving too early to find food. This leads to malnutrition and reduced breeding success.</p>



<p>In the tropics, meanwhile, climate change is making it harder for birds to find food as droughts become more common. Studies have shown that drought can cause widespread starvation among insect-eating birds.</p>



<p>As if that wasn't enough, climate change is also making it easier for diseases to spread. For example, avian malaria is a serious problem in many tropical countries. As temperatures rise, the mosquitoes that carry the disease are able to survive and breed at higher altitudes, putting more birds at risk.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Invasive-1024x683.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-1911703"/><figcaption>Invasive species can cause harm to the local ecosystem. Photo from <a href="https://www.istockphoto.com/portfolio/cmannphoto?mediatype=photography"><img alt="">cmannphoto</a> on <a href="http://istockphoto.com/">iStock</a>.</figcaption></figure>



<h3 id="h-3-invasive-species">3.&nbsp;&nbsp; Invasive Species</h3>



<p>Invasive species are a major problem for bird populations around the world. These are plants, animals, or diseases that are not native to an area and can cause harm to the local ecosystem.</p>



<p>For birds, invasive species can destroy habitats, compete for food, or spread disease. In some cases, they can even directly prey on birds. For example, rats introduced to island ecosystems have caused the extinction of many ground-nesting birds by eating their eggs and chicks.</p>



<p>Climate change is making the problem worse by increasing the range of some invasive species. For example, as temperatures rise in the Arctic, mosquitoes that carry <a href="https://www.usgs.gov/diseases-of-terrestrial-wildlife/avian-malaria">avian malaria</a> are able to survive and breed at higher altitudes, putting more birds at risk.</p>



<h2 id="h-what-can-be-done-to-protect-birds">What Can Be Done to Protect Birds?</h2>



<p>The good news is that there are things we can do to protect birds and other wildlife. Here are a few ideas:</p>



<h3 id="h-1-support-conservation-organizations">1.&nbsp;&nbsp; Support Conservation Organizations</h3>



<p>There are many organizations working to protect bird populations around the world. Support their efforts by donating money or time.</p>



<h3 id="h-2-be-mindful-of-your-impact-on-the-environment">2.&nbsp;&nbsp; Be Mindful of Your Impact on the Environment</h3>



<p>We all have a role to play in preserving bird habitats. Be conscious of your impact on the environment and do what you can to reduce your footprint.</p>



<h3 id="h-3-support-sustainable-agriculture">3.&nbsp;&nbsp; Support Sustainable Agriculture</h3>



<p>Agricultural practices are a major threat to bird populations. But there are ways to farm without damaging the environment. Support sustainable agriculture initiatives and buy organic products whenever possible.</p>



<h2 id="h-do-your-part-in-averting-bird-extinction">Do Your Part in Averting Bird Extinction</h2>



<p>Bird species are quickly disappearing from the skies. For the most part, human activity is to blame. But there is hope. By working together, we can protect birds and other wildlife and preserve the planet for future generations.</p>



<p>Would you like to read more interesting articles like this? Keep visiting our blog.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Why Are Birds Endangered?

For millennia, the planet's birds have been an integral part...

Small,Ocean,Sea,Waves,On,Sandy,Beach,With,Sunrise,Sunset.

<p>You've likely heard that the moon is responsible for tides on Earth, but have you ever actually thought about why? While the moon has the biggest effect on Earth's tides, the sun and the ocean's shape also have effects that increase or decrease the tide. The effects of the moon on Earth's tides are called moon tides. Moon tides are the main focus of this article.&nbsp;</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-style-default"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/moon_10big_stock-1024x683.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-1912202"/></figure>



<h2 id="h-moon-tides-from-the-moon-orbiting-the-earth">Moon Tides from the Moon Orbiting the Earth</h2>



<p>Everything in space exerts gravity on everything else. Since the moon is the closest celestial body to Earth, it exerts the greatest force on the Earth's oceans. The force of the&nbsp;moon's gravity pulls both the Earth and the water on Earth's surface closer to the moon. When water is pulled towards the moon the tide goes up. Whatever part of the Earth is closest to the moon experiences the most intense lunar gravity, and therefore the most intense moon tide. But the gravitational pull of the moon doesn't stop there! The moon also pulls the Earth slightly towards it, pulling the side of the Earth closest to the moon with the most force, and the side of the Earth furthest away from the moon with the least amount of force. The water on the side of the Earth furthest from the moon experiences the least amount of lunar gravity.&nbsp;</p>



<p>There are two high tides each day. As the Earth completes its 24-hour, day-long rotation, the side of the Earth which is closest to the moon constantly changes. This is why a high tide happens every 24 hours (actually, it's 24 hours and 50 minutes, but more on that later).</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/shutterstock_2064415841.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-1904626"/><figcaption>A graph shows the height of the tide over a 24 hour period. <a href="https://www.shutterstock.com/g/pijitra-phomkham">PIJITRA PHOMKHAM</a>/<a href="http://shutterstock.com">Shutterstock</a>.</figcaption></figure>



<h3 id="h-the-second-high-tide">The Second High Tide</h3>



<p>Each day there is a second, lesser high tide. This second high tide occurs on the side of Earth furthest from the moon. Initially, that doesn't seem to make much sense, right?</p>



<p>While the moon pulls all the water on Earth towards it, it also pulls the Earth slightly towards the moon. Since the water furthest from the moon experiences little lunar gravity, it is being pulled less than the rest of the Earth. This means that, because the water farthest from the moon gets pulled the least, the water is higher compared to the Earth.</p>



<p>Additionally, as the Earth and moon spin around each other, the water furthest from the moon experiences centripetal force. This means that the water furthest from the moon is being spun as the Earth travels around the moon with more force than the water closest to the moon. Together, the centripetal force and the difference in gravity between the sides of the Earth facing the moon create a tidal bulge on the opposite side of Earth from the moon.</p>



<h3 id="h-low-moon-tides">Low Moon Tides</h3>



<p>The areas of the ocean halfway between the side of the Earth closest to the moon and the side furthest away experience low tides. These low tides occur because neither the lunar gravity is particularly strong, nor the effect from the centrifugal force. Low tides occur halfway between high tides, or about every six hours.</p>



<p>This is how the moon tides work on a day-long period.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/shutterstock_1038196303-1024x929.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-1904629"/><figcaption>A diagram demonstrating how the sun interacts with the moon to make spring and neap tides. <a href="https://www.shutterstock.com/g/marina-durante">Anna L. e Marina Durante</a>/<a href="http://shutterstock.com/">Shutterstock</a>.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 id="h-phases-of-the-moon-impact-moon-tides-sort-of">Phases of the&nbsp;Moon&nbsp;Impact Moon Tides (Sort Of)</h2>



<p>Moon tides also depend on a month-long time scale. When the moon is full and new, Earth experiences spring tides. When the moon is half full (a waxing or waning gibbous), the Earth experiences neap tides. Neap tides are weak, meaning the difference between the high and low tides is small. Spring tides, on the other hand, are strong. Spring tides and neap tides, while correlated with the moon, are technically not moon tides; they are solar tides.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The sun also exerts gravity on Earth and contributes about half as much to the tides as the moon. The effect of the sun on tides is called solar tides. Acting together, the moon and sun create large tidal forces.</p>



<p>When the moon is new, it is between the Earth and the sun. This means the lined-up forces from the moon and the sun add together to create an extra strong pull. When the moon is full, it is on the opposite side of the Earth from the sun. Since the sun and moon each pull on an opposite side of Earth, this also creates spring tides.</p>



<p>Bonus fun fact: When three celestial bodies are lined up they are in 'syzygy.' Can you believe a word like that exists?</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/moon_neap-tide_nasa.gif" alt="" class="wp-image-1912203"/></figure>



<p>When the moon is half full, the moon and sun make a right&nbsp;angle, with the Earth in the middle. In this position, the moon tides and sun tides interfere with each other, creating small neap tides.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 id="h-the-moon-s-orbital-period-impacts-moon-tides">The Moon's Orbital Period Impacts Moon Tides</h3>



<p>It takes the moon 29.5 days to completely orbit the Earth or to go from full moon to full moon. This is called the moon's "synodic" or lunar&nbsp;month. Kind of like how the hour and second hand on a clock move at different rates, the moon slightly outpaces the Earth's 24-hour rotation. This means that the moon will be in slightly further along in the sky once the Earth does its complete 24-hour rotation. If you divide 24 hours by 29.5 days (the moon's orbit around Earth), you get about 50 minutes. This is why lunar tides are 24 hours 50 minutes and why the time of the high tide gets later by 50 minutes every day. </p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/shutterstock_120511270.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-1904631"/><figcaption>This diagram demonstrates a new moon approximately at the apogee and the full moon at the perigee of the moon's orbit.<br><a href="https://www.shutterstock.com/g/redsapphire">Redsapphire</a>/<a href="http://shutterstock.com/">Shutterstock</a>.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 id="h-the-shape-of-the-moon-s-orbit-impacts-moon-tides">The Shape of the Moon's Orbit Impacts Moon Tides</h2>



<p>Not only does the moon orbit around Earth, but the moon also moves through its own, elliptical orbit. When the moon is closest to Earth in its ellipse, it exerts more gravity and, therefore, higher tides. This position is called the perigee. In contrast, when the moon is further away from Earth in its elliptical orbit, tides are unusually small. This position is called the apogee.</p>



<p>This elliptical orbit does not match the moon's&nbsp;orbit around the Earth. As mentioned above, the moon's orbit around the Earth, or synodic month, is 29.5 days. The elliptical orbit, or anomalistic month, is 27.5 days. This means that each time the moon is full, it will be in a slightly different place within its elliptical orbit.&nbsp;</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/shutterstock_1586532991.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-1904635"/><figcaption>This diagram drastically accentuates the elliptical nature of the moon's orbit. The moon's orbit is essentially round with just a tiny oval squish to it. <a href="https://www.shutterstock.com/g/renklerinkafasi">renklerin kafasi</a>/<a href="http://shutterstock.com/">Shutterstock</a>.</figcaption></figure>



<p>When the moon is full or new and in its perigee, the moon is a&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/super-worm-moon-tonight/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supermoon</a>. The gravity of the combined sun and moon, plus the closer-than-usual position of the moon make for exceptionally high tides.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 id="h-the-earth-s-orbit-is-also-elliptical">The Earth's Orbit is Also Elliptical</h3>



<p>Interestingly, the Earth also has a slightly elliptical orbit around the sun. Similarly to the moon's orbit, the tides are larger when the Earth is closest to the sun, around the New Year. The tides are smaller in early July, when the Earth is furthest from the sun.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 id="h-the-moon-has-an-even-longer-orbit">The Moon Has An Even Longer Orbit</h3>



<p>The moon also has a wobble in its orbit that changes the magnitude of tides on 18.5 year scale. This wobble will make tides higher than usual&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-moons-wobbles-will-cause-a-surge-in-coastal-flooding/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">in the 2030s</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-the-shape-of-the-continents-and-ocean-floor">The Shape of the Continents and Ocean Floor</h2>



<p>Not all tides are created equal. In the Bay of Fundy in Canada, the difference between high and low tide is&nbsp;<a href="https://bayoffundytourism.com/worlds-highest-tides/times/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">40-50 feet</a>. Many coastal areas only have a few feet of difference between high and low tide.</p>



<p>While not the scope of this article, the shape of Earth's oceans, coastline, and ocean floor all contribute to the vast differences between tides in different coastal areas.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/shutterstock_2049610358.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-1904636"/><figcaption>This line of seaweed was left when the high tide retreated back down the beach. <a href="https://www.shutterstock.com/g/elmar-langle">Elmar Langle</a>/<a href="http://shutterstock.com/">Shutterstock</a>.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 id="h-combining-the-factors-to-make-the-biggest-moon-tide">Combining the Factors to Make the Biggest Moon Tide</h2>



<p>The highest tide would happen when many of these factors occurred at the same time. First, the moon must be a&nbsp;<a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://www.earth.com/news/tonights-super-moon-coincides-with-a-total-lunar-eclipse/" target="_blank">supermoon</a>, where the moon is new and at its perigee. If the super moon this happened around the New Year, when Earth is closest to the sun, it would be a massive tide. If this combined with a storm, heightened sea levels from climate change, and the moon's 18.5 year wobble, it would likely be the highest water level possible. Tides such as this pose great issues to low-lying coastal areas, which are prone to&nbsp;<a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-warming-will-greatly-increase-flood-related-displacement/" target="_blank">devastating tidal flooding</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Moon tides have lead to the evolution of special tidal critters and all sorts of interesting animal behavior. Next time you are at the beach make sure to pay attention to the moon, how the time and height of the tides change from day to day, and how the birds, and fish use the tides to their advantage. </p>



<p>Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

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<p>Everyone lives in a watershed and everyone's drinking water comes from a watershed, so it is important to know a little something about this exciting concept. &nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-what-is-a-watershed">What is a Watershed?</h2>



<p>A watershed is an area of land where all water that falls on that land drains to a single point. A watershed is also a drainage basin, where all water flows downhill towards a river, lake, or other body of water. The land that drains to a watershed is called the catchment area. High ridges divide watersheds since water that falls on one side of the ridge&nbsp;<a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/explaining-watersheds-with-9-examples/" target="_blank">drains to a different place</a>&nbsp;than water that falls on the other side of the ridge.&nbsp;</p>



<p></p>



<p>For example, all the land that drains water towards the Mississippi River is in the Mississippi River watershed. This watershed is the largest in North America. Can you believe that 31 states have land that drains towards the Mississippi!</p>



<p>While the Mississippi is the largest watershed, it is made up of many other sub-watersheds. The Arkansas River watershed is a smaller part of the larger Mississippi watershed. The Arkansas drains parts of Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Nebraska, Texas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas. Other major rivers, like the Ohio, Missouri, and Platte, all have their own watersheds within the larger watershed of the Mississippi. Diving even smaller, each creek and stream that flows into the Arkansas or Ohio rivers is its own smaller watershed.&nbsp;</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/shutterstock_1964845897.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-1902382"/><figcaption>Various illustrations that visually demonstrate drainage basins. <a href="https://www.shutterstock.com/g/Amadeu+Blasco">Amadeu Blasco</a>/Shutterstock.com</figcaption></figure>



<h3 id="h-what-s-your-watershed">What's Your Watershed?</h3>



<p>Can you figure out the watershed you live in? Start by locating the largest watershed and work all the way down to the smallest one. For example, if you lived in downtown Denver, Colorado, you would be in the massive Mississippi watershed, the big Platte River watershed, the moderate South Platte River watershed, and the small Cherry Creek watershed.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Bonus: can you figure out what watershed your tap water comes from?</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/shutterstock_1675839565-1024x653.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-1902383"/><figcaption>A map of the major watersheds in the continental U.S. <a href="https://www.shutterstock.com/g/Rainer+Lesniewski">Rainer Lesniewski</a>/Shutterstock.com</figcaption></figure>



<h2 id="h-western-states-could-ve-been-defined-by-watersheds">Western States Could've Been Defined by Watersheds</h2>



<p>John Wesley Powell, the first person to lead a boat trip down the entire Grand Canyon, was a scholar of the American West in the late 1800s. He wanted western states' boundaries to be the boundaries between watersheds. He thought that this arrangement would result in better water management in a&nbsp;<a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/CurrentMap/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?West" target="_blank">generally arid landscape</a>. Unfortunately for the watersheds, Powell's idea was not adopted. The northern border between Idaho and Montana follows a watershed boundary, but that's it! While the borders between California and Arizona are the Colorado River, that is not a boundary between two watersheds. Rather, that border just splits one watershed up.&nbsp;</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/powellsmap-800x1024.jpeg" alt="western watershed map" class="wp-image-1900830"/><figcaption>John Wesley Powell's map of western watersheds. Each color blob shows what Powell would've liked to be its own state. Photo via <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Water_Sheds_of_Arid_Region_of_United_States_by_John_Wesley_Powell.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wikimedia</a>. </figcaption></figure>



<p>Dividing arid watersheds between populous states has created immense difficulties. The Colorado River now faces huge water problems between the seven states that compose its watershed. In short, each state has overclaimed how much water it can draw from the river. When added up, the total amount of water allowed to be drawn between the seven states is about twice the annual discharge of the entire river. Utah, Colorado, Arizona, California, New Mexico, Nevada, and Wyoming now must make tough choices about how to divide up a resource that is much smaller than any of them planned for. Had politicians followed Powell's guidance, perhaps the management of water resources like the Colorado would make more sense. &nbsp;</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/shutterstock_199194950.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-1902385"/><figcaption>The Little Colorado River, true to its name, has very little water for how much land it drains. <a href="https://www.shutterstock.com/g/antonfoltin">LHBLLC</a>/Shutterstock.com</figcaption></figure>



<h2 id="h-what-affects-how-much-water-a-watershed-produces">What Affects How Much Water a Watershed Produces?</h2>



<p>Many factors influence the volume of water that exits a watershed. Some very small watersheds produce copious amounts of water. The Elwah river on the Olympic Peninsula in Washington state discharges an&nbsp;<a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="http://www.clallam.net/environment/assets/applets/W18_2.4-ElwhaRiver.pdf" target="_blank">average of 1500</a>&nbsp;cubic feet of water per second. A cubic foot is about the same size as a basketball. The Elwah's watershed is&nbsp;<a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="http://www.clallam.net/environment/assets/applets/W18_2.4-ElwhaRiver.pdf" target="_blank">just 320 square miles</a>, or about the area of New York City. In contrast, the Little Colorado River watershed, which drains northeastern Arizona, has a flow of just 432 cubic feet per second even though it drains over 25,000 square miles of land! That means the Elwah watershed produces almost 300 times more water per acre than the Little Colorado. Why is the Elwah so much more productive than the Little Colorado?</p>



<h3 id="h-precipitation-and-watershed-area-are-major-factors">Precipitation and Watershed Area are Major Factors</h3>



<p>One obvious factor that impacts this difference is a drastic difference in precipitation. The Little Colorado drains arid, desert lands, while the Elwah drains lush rainforests. Land area is another basic factor in watershed productivity. A watershed with a larger area and the same annual precipitation will discharge more water than one with a smaller area.&nbsp;</p>



<p>&nbsp;However, precipitation and the area of the watershed are not the only factors that impact the productivity of a watershed.&nbsp;</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/shutterstock_1089481091.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-1902386"/><figcaption>A diagram that illustrates how water infiltrates into a groundwater aquifer. <a href="https://www.shutterstock.com/g/stihii">stihii</a>/Shutterstock.com</figcaption></figure>



<h3 id="h-infiltration-evaporation-and-transpiration">Infiltration, Evaporation, and Transpiration</h3>



<p>Infiltration is the ability of water to sink into soil and aquifers rather than running off into rivers. Soil, vegetation, and rock composition all affect the infiltration capacity of the land. More vegetation, for example, will slow water down as it moves across the landscape. This slower-moving water is more able to seep into the ground. If the geology allows, this water can eventually seep into underground aquifers instead of running out to the sea. The easier it is for water to infiltrate the soil, the less water makes it to a river.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Evaporation is when water changes from a liquid to a gas. If it is hot outside, water is more likely to evaporate into the air. When rain evaporates on the land, it doesn't run into rivers.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Transpiration happens when plants use water as they photosynthesize. When plants use water, they subtract the water they use from the discharge of the river of the watershed they are in (with some cool exceptions, like how the&nbsp;<a href="https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2608/new-study-shows-the-amazon-makes-its-own-rainy-season/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Amazon creates its own rain</a>).&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-water-use-by-humans">Water Use by Humans</h2>



<p>Human uses of water change how much water flows through a watershed. In water-rich areas, the water use by humans is minimal compared to the water nature provides. However, in drier regions, rivers are usually used heavily. The Colorado river is utilized so much that it fails to reach the ocean. Humans take every drop out of the Colorado until there is no river left. Most of the human water use is for animal agriculture, crop agriculture, and industrial applications. A small amount of human water use is done by individuals. In California, a very populous state, urban areas use&nbsp;<a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://www.ppic.org/publication/water-use-in-california/" target="_blank">only 20% of human water use in the state</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Another major human alteration to watersheds is dams. Nearly every river has a dam on it, and most rivers have multiple dams on them. There are&nbsp;<a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://infrastructurereportcard.org/cat-item/dams/#:~:text=As%20of%202019%2C%20there%20are,once%2Drural%20dams%20and%20reservoirs." target="_blank">almost 100,000 dams</a>&nbsp;in the U.S. alone! Dams regulate the flow of rivers, typically to be more predictable than the flow would be otherwise. The reservoirs created by dams change the character of a watershed immensely.</p>



<p>Humans have fundamentally altered some watersheds, such as the&nbsp;<a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://www.inyowater.org/documents/reports/owens-valley-water-history-chronology/" target="_blank">Owens River</a>&nbsp;in California. Historically, the Owens river drained into an inland lake on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada. In the early 1900s, Los Angeles built an aqueduct to transport the Owens river to satisfy Los Angeles' growing water needs.&nbsp;</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/shutterstock_1231977907.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-1902387"/><figcaption><a href="https://www.shutterstock.com/g/MichaelVi">Michael Vi</a>/Shutterstock.com</figcaption></figure>



<h3 id="h-urban-areas-change-wateresheds">Urban Areas Change Wateresheds</h3>



<p>Urban areas drastically change watersheds, also. Humans replace soil with square miles of hard surfaces, like concrete and asphalt. When it rains on these surfaces, the water that would've soaked into the ground instead runs across parking lots, streets, sidewalks, and basketball courts towards storm drains, sewers, or river channels. These storm drains, along with stormwater runoff, carry urban pollution to creeks, rivers, and the ocean. Cities are trying to reduce the problems associated with impervious surfaces, such as concrete, by creating rain swales, making more parks, and educating the public about storm drains.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 id="h-watershed-and-pollution">Watershed and Pollution</h3>



<p>Since watersheds concentrate water to a single point, watersheds also&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/protecting-lake-erie-from-agricultural-runoff/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">concentrate any pollution</a>&nbsp;that water carries to that single point. Often, fertilizers, pesticides, and sediment from agricultural fields runoff into rivers. This runoff causes all sorts of&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/why-is-the-nitrogen-cycle-so-important/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental issues</a>. Government agencies monitor water quality and use that quality as an indicator of watershed health.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-read-more-about-water">Read More About Water!</h2>



<p>Water is the building block of all life. If deserves your attention. If you're interested in watersheds, there's no lack of material. There are so many interesting books, <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/explaining-watersheds-with-9-examples/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">articles</a>, videos, and podcasts about watersheds and how humans use water. Learning about your own watershed it one of the best ways to become connected to the place you live. </p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

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<p>Florida is a state teeming with biodiversity. With the nickname “The Sunshine State,” Florida must have loads of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-protect-sunshine-overdose/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">sun-loving plant life</a> - and indeed it does! Although there are thousands of plant species native to the state, a handful of them are quite characteristic and important parts of Florida ecosystems.</p>
<p>One could spend a lifetime learning how to identify all the plants in Florida. Luckily, we’ve created this quick guide to Florida plant identification for beginners. Below is how to identify several Florida palms, trees, shrubs, and more, in no particular order.</p>
<h2>Trees</h2>
<p>We’ll start with the most common Florida trees. These are common wild and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/roadside-hedges-urban-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">roadside trees</a> that are characteristically Floridian.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><img class="alignnone wp-image-1876548 size-full" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/geiger-tree.jpg" alt="geiger tree cordia sebestena" width="1000" height="681" /></p>
<h3>Geiger tree (<em>Cordia sebestena</em>)</h3>
<p>This common South Florida tree is one of the most popular roadside trees in the state. It has large orange flowers that grow in clusters at the tips of branches, and effectively attract hummingbirds.</p>
<p>The tree itself grows to be up to 8 meters (30 feet) tall. The leaves are rather large, growing up to 20 centimeters (9 inches) in length and have a rough, sandpapery texture.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><img class="alignnone wp-image-1876557 size-full" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Taxodium_distichum_exposed_knees.jpg" alt="taxodium distichum bald cypress" width="600" height="800" /></p>
<h3>Bald cypress (<em>Taxodium distichum</em>)</h3>
<p>Bald cypress trees are massive, densely crowned conifers. They typically grow next to or near moving water. Cypress trees typically have <a href="https://www.lewisginter.org/trees-with-knees/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">large, woody “knees”</a> which are root protrusions that grow above water to help the tree respire. They resemble small stalagmites. Bald cypresses are deciduous, and shed their light green needles in the winter, unlike other conifers, which are evergreen.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><img class="alignnone wp-image-1876556 size-full" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/mangrove.jpg" alt="red mangrove rhizophora mangle" width="800" height="532" /></p>
<h3>Red mangrove (<em>Rhizophora mangle</em>)</h3>
<p>Red mangroves are characteristic trees along the coastlines of tropics. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/floridas-mangroves-rising-sea-level/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Mangrove forests</a> are necessary to protect the land from storms, and they also provide essential habitat for fish and other animals.</p>
<p>The trees themselves can be identified by their tough, dark green leaves that are always clustered together towards the ends of branches. Red mangroves also have numerous prop roots that look like multiple stems.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><img class="alignnone wp-image-1876555 size-full" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/longleaf-pine.jpg" alt="longleaf pine pinus palustris savannah" width="800" height="600" /></p>
<h3>Longleaf pine (<em>Pinus palustris</em>)</h3>
<p>Pines are increasingly rare in Florida, but they are incredibly important parts of pine savannah ecosystems throughout the Southeastern United States. The endangered longleaf pine grows up to 35 meters tall, with a trunk diameter of just under a meter.</p>
<p>Long needles up to 45 cm (18 inches) in length give this tall tree its name. The needles are always grouped together in threes, unlike some other pines which have groups of two or five.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><img class="alignnone wp-image-1876554 size-full" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/strangler-fig.jpg" alt="florida strangler fig ficus aurea" width="900" height="675" /></p>
<h3>Florida strangler fig (<em>Ficus aurea</em>)</h3>
<p>Strangler figs are common staples of tropical forests all over the world. Their unique structure allows them to grow around a host tree they use for support.</p>
<p>Because it grows faster than it’s host, it constricts and shades out the tree that once was essential for the fig, giving it a “hug of death.” The leaves are waxy and large, but are often tough to discern from the leaves of the fig’s host tree!</p>
<h2>Palms</h2>
<p>In general, palms are tall, slender plants that often evoke ideas of warm, tropical beaches. Florida is chock full of palms. Not only do they line idyllic coastlines, but they can also be found far inland, as well as in front yards grown ornamentally.</p>
<p>Palms are some of the most quintessential types of Florida plants. Here are two of the most common species found in Florida.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><img class="alignnone wp-image-1876553 size-full" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/everglades-palm.jpg" alt="everglades palm Acoelorrhaphe wrightii" width="1000" height="750" /></p>
<h3>Everglades palm (<em>Acoelorrhaphe wrightii</em>)</h3>
<p>The Everglades palm grows in, you guessed it,<a href="https://www.nps.gov/ever/index.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> the Everglades</a>! It’s also found throughout other swampy habitats of the Caribbean and Latin America.</p>
<p>The plant has massive palmate, fan-shaped leaves that can be 2 meters (6.6 feet) wide! It doesn’t grow quite as tall as some other palms, capping out at around 7 meters (23 feet) high.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><img class="alignnone wp-image-1876552 size-full" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Sabal_minor.jpg" alt="sabal minor dwarf palmetto palm" width="1000" height="667" /></p>
<h3>Dwarf palmetto (<em>Sabal minor</em>)</h3>
<p>Another swamp loving Florida palm is the dwarf palmetto. The aptly names plant is much smaller than other palms, never growing more than a couple meters (6 feet) in height.</p>
<p>Its leaves are much smaller as well, though similar in shape to the Everglades palm. Horticulturists love this plant due to its ability to withstand cold temperatures.</p>
<h2>Shrubs</h2>
<p>These shrubs all grow wild in The Sunshine State and are also commonly seen in gardens. Admittedly, this list of shrubs contains one plant some people wouldn’t consider a shrub in the technical sense. Nonetheless, it certainly isn’t a tree or palm, so we’ve put it in with the shrubs.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><img class="alignnone wp-image-1876551 size-full" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/beautyberry.jpg" alt="american beautyberry" width="1000" height="664" /></p>
<h3>American beautyberry (<em>Callicarpa americana</em>)</h3>
<p>American beautyberry has some of the most strikingly colored fruits in the plant kingdom. The bright purple clusters of berries that adorn this shrub make it a popular choice for a garden.</p>
<p>The light green leaves are covered in tiny hairs and grow opposite one another. The branches can be extremely long and arching.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><img class="alignnone wp-image-1876550 size-full" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/zamia-pumila.jpg" alt="coontie palm zamia pumila cycad" width="1000" height="666" /></p>
<h3>Coontie palm (<em>Zamia pumila</em>)</h3>
<p>Unlike its name implies, the coontie palm is not actually a true palm. It’s a species of cycad, which <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/first-insect-pollinated-plant/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">one of the most primitive types of plants in the world</a>. To make matters more confusing, the leaves look similar to a fern, to which it’s not even closely related.</p>
<p>Coontie palm doesn’t produce showy flowers but will produce a large cone filled with bright red seeds. It seems this plant is having a bit of an identity crisis.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><img class="alignnone wp-image-1876549 size-full" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Psychotria_nervosa.jpg" alt="psychotria nervosa wild coffee" width="1000" height="667" /></p>
<h3>Wild coffee (<em>Psychotria nervosa</em>)</h3>
<p>This coffee relative is another Florida native that’s commonly planted as an ornamental. Its small, white flowers attract butterflies and other insects.</p>
<p>The shiny, green leaves grow opposite of each other and have slightly indented veins. Birds love the small, red fruit produced by the wild coffee plant.</p>
<p>These Florida plants are just a drop in the bucket. There’s an incredibly diverse array of plants found in the state, but now you have a foot in the door of becoming a Florida plant identification expert!</p>


<p>-----</p>



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Florida Plant Identification for Beginners

Florida is a state teeming with biodiversity. With the nickname...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



<p>Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



<p>The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



<p>At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.</p>



<p>"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



<p>The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.</p>



<p>The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



<p>On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.</p>



<p>This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.</p>



<p>Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.</p>



<p>The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators.  Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas.  These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.</p>



<p>Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



<p>Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.</p>



<p>Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



<p>385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.</p>



<p>The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.</p>



<p>Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



<p>The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."</p>



<p>This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a></em> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.</p>



<p>Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet <em>Archaeopteris</em>: the first modern tree</h2>



<p>The star of this ancient forest is <em>Archaeopteris</em> – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur <em>Archaeopteryx</em>. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.</p>



<p>William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.</p>



<p>Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



<p>These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.</p>



<p>This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



<p>The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified <em>Eospermatopteris</em>, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.</p>



<p>All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



<p>Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.</p>



<p>Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."</p>



<p>The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



<p>In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.</p>



<p>Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



<p>Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.</p>



<p>Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.</p>



<p>These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.</p>



<p>The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em>Current Biology</em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex
</div></figure>



<p></p>



<p>Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. </p>



<p>Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. </p>



<p>These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.</p>



<p>Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. </p>



<p>For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.</p>



<p>Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. </p>



<p>Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.</p>



<p>This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. </p>



<p>With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>-----</p>

What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



<p>A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. </p>



<p>Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. </p>



<p>Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. </p>



<p>Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. </p>



<p>The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.</p>



<p>Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.</p>



<p>Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.</p>



<p>This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. </p>



<p>The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the <em><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



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<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?</p>



<p>One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ACS Reactions</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

How does salt makes things taste better?

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;</p>



<p>'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."</p>



<p>"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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<p>Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.</p>



<p>The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."</p>



<p>"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."</p>



<p>"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."</p>



<p>The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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<p>Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.</p>



<p>According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."</p>



<p>Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. </p>



<p>Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> </em>Staff Writer </p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.</p>



<p>"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."</p>



<p>Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.</p>



<p>"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."</p>



<p>Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.</p>



<p>In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.</p>



<p>The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.</p>



<p>The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.</p>



<p>The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. </p>



<p>Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.</p>



<p>The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.</p>



<p>At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.</p>



<p>"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."</p>



<p>The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.</p>



<p><em>Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."</p>



<p>The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.</p>



<p>"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



<p><em>Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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