An analysis from several comprehensive long-term studies led by an international team of scientists has revealed that a healthy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eight-healthy-lifestyle-habits-could-extend-your-life-by-decades/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lifestyle</a> may counteract the life-shortening effects of certain genes by more than 60 percent. 



The findings of the study underscore the combined influence of genetics and lifestyle on lifespan, where an unhealthy lifestyle alone is associated with a 78-percent increased risk of premature death, regardless of genetic background.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lifestyle-factors-and-lifespan">Lifestyle factors and lifespan</h2>



The studies employed a polygenic risk score (PRS) to assess each individual's genetic risk of having a shorter or longer lifespan, factoring in multiple genetic variants.&nbsp;



Lifestyle factors such as tobacco use, alcohol consumption, diet quality, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleeping-less-than-seven-hours-high-blood-pressure-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep duration</a>, and physical activity levels also played a crucial role.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-healthy-lifestyle-versus-genetics-nbsp">Healthy lifestyle versus genetics&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers aimed to quantify how much a healthy lifestyle could potentially offset the genetic risk of a shortened lifespan. They utilized data from 353,742 adults enrolled in the <a href="https://www.ukbiobank.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UK Biobank</a> between 2006 and 2010, tracking their health until 2021. 



The participants were divided based on their PRS into groups indicating long (20%), intermediate (60%), and short (20%) lifespan risks, derived from the LifeGen cohort study data.



Lifestyle scores were assigned based on criteria including non-smoking status, moderate alcohol consumption, regular physical activity, healthy body shape, sufficient sleep, and a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/feeding-children-healthy-diets-can-be-very-challenging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nutritious diet</a>. These were categorized as favorable (23% of participants), intermediate (56%), and unfavorable (22%) using data from the <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/index.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">US NHANES</a> study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-risk-and-unhealthy-lifestyle-nbsp">Genetic risk and unhealthy lifestyle&nbsp;</h2>



Over an average follow-up period of nearly 13 years, 24,239 participants passed away. The results of the analysis showed that individuals genetically predisposed to a shorter lifespan were 21 percent more likely to die early compared to those with a genetic predisposition to a longer life, irrespective of lifestyle.&nbsp;



Additionally, those with an unfavorable lifestyle had a 78 percent higher risk of premature death than those with a favorable lifestyle, regardless of genetic factors.



Participants facing both a high genetic risk and an unfavorable lifestyle were twice as likely to die early compared to those with a low genetic risk and a favorable lifestyle. Key components of a beneficial lifestyle included non-smoking, engaging in regular physical activity, getting adequate sleep, and maintaining a healthy diet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-healthy-lifestyle-mitigates-genetic-risk-nbsp">Healthy lifestyle mitigates genetic risk&nbsp;</h2>



While this is an observational study with inherent limitations - such as assessing lifestyle at a single point and the exclusion of non-European ancestries - the findings suggest that a favorable lifestyle can substantially mitigate the genetic risk of a shortened <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extended-human-lifespans-could-be-catastrophic-for-our-planet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lifespan</a> by about 62 percent. 



According to the experts, individuals at high genetic risk could potentially extend their life expectancy by nearly 5.5 years at the age of 40 through healthy living. They highlight the importance of establishing healthy habits early in life, given that lifestyle patterns tend to solidify before middle age.



“This study elucidates the pivotal role of a healthy lifestyle in mitigating the impact of genetic factors on lifespan reduction. Public health policies for improving healthy lifestyles would serve as potent complements to conventional healthcare and mitigate the influence of genetic factors on human lifespan,” the authors concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aspects-of-a-healthy-lifestyle">Aspects of a healthy lifestyle</h2>



A healthy lifestyle is centered around habits that enhance physical, mental, and emotional well-being. It generally includes a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains which provides the necessary nutrients and energy.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exercise-nbsp">Exercise&nbsp;</h3>



Regular <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exercise-boosts-health-and-lifespan-regardless-of-intensity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">physical activity</a>, whether it's through structured exercise like jogging or informal activities like walking, helps maintain a healthy weight, strengthens the heart, and boosts mood.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sleep">Sleep</h3>



Good sleep is another pillar of a healthy lifestyle, with most adults benefiting from seven to nine hours per night. Sleep aids in recovery, cognitive function, and emotional regulation. Stress management through techniques such as meditation, yoga, or simply dedicating time to hobbies, helps maintain mental health and reduces the risk of various physical health issues.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-healthy-habits">Healthy habits</h3>



Avoiding harmful habits such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and drug use is also crucial. Instead, forming positive relationships that support a healthy lifestyle and seeking regular medical advice to monitor health conditions and prevent diseases are beneficial practices.



Overall, maintaining a healthy lifestyle is about making consistent, daily choices that lead to long-term benefits for both body and mind.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjebm-2023-112583" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">BMJ Evidence Based Medicine</a>.



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Lifespan is influenced more by lifestyle than genetics

An analysis from several comprehensive long-term studies led by an international team of scientists has revealed that a healthy lifestyle may counteract the life-shortening effects of certain genes by more than 60 percent. The findings of the study underscore the combined influence of genetics and lifestyle on lifespan, where an unhealthy lifestyle alone is associated with a 78-percent increased risk of premature death, regardless of genetic background. Lifestyle factors and lifespan The studies employed a polygenic risk score (PRS) to assess each individual's genetic risk of having...

A new study from researchers at <a href="https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en">Leiden University</a> and the <a href="https://www.unc.edu/">University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill</a> has uncovered a link between risk-taking and prosocial (doing good for others) behavior in adolescents. Although seemingly opposite results, both behaviors are seemingly motivated by <a href="http://www.earth.com/news/teens-potent-marijuana/">teens</a> actively seeking fun. 

"We sought to test the pathways that support adolescents' development of rebellious and helpful behaviors," said first author Neeltje E. Blankenstein, a postdoctoral researcher at Leiden University. "Because adolescence is often associated with negative stereotypes, our findings provide a more nuanced view on adolescent development by focusing on the relation between risk taking and prosocial behavior."

To come to their conclusion, the research team analyzed 210 adolescents who took part in the Netherlands’ Braintime study, which took place in 2011, 2013, and 2015. When the study first started, participants were aged between 8 and 25, and by the end of the study period, they were aged 12 to 97. These participants were asked how often they engaged in rebellious and prosocial behaviors via a questionnaire, including drinking and smoking, as well as how often they sought out fun and rewarding activities, such as comforting friends.

Researchers also had the participants fill out surveys about their social skills, specifically, empathy and social perspective taking. And finally, participants received a magnetic resonance imaging scan each time they were questioned in order to measure the maturation of the two brain regions in question — the nucleus accumbens and the medial prefrontal cortex, both important for risk-taking and prosocial behaviors.

The researchers found that rebelliousness increased from early adolescence into later teen years before declining in adulthood, whereas prosocial behavior peaked in mid- to late-adolescence. And these two opposite behaviors were linked — the more a person took risks, the more likely they were to also behave prosocially.

Furthermore, prosocial behavior was linked to a person showing more empathy and greater perspective taking, whereas risk-taking behavior was ruled by fun seeking. 

However, a fun-seeking trait can also lead someone to show more prosocial tendencies, meaning that the developmental process could result in either or, or both behaviors, the researchers said.

"Our study suggests that fun seeking may be a trait that leads to diverse aspects of adolescent development, and that adolescence is a time of both vulnerabilities--seen in risk taking — and opportunities — seen in helping behaviors," said co-leader Eva H. Telzer, associate professor of psychology and neuroscience at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. "It also suggests that risk taking may serve positive goals, for instance, when adolescents take risks to help others.”

These findings are published in <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14678624">Child Development</a>.

--

By <a href="mailto:oliviagharvey24@gmail.com">Olivia Harvey</a>, <a href="http://earth.com">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Image Credit: Shutterstock/oneinchpunch

Teen risk-taking and prosocial behavior are motivated by fun-seeking

A new study from researchers at Leiden University and the...

The Amazon rainforest is still burning, as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/amazon-rainforest-burning/">thousands of fires are spreading across the region</a> that supplies a significant amount of oxygen to Earth’s atmosphere. The smoke is visible from space, and there are concerns about how the fires will impact the indigenous groups that live in the Amazon.

Brazil’s president Jair Bolsonaro is reportedly reconsidering accepting the $22.2 million in international aid to help fight the fires and is now demanding an apology from French President Emmanuel Macron. 

The aid package was announced at the Group of Seven nations (G-7) summit, and several of the world’s wealthiest countries pledged to help Brazil and the Amazon. 

Bolsonaro <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/27/world/americas/brazil-amazon-aid.html">initially rejected the pledge</a>, but now the President is willing to accept the aid if Macron apologizes and withdraws comments that the French President directed at Bolsonaro. 

“Before speaking or accepting anything from France, even if it comes from the best possible intentions, he must retract his words. Then we can talk,” Brazil’s President told journalists.

The aid package has added fuel to an escalating feud between the two presidents. Last week, Macron announced potentially blocking a free-trade agreement between the EU and South America. Bolsonaro responded with an apparent joke about Macron’s wife. 

Although Bolsonaro is on the fence about accepting aid from the Group of Seven, other countries are offering aid and resources. 

Ricardo Salles, the Environmental Minister of Brazil, said that aid was crucial as the fires are spreading and burning up land at a rapid rate. 

“I think we need to aggregate as many tools as possible to resolve this,” Salles said on Brazilian television. 

The <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/brazil-rejects-g-7-amazon-aid-citing-its-lack-of-involvementin-decision-to-grant-it/2019/08/27/4d8b0eb8-c8b6-11e9-9615-8f1a32962e04_story.html">Washington Post </a>even reported that Amazon governors were considering negotiating with the EU directly rather than wait for Bolsonaro. 

There are concerns that because the aid is coming from the G-7 and not the United Nations, it could be a political tactic to gain some control of the Amazon, according to Bolsonaro and some of his officials. 

Meanwhile, fires in the Amazon have increased more than 75 percent this year, according to the Washington Post. The unprecedented rate of deforestation could jeopardize Amazon’s role as a carbon sink and transform large areas of the rainforest into savanna in the near future. 

--

By <a href="mailto:kayvandette@gmail.com">Kay Vandette</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 

Paid for by <a href="http://earth.com">Earth.com</a>

Image Credit: ESA/NASA–L. Parmitano

Bolsonaro puts politics over financial aid to fight Amazon fires

The Amazon rainforest is still burning, as thousands of fires...

In a new study published by the <a href="https://www.aip.org/">American Institute of Physics</a>, an advanced method of nanoparticle screening has revealed that some chemicals in personal care products are not as harmful as previously thought. 

The researchers demonstrated that a chemical found in most <a href="http://www.earth.com/news/sunscreens-release-metals-ocean/">sunscreens</a> called titanium dioxide is not only non-toxic, but actually protects skin cells from ultraviolet damage.

Nanoparticles are so small that they have different physical, chemical, mechanical, and optical properties compared to the same material on a larger scale. Therefore, a material that is toxic in a bigger form is not necessarily harmful in its miniscule form, and vice versa. 

According to study co-author Craig Priest, a nanomaterial contained in a personal care product may remain on the body for many hours while being exposed to air, moisture, light, and heat along with sweat, oils, and wax from the skin. The influence of these factors can either diminish or increase toxicity.

"Nanoparticles are found in many products and vary greatly. The exact size, shape, material and surface properties determine whether a particle is safe or harmful, but the vast number of property combinations means that screening is extremely difficult," explained Priest.

The researchers decided to focus their investigation on UV radiation for its simplicity and also for its potential to be  included in a multiparameter study of the reaction of nanoparticles to external stressors, such as sunlight.

Microfluidics is a science that involves the precise control and manipulation of fluids that are geometrically constrained to a small scale. While previous nanotoxicity screening methods were tedious and time-consuming, microfluidic devices are less expensive and make studies easier to reproduce.

The research expands on previous work which tested microfluidic screening processes for chemicals, such as potassium cyanide, cycloheximide, and chemotherapy drugs. A major advantage of using microfluidic devices is their ability to perform multiple tests using small sample volumes in a compact microchip format.

"Our results will help speed the development of microfluidic screening chips and, in time, may form the basis of standardized screening of new nanoparticles before they enter products or the environment," said Priest.

The study is published in the journal <a href="https://aip.scitation.org/journal/bmf">Biomicrofluidics</a>.

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Image Credit: Shutterstock/verona studio

Questionable chemical in sunscreens found to be non-toxic, study shows

In a new study published by the American Institute of...

A new study from researchers at <a href="https://www.bcm.edu/">Baylor College of Medicine</a> has found that the pancreatic Islets of Langerhans, which produce insulin and other hormones, link overnutrition during infancy to long-lasting health issues, like diabetes, in adulthood. 

Researchers analyzed the islets of overnourished mice during the first 21 days after birth. These mice tended to gain DNA methylation tags, which are chemical modifications that alter gene expression, whereas mice that were not overnourished showed gaining these DNA methylation tags later in life.

"It's been known for several decades that mice that are overnourished during the suckling period remain overweight and will be prone to disease for their entire lives. Particularly, they have problems regulating their blood sugar levels," said corresponding author Dr. Robert A. Waterland, professor of pediatrics - nutrition at the USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center at Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital and of molecular and human genetics at Baylor.

People with Type-2 diabetes have displayed altered DNA methylation in their insulin-producing islets, and these alterations are understood to be linked to islet malfunction and the onset of <a href="http://www.earth.com/news/diabetes-patients-overtreated/">diabetes</a>. However, how they occur remained a mystery.

Therefore, using mice, Waterland and his colleagues investigated whether early overnutrition in infancy could change epigenetic, referring to molecular mechanisms that determine which genes are turned on and off in different cells, development in pancreatic islets. Epigenetics works by adding or removing chemical tags on specific genes to mark which ones should be used. DNA methylation is one of the better understood tags and plays an important role in overall development.

"Adjusting litter size during the suckling period provides a natural means to overnourish mouse pups," Waterland said. "Normal size litters have about 10 mice, and served as our control group. The overnourished group came from moms whose litters were reduced to only four pups each. These pups get an 'all you can eat buffet' and become overweight by the time of weaning."

Besides weight, the researchers also applied genome-scale DNA methylation profiling to islets of both overnourished and control pups at 21 days, when they were still weaning, and 180 days, at middle-age “adulthood,” after birth.

They saw that islets from control mice usually gained DNA methylation as they aged, whereas islets of overnourished mice revealed increases in DNA methylation during weaning. Furthermore, there was an overlap between the DNA methylation profile of middle-aged controls and that of the 21-day-old overnourished mice.

"By the age of weaning, islets of overnourished mice show an epigenetic profile resembling that of much older mice," Waterland said. "Our interpretation is that postnatal overnutrition causes accelerated epigenetic aging in the islets. Since the ability to regulate blood sugar declines with age, this premature epigenetic aging may help explain how overnutrition during infancy increases the risk of diabetes later in life."

"In these days of escalating pediatric overnutrition and obesity, we urgently need to understand the adverse consequences of overnutrition in human infancy. I believe that optimizing nutrition during these critical periods of development will prove to be an effective approach to prevent adult disease," Waterland concluded.

These findings are published in <a href="https://academic.oup.com/eep">Environmental Epigenetics</a>.

--

By <a href="mailto:oliviagharvey24@gmail.com">Olivia Harvey</a>, <a href="http://earth.com">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Image Credit: Shutterstock/Africa Studio

Overnutrition during infancy could lead to long-lasting health problems

A new study from researchers at Baylor College of Medicine...

Researchers at the <a href="https://www.umassmed.edu/">University of Massachusetts Medical School</a> have used nanoparticles to give mice the ability to see near-infrared light. The experts are now working to modify these nanoparticles to potentially give humans built-in <a href="http://www.earth.com/news/frogs-toads-see-color/">night vision</a>.

"When we look at the universe, we see only visible light," said Dr. Gang Han, who is the principal investigator of the project. "But if we had near-infrared vision, we could see the universe in a whole new way. We might be able to do infrared astronomy with the naked eye, or have night vision without bulky equipment."

Humans and other mammals can detect light between the wavelengths of 400 and 700 nanometers (nm), but near-infrared (NIR) light has longer wavelengths between 750 nm to 1.4 micrometers. 

Dr. Han and his team theorized that mice could be given NIR vision by injecting a special type of nanomaterial called upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) into their eyes. UCNPs contain the rare-earth elements erbium and ytterbium, which can convert low-energy photons from NIR light into higher-energy green light that is detectable to the mammalian eye.

In a study published earlier this year, the researchers demonstrated that their theory was correct. Experiments showed that UCNPs allowed the mice to see and mentally process NIR light for at least ten weeks without any known side effects. However, Dr. Han said that the safety of these nanomaterials must be improved before being tested in humans. 

"The UCNPs in our published paper are inorganic, and there are some drawbacks there," said Dr. Han. "The biocompatibility is not completely clear, and we need to improve the brightness of the nanoparticles for human use." 

The team is currently experimenting with UCNPs made up of two organic dyes instead of rare-earth elements. "We've shown that we can make organic UCNPs with much improved brightness compared with the inorganic ones," said Dr. Han. 

One of the next steps for the project could be applying this technology to dogs. "If we had a super dog that could see NIR light, we could project a pattern onto a lawbreaker's body from a distance, and the dog could catch them without disturbing other people."

The research will be presented by Dr. Han at the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> Fall 2019 National Meeting.

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Image Credit: Gang Han

Scientists are a step closer to giving humans built-in night vision

Researchers at the University of Massachusetts Medical School have used...

Skin creams usually contain a few standard ingredients, but manufacturers know little about how these substances interact to influence the product's performance. A team of researchers has investigated the structure of a skin cream on a molecular scale, and they were surprised by what they found.

"The long-term stability and clinical properties of a cream are determined by its fundamental structure," said Delaram Ahmadi, a graduate student at <a href="https://www.kcl.ac.uk/">King's College London</a> who conducted the research. "If we can understand the chemical microstructure of the cream and relate that to the structure of the skin, then perhaps we can better repair the compromised skin barrier."

"We wanted to improve the science around cream formulation so that companies could more rationally formulate them to get exactly what they want," added Dr. David Barlow. "The most significant thing we found is that the textbook picture of the structure of a cream is very naïve."

Dr. Barlow explained that formulators have mostly inferred the structure of these emulsions based on indirect measurements. For their investigation, however, the researchers took a direct approach by analyzing creams using X-ray and neutron scattering techniques to determine how the ingredients were distributed. 

The team expected for a cream to be composed of stacks of lamellae, or membranes, that are made up of surfactants and co-surfactants. These substances reduce the surface tension of the liquid they are dissolved in.

The researchers started with an aqueous cream formulation from the British Pharmacopoeia that contains a sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant and two co-surfactants. The X-rays revealed that the co-surfactants were present in the lamellar layers as predicted, but the surfactant was surprisingly absent.  

"The surfactant peak profile suggested that the molecule formed micelles in the cream," explained Ahmadi. In addition, the preservative was not found in the aqueous layer, where scientists have always thought it would be. Instead, the preservative was found in the lamellae. 

Preservatives have an antimicrobial effect, which gives them a longer shelf life. Formulators assumed that the preservative had to be dissolved in the water layer in order to be an effective <a href="http://www.earth.com/news/antimicrobial-bacteria-spread-urban-wildlife/">antimicrobial</a>. Therefore, according to Ahmadi, the new finding indicates that creams are self-preserving.

"I don't think anybody else has considered that there would be these micelles in the system at all," said Dr. Barlow. "This is new, and we need to think about where they are in the structure and what they are doing."

The research will be presented at the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> Fall 2019 National Meeting

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Image Credit: Shutterstock/Maryna Pleshkun

Scientists find that skin creams have a surprising molecular structure

Skin creams usually contain a few standard ingredients, but manufacturers...

In a new study published by the <a href="https://www.srcd.org/">Society for Research in Child Development</a>, researchers have investigated the outcome of a program that was developed to improve the quality of <a href="http://www.earth.com/news/screen-time-behavioral-problems/">preschool</a> for low-income children. The focus of the research was to explore how this preschool program may have impacted the academic performance of the students when they reached high school. 

The Chicago School Readiness Project (CSRP) was an experimental teacher development and coaching intervention that was implemented in 35 Head Start classrooms in 2004 and 2005. Head Start centers are federally funded to accommodate preschool students from low-income families. Sites were selected for the study based on their location in high-crime, high-poverty neighborhoods in Chicago, and were randomly assigned to the intervention group or to a control group.

The researchers determined that the CSRP boosted the children's grades in high school years later, which can be partially explained by academic gains made in preschool. The team also found some evidence that the program improved the students' executive function skills, including impulse control and attention, which can be largely attributed to early improvements in math.

Study lead author Dana Charles McCoy is an assistant professor of Human Development and Psychology at the Harvard Graduate School of Education.

"Our results point to the sustained impacts of interventions that provide quality enhancements to existing preschool programming," said Professor McCoy. "In disadvantaged contexts, efforts to improve the well-being of preschool teachers and classroom management appeared to result in long-term benefits for children's academic outcomes, even in the absence of additional supports for instruction."

The high school grades of the CSRP participants were found to be increased by approximately one-quarter of a letter grade. According to the experts, this is primarily due to preschool gains in vocabulary and math skills. The study suggests that short-term improvements in these particular skills laid the groundwork for more advanced academic competencies over time.

"Given recent increases in state and federally funded preschool participation, it's important that we understand both the short- and the long-term impacts of early interventions, as well as the skills that may account for these effects," said study co-author Professor Stephanie Jones.

The study is published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14678624">Child Development</a>. 

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Image Credit: Shutterstock

Academic skills gained in preschool have long-term benefits for children

In a new study published by the Society for Research...

Clothing lined with graphene, an ultra-thin nanomaterial comprised of carbon atoms arranged in a lattice configuration, could help prevent mosquito bites. 

Graphene is lightweight, flexible, stronger than steel, and can be used in a single layer or stacked together. There are a wide variety of potential uses for the material including in batteries, solar cells, and even DNA sequencing. 

Researchers from <a href="https://www.brown.edu/">Brown University</a> have now discovered a new use for graphene as a mosquito deterrent. 

The team discovered that graphene layers are impenetrable for mosquitoes in search of a blood meal, and the material blocks the chemical signals a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mosquitoes-sense-smell-disease/">mosquito uses to find a host</a>. 

Clothing lined with layers of graphene could keep people safe from disease-carrying mosquitoes. 

The researchers detailed their findings in a new study published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

“Mosquitoes are important vectors for disease all over the world, and there’s a lot of interest in non-chemical mosquito bite protection,” said Robert Hurt, a senior author of the study. “We had been working on fabrics that incorporate graphene as a barrier against toxic chemicals, and we started thinking about what else the approach might be good for. We thought maybe graphene could provide mosquito bite protection as well.”

For the study, participants were asked to put their arm in an enclosure filled with lab-bred, disease-free mosquitoes. 

Some of the participants either had a patch of cheesecloth or a graphene oxide lined cheesecloth patch on their skin. The other participants just exposed bare skin to the mosquitoes. 

Only a small patch of skin was exposed, and the researchers recorded how many participants were bitten. 

Graphene repelled mosquitoes, and participants that had the graphene oxide patch didn’t get bit once. Mosquitoes also responded differently when presented with graphene. 

“With the graphene, the mosquitoes weren’t even landing on the skin patch -- they just didn’t seem to care,” said Cintia Castilho, the lead author of the study. “We had assumed that graphene would be a physical barrier to biting, through puncture resistance, but when we saw these experiments, we started to think that it was also a chemical barrier that prevents mosquitoes from sensing that someone is there.” 

The researchers confirmed that graphene acts as a chemical barrier, and some forms of graphene oxide can only effectively prevent mosquitoes from puncturing the material when dry. 

Reduced oxygen content (called rGO) graphene oxide works wet or dry but lacks the breathability of graphene oxide. 

“GO is breathable, meaning you can sweat through it, while rGO isn’t,” said Hurt said. “So our preferred embodiment of this technology would be to find a way to stabilize GO mechanically, so that is remains strong when wet. This next step would give us the full benefits of breathability and bite protection.”

--

By <a href="mailto:kayvandette@gmail.com">Kay Vandette</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Image Credit: Hurt Lab / Brown University

Clothing lined with graphene could help deter mosquitoes

Clothing lined with graphene, an ultra-thin nanomaterial comprised of carbon...

Among most human populations, the cannibalism taboo is so strong that ethics don’t matter. Even in life or death situations – such as when the Donner Party was trapped by a blizzard in the Sierra Nevada mountains – survivors often wait until near death before eating, and struggle with the guilt afterward. 

Not so in the animal kingdom, where for many species cannibalism is the norm. Many female insects – including praying mantises and black widow spiders – consume the male after mating. Hamsters and mice may <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animals-eat-young/">eat their young</a> if they have too large of a litter or are under too much stress. 

Even some herbivores have been recorded munching on their own, such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-turn-caterpillars-cannibals/">caterpillars that can’t find enough food</a>, or snack on the wrong leaves.

Among humans, though, the cannibalism taboo leads to an almost visceral reaction. 

“In one of our own experiments, participants were asked to consider the hypothetical case of a man who gave permission to his friend to eat parts of him once he died of natural causes,” Dr. Jared Piazza and Dr. Neil McLatchie wrote for <a href="http://theconversation.com/cannibalism-is-common-in-the-animal-kingdom-heres-why-for-humans-its-the-ultimate-taboo-121678">The Conversation</a>. “Participants read that this occurred in a culture that permitted the act, that the act was meant to honor the deceased, and that the flesh was cooked so that there was no chance of disease. Despite this careful description, about half of the participants still insisted that the act was invariably wrong.”

The pair of psychologists from <a href="https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/">Lancaster University</a> have run a series of experiments in which they question participants about their own beliefs regarding cannibalism and present hypothetical situations intended to test the strength of the cannibalism taboo. 

They pointed out that Roberto Canessa, a survivor of a plane crash in the Andes Mountains that left a soccer team stranded and forced to rely on eating the deceased, described cannibalizing his teammates as “stealing their souls.” This was despite his memory of urging his fellow survivors to eat his body if he should die, they said.

“Our capacity to represent the personalities of the living and the departed is unparalleled. This deep connection between personhood and flesh can mean that careful reasoning in certain situations over the merits of cannibalism is overridden by our feelings of repulsion and disgust,” the pair wrote.

This may also explain why most people are fine with eating some animals, but may recoil at eating those deemed pets. 

“Research shows that the more we think of animals as having human properties – that is, as being ‘like us’ – the more we tend to think they’re gross to eat,” they wrote.

—

By Kyla Cathey, <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a> staff writer

Cannibalism taboo separates humans from other animals

Among most human populations, the cannibalism taboo is so strong...

A large number of teens are using marijuana in its most potent form. Researchers at <a href="https://www.asu.edu/">Arizona State University</a> (ASU) are reporting that nearly 25 percent of teenagers in Arizona have tried cannabis concentrate, a highly potent form of <a href="http://www.earth.com/news/marijuana-use-increased/">marijuana</a>.

The study was focused on nearly 50,000 8th, 10th, and 12th graders who participated in the 2018 Arizona Youth Survey. Overall, 33 percent of the teens had tried marijuana in some form, while 24 percent had tried marijuana concentrate.

Marijuana concentrates have about three times more THC, the main mind-altering compound, compared to what is found in the plant naturally. Professor Madeline Meier, the study's lead researcher, said that this is concerning because higher doses of THC have been linked to increased risk of marijuana addiction, cognitive impairment, and psychosis.

Compared to adolescents who had tried only traditional marijuana, those who tried concentrates were found to have more risk factors for addiction, such as lower perceived risk of harm, peer substance use, and parental substance use.

"This is important because it shows that teens who have a diverse array of risk factors for developing marijuana addiction may be further amplifying their risk for addiction by using high-THC marijuana concentrates," explained study co-author Professor Dustin Pardini.

The study also revealed that teens who had used concentrates had much higher rates of e-cigarette use. According to Professor Meier, one explanation for this could be that teens are using e-cigarettes to vape marijuana concentrate. 

Previous studies have shown that some teenagers use e-cigarettes to conceal their marijuana use. "Vaping marijuana can be passed off as nicotine vaping," said Professor Meier.

Marijuana concentrates do not look like traditional marijuana, and some products resemble wax or oil.

"What concerns me most is that parents might have no idea that their child is using marijuana, especially if their child is using marijuana concentrate," said Professor Meier. "Marijuana is not harmless, particularly for adolescents."

Earlier work by Professor Meier identified a link between frequent marijuana use throughout adolescence and reduced intelligence scores. In addition, prior research by Professor Pardini found that teenagers who use marijuana regularly are more likely to develop persistent subclinical psychotic symptoms.

The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/">Pediatrics</a>.

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

A large number of teens are using marijuana in its most potent form

A large number of teens are using marijuana in its...

We waste more food by overeating than directly throwing it away. Researchers from the <a href="https://www.unite.it/UniTE/English">University of Teramo</a> found a way to measure the ecological impact of global food waste caused by overeating. Using global BMI and height data, they first estimated how much net excess bodyweight the overall population of a country has, and then distributed its energy content among food groups based on availability.

The results, published in <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2019.00126/full">Frontiers in Nutrition,</a> showed that the amount of direct <a href="http://www.earth.com/news/freshness-sensors-reduce-food-waste/">food waste</a> — that being, food that is discarded and/or lost on the way to the consumer  — is nothing compared to what is wasted on overeating.

"Excess bodyweight corresponds to roughly 140 billion tonnes of food waste globally," said group leader Prof. Mauro Serafini, of the University of Teramo. For comparison, annual direct food waste is estimated at 1.3 billion tonnes.

The impact of what Serafini calls “metabolic food waste” grows when its ecological costs are calculated using per-kilo values from thousands of food lifecycle assessments. For example, fruits, vegetables, roots, and tuebers, have the highest direct wastage rates, however, excess energy consumption is driven by denser caloric foods that usually take more land, water, and greenhouse gases to produce.

In fact, researchers estimate that to grow the world's metabolic food waste would generate about 240 billion tonnes of CO2. This number is about equal to the amount of CO2 produced by burning fossil fuels worldwide over the last seven years. But less certain are the figures that show the total amount of land and water used to produce this amount of metabolic food waste, due to the unknowns when it comes to how long land is required to grow different foods, and/or the redistribution of water. Therefore the researchers cannot make any estimates or conclusions about land usage in terms of metabolic food waste.

Furthermore, Serafini admits that his team’s calculations are based on national availability, not average intake. And the researchers assumed that BMI counts over 21.7 was all excessive fat, even though the understanding of excess bodyweight and its relationship to physical activity is changing.

Even though the estimates are wonky, they are still fairly accurate in a general sense. Therefore, overeating is harming our planet and also harming our health.

--

By <a href="mailto:oliviagharvey24@gmail.com">Olivia Harvey</a>, <a href="http://earth.com">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Image Credit: Shutterstock/Lightspring

We waste more food by overeating than directly throwing it away

We waste more food by overeating than directly throwing it...

To humans a whimpering puppy sounds just as sad as a crying baby. The whimpers, whines, meows, and cries of our furry, four-legged friends are just as sad to human ears as the cries from a baby, according to a new study. 

Researchers from <a href="https://international.au.dk/">Aarhus University</a> in collaboration with the <a href="http://www.ox.ac.uk/">University of Oxford</a>, the <a href="http://www.ucla.edu/">University of California, Los Angeles</a>, and <a href="https://www.kcl.ac.uk/">King’s College of London</a> found that pet owners’ devotion and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-comfort-owners-upset/">emotional attachment</a> has increased sensitivity to specific vocalizations that signal pain or sadness. 

A whimpering dog has the same effect on pet owners as the sound of a crying baby, the results showed. 

The study was published in the journal <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.181555">Royal Society Open Science</a> and was part of a larger effort to compile a database of sounds that emotionally resonate with people. 

For the study, 264 dog or cat owners and 297 people who did not own pets were asked to rate the valence of animal distress sounds, or how positive or negative the sounds were. Pet owners rated the dog and cat whines as more negative than those who didn’t own pets. To humans a whimpering puppy sounds just as sad as a crying baby

Cat meows were saddest to cat owners, but both cat and dog owners thought dog whines were more distressing than a cat meowing. 

The reason dog owners may be more attuned and sensitive to a dog whimpering is that in general, dog owners spend more time attending to their pet’s needs than cat owners. Cats are relatively independent, whereas dogs need walks, exercise, and training. 

“The result suggests that dogs, more effectively than cats, communicate distress to humans and that pet ownership is linked to greater emotional sensitivity to these sounds,” said Christine Parson, the first author of the study. 

Because dogs are so dependent on their owners for their needs, care, and attention, they may have evolved the ability to communicate distress more effectively than other pets. 

“This difference in animal dependence may explain why dog whines are rated as more negative than cat meows by all adults, including cat-owners,” said Katherine Young, a senior author of the study. “Dogs may simply have more effective distress signals than cats.”

--

By <a href="mailto:kayvandette@gmail.com">Kay Vandette</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com </a>Staff Writer 

Image Credit: Shutterstock/gostua

To humans a whimpering puppy sounds just as sad as a crying baby

To humans a whimpering puppy sounds just as sad as...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes why satellite images and measurements of our planet have become "essential to our survival, offering a new outlook of our world."&nbsp;



Rising sea levels pose one of the biggest societal threats associated with climate change. According to ESA, satellite altimeter missions such as Copernicus Sentinel-6 are essential in monitoring global and regional changes in sea level.



"Unbeknown to many, the island of Crete, Greece, plays an important role in the Copernicus satellite altimetry constellation and on an international stage," reports ESA.



"Satellite altimetry data have to be continuously monitored at the ESA’s Permanent Facility for Altimetry Calibration where different techniques have pioneered the use of transponders to provide the best measurements to validate satellite altimeters in space soon after launch."



Dr. Craig Donlon explains that, by understanding planet Earth through satellite measurements, we are able to find evidence of change.&nbsp;



Video Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Satellites have become essential to our survival

[sendtonews key="761m2QQvR1-2035772-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...