Arbor Day originated in the United States during the early 1870s. The idea was conceived by J. Sterling Morton, a journalist and politician who moved from Detroit to the Nebraska Territory.&nbsp;



Morton was an agricultural enthusiast who recognized the environmental and economic value of trees. In the largely treeless plains of Nebraska, trees were needed for building materials, shade from the hot sun, and windbreaks to keep soil in place.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-origins-of-arbor-day">Origins of Arbor Day</h2>



Morton first proposed a tree-planting holiday called "Arbor Day" at a meeting of the Nebraska State Board of Agriculture on January 4, 1872. The proposal was well received, and the first Arbor Day was celebrated in Nebraska on April 10, 1872. It was a huge success, with an estimated one million trees planted on that day.



The idea of an annual day specifically for planting trees quickly spread beyond Nebraska. Today, Arbor Day is observed in many countries around the world, each adapting the celebration to its own climate.&nbsp;



In the United States, it is typically celebrated on the last Friday in April, but many states observe the holiday on different dates that coincide with their local <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planting-forests-with-diverse-tree-species-increases-likelihood-of-success/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tree planting</a> season. For example, Hawaii celebrates on the first Friday of November.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-are-trees-so-important">Why are trees so important?</h2>



Trees are not just essential components of our natural landscape but vital guardians of our environment. These perennial plants do more than beautify our surroundings; they are fundamental to life on Earth.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-benefits-of-trees">Ecological benefits of trees</h3>



The ecological significance of trees cannot be overstated. Primarily, they play a crucial role in mitigating climate change through carbon sequestration. Trees absorb <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tree-rings-reveal-the-carbon-storage-capacity-of-a-forest/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon dioxide</a>, a predominant greenhouse gas, converting it into biomass through the process of photosynthesis. 



This not only reduces the amount of harmful gases in the atmosphere but also provides us with oxygen, essential for life. A mature leafy tree produces as much oxygen in a season as 10 people inhale in a year.



Furthermore, trees contribute to increased biodiversity. They serve as habitats for countless species. Birds, insects, fungi, and moss are just a few examples of the life forms that depend on trees for survival.&nbsp;



The variety of life supported by trees enhances genetic diversity, which is vital for adaptation and resilience in the face of environmental changes.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-benefits-of-trees">Economic benefits of trees</h3>



Economically, trees offer significant advantages. In urban areas, they improve home values by up to 15% or more due to their aesthetic appeal and their role in creating a pleasant microclimate.&nbsp;



Beyond aesthetics, trees provide raw materials for industries such as furniture, paper, and construction. Fruit and nut trees contribute to food resources, providing both nourishment and economic gains through agriculture.



Trees also have a profound impact on energy consumption. By providing shade and releasing moisture into the air through their leaves, trees can reduce the need for air conditioning in nearby buildings by 30%. This not only cuts down energy costs but also reduces the strain on power grids during peak summer months, thereby decreasing the likelihood of power outages.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-benefits">Health benefits</h3>



The health benefits of trees extend beyond their environmental and economic contributions. They play a significant role in improving air quality by filtering pollutants such as dust, microplastics, and gases through their leaves and bark. Urban vegetation can reduce pollutants in the air by up to 25%, contributing to healthier <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/non-native-trees-have-enormous-value-in-urban-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">urban environments</a>.



Moreover, trees have been shown to have a positive impact on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urban-forest-bathing-fresh-breath-for-teen-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mental health</a>. The presence of green spaces in urban areas can lower rates of psychological stress and illness. People living near trees often have lower levels of stress, and children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) show fewer symptoms when they have access to nature.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-challenges">Environmental challenges</h3>



Despite their immense benefits, trees face numerous threats, including deforestation, land development, and climate change. These challenges underscore the need for concerted conservation efforts.&nbsp;



Planting trees is a simple yet powerful act that can lead to significant environmental improvements. Arbor Day and similar celebrations can serve as vital reminders of our responsibilities toward forest conservation and management.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-arbor-day">Significance of Arbor Day</h2>



Arbor Day is significant for several reasons, primarily centered around environmental awareness and conservation.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-education-and-awareness">Education and awareness</h3>



Arbor Day serves as an opportunity to educate the public about the benefits that trees and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forests-play-an-overlooked-role-in-the-climate-system/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forests</a> provide to communities and the global environment. It encourages people to learn about tree care and forest management.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-community-involvement">Community involvement</h3>



The day promotes community spirit as people come together to beautify their neighborhoods and public spaces. It is a chance for community engagement through collective action, which can strengthen community bonds and foster civic pride.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-legacy-and-sustainability">Legacy and sustainability</h3>



Planting trees on Arbor Day is also about investing in the future. Trees planted today will grow to provide benefits for many years, making it a gesture of hope and sustainability for future generations.



Arbor Day serves as an important reminder that trees are more than just part of our natural landscape; they are essential for sustaining ecological balance, supporting economic development, and promoting health. By understanding and promoting the importance of trees, we can all contribute to a healthier, more sustainable world.&nbsp;



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Arbor Day: Honoring the guardians of our environment

Arbor Day originated in the United States during the early 1870s. The idea was conceived by J. Sterling Morton, a journalist and politician who moved from Detroit to the Nebraska Territory.&nbsp; Morton was an agricultural enthusiast who recognized the environmental and economic value of trees. In the largely treeless plains of Nebraska, trees were needed for building materials, shade from the hot sun, and windbreaks to keep soil in place. Origins of Arbor Day Morton first proposed a tree-planting holiday called "Arbor Day" at a meeting of...

A Canadian study has uncovered another link between air pollution and lung disease. Ozone exposure at birth can raise the risk of childhood asthma by as much as 82 percent, researchers discovered during the long-term project.

"Our findings show that the hazard ratios for ozone measured at birth as a single pollutant showed statistically significant higher risks for development of asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema," lead author Dr. Teresa To said in a press release. 

The study began in 2006 with the Toronto Child Health Evaluation Questionnaire; the new findings were based on a 10-year follow-up to the initial survey.

Researchers followed 1,881 children from birth to about 17 years old. They found that 31 percent developed asthma, while 46 percent developed seasonal allergies or hay fever. A whopping 76 percent developed eczema. 

The scientists used fixed monitoring stations across Ontario to measure the amounts of various pollutants in the air during the 10-year span, then matched up the children based on the postal zone where they were born. Health conditions were verified using medical records.

Early ozone exposure appeared to raise the risk of asthma by more than 80 percent, and the risk grew with each 10 parts per billion increase. That risk was not seen with nitrogen dioxide or PM2.5.

"The results of our study are important because the study examines the effect of pollution on health outcomes in early childhood, and has the longest longitudinal follow-up of a cohort of school-aged children in Canada,” said To, who is a senior scientist at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto.

Children tend to be at higher risk of pollution-related illnesses because their lungs and other organs are smaller and less advanced, and they often spend more time outdoors than adults do, researchers said.

The new study was presented at the <a href="http://conference.thoracic.org/">2018 American Thoracic Society International Conference</a>.

—

By Kyla Cathey,<a href="http://www.earth.com"> Earth.com</a> staff writer

Early ozone exposure raises the risk of asthma

A Canadian study has uncovered another link between air pollution...

Global communication systems, from 3G and 4G networks to to WiFi and wires, emit electromagnetic radiation. As those networks grow, so does the amount of radiation they produce – and it could be threatening wildlife, a new report suggests.

The verdict comes from <a href="http://www.eklipse-mechanism.eu/">EKLIPSE</a>, a European Commission-funded project that seeks to support scientific research and create links between science and social policy, after the UK nonprofit <a href="https://www.buglife.org.uk/">Buglife</a> requested a review of current information.

After looking at existing research, EKLIPSE identified some major knowledge gaps on how EMR affects invertebrates, vertebrates and plants. Those gaps could be causing researchers to underestimate the effects of EMR on plant and animal life.

“... the existing community of experts in this field is still very limited, and research tends to be focused on only a few specific species or taxa, and certain types of radiations,” EKLIPSE wrote in a web conference report. “The technical set up and conditions in which the studies are undertaken are often questionable, and there are no common standards or methodologies that can be used to compare and/or reproduce the experiments.”

Prior to the web conference, EKLIPSE reviewed 97 peer-reviewed articles to get an idea of what research already existed on EMR. The idea was to get an idea of how much research on EMR exists, and how reliable that research is. Only studies conducted after 2000 were considered.

The review found that communications systems may be threatening wildlife and plants more than previously believed. Powerlines, WiFi, cellphone data networks, TV and radio broadcasts, and radar could all have negative effects on wildlife, reviewers found.

The electromagnetic radiation these networks produce could affect how insects and birds navigate, and negatively affect plant growth, the scientists said.

More worrying are the massive gaps in knowledge. 

During the web conference, researchers pointed out that there are few studies into the positive effects of EMR – should they exist – in addition to the lack of research on negative effects. Studies are also needed into how new frequencies affect living organisms, and whether they are more or less harmful than traditional EMR sources.

When it comes to animals, more lab-based research, studies of animal populations near major EMR sources, cellular studies and a review of older papers are among the studies needed to determine if EMR is threatening wildlife.

The experts who participated in the web conference suggested that researchers create a cross-disciplinary platform to promote better EMR research, organize citizen science projects, improve methods and standardize measurements, and work with government organizations to acquire funding for more research, among other steps.

In the meantime, they said, developers should avoid putting EMR sources in wild areas and provide better education covering the knowledge that does exist about EMR, especially in poorer countries.

“We apply limits to all types of pollution to protect the habitability of our environment, but as yet, even in Europe, the safe limits of electromagnetic radiation have not been determined, let alone applied,” Buglife CEO Matt Shardlow told the <a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/">Daily Mail</a>. “This is a classic case of ‘out of sight, out of mind.’”

—

By Kyla Cathey,<a href="http://www.earth.com"> Earth.com</a> staff writer

Is electromagnetic radiation from WiFi threatening wildlife?

Global communication systems, from 3G and 4G networks to to...

Scientists in Iceland are not just trapping <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/carbon-capture-profitable-business/">carbon dioxide</a> (CO2) and storing it underground - they have developed a way to solidify the gas and turn it into rocks so that the CO2 will not reach the atmosphere for millions of years.

The Hellisheidi power station is the largest geothermal plant in Iceland, where heat from the Earth is converted to electricity. <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news">BBC News</a> is reporting that Hellisheidi is also the site of a revolutionary approach to carbon capture and storage (CCS). 

The project, which is known as <a href="https://www.or.is/carbfix">Carbfix</a>, was developed by an international team led by Reykjavik Energy. According to BBC News, CarbFix has evolved from an experiment to a permanent solution since trials were first launched in 2014. The technology currently stores a third of the power plant's carbon emissions, with 10,000 tons of carbon removed last year.

The process begins with trapping waste CO2 and dissolving it into water, which is pumped over 3,000 feet into the ground. The CO2 solution ultimately binds with porous basalt and turns into calcites that fill in the pores of the rocks.

With about 130 active and inactive volcanoes, Iceland has the ideal landscape for this CCS process because it is made up primarily of basalt, volcanic rock formed by the rapid cooling of lava. Carbon dioxide easily bonds to the calcium, magnesium, and iron found in basalts, which help the carbon harden into a mineral form.

Professor Sigurdur Gislason told BBC News that the solidification process of captured carbon was predicted to take “decades to thousands of years,” but the team found that it hardened in just around 400 days.

CarbFix geologist Sandra Snaebjornsdottir pointed out to the news outlet that this method of CCS could be implemented anywhere there is water and basalt, which is the most common rock in the world.

“The storage capacity is such that, in theory, basalts could permanently hold the entire bulk of CO2 emissions derived from burning all fossil fuel on Earth,” said Snaebjornsdottir.

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Scientists in Iceland are capturing CO2 and storing it in rocks

Scientists in Iceland are not just trapping carbon dioxide (CO2)...

Amidst the latest headlines surrounding the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-fissures-kilauea-evacuations/">Kilauea volcano</a> in Hawaii, the <a href="https://www.usgs.gov/news/k-lauea-volcano-erupts">United States Geological Survey's</a> constant updates of the volcano’s latest activity show how important seismic monitoring can be.

Kilauea is just one of the world’s most active volcanoes and studying hotspots of volcanic activity can aid in predicting eruptions and give seismologists a clearer understanding of magma systems. 

During the recent 2018 <a href="https://www.seismosoc.org/">Seismological Society of America</a> annual meeting, researchers from the <a href="http://www.ecgs.lu/">European Center for Geodynamics and Seismology</a> presented a discussion on the many different methods being used to monitor lava lake levels of the Nyiragongo volcano in the Democratic Republic of Congo. 

Nyiragongo is another extremely active volcano with a persistent lava lake that seismologists are keeping a steady eye on. 

In 2002, an eruption of the volcano sent a river of lava into the town of Goma, displacing hundreds of thousands and causing a major humanitarian crisis. 

During the eruption, the lava lake drained to a depth of 600 to 800 meters before eventually filling up again. The current levels are high and the lava lies about 400 meters below the top of the crater. 

Researchers are monitoring Nyiragongo’s lava lake using satellite imagery to measure lake depth as well as analyzing seismic and infrasound signals generated by the volcano which is collected continuously. 

“The lava lake level is, among other things, related to the variations of the pressure inside the magmatic system underneath Nyiragongo volcano,” said Adrien Oth from the European Center for Geodynamics and Seismology. 

According to Oth and his colleagues, the lava lake “represents a window into the magmatic system, and its level fluctuations provide information on the recharge and drainage of the magmatic system, such as batches of fresh magma and/or gas, or lateral magmatic intrusions into the surrounding crust.”

Using many different techniques to observe, track, and record lava lake activity gives the researchers an in-depth look at the volcano. The team can gauge pressure changes with the infrared seismic activity measurements and use satellite imagery to show variations in lake levels. 

Images taken by the satellites measure the length of the shadow cast by the crater's edge on the lake surface and the researchers can use this to calculate the lake’s depth. 

There had only been very little data on the volcano and its activity from previous years, and so the new expansive monitoring effort is a critical addition to not only understanding the inner workings of Nyiragongo and but also in predicting future eruptions. 

“Over the past few years, our consortium assisted the Goma Volcano Observatory to deploy one of the densest modern real-time telemetered monitoring systems in Africa,” said the researchers. “Combined with modern processing techniques, these newly acquired datasets provide unprecedented opportunities to investigate the behavior of this unique magmatic system.”

--

By <a href="mailto:kayvandette@gmail.com">Kay Vandette</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 

Image Credit: Julien Barriere

Nyiragongo volcano in Congo is one of the most active on Earth

Amidst the latest headlines surrounding the Kilauea volcano in Hawaii,...

The UK, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, and Romania will soon face the European Court of Justice over illegally high levels of air pollution. 

<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/feb/15/european-commission-issues-final-warning-to-uk-over-air-pollution-breaches">The Guardian</a> has reported extensively on the European Commission's’ <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/feb/15/european-commission-issues-final-warning-to-uk-over-air-pollution-breaches">final warnings</a> to the UK and other nations to control emissions and reduce air pollution. 

The UK’s latest plan to control emissions, especially fumes from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dieselgate-scandal-lead-lawsuits-uk/">diesel cars</a> which have been recorded at illegal levels since 2010, was ruled “inadequate”. 

In Europe, 40,000 early deaths have been attributed to air pollution. Now, the United Kingdom has until the end of 2018 to implement tighter restrictions. 

But air pollution is also a global concern and can increase the risk of cardiovascular and respiratory disease. The <a href="http://www.who.int/airpollution/en/">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) recently estimated that 7 million people die from exposure to pollutants in the air every year. 

“While air pollution knows no borders and puts everyone at risk, those most vulnerable – pregnant women, children, the elderly, those already ill or poor– are particularly affected,” Dr. Maria Neira, The World Health Organisation’s director of public health, told The Guardian. 

The preventable number of deaths is just one of driving factors behind the EU’s demands. High emissions also continue to increase temperatures and worsen the impacts of climate change. 

The European Commission released a statement saying that the UK, along with the five other countries facing similar consequences from lax pollution policies, hasn’t delivered any “credible, effective and timely measures to reduce pollution as soon as possible, as required under EU law.” 

In 2017, a special rapporteur appointed by the United Nations found that the UK was openly defying its duty to protect the health of its citizens by keeping air pollutions levels so dangerously high. 

If the UK doesn’t comply with the European Commission and the European Court of Justice and implement stricter emission controls soon, the country could face substantial fines. 

--

By<a href="mailto:kayvandette@gmail.com"> Kay Vandette</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

UK could face heavy fines for illegal levels of air pollution

The UK, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, and Romania will soon...

A new study has revealed that now-endangered forests in Chile, Brazil, and Argentina were first planted by ancient communities and did not develop through changes in early climate as previously believed.

Large areas in <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/deforestation-south-america/">South America</a> are covered with millions of Araucaria trees, also known as monkey puzzle trees.

These forests are critically endangered and logging operations have reduced the landscape to such a degree that it is now one of the world’s most at-risk environments. 

The Araucaria tree was of vital importance to the ancient Southern Jê communities. The nuts of the tree provided food and attracted game for hunting. 

The trees also supplied timber and fuel and today communities in the region still call themselves “people of the Araucaria”. 

A new study led by archaeologists from the <a href="https://www.exeter.ac.uk/">University of Exeter</a> shows that the region owes its lush forest cover to ancient communities planting the trees thousands of years ago. 

The results were published in the journal Scientific Reports. 

The tree itself dates back to the Mesozoic era when dinosaurs roamed the Earth, but the rapid expansion of monkey puzzle forests in South America occurred between 1,410 and 900 years ago. 

 “Our research shows these landscapes were man-made,” said Mark Robinson, who led excavations in the area. “Communities settled on grassland, and then - perhaps because they modified the soil, protected seedlings or even planted trees - established these forests in places where geographically they shouldn't have flourished.”

The archaeological analysis of the region and trees began because researchers noticed that forests of monkey puzzle trees were limited to south facing slopes in areas without much human interaction. However, when humans were present, the trees covered expansive areas. 

Soil isotopes indicating both ancient vegetation and archaeological evidence in Campo Belo do Sul, Santa Catarina State, Brazil were analyzed to see if the forest cover was connected to human activity.

The soil analyses showed that the forests initially expanded due to warmer weather 4,000 to 3,000 years ago, but spread much further into highland areas 1,400 to 900 years ago. A large increase in population coincides with the rapid spread of the trees, further confirming that the trees were cared for by people.  

Today, 5 of the 19 species of Araucaria tree are critically endangered and the trees are much shorter than they used to be.

The results of the study will hopefully guide conservation and management practices in South America to prevent logging from further reducing forest cover. 

“This study shows the Araucaria forests were expanded beyond their natural boundaries, they were used sustainably for hundreds of years, and conservation strategies must reflect this so they balance protection, heritage and economic development,” said José Iriarte, a member of the research team. 

--

By <a href="mailto:kayvandette@gmail.com">Kay Vandette</a>,<a href="https://www.earth.com/"> Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 

Photo: Copyright Jose Iriarte

Endangered South American forests were planted by ancient people

A new study has revealed that now-endangered forests in Chile,...

Officials in Lee County, Florida, will soon be testing out drone technology to battle mosquitoes. The county is one of only ten sites in the country that has been approved by the federal government to test drones for various applications.

Authorities in Lee County will now be permitted to fly drones in ways that are not permitted under the current law. They can test drones at low altitudes, directly over people, and will also be allowed to test drones at night.

The <a href="https://www.faa.gov/">Federal Aviation Administration</a>'s Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Integration Pilot Program was created to provide the government with information on how to effectively and safely integrate UAS into the National Airspace System. The project also aims to identify the range of applications available using drone technology.

Eric Jackson is a public information officer at the Lee County Mosquito Control District in southwestern Florida. He told <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/">CNBC</a> that the district relies heavily on aerial operations. The county already uses small aircraft and helicopters to address pest problems, which may explain why the site was chosen to participate in the federal program.

“We've been doing this for 60 years with aircraft dealing with mosquito issues, so I'm thinking that might have played a part,” Mr Jackson told CNBC.

The county has plans to use a 1,500-pound drone as part of its operation to combat <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mosquitoes-thrive-less-greenery/">mosquitoes</a>. Lee County is the only site selected for the program that will use the drone technology for pest control management.

In Oklahoma, drones have been approved to monitor livestock and crops. In Nevada, the city of Reno will use drones for the time-sensitive delivery of life-saving medical equipment. 

The full list of sites selected for the pilot program, as well as the groundbreaking applications that will be tested using drone technology, is available on the Federal Aviation Administration’s <a href="https://www.faa.gov/uas/programs_partnerships/uas_integration_pilot_program/awardees/">website</a>.

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Florida looking to use drone technology to combat mosquitoes

Officials in Lee County, Florida, will soon be testing out...

A recent investigation has revealed that cyclone-driven floods are destroying some of the world's most fragile and valuable river habitats. If the intensity and frequency of the flooding continues, the landscapes could be permanently changed, potentially leading to a *catastrophic loss of species.”

The study, which was funded by the UK’s <a href="https://nerc.ukri.org/">Natural Environmental Research Council</a>, was focused on South Africa's Kruger National Park (KNP). The rivers in the KNP provide critical ecosystem services, including the habitats found in the varying channel morphologies and in the adjacent forest. 

Using laser survey technology (LiDAR), the research team analyzed the impacts of cyclone-driven floods in 2000 and 2012 on the rivers of the KNP. The high-resolution data was used to develop digital models of the riverbeds, which were compared with pre-flood data to generate maps of erosion and deposition.

Dr. David Milan of the <a href="https://www.hull.ac.uk/Home.aspx">University of Hull</a> is the study's principal investigator.

“We are primarily interested in trying to understand how these large bedrock-influenced river channels respond to large floods,” said Dr. Milan. “From comparing our LiDAR models between 2012 and 2004, we have calculated that the 2012 event alone removed almost 1.25 million tons of sediment from the river bed.” 

“We also found that patches of mature riparian forest that survived larger floods in 2000 were removed by the 2012 floods. There is a suggestion that the frequency of large flood events is increasing due to climate change, and our analysis of river channel morphology for a 50 km length of the Sabie River shows us that these rivers need time spans longer than a decade to recover.”

Some climate models are predicting increased landfall for cyclones over <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/south-africans-super-volcano/">South Africa</a>, which raises further concerns over geomorphological changes in the rivers of the KNP.

“We present a conceptual model showing the likely pathways that the KNP river systems are likely to follow in the future depending upon flood frequency and magnitude, and conclude by suggesting that more frequent floods will continue to strip out sediment and vegetation from the river channel, leaving a more barren environment with less habitat value,” said Dr. Milan.

“Continued progressive loss of habitat diversity will fundamentally, and for all intents and purposes irreversibly, alter our riverine landscapes and this will be accompanied by a catastrophic loss of species unable to adapt to the new environments.” 

“Conservationists need to work alongside geomorphologists to look at ways in which dryland river habitats can be best managed into the future.”

The research is published in the <a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsabulletin">Geological Society of America Bulletin</a>.

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Frequent extreme weather is destroying valuable river ecosystems

A recent investigation has revealed that cyclone-driven floods are destroying...

A new study from researchers at the <a href="https://www.exeter.ac.uk/">University of Exeter</a> has found that many European mammals who are facing habitat degradation as a result of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seasonal-allergies-climate-change/">climate change</a> will not be able to relocate. Of the 62 mammal species analyzed in the investigation, 30 species do not have the potential to adapt in a new region of the country.

The species which are at risk include some that are classified as “vulnerable,” such as the wolverine. Other groups identified in the study are not yet classified as threatened, including the Eurasian elk, the Iberian wild goat, and the Pyrenean chamois.

The researchers explained that many species are at a greater risk than their conservation status indicates due to the fact that most current evaluations do not account for a species’ ability to respond to climate change.

“Some species that will need to move long distances due to climate change are simply not going to be able to,” said study senior author Dr. Regan Early. “Unfortunately, many of the species most at risk from climate change are also those that will have the most difficulty in colonizing new areas.”

The experts looked at two particular sets of characteristics to analyze how well each species could relocate to areas where climate conditions will be suitable in the future. 

First, they evaluated whether the animals are “generalists,” which means they can live in a range of habitats and eat a wide variety foods. The researchers also examined the animal’s reproductive strategy, taking into consideration that animals who breed at a younger age have more offspring and a better chance of establishing themselves in a new location.

Unfortunately, even those species that could relocate may struggle because their potential new habitats are too far away. 

For example, the Western Mediterranean mouse found in Portugal and Spain would have a much more suitable habitat in eastern Italy under predicted climate change. According to Dr. Early, however, it is difficult to see how the species could make this move.

“If you look at the challenges of shifting ranges, you find that many species are a lot more threatened by climate change than we previously understood,” said study lead author Lisbeth Morrison. “Even under lower estimates of climate change, we found really serious effects for many species.”

The study is published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/loi/14724642">Diversity and Distributions</a>.

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Species threatened by climate change may not be able to relocate

A new study from researchers at the University of Exeter...

A team of NASA scientists used 14 years of satellite observations along with data on human activities to analyze freshwater changes across the planet. The researchers found that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/freshwater-ecosystems-filter-pollution/">freshwater</a> supplies have been mostly stable in some regions, while freshwater has fluctuated substantially in other regions.

To identify global water supply trends, the team accessed data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), a spacecraft mission that tracked freshwater in 34 regions around the world from 2002 to 2016. 

“What we are witnessing is major hydrologic change,” said study co-author Jay Famiglietti of NASA's <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>. “We see a distinctive pattern of the wetland areas of the world getting wetter - those are the high latitudes and the tropics - and the dry areas in between getting dryer. Embedded within the dry areas we see multiple hotspots resulting from groundwater depletion.”

By combining GRACE satellite imagery with precipitation data, irrigation maps, and published reports of human activities, the experts were able to investigate the driving forces behind freshwater trends. They found that shifting water supplies are influenced by many factors including climate change, human water management, and natural cycles.

Study lead author Dr. Matthew Rodell is Chief of the <a href="https://science.gsfc.nasa.gov/earth/hydrology/">Hydrological Sciences Laboratory</a> at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.

“This is the first time that we've used observations from multiple satellites in a thorough assessment of how freshwater availability is changing everywhere on Earth,” said Dr. Rodell. 

“A key goal was to distinguish shifts in terrestrial water storage caused by natural variability - wet periods and dry periods associated with El Niño and La Niña, for example - from trends related to climate change or human impacts, like pumping groundwater out of an aquifer faster than it is replenished.”

Freshwater is found in rivers, lakes, groundwater, soil, snow, and ice. When freshwater is lost from the world's polar ice sheets, this can trigger sea level rise. Famiglietti noted that while water loss in melting ice sheets is clearly driven by climate change, further research is required to determine the factors that are underlying freshwater changes in other regions.

“The pattern of wet-getting-wetter, dry-getting-drier during the rest of the 21st century is predicted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change models, but we'll need a much longer dataset to be able to definitively say whether climate change is responsible for the emergence of any similar pattern in the GRACE data,” said Famiglietti.

Groundwater is largely affected by agricultural activities, but rainy and dry weather conditions also have a big impact on groundwater levels. Famiglietti said that this combination was likely the cause of major groundwater depletion in California's Central Valley from 2007 to 2015. Southwestern California lost 4 gigatons of freshwater per year during this time frame.

From 2002 to 2016, agricultural pressures in Saudi Arabia led to a loss of 6.1 gigatons of groundwater per year. Satellite images revealed an explosive growth of irrigated farmland in this region beginning in 1987.

In other parts of the world, changes in freshwater storage were not linked to human activities. For example, in Africa's western Zambezi basin and Okavango Delta, water storage increased at an average rate of 29 gigatons per year from 2002 to 2016. Rodell explained that this trend can likely be attributed to natural rainfall variability that occurs over decades in this region of Africa.

The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/">Nature</a>.

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

NASA scientists find major changes in worldwide freshwater supply

A team of NASA scientists used 14 years of satellite...

Experts at the <a href="https://www.wcs.org/">Wildlife Conservation Society</a> (WCS) are reporting that 2.3 million square miles of the world's protected areas are now severely threatened by human activities such as urbanization and road development.

More than 202,000 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-protected-areas-coral-reefs/">protected areas</a> make up more than 15 percent of the world's terrestrial coverage. According to the study, one third of this land is currently under intense human pressure.

The <a href="https://www.cbd.int/">Convention on Biological Diversity</a> (CBD) is a legally-binding United Nations treaty to halt biodiversity loss through protected area creation. Since CBD was signed in 1992, the global span of protected areas has nearly doubled in size, and nations are still striving toward a goal of at least 17 percent coverage by 2020.

The researchers found that 32.8 percent of protected land is highly degraded, and that 55 percent of protected land areas established before CBD was ratified have experienced increasing pressure from human activities in the years following the treaty.

“A well-run protected area network is essential in saving species,” said lead author Kendall Jones. “If we allow our protected area network to be degraded there is a no doubt biodiversity losses will be exacerbated.”

The study authors found that the space available for conserving nature inside of protected areas has been overestimated by governments. This would explain why global biodiversity is still in decline, while more land is supposedly being protected.

The researchers also found that protected areas with strict biodiversity conservation objectives are much less affected by human activities.

Professor James Watson of the <a href="https://www.uq.edu.au/">University of Queensland</a> is the study's senior author.

“We know protected areas work - when well-funded, well-managed and well placed, they are extremely effective in halting the threats that cause biodiversity loss and ensure species return from the brink of extinction,” said Professor Watson. 

“There are also many protected areas that are still in good condition and protect the last strongholds of endangered species worldwide. The challenge is to improve the management of those protected areas that are most valuable for nature conservation to ensure they safeguard it.”

The study is published in the journal <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/">Science</a>.

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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Image Credit: Rob Wallace/<a href="https://www.wcs.org/">WCS</a>

One third of the world’s protected areas are under human pressure

Experts at the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) are reporting that...

The effects of global warming are projected to influence climate across the entirety of our planet, changing ecosystems and weather patterns along the way. These changes put many plant and animal species in jeopardy, as they need to adapt more quickly to a less hospitable environment. Now, a new study published in <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/">Science</a> has found that limiting global warming to 1.5°C would save the vast majority of the planet’s animal and plant species from climate change.

While past research has focused on quantifying the benefits of limiting warming to 2°C above pre-industrial times, they have not explored how this affects insects. This new research from the <a href="https://www.uea.ac.uk/">University of East Anglia</a> (UEA) is the first to explore how limiting warming to 1.5°C would benefit species globally.

Researchers from UEA and <a href="https://www.jcu.edu.au/">James Cook University</a> in Australia assessed roughly 115,000 species – including 31,000 insects, 8,000 birds, 1,700 mammals, 1,800 reptiles, 1,000 amphibians, and 71,000 plants. Not surprisingly, this is the largest scale study of its kind. 

The research team was looking at how different projected climate futures affected areas, making them climatically unsuitable for the plants and animals that live there. “We measured the risks to biodiversity by counting the number of species projected to lose more than half their geographic range due to climate change,” explains Rachel Warren, a professor at UEA and lead researcher on the study. “We found that achieving the ultimate goal of the Paris Agreement, to limit warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, would reap enormous benefits for biodiversity – much more so than limiting warming to 2°C.”

Their results showed that insects were especially sensitive to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-fish-north-fishing-business/">climate change</a>. Of the 31,000 insects studied, 18 percent were projected to lose over half their range at a 2°C increase. But at a 1.5°C increase, the number was reduced to 6 percent. 

“The current global warming trajectory, if countries meet their international pledges to reduce CO2, is around 3°C,” says Warren. “In this case, almost 50 percent of insects would lose half their range. This is really important because insects are vital to ecosystems and for humans. They pollinate crops and flowers, they provide food for higher-level organisms, they break down detritus, they maintain a balance in ecosystems by eating the leaves of plants, and they help recycle nutrients in the soil.”

Even more concerning, the researchers found that the three biggest groups of pollinating insects were the most sensitive to warming. 

In their study, the researchers also assessed the ability of species to relocate to more habitable locations as the climate changes. “If warming is limited to 1.5°C by 2100 then more species can keep up or even gain in range, whereas if warming reached 2°C by 2100 many species cannot keep up and far more species lose large parts of their range,” Warren says.

Although just half-a-degree Celsius may not seem like much, this study shows that there are major consequences that lie between 1.5 and 2°C. If we aren’t able to cut back on the contributing factors to man-made climate change, we might be finding out what those consequences are for ourselves.

--

By <a href="mailto:certz@earth.com">Connor Ertz</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Stopping global warming at 1.5°C can save a vast number of species

The effects of global warming are projected to influence climate...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Designing crops that can beat the heat

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



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2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes how Earth is unique in our solar system for its ability to sustain liquid water on its surface. But now, the water cycle is shifting as the climate warms, and scientists must find ways to predict how these changes will affect water availability.



Overall, 96 percent of Earth's water is saltwater, and nearly all of freshwater is found in ice and groundwater. These sources of water are linked as it passes through solid, liquid and gas phases.



In a warmer climate, the water cycle will be transformed. It will be easier for water to evaporate and form clouds, and storms will become more frequent and intense. Some regions will get too much water, while others will be left without enough water. In addition, soil moisture will be lost - which threatens food security.



Scientists are using satellite data from over the last 40 years to track changes that are happening in the water cycle. This will ultimately help us prepare for extreme events and better manage our water resources, according to ESA.



Video Credit: ESA



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Tracking changes in Earth's water cycle

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</a> features images of Saturn from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. The photographs capture the start of the mysterious "spoke season" on Saturn - when unexplained features appear on its rings. 



According to NASA, both the cause of the spokes and their seasonal variability have yet to be fully explained by planetary scientists.



"Like Earth, Saturn is tilted on its axis and therefore has four seasons, though because of Saturn's much larger orbit, each season lasts approximately seven Earth years. Equinox occurs when the rings are tilted edge-on to the Sun," explains NASA.



"The spokes disappear when it is near summer or winter solstice on Saturn. (When the Sun appears to reach either its highest or lowest latitude in the northern or southern hemisphere of a planet.) As the autumnal equinox of Saturn's northern hemisphere on May 6, 2025, draws near, the spokes are expected to become increasingly prominent and observable."



Experts believe that the spokes may be a product of the planet's variable magnetic field. When magnetic fields interact with solar wind, an electrically charged environment is created. This phenomenon is visible on Earth as the northern lights.&nbsp;



"Scientists think that the smallest, dust-sized icy ring particles can become charged as well, which temporarily levitates those particles above the rest of the larger icy particles and boulders in the rings," says NASA.



The spokes were first observed in the early 1980s by NASA's Voyager mission. Depending on the angle of the rings, the spokes can appear dark or light.



"Thanks to Hubble's OPAL program, which is building an archive of data on the outer solar system planets, we will have longer dedicated time to study Saturn’s spokes this season than ever before," said NASA senior planetary scientist Amy Simon, head of the Hubble Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) program.



"Despite years of excellent observations by the Cassini mission, the precise beginning and duration of the spoke season is still unpredictable, rather like predicting the first storm during hurricane season."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Mysterious "spoke season" captured on Saturn

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Closeup,Of,Fresh,Green,The,Napier,Bush,Grass,As,Animal

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="http://www.ntu.edu.sg/">NTU Singapore</a> reveals that some plants can remove toxic heavy metals from soil.&nbsp;



The researchers analyzed samples of various tropical plant species to test for levels of heavy metals and metalloids. The study showed that there are existing plants with high levels of these contaminants, which means that these species are great candidates for drawing pollutants out of the soil.&nbsp;



Among the plants examined in the study, 12 species had accumulated several types of heavy metals and metalloids. These plants are widely available, including species that are native to Singapore.



“In a small nation like Singapore, land may be repurposed to support new development plans, so it is important that we have a green and sustainable way to remediate land that is contaminated," said Professor Lam Yeng Ming.



"We set out to uncover how to better make use of tropical plants to do phytoremediation and through advanced characterization techniques, we showed how some of these tropical plant species can be an environmentally friendly and literally a 'green' way to remove contaminants in soil."&nbsp;



"Phytoremediation also has benefits of cost effectiveness, simplicity of management, aesthetic advantages, and long-term applicability and sustainability. The strategy prevents erosion and metal leaching by stabilizing or accumulating heavy metals, so that helps reduce the risk of contaminant spread.”



Video Credit: NTU Singapore



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Plants help remove heavy metals from contaminated soil

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes why herbicides are not as effective in killing weeds anymore. In the 20th century, chemical companies developed thousands of herbicides. The most commonly used herbicide was glyphosate, which was introduced in 1974.



Over the past few decades, dozens of species of weeds have evolved resistance to glyphosate. Depending on the site of action, the part of the plant that an herbicide interacts with, weeds may even be resistant to herbicides that have not been developed yet.&nbsp;



With increasing resistance to glyphosate and other herbicides, weeds are - once again - becoming a major concern for farmers.&nbsp;



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Weeds are becoming increasingly resistant to herbicides

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/">NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> (JPL) describes a dust storm on Mars that was nearly twice the size of the United States. As the storm covered the southern hemisphere of the planet, some of NASA’s explorers had to delay their normal activities.



NASA’s Insight lander put itself in a "safe mode" for 11 days to conserve battery power because solar power was disrupted by the dust. The Ingenuity Mars Helicopter postponed flights until conditions improved.



"A fleet of NASA orbiters monitor Martian dust storms like this one and serve as lifelines to Earth by relaying data from the rovers and lander on the ground back to the team. This includes the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, MAVEN, and Odyssey," reports JPL.



"Dust storms like this recent one start close to the ground and are spread by wind as they rise – warming the cold Martian atmosphere."



The images in the video were captured by NASA’s Curiosity as the dust rolled in. A fleet of orbiters monitored the dust storm from above, relaying data from Mars’ explorers back to scientists on Earth.



Video &amp; Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASU/MSSS



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

NASA monitors giant dust storms on Mars

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="http://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Qeshm Island in the Strait of Hormuz. This strait provides the only sea passage from the Persian Gulf to the open ocean.



Qeshm is separated from the Iranian coast by the Clarence Strait, also known as Khuran.&nbsp;The Hara Forest Protected Area is a network of shallow waterways and forest located between the island and the mainland. This protected region is home to sea turtles, snakes, and more than 150 species of migrating birds.



Qeshm is famous for its wide range of&nbsp;ecotourist&nbsp;attractions, such as the&nbsp;Hara marine forests. According to environmentalists, about 1.5 percent of the world birds and 25 percent of Iran's native <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/female-hummingbirds-avoid-sexual-harassment-by-looking-like-males/">birds</a> annually migrate to the forests, which are the first national geo park in Iran.



Tourists are also drawn to the island to see an age-old Portuguese&nbsp;fort, historic mosques, the&nbsp;Seyyed Mozaffar&nbsp;and&nbsp;Bibi Maryam&nbsp;shrines, and the "Valley of Stars."



The average temperature on the island is 81 degress and the region is often hot and humid. From June to August, the island is described as being oppressively hot. The ideal time to visit is during the winter season. 



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Qeshm Island in the Strait of Hormuz

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Inhambane Bay in southeast Mozambique.&nbsp;



"Inhambane Bay is a deep inlet into which the small Mutamba River flows," says ESA. "On one side of the bay lies the historical city of Inhambane, capital of the Inhambane Province, while the sister city of Maxixe, the economic capital of Inhambane, sits across from it. The province is the second largest grower of cashews, after Nampula, and it also produces coconut and citrus fruits."



The beaches of Barra and Tofo are popular with tourists. There are also coral reefs along the long coastline of Inhambane, making it an ideal destination for scuba diving and snorkeling.



"Mozambique’s extensive coastline heightens the country’s vulnerability to tropical cyclones that develop in the Indian Ocean as well as storm surge flooding," says ESA.



"More than half of the population lives in low lying coastal areas, putting communities at risk. Inhambane Bay was dangerously close to where Cyclone Idai made landfall in 2019 causing widespread destruction to the country."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Inhambane Bay in southeast Mozambique

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency </a>&nbsp;features the Kangerlussuaq Glacier, one of the largest tidewater outlet glaciers in Greenland. The glacier is located on the east coast of the Greenland ice sheet.



As human-induced climate change continues to drive up temperatures, global ice loss is accelerating at an alarming rate. ESA reports that, over the past decade alone, 3.5 trillion tons of ice have melted from the Greenland ice sheet. This is enough to cover the UK with meltwater 15 meters deep.



Based on satellite imagery, researchers determined that Kangerlussuaq entered a new phase of rapid retreat and acceleration in 2017. In their study, published in <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2019.00123/full">Frontiers in Earth Science</a>,&nbsp; the experts report that the glacier's ice front is now at its most retreated position since the early 20th century.



"Given Kangerlussuaq’s previous impacts on both the magnitude and pattern of ice sheet wide mass loss, we predict that its new phase of retreat, acceleration and thinning will markedly enhance the south-east region’s contribution to increasing discharge from the ice sheet," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;&nbsp;



"More broadly, accurate forecasting of the ice sheet’s contribution to sea level rise will require a deeper understanding of, and responses to, these non-linear ice dynamic processes."



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kangerlussuaq Glacier on the Greenland ice sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes the complex relationship between ocean and climate. ESA's Climate Change Initiative will help us understand how oceans influence the climate and how climate change is impacting the oceans.&nbsp;



"Earth’s oceans are huge heat stores, soaking up 93% of the excess heat from human activity over the past 70 years. Ocean currents redistribute heat around the planet, from the Equator to the poles. Where this ocean heat goes influences weather patterns and regional climate," explains ESA.



"As well as absorbing heat, oceans are a natural carbon sink, absorbing a quarter of carbon dioxide emissions from human activity. This has led to the acidification of ocean water, threating marine life."



The amount of heat and carbon dioxide soaked up by the ocean depends on specific variables, including phytoplankton, temperatures, waves, salinity, and ice cover. Satellites can be used to measure these variables from space.



"From their unique vantage point, satellites provide key information for understanding the complexities of our planet and monitoring environmental issues," says ESA.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Ocean heat influences regional climate

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes the importance of monitoring the shape of the sea surface, which is constantly changing. These observations have many applications, such as ship routing, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-modem-ocean-is-a-tough-place-for-whales-to-survive/">ocean</a> current forecasting, and debris tracking.



"A project supported by the Discovery element of ESA’s Basic Activities recently investigated a new technique to measure sea surface topography very precisely," reports ESA.



"The technique involves looking at satellite navigation (GNSS) signals that have been reflected off of the sea surface at very low angles. At these so-called grazing angles, waves and surface roughness have very little impact on the reflection process; the sea surface acts as a very smooth mirror."



Estel Cardellach is the principal investigator at the Institute for Space Studies of Catalonia, who first submitted the idea for the project.



“In a mirror-like reflection the phase of the signal can be tracked – it is continuous," said Cardellach. "Different surface heights result in different phase measurements. It gives a very precise measurement of the surface altitude at a few centimetres’ precision.”



The researchers developed a GNSS receiver and set up an experiment in the Balaeric Islands to collect signals from the receiver that were reflected off the sea surface. Ultimately, these signals will provide improved measurements of the shape of the sea surface.



Image/ Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Monitoring the dynamic shape of the sea surface

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center</a> describes how scientists are using autonomous sound sensors to monitor deforestation in the Amazon. By recording soundscapes, the experts can determine which animals are present through their distinct sounds.&nbsp;



Using this method, sounds can be used as scientific measurements to analyze the effects of deforestation. The researchers will gain a better understanding of how the acoustics of a forest can be used to measure its health.&nbsp;



"From space, parts of the Amazon rainforest that have previously been logged or burned may look lush and green, like a place buzzing with activity and full of sounds. But inside the rainforest, the animal life may tell a different story, of a harsh environment and a quieter soundscape," says NASA.



Video Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Monitoring deforestation in the Amazon through sounds

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