<p>For a century, Western water forecasts have leaned on a simple idea: more mountain snow means more water in rivers in the spring. But where you measure that snow matters as much as how much you measure.</p>



<p>A new analysis of more than two decades of data across 390 snow-fed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planning-for-an-uncertain-future-in-the-colorado-river-basin/">river basins</a> in 11 Western states shows that placing new instruments at strategically chosen “hotspots” consistently delivers better water supply forecasts than trying to blanket an entire basin with broad surveys.</p>



<p>In those basins, adding hotspot sites improved forecast skill by about 11–14 percent on average. By comparison, doing comprehensive basin-wide snow mapping nudged forecasts up by only about 4 percent on average. </p>



<p>The takeaway is surprisingly straightforward: measuring snow in the right places can help far more than measuring snow everywhere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-where-snow-matters-most">Where snow matters most</h2>



<p>Hotspots are small areas within a watershed where snow conditions punch above their weight in predicting how much water will actually reach streams months later. </p>



<p>Think of ridgelines, aspects, or elevations where snow tends to persist or melt in patterns that strongly control downstream flow.</p>



<p>Because most existing ground stations sample a tiny fraction of a basin, there’s room to improve forecasts by adding just a few stations - if they’re placed where the snow signal matters most for runoff.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-putting-snow-sites-to-the-test">Putting snow sites to the test</h2>



<p>Researchers sifted through more than 20 years of snow estimates and streamflow records, comparing two expansion strategies for monitoring: adding targeted hotspot gauges, or rely on basin-wide mapping (from aircraft or satellites) to capture total snow volume. </p>



<p>They tested both approaches against the current network of ground stations that operational forecasters use today. </p>



<p>The team treated streamflow forecasting the way a water manager would, asking how much each strategy improved the year-to-year predictive power for seasonal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-global-greening-could-drain-earths-water-supply/">water supply</a>.</p>



<p>Because different basins respond differently, they repeated the analysis for hundreds of watersheds, from the Cascades and Sierra Nevada to the Rockies and the Great Basin. </p>



<p>Across that breadth of climates and terrains, the pattern held - focused hotspot measurements typically outperformed broad coverage.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-airborne-snow-measuring-has-tradeoffs">Airborne snow measuring has tradeoffs</h2>



<p>Basin-wide surveys are undeniably powerful. Airborne campaigns can directly estimate a basin’s total snow volume, and satellites help paint the big picture over vast, remote areas. The catch is cost and cadence.</p>



<p>Airborne surveys are expensive and can’t fly everywhere all the time. Satellite products are improving quickly but still struggle with forests, clouds, and complex terrain, and they need ground truth to keep forecasts anchored in reality.</p>



<p>By contrast, a handful of well-placed ground sensors can run all season, in all weather, at a fraction of the price. </p>



<p>The new study shows those stations can deliver similar - and often better - forecast gains precisely because they target the parts of a basin that control when and how snowmelt becomes streamflow.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-snowmelt-and-a-warming-west">Snowmelt and a warming West</h2>



<p>On average, about half of the water in Western U.S. streams comes from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alpine-spring-begins-earlier-speeding-up-plant-growth/">snowmelt</a>. Cities plan reservoir releases and farmers schedule irrigation based on spring forecasts issued months ahead of peak demand.</p>



<p>But warming winters are shrinking mountain snowpacks and making melt timing jumpier, which raises the stakes for every improvement in prediction.</p>



<p>With budgets tightening, the findings offer a practical roadmap: expand monitoring, yes - but do it surgically. In many basins, adding a few instruments at hotspot locations will deliver more value than trying to map the whole watershed every time snow falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-water-managers-can-do-now"><a></a>What water managers can do now</h2>



<p>One of the most useful outcomes of the study is a framework for identifying where new measurements will help the most. </p>



<p>Rather than guessing, agencies can now screen a basin to find untapped areas whose snow signals are especially predictive of downstream flow and focus new stations there.</p>



<p>The same framework highlights where basin-wide mapping will add value - for example, in large, highly variable basins where total snow volume swings widely from year to year.</p>



<p>In short, there isn’t a single “best” strategy for every watershed. But there is a smarter sequence: start by asking where a new measurement would most improve the forecast, then pick the tool - a ground station, an aircraft flight, or satellite data - that fits the need and the budget.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adapting-as-snowlines-shift">Adapting as snowlines shift</h2>



<p>Hotspot monitoring isn’t a magic wand. Some basins still benefit from periodic aerial surveys to capture the full snow picture, especially after major <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-soil-moisture-can-predict-severe-storms/">storms</a> or in places with complex rain-snow transitions.</p>



<p>Satellites remain essential for regional situational awareness. As climate change pushes snowlines higher, the locations of the most informative hotspots may shift, requiring the network to adapt.</p>



<p>The encouraging news is that the ingredients for better forecasts already exist: decades of streamflow records, a century of snow-station data, rapidly improving remote sensing, and now a tested way to combine them so that each new measurement counts.</p>



<p>The study also shows that many forecasters are closer than they might think to an optimally balanced network - one that blends a few carefully placed new stations with occasional basin-wide snapshots to keep tabs on the big swings.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-measuring-what-matters-most">Measuring what matters most</h2>



<p>Snowmelt will remain the West’s water engine, even as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-earth-energy-imbalance-temperature-rise/">climate change</a> makes it less predictable. This work suggests a practical, budget-savvy way to squeeze more certainty out of the same mountains: measure the snow where it matters most.</p>



<p>When every acre-foot counts, a handful of well-chosen hotspots can do more for tomorrow’s water plan than trying to see everything everywhere all at once.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-025-02660-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications: Earth and Environment</em></a><em>.</em></p>



<p>-----</p>



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Measuring snow in the right places can greatly improve water forecasts

For a century, Western water forecasts have leaned on a simple idea: more mountain snow means more water in rivers in the spring. But where you measure that snow matters as much as how much you measure. A new analysis of more than two decades of data across 390 snow-fed river basins in 11 Western states shows that placing new instruments at strategically chosen “hotspots” consistently delivers better water supply forecasts than trying to blanket an entire basin with broad surveys. In those basins, adding hotspot sites...

<p>Who hasn't made a snap decision and later regretted it? Maybe our biases had something to do with it. Surprisingly, the speed of our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/food-or-exercise-a-chemical-in-the-brain-helps-us-decide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">decision-making process</a> may reveal a lot about our inherent prejudices, according to an intriguing study conducted by mathematicians at the <a href="https://www.utah.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Utah</a>.</p>



<p>The lead researcher is Sean Lawley, an associate professor of mathematics, supported by a skilled team of former and current graduate students from Utah. Together, they have examined the interplay between biases and the velocity of decision-making.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mathematics-of-decision-making">Mathematics of decision-making</h2>



<p>Now, what does mathematics have to do with the psychological process of decision-making? The answer is, quite a lot, as Lawley's team has demonstrated. They developed a mathematical framework to understand decision-making patterns in groups where individuals hold different levels of bias.</p>



<p>“In large populations, what we see is that slow deciders are making more accurate decisions,” said lead author&nbsp;<a href="https://science.utah.edu/students/samantha-linn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Samantha Linn</a>, a graduate student in mathematics. </p>



<p>“One way to explain that is that they’re taking more time to accumulate more evidence, and they’re getting a complete picture of everything they could possibly understand about the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-do-not-have-free-will-stanford-scientist-robert-sapolsky/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">decision</a> before they make it.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biases-in-decision-making">Biases in decision-making</h2>



<p>The researchers sought to unravel how individual biases within groups play a role in the quality and order of choices being made. Are decisions simply an echo of an individual's predispositions, or does accumulated evidence have a role in shaping the final call?</p>



<p>Turns out, the old saying "haste makes waste" might hold some truth. The team found that the faster the decision was made, the less informed it probably was, and therefore, more likely to be incorrect.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Their decisions align with their initial bias, regardless of the underlying truth. In contrast, agents who decide last make decisions as if they were initially unbiased, and hence <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-brain-has-a-simulator-that-imagines-scenarios-while-planning/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">make better choices</a>,” noted the study authors. “Our analysis shows how bias, information quality, and decision order interact in non-trivial ways to determine the reliability of decisions in a group.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-old-theories-new-understandings">Old theories, new understandings</h2>



<p>Beginning their quest, the team embraced the “drift diffusion model,” a long-standing decision-making model in the field of psychology. They built on it and developed a scenario where groups of individuals (referred to as "agents") had to choose between two alternatives - one correct, the other incorrect.</p>



<p>One of the fascinating aspects of this study is how algorithms and equations can seamlessly transition from one context and apply to another.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“It really illustrates the power of math that the same equations can describe one phenomenon and then they can describe something completely different,” Lawley said. “The math doesn’t care. The equations don’t care. Seven days or seven apples. The number seven doesn’t care. And in this context, the math doesn’t care if you’re talking about animals searching for food or people making a decision.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decision-making-practices">Decision-making practices</h2>



<p>The insights gained from this research extend beyond theoretical mathematics and psychology; they offer practical implications for decision-making practices in various domains. </p>



<p>For instance, in business settings, these findings underscore the importance of fostering an environment where thorough deliberation is encouraged, rather than promoting rapid consensus. By recognizing the value of slower, more considered decision-making, organizations can mitigate the risks associated with cognitive biases that lead to suboptimal choices.</p>



<p>Furthermore, in contexts such as public policy or social justice, where decisions often have widespread consequences, striving for a balanced approach that prioritises evidence over impulse could enhance the overall quality of governance. </p>



<p>This research serves as a reminder that taking the time to weigh options and seek diverse perspectives can lead to more effective, reliable outcomes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decisions-free-from-biases">Decisions free from biases </h2>



<p>It doesn't matter if the decision is about which college to attend, what pizza topping to choose, or even something more complex. Lawley and his team's model suggests that early decisions are often driven by agents with extreme predispositions, hence aligning with their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/to-overcome-procrastination-we-must-understand-what-causes-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">inherent bias</a>, regardless of the evidence quality.</p>



<p>In contrast, late decision-makers don't let their initial bias rule. Instead, their decisions are a reflection of accumulated evidence, invariably leading to a more "correct" choice.</p>



<p>“Depending on what decision is being made, if there’s data to inform the parameters, now you have numbers that are going into this that tell you how biased these fast deciders may have been or how unbiased,” Linn said. “Our model is not just about deciding between two things. It can be any number of decisions, and we make very few assumptions.”</p>



<p>So next time you find yourself rushing to a decision, remember, slow and steady not only wins the race but also brings more accuracy and clarity in making decisions. And remember, mathematics isn't just for the classroom; it's intertwined with our everyday decision-making processes.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.110.024305" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Physical Review E</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Quick decisions are often biased and misleading

Who hasn't made a snap decision and later regretted it?...

<p>In the awe-inspiring expanse of the cosmos, a recently discovered star is pushing the boundaries of our understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-stellar-objects-observing-the-early-lives-of-stars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stellar evolution</a> and elemental formation. </p>



<p>The intriguing characteristics of this celestial body might offer a glimpse into a previously unknown stage in the life cycle of stars.</p>



<p>The exciting findings come from a study led by scientists at the <a href="https://www.ufl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Florida</a> (UF). The revelations from this research revolve around an unusual star - a riddling celestial body whose lithium content goes against the generally accepted laws of stellar evolution.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exceptional-lithium-content">Exceptional lithium content </h2>



<p>For generations, astronomers maintained that as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/newly-discovered-stars-milky-way-are-old-as-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars age</a> and burn, they shed lighter elements, such as lithium, in favor of heavier ones like carbon and oxygen. </p>



<p>However, this newcomer in our celestial map, named J0524-0336, has flipped this understanding on its head.</p>



<p>Astonishingly, the star's lithium content is not only high for its age but higher than the normal level recorded for any star of any age.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-j0524-0336-and-star-evolution">J0524-0336 and star evolution</h2>



<p>J0524-0336 came into the spotlight during a study focused on identifying older celestial bodies within the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>.</p>



<p>A significant fact about this evolved star, which is in the later stages of its lifespan and is beginning to grow unstable, is its enormity. It is estimated to be a whopping 30 times the size of the sun - much larger and brighter than most others of its kind.</p>



<p>To uncover the elemental enigma of J0524-0336, researchers employed a spectral analysis technique called spectroscopy. </p>



<p>This process teases apart the star's light into component spectra, akin to a rainbow. Dark spots within the spectrum reveal the presence and quantity of particular elements within this massive object.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-redefining-star-evolution">Redefining star evolution</h2>



<p>The exciting result of this analysis puts a significant spin on established notions of stellar evolution. </p>



<p>"We found that J0524-0336 contains 100,000 times more lithium than the sun does at its current age," noted the researchers.</p>



<p>This excessive amount of lithium sets the stage for a challenging new debate about how stars age and raises thought-provoking theories about unknown mechanisms for lithium production or retention in stars.</p>



<p>The researchers speculate that J0524-0336's high lithium content could be a result of an unobserved phase in star evolution or a by-product of a recent interaction with another celestial body.</p>



<p>Given the advanced age and enormous size of J0524-0336, another possibility is that it might have <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stellar-cannibalism-scientists-find-the-remnants-of-devoured-stars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">absorbed nearby planets</a> or other objects, hence acquiring their lithium.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-secrets-hidden-among-the-stars">Secrets hidden among the stars</h2>



<p>The team is eager to delve further and conduct more detailed studies on J0524-0336 to validate their hypotheses. </p>



<p>One key approach will include a continuous monitoring program to track the star's compositional changes over time and observe different wavelengths, such as infrared light and radio waves.</p>



<p>"If we find a buildup of dust in the star's circumstellar disk, or the ring of debris and materials being ejected from the star, this would clearly indicate a mass loss event, such as a stellar interaction," said the study authors. </p>



<p>"If we don't observe such a disk, we could conclude that the lithium enrichment is happening due to a process, still to be discovered, taking place inside the star instead."</p>



<p>The star J0524-0336 stands as a cosmic anomaly, prompting us to rethink our understanding of stars and their evolution. </p>



<p>It frames a thrilling challenge for astronomers while illuminating a new frontier in the awe-inspiring journey of cosmic discovery.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deeper-understanding-of-stellar-formation">Deeper understanding of stellar formation</h2>



<p>The discovery of J0524-0336 not only challenges existing theories but also opens up new avenues for astronomical research. </p>



<p>As scientists continue to study this remarkable star, it may lead to a deeper understanding of stellar formation and the complex processes that govern the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astronomers-discover-a-new-way-that-stars-die/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life cycles of stars</a>. </p>



<p>This finding could inspire additional inquiries into other stars with unusual elemental compositions, potentially revealing a wealth of cosmic secrets hidden among the stars. </p>



<p>The implications of such research extend beyond our galaxy, promising to enhance our knowledge of the universe and its myriad celestial phenomena.</p>



<p>The study is published in <em><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.02184" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Astrophysical Journal</a></em>.</p>



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Massive star redefines our understanding of stellar evolution

In the awe-inspiring expanse of the cosmos, a recently discovered...

<p>World Lizard Day is celebrated each year on August 14. While this day may not be very well-known, it is nevertheless celebrated on local levels in schools or parks by a variety of reptile enthusiasts who increasingly use the internet to spread information about lizards.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Since World Lizard Day has not yet been adopted by higher-level conservation organizations like the <a href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">World Wildlife Fund</a>, it is primarily focused on awareness about reptiles as pets.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-biology-of-reptiles-nbsp">Unique biology<strong> </strong>of reptiles&nbsp;</h2>



<p>All <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/past-climate-change-drove-the-rapid-evolution-of-reptiles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reptiles</a>, including snakes, lizards, crocodiles, or tortoises, are air-breathing vertebrates covered in scales, plates of bone, or a combination of both. These animals shed their skin and are ectothermic, depending on the surrounding environment to regulate their body temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This reliance on external factors for regulating their core body temperatures means that reptiles are forced to find sun or shade to warm up or cool down. Thus, in regions with colder winters, reptiles usually experience a period of inactivity until the weather becomes warmer again.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-properly-caring-for-lizards">Properly caring for lizards</h2>



<p>Lizards are no different, which is why they can frequently be found sunning themselves in warm gardens or on the bricks exposed to the sun throughout the day.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, in order for pet lizards to remain warm or cool, owners may need to heat their tanks with heating lamps or pads, while paying attention not to overheat them. Thus, preparing and maintaining a tank for a lizard (or, in fact, any other reptile) requires continuous efforts.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Since each subspecies of reptile has its specific needs and preferences, it is recommended that reptile owners conduct research to understand exactly what their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/concerns-reptiles-amphibians-pets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pets</a> need to remain healthy.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Before buying or adopting a pet lizard, research will help you figure out what kind of lizard would suit your lifestyle and budget constraints, and is crucial in ensuring that you make the right choice.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fascinating-facts-about-lizards">Fascinating facts about lizards</h2>



<p>The incredible variety of lizard species - including a vast range of sizes and colors - showcases the diversity of life on Earth. Lizards are fascinating creatures with several unique characteristics.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-regeneration">Regeneration</h3>



<p>Many lizards have the remarkable ability to regenerate lost body parts, particularly their tails. If a lizard is caught by a predator, it can detach its tail, which continues to move, distracting the predator and allowing the lizard to escape. Over time, the tail can regrow.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diverse-adaptations">Diverse adaptations</h3>



<p>Lizards are highly adaptable and can be found in a wide range of environments, from deserts to forests. Some, like the gecko, have specialized toe pads that allow them to climb smooth surfaces, while others, like the chameleon, have long, sticky tongues for catching prey.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-color-change">Color change</h3>



<p>Chameleons are particularly well-known for their ability to change color. This ability is used for communication, temperature regulation, and camouflage.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-parthenogenesis">Parthenogenesis</h3>



<p>Some species of lizards can reproduce through parthenogenesis, a form of asexual reproduction where an egg can develop into an offspring without fertilization by a male. This is particularly seen in some species of whiptail lizards.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sensory-abilities">Sensory abilities</h3>



<p>Lizards have acute senses that aid in survival. For example, many species have excellent vision, some even possessing the ability to see ultraviolet light. They also have a well-developed sense of smell and can detect chemicals in the environment through their tongues.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diverse-diet">Diverse diet</h3>



<p>Lizards have a wide range of dietary habits. Some are insectivores, feeding on insects, while others are herbivores, carnivores, or omnivores. This dietary diversity allows them to occupy various ecological niches.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-world-lizard-day-activities">World Lizard Day activities</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-visit-a-local-reptile-park-or-sanctuary">Visit a local reptile park or sanctuary</h3>



<p>If you want to celebrate World Lizard Day,&nbsp; but don’t have any reptiles of your own, you could visit and support the local reptile park or farm.&nbsp;</p>



<p>There will most likely be an interesting and educational event being held, and you would have the chance to support a local business.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-donate-to-conservation-efforts">Donate to conservation efforts</h3>



<p>Non-governmental organizations and institutions such as the World Wildlife Fund are making crucial efforts to rescue and conserve animals and their habitats, so a donation to such organizations could help the survival of lizards, which are currently <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deforestation-threatens-the-future-of-8-in-10-lizards/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">endangered</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, if you would prefer seeing your money work on a smaller scale, you could find out if your local shelter or park has any lizards that you can sponsor.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-educate-yourself-and-others">Educate yourself and others</h3>



<p>Use World Lizard Day as an opportunity to learn more about lizards and the challenges they face. Share what you’ve learned with friends, family, or on social media to help raise awareness. The more people know about the importance of lizards, the more likely they are to support <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lizards-rely-on-trees-so-what-happens-when-they-disappear/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation efforts</a>.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-create-a-lizard-friendly-environment">Create a lizard-friendly environment</h3>



<p>If you have a garden, you can make it a haven for local lizards. Provide rocks, logs, and native plants to create shelter and basking spots. Avoid using <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pesticides-have-become-increasingly-toxic-to-insects/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pesticides</a>, as these can harm lizards and their food sources.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consider-a-pet-lizard">Consider a pet lizard</h3>



<p>If you’re thinking about getting a pet lizard, do your research first. Make sure you understand the species’ specific needs and are prepared to provide the care it requires.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Responsible pet ownership includes knowing where your lizard comes from and ensuring it was not taken from the wild illegally.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-celebrate-world-lizard-day-nbsp">Celebrate World Lizard Day<strong>&nbsp;</strong></h2>



<p>World Lizard Day 2024 is more than just a day to celebrate these fascinating creatures; it’s a reminder of the importance of conservation and our role in protecting the natural world.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Whether through education, conservation, or simply appreciating the lizards in your garden, everyone can contribute to ensuring that these remarkable animals continue to thrive. So, mark your calendar for August 14th and take part in the celebration of World Lizard Day!</p>



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World Lizard Day 2024: Celebrating our scaly companions 

World Lizard Day is celebrated each year on August 14....

Solar,System,-,Earth,And,The,Sun.,Galaxy,In,The

<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-update-august-13-5-11-pm-et">Update -- August 13, 5:11 PM ET</h2>



<p>A geomagnetic storm warning remains in effect as coronal mass ejections (CMEs) from the recent solar storm, which began on August 11, continue to pass Earth and impact Earth's magnetic field.</p>



<p>Here’s an overview of the latest happenings in our solar neighborhood and their potential implications for Earth.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-growing-solar-regions-and-their-impact">Growing solar regions and their impact</h3>



<p>A significant contributor to this week’s solar activity is Region 3784, which has been particularly dynamic, producing an M1.2-class flare on August 12th. While M-class flares are noteworthy, they are less intense than their X-class counterparts. </p>



<p>This region has been expanding, revealing more intricate magnetic structures, which could lead to additional flares in the coming days. </p>



<p>The sun’s magnetic fields play a crucial role in these phenomena; when they become entangled, they can trigger a sudden release of energy, manifesting as a solar flare.</p>



<p>Another prominent area, Region 3780, has experienced some growth but has been less active, generating only a handful of minor C-class flares. </p>



<p>Though these are less impactful, they remain of interest. Other regions are exhibiting slight activity, but no significant events have been observed at this time.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-filament-eruption">Filament eruption</h3>



<p>Complementing these flares, a filament -- a large, cooler area of plasma held in place by magnetic forces -- erupted on August 13th. This filament spanned approximately 8 degrees of the sun's surface, making it quite substantial. </p>



<p>However, early analysis indicates that the material from this eruption is heading too far south to significantly affect Earth. Consequently, we are unlikely to experience geomagnetic storms related to this event, though scientists will remain vigilant in monitoring the situation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solar-storms-and-solar-winds">Solar storms and solar winds</h3>



<p>The Earth’s magnetic field has faced challenges recently, reaching severe storm levels (G4) earlier in the week due to solar wind -- charged particles streaming from the sun -- that interact with our planet's magnetic field. </p>



<p>Fortunately, the intensity of these storms is subsiding. As the influence of recent solar events diminishes, we can anticipate calmer conditions in the coming days.</p>



<p>In addition, solar wind speeds, which peaked earlier in the week, are also beginning to decline. This trend further indicates a return to stability, although there remains a slight possibility for minor disturbances if another solar event occurs.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solar-flares-and-more-auroras">Solar flares and more auroras</h3>



<p>Looking ahead, forecasts suggest that solar activity will remain at moderate levels, with potential for additional M-class flares and a slight chance of stronger X-class flares through August 15th. </p>



<p>These could instigate further geomagnetic storms and auroras, although the likelihood appears to be decreasing as the week progresses.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-to-expect-this-week">What to expect this week</h2>



<p>What a beautiful spectacle the night sky has been presenting recently! For three consecutive nights, the heavens have been splashed with the vibrant auroras from solar storms, along with a dazzling meteor shower from the Perseids.</p>



<p>These stunning displays, visible from Alabama to northern California, are the result of a stronger than expected geomagnetic solar storm.</p>



<p>Shawn Dahl, a service coordinator at the Space Weather Prediction Center (<a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SWPC</a>), spoke to the press today about this current solar storm.</p>



<p>Even though a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/solar-storm-alert-auroras-radio-blackouts-expected-weekend-august-9-11-2024/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">certain level of solar activity was anticipated</a>, the ferocity of these coronal mass ejections (CMEs) has taken everyone by surprise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-geomagnetic-solar-storms">Understanding geomagnetic solar storms</h2>



<p>Geomagnetic storms are disturbances in the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/earths-magnetic-field-origin-structure-and-impact-on-humanity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth’s magnetic field</a>&nbsp;caused by the interaction between the solar wind and the planet’s magnetosphere. These storms can have significant impacts on technology, infrastructure, and even human health.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-causes-of-geomagnetic-storms">Causes of geomagnetic storms</h3>



<p>Geomagnetic storms typically originate from the Sun. They are caused by two main phenomena:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs)</strong>: Massive bursts of plasma and magnetic fields ejected from the Sun’s surface.<br></li>



<li><strong>Solar Flares</strong>: Intense eruptions of electromagnetic radiation from the Sun’s surface.</li>
</ul>



<p>When these events occur, they send charged particles streaming towards Earth at high speeds, which can take anywhere from one to five days to reach our planet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solar-flares-and-their-impact">Solar flares and their impact</h2>



<p>Solar flares are essentially colossal explosions on the Sun’s surface that unleash tremendous amounts of energy, charged particles, and magnetic fields. </p>



<p>These ejections can travel millions of miles, and when they reach Earth, they dance with our planet’s magnetic field to create the auroras we see in the sky. But behind their mesmerizing beauty lies hidden danger.</p>



<p>When <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sun-solar-cycle-25-highest-number-sunspots-activity-seen-since-2001/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">charged particles from the Sun</a> collide with gases in Earth's atmosphere, they create auroras. The strength and reach of these light shows depend on the solar storm's intensity. </p>



<p>However, these radiant displays inevitably carry the potential for serious impacts on Earth.</p>



<p>With this solar storm, the Space Weather Prediction Center has issued a <em>G4 warning</em>, hinting at severe disruptions.</p>



<p>This warning level, <a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/noaa-scales-explanation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">on a scale from 1 to 5</a>, indicates potential disturbances in high-frequency communications, power grids, and satellite operations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stealth-threats-to-power-grids-and-satellites">Stealth threats to power grids and satellites</h2>



<p>Induced currents from geomagnetic storms can surprisingly cause an imbalance in the high-voltage power lines. If unmanaged, these power outages can spread across vast areas. </p>



<p>Dahl, however, confidently asserted, "Utilities can handle this storm quite easily," as necessary steps are being taken to avoid any disruptions, thanks to the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (<a href="https://www.nerc.com/Pages/default.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NERC</a>).</p>



<p>Satellites are not immune to these storms either. The increased density of Earth’s atmosphere due to these ejections can create a drag on satellites, particularly those in lower Earth orbit.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solar-maximum-snapshot-of-the-bigger-picture">Solar maximum: Snapshot of the bigger picture</h2>



<p>This solar storm is amidst a larger cycle known as the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/suns-next-solar-cycle-26-has-already-begun/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar maximum</a>, which occurs every 11 years. During this period, we can expect increased solar activity as the Sun flips its magnetic field. </p>



<p><a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a> has revealed that this solar maximum is intended to last until 2024 or even extend into 2026, implying that such space weather events could become routine in the future.</p>



<p>As we delve deeper into the solar maximum, the impacts of solar flares and geomagnetic storms will increasingly demand our attention. </p>



<p>Meanwhile, The Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC) is committed to predicting and mitigating the impacts of space weather.</p>



<p>"We have no idea how long it will take for the storms to pass," Dahl admitted, acknowledging the challenge of predicting these storm durations despite having a satellite that measures solar winds a million miles from Earth.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-do-solar-storms-mean-for-us">What do solar storms mean for us?</h2>



<p>These solar storms serve as a stark reminder of the delicate balance our planet maintains amidst the colossal forces of the universe. They underscore our reliance on technology, but also expose potential vulnerabilities.</p>



<p>For anyone privileged to witness the auroras, they're a spectacular reminder of nature's magic. But for those tasked with safeguarding our infrastructure, they are a substantial challenge that requires persistent monitoring and preparation.</p>



<p>As we grow more dependent on technology, our understanding of space weather and its potential impacts will only become more vital. The dance of the auroras may be beautiful, but we must also brace ourselves for the storms they herald.</p>



<p>Stay tuned to <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a> and the <a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SWPC</a> for more information.</p>



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"Severe" solar storm warning and aurora alert for most of U.S.

Update -- August 13, 5:11 PM ET A geomagnetic storm...

<p>In recent times, the medical world has faced an unprecedented challenge: the diagnosis and treatment of a condition now largely referred to as long COVID. </p>



<p>Characterized by a myriad of symptoms that linger well beyond the initial <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sars-cov-2-can-survive-on-frozen-meat-for-up-to-a-month/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SARS-CoV-2</a> infection, it presents a puzzle for doctors worldwide. </p>



<p>Emerging research suggests routine laboratory tests may fall short in pinning down this elusive illness, highlighting the complexity of identifying and diagnosing long COVID.</p>



<p>“Our challenge is to discover biomarkers that can help us quickly and accurately diagnose long COVID to ensure people struggling with this disease receive the most appropriate care as soon as possible,” said Dr. David Goff, director for the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences at the NIH’s <a href="https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute</a>. </p>



<p>“Long COVID symptoms can prevent someone from returning to work or school and may even make everyday tasks a burden, so the ability for rapid diagnosis is key.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-symptoms-of-long-covid">Symptoms of long COVID </h2>



<p>Long COVID encompasses a wide spectrum of symptoms and health conditions that persist for months or years after infection from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.</p>



<p>The signs of long COVID vary widely, affecting multiple organ systems. Common <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/paxlovid-helps-fight-covid-but-it-does-not-prevent-long-covid-symptoms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">symptoms</a> range from mild to debilitating, including fatigue, shortness of breath, cough, or difficulty breathing.</p>



<p>People with long COVID also experience cognitive difficulties such as trouble concentrating, memory issues, or confusion.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Severe headaches, chest pain, aching muscles, sleep problems, and gastrointestinal issues are also reported by long COVID <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-death-toll-of-covid-19-pandemic-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">patients</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-long-covid-enigma">The long COVID enigma</h2>



<p>Despite tireless research, no validated clinical biomarkers for long COVID have been identified to date, making the diagnostic process intricate. </p>



<p>Currently, it demands a comprehensive medical history, a thorough physical examination, and extensive lab work to eliminate other potential causes.</p>



<p>The study in focus is part of NIH’s Researching COVID to Enhance Recovery (RECOVER) Initiative. The primary goal is to determine whether individuals with a prior SARS-CoV-2 infection had distinct changes in biomarkers, such as platelet counts or protein in the urine, compared to those without a prior <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/many-covid-19-deaths-were-caused-by-secondary-infections/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">infection</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-recover-study">The RECOVER study</h2>



<p>More than 10,000 adults were enrolled in the RECOVER Adult Cohort at 83 sites across the United States between October 2021 and October 2023. </p>



<p>The cohort is demographically diverse, with participants from various geographic locations, including some who had never contracted the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/covid-19-virus-lingers-body-two-years-after-infection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">virus</a>.</p>



<p>Among the 8,746 participants with a prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, many were exposed to different variants of the virus.</p>



<p>Study participants underwent a baseline regimen of surveys, physical examinations, and 25 standard lab tests, followed by periodic surveys and lab work throughout the two-year study. </p>



<p>The lab tests included a complete blood count panel, metabolic panel, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), urinalysis, and urine albumin to creatinine ratio (uACR), among others.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-few-variations-in-biomarkers">Few variations in biomarkers </h2>



<p>Despite the vast range of testing, the lab results showed few significant variations in biomarkers between those with prior infection and those without. </p>



<p>Notably, prior infection was associated with modest increases in HbA1c, a measure of average blood sugar levels over two to three months, though these increases disappeared after excluding people with pre-existing diabetes. </p>



<p>Another intriguing find was a minor rise in uACR, a measure of low kidney function, among those previously infected. However, this was observed in only a small subset of participants, suggesting it could be a result of the severity of their initial infection.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ongoing-efforts-to-decipher-long-covid">Ongoing efforts to decipher long COVID</h2>



<p>In a further analysis, researchers compared individuals who developed long COVID with those who did not within the infected group. </p>



<p>Using a long COVID index that highlighted twelve symptoms typically identifying people with long COVID, the experts found no significant differences in lab test results between the two groups.</p>



<p>But as with any complex phenomenon, the research continues. Dr. Kristine Erlandson is a professor in the Division of Infectious Diseases at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus.</p>



<p>"Future work will use RECOVER's biobank of cohort samples such as blood and spinal fluid, to develop more novel laboratory-based tests that help us better understand the pathophysiology of long COVID," said Dr. Erlandson.</p>



<p>Thus, while the mystery of long COVID diagnosis remains largely unsolved, the relentless pursuit of understanding it better continues, offering hope to those grappling with this enigmatic condition.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><em><a href="https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M24-0737" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Annals of Internal Medicine</a></em></em>.</p>



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Long COVID remains an elusive condition with no reliable diagnosis

In recent times, the medical world has faced an unprecedented...

<p>A new study examining <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-oceans-colder/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ancient temperatures</a> and rainfall patterns in the tropical Andes of South America has revealed how climate history in this region over the past 16,000 years was influenced by carbon dioxide levels and ocean currents linked to global climate events.</p>



<p>The study, led by researchers from <a href="https://www.brown.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Brown University</a>, provides the first high-resolution temperature record for the tropical Andes covering the last 16,000 years. These findings could help scientists better predict and address future climate impacts in tropical regions.</p>



<p>“Tropical South America is a center of biodiversity and is under pressure from ongoing climate change,” wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>“Understanding tropical South America’s climate history can provide valuable insight into the water cycle, ecosystems, and future climate change, yet past temperature changes are not well-known.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tropical-andes-climate-and-global-changes">Tropical Andes climate and global changes</h2>



<p>Study first author Boyang Zhao is a scientist in Brown’s Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences.</p>



<p>“Usually when we study climate change in the past, we emphasize the Northern Hemisphere or Southern Hemisphere because of the outsized role they play in affecting climates all over the globe,” said Zhao.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“One of the biggest questions we are getting at is what are the driving factors behind temperature history in this part of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/over-half-of-the-worlds-vertebrates-reside-in-the-tropics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tropics</a>, so that we can begin to potentially apply that data and knowledge to other tropical regions.”</p>



<p>Beyond its implications for future climate studies, this research offers a distinct perspective on how different and distant regions of the world can influence temperatures and weather patterns elsewhere, underscoring the connection between regional climates and global climate changes.</p>



<p>“Our evidence here suggests that temperatures in this region of the world are more influenced by the Southern Hemisphere - so places like Antarctica,” Zhao said.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-temperature-patterns-in-the-tropical-andes-nbsp">Temperature patterns in the tropical Andes<strong>&nbsp;</strong></h2>



<p>The researchers focused on sediment samples from Laguna Llaviucu, a lake in Ecuador’s Cajas National Park. The temperature patterns they identified in the tropical Andes were closely linked to global climate events that caused the planet's temperatures to rise and fall over the past 16,000 years.</p>



<p>The evidence indicated that the primary factor driving these temperature changes was the concentration of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-did-ancient-plants-affect-atmospheric-co2-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CO2</a>. The experts found that temperatures in the tropical Andes tracked with those in Antarctica, where temperatures are largely controlled by carbon dioxide levels. </p>



<p>The data showed that between 17,000 and 14,000 years ago, temperatures in the tropical Andes rose as carbon dioxide levels increased, and remained relatively stable around 12,000 years ago when CO2 levels plateaued.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-co2-is-a-key-driver-of-temperature-changes-nbsp">CO2 is a key driver of temperature changes<strong>&nbsp;</strong></h2>



<p>Zhao said that the findings support previous research identifying carbon dioxide as a key driver of global temperature changes since the last Ice Age.</p>



<p>The study also highlighted the influence of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctic-circumpolar-current-speed-increasing-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean currents</a> that move warm water from the tropics to the North Atlantic. </p>



<p>During a cooling period known as the Antarctic Cold Reversal, about 14,500 years ago, this northward current strengthened, leading to more heat being transported north and cooling sea surface temperatures in the southern hemisphere. The researchers found that this cooling effect also extended to the tropical Andes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chemical-indicators-of-past-temperature-patterns">Chemical indicators of past temperature patterns </h2>



<p>To piece together past climate conditions, the team analyzed lipid biomarkers and hydrogen isotopes from sediment samples collected in 2009 from Laguna Llaviucu by scientist Mark Bush of the <a href="https://www.fit.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Florida Institute of Technology</a>. </p>



<p>Lipid biomarkers are chemical indicators that reveal information about past temperatures and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rainfall-is-increasingly-unpredictable-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rainfall</a> patterns. The high-resolution data, combined with precise dating methods, enabled the researchers to develop a detailed timeline of climate changes over the last 16,000 years.</p>



<p>According to the researchers, this study marks the first time organic biomarkers have been used to create a quantitative climate history for tropical South America. It has traditionally been challenging to reconstruct temperatures in tropical regions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



<p>The experts also noted several regional differences in temperature patterns, such as how the tropical Andes and Southeast Asia experienced cooling during certain historical periods while other regions, like Africa, did not.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Moreover, the research illustrates how local factors might counteract the global effects of rising CO2 levels by comparing past temperature models with the sediment data.</p>



<p>The experts intend to continue exploring past temperature patterns in this part of the world, which has historically lacked comprehensive climate records.</p>



<p>“Mountain environments are some of the most sensitive regions on Earth to climate change,” said James Russell, a professor of Earth, environmental, and planetary sciences at Brown who oversaw the new research.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“In fact, in the near future, high tropical mountains, such as the Andes, are predicted to experience a rate of warming second only to the Arctic, which is the fastest warming part of the planet.”</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2320143121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Rising CO2 will cause rapid climate change in the tropical Andes

A new study examining ancient temperatures and rainfall patterns in...

<p>Galaxies serve as unique identifiers in the cosmos, much like fingerprints, each exhibiting distinct features and patterns. One particularly noteworthy galaxy, MCG+07-07-072, is currently garnering attention in the scientific community due to its remarkable characteristics and striking visual allure.</p>



<p>Located an impressive 320 million light-years away within the Perseus Cluster, this celestial marvel was <a href="https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/large/potw2433a.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">recently captured in an image</a> by the Hubble Space Telescope.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-galaxies-are-classified">How galaxies are classified</h2>



<p>Galaxies come in a bunch of different shapes and structures, and the Hubble Sequence is the go-to classification system for sorting them out. This system breaks galaxies down into three main types.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-elliptical-spiral-and-irregular">Elliptical, spiral, and irregular</h3>



<p>Elliptical galaxies have a smooth, oval look and mostly contain older stars with little gas or dust, making them pretty inactive when it comes to forming new stars.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/image/webb-unveils-spiral-galaxy-ic-5332-in-new-light/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Spiral galaxies</a> are a bit more exciting, featuring well-defined spiral arms that wrap around a central bulge, usually packed with gas, dust, and active star formation.</p>



<p>Then there are <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-brilliant-sombrero-galaxy-hints-at-an-expanding-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lenticular galaxies</a>, which sit somewhere between elliptical and spiral -- they have a disc shape like spirals but don’t have those distinct arms, hinting at a transitional phase.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hubble-captures-the-festive-spirit-of-galaxy-ugc-8091/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Irregular galaxies</a> don’t fit neatly into any categories; they lack a defined shape and often look chaotic due to gravitational disturbances or collisions with other galaxies. These usually have a lot of active star formation thanks to their ample gas and dust.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unusual-galaxy-structures">Unusual galaxy structures</h3>



<p>Sometimes, galaxies have unusual structures and are called peculiar galaxies, often due to interactions or mergers that create cool features like ring shapes or distorted appearances.</p>



<p>Also, galaxies come in all sizes and brightness levels. Dwarf galaxies, for instance, are much smaller and dimmer than your typical galaxy, but they’re still pretty common in the universe.</p>



<p>The color of a galaxy can also tell us about its star formation activity -- blue galaxies are buzzing with activity, while red ones have older, more stable star populations.</p>



<p>Understanding these categories and differences helps astronomers track how galaxies evolve and the dynamic processes that shape them.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mcg-07-07-072-not-your-average-galaxy">MCG+07-07-072 -- not your average galaxy</h2>



<p>What makes galaxy MCG+07-07-072 peculiar is its deviation from the usual spiral galaxy form -- it’s classified as an SBc(r) galaxy.</p>



<p>This entails that MCG+07-07-072 possesses loosely wound spiral arms that emerge from its barred core, creating a ring-like structure.</p>



<p>This galaxy's unusual rings hold importance in astrophysics studies as they are rare and provide valuable insights into galaxy formation and evolution.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-mcg-07-07-072">Understanding MCG+07-07-072</h2>



<p>To understand the classification of MCG+07-07-072, it's helpful to first explore how galaxies are categorized. Among these categories, spiral galaxies stand out due to their characteristic spiral arms; however, not all galaxies exhibit this trait.</p>



<p>MCG+07-07-072 is particularly fascinating because of its unique ring-like spiral arms, positioning it as an intriguing example within this group.</p>



<p>This distinction holds significant importance for astronomers, as it provides valuable insights into the processes that have shaped this galaxy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/twisted-galaxies-millions-of-light-years-away-captured-by-the-vlt-telescope/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">over billions of years</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-peculiar-ring-structure">Peculiar ring structure</h2>



<p>The captivating ring structure of MCG+07-07-072 isn’t the only intriguing element about rings in space. Another phenomenon, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jeweled-ring-quasar-rx-j1131-1231-floating-cosmos-webb-telescope/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gravitational lensing</a>, produces what appears to be a ring but is actually a visual effect.</p>



<p>This ring-like appearance, known as an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-galaxy-jwst-er1g-dark-matter-einstein-ring-mystery-solved/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Einstein ring</a>, is a testament to the powerful gravitational forces at play in the universe.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-drawing-significance-from-mcg-07-07-072">Drawing significance from MCG+07-07-072</h2>



<p>The Hubble Space Telescope's stunning image of MCG+07-07-072 goes beyond mere visual beauty; it offers the scientific community a glimpse into the intricate forces that shape galaxies. This galaxy serves as a vital reminder of the universe's complexity and diversity.</p>



<p>For the general audience, it presents a unique opportunity to connect with the vast cosmos, fostering a deeper appreciation for the delicate dance of matter and energy that underpins it.</p>



<p>In essence, the breathtaking image of MCG+07-07-072, captured by Hubble, marks another significant milestone in our ongoing exploration of the universe. It stands as a testament to the surprising and inspiring phenomena that characterize our cosmos.</p>



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Galaxy resembling a Star Wars 'TIE fighter' captured by Hubble

Galaxies serve as unique identifiers in the cosmos, much like...

<p>A recent study has revealed that modern commercial aircraft flying at higher altitudes produce longer-lasting contrails that contribute more to global warming than those generated by older planes. </p>



<p>This finding suggests that although modern airplanes emit less carbon, their overall impact on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aviations-contribution-to-climate-change-is-expected-to-intensify/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> may be greater due to the contrails they create.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-footprint-of-the-aviation-industry-nbsp">Environmental footprint of the aviation industry<strong>&nbsp;</strong></h2>



<p>Conducted by scientists at the <a href="https://www.imperial.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Imperial College London</a> (ICL), the study sheds light on the significant challenges the aviation industry faces in its efforts to reduce its environmental <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aviations-contribution-to-climate-change-is-expected-to-intensify/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">footprint</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study also found that private jets, contrary to previous assumptions, produce more contrails than previously thought, potentially leading to a disproportionately large impact on climate warming.</p>



<p>Contrails, or condensation trails, are thin streaks of cloud formed by aircraft exhaust fumes that contribute to global warming by trapping heat in the atmosphere.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While the exact warming effect of contrails is uncertain, scientists believe it is greater than warming caused by carbon emissions from jet fuel.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-airplanes-create-more-contrails-nbsp">Modern airplanes create more contrails<strong>&nbsp;</strong></h2>



<p>The study, published in <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad5b78" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Environmental Research Letters</em></a>, employed machine learning to analyze satellite data on more than 64,000 contrails from a variety of aircraft flying over the North Atlantic Ocean.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The researchers found that modern aircraft, such as the Airbus A350 and Boeing 787, which fly at altitudes above 38,000 feet (about 12 km), create more contrails than older commercial aircraft.</p>



<p>Modern aircraft are designed to fly at higher altitudes where the air is thinner, which reduces aerodynamic drag and consequently lowers <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-carbon-dioxide-emissions-hit-a-record-high-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon emissions</a> per passenger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, this also means that these aircraft produce contrails that persist longer, extending their warming effect. This presents a complex trade-off for the aviation industry, as efforts to improve fuel efficiency inadvertently increase the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/electric-aircraft-demonstrate-major-climate-benefits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate impact</a> of contrails.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-double-whammy-for-climate-warming-nbsp">Double whammy for climate warming<strong>&nbsp;</strong></h2>



<p>Edward Gryspeerdt is the lead author of the study and a Royal Society University Research Fellow at the Grantham Institute – Climate Change and the Environment at ICL.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“It's common knowledge that flying is not good for the climate. However, most people do not appreciate that contrails and jet fuel carbon emissions cause a double whammy warming of the climate. This study throws a spanner in the works for the aviation industry,” said Gryspeerdt.</p>



<p>“Newer aircraft are flying higher and higher in the atmosphere to increase fuel efficiency and reduce carbon emissions. The unintended consequence of this is that these aircraft flying over the North Atlantic are now creating more, longer-lived, contrails, trapping additional heat in the atmosphere and increasing the climate impact of aviation.”</p>



<p>According to Gryspeerdt, this doesn’t mean that more efficient aircraft are a bad thing – far from it, as they have lower carbon emissions per passenger-mile. “However, our finding reflects the challenges the aviation industry faces when reducing its climate impact,” he added.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reducing-contrails-from-modern-airplanes">Reducing contrails<strong> </strong>from modern airplanes </h2>



<p>The study also confirmed a straightforward measure that can reduce the lifespan of contrails: decreasing the amount of soot emitted from aircraft engines.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Modern aircraft engines, which are designed to be cleaner, typically emit fewer soot particles, thereby reducing the lifetime of contrails. While previous studies using models predicted this phenomenon, the current study is the first to confirm it through real-world observations.</p>



<p>Study co-author Dr. Marc Stettler is a Reader in Transport and the Environment in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at ICL.</p>



<p>“From other studies, we know that the number of soot particles in aircraft exhaust plays a key role in the properties of newly formed contrails. We suspected that this would also affect how long contrails live for,” noted Dr. Stettler.</p>



<p>“Our study provides the first evidence that emitting fewer soot particles results in contrails that fall out of the sky faster compared to contrails formed on more numerous soot particles from older, dirtier engines.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-impact-of-private-jets">Climate impact of private jets</h2>



<p>The research also revealed that private jets, which fly at even higher altitudes, produce contrails more frequently than previously thought, raising concerns about their climate impact.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Despite being smaller and using less fuel, private jets create contrails similar to those generated by much larger commercial aircraft, which surprised the researchers.</p>



<p>“Despite their smaller size, private jets create contrails as often as much larger aircraft. We already know that these aircraft create a huge amount of carbon emissions per passenger so the super-rich can fly in comfort,” said Gryspeerdt.</p>



<p>“Our finding adds to concerns about the climate impact caused by private jets as poor countries continue to get battered by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-tens-of-millions-of-people-love-watching-videos-of-extreme-weather-events/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extreme weather events</a>.”</p>



<p>This study highlights the complex and often contradictory effects of modern aviation on climate change, suggesting that even as the industry reduces carbon emissions, other factors like contrail formation may undermine these efforts.</p>



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Modern airplanes are worse for the environment

A recent study has revealed that modern commercial aircraft flying...

<p>ChatGPT and other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/using-ai-writing-illustration-drastically-reduces-carbon-footprint/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">large language models</a> (LLMs) lack the ability to learn independently or acquire new skills on their own, indicating that AI models do not pose an existential threat to humanity, according to new research conducted by the <a href="https://www.bath.ac.uk/">University of Bath</a> and the <a href="https://www.tu-darmstadt.de/">Technical University of Darmstadt</a> in Germany.</p>



<p>This study was published as part of the proceedings of the <a href="https://2024.aclweb.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics</a> (ACL 2024) - the leading international conference in natural language processing.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-controllable-predictable-and-safe-models">Controllable, predictable and safe models</h2>



<p>The researchers found that while large language models can superficially follow instructions and demonstrate proficiency in language, they are unable to master new skills without explicit instruction. As a result, these models remain inherently controllable, predictable, and safe.</p>



<p>According to the experts, even as LLMs are trained on increasingly larger datasets, they can be used without significant safety concerns, although there is still a potential for misuse of the technology.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-models-lack-complex-reasoning-abilities-nbsp">AI models lack complex reasoning abilities&nbsp;</h2>



<p>As these models grow, they are likely to produce more sophisticated language and become better at responding to detailed prompts, but they are highly unlikely to develop complex reasoning abilities.</p>



<p>“The prevailing narrative that this type of AI is a threat to humanity prevents the widespread adoption and development of these technologies, and also diverts attention from the genuine issues that require our focus,” said Harish Tayyar Madabushi, a computer scientist at the University of Bath and co-author of the new study on the ‘emergent abilities’ of LLMs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-emergent-abilities-of-large-language-models-nbsp">Emergent abilities of large language models&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The research team, led by Professor Iryna Gurevych at the Technical University of Darmstadt in Germany, conducted experiments to evaluate the ability of LLMs to perform tasks they had not encountered before - so-called emergent abilities.</p>



<p>For example, LLMs can answer questions about social situations without having been specifically trained or programmed to do so.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While previous research suggested that this capability stemmed from the models “knowing” about social situations, the researchers demonstrated that it is actually a result of LLMs using a known ability called “in-context learning” (ICL), where they complete tasks based on a few examples provided to them.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-capabilities-and-limitations-of-ai-models">Capabilities and limitations of AI models</h2>



<p>Through thousands of experiments, the team showed that a combination of LLMs' instruction-following ability (ICL), <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-ai-systems-learn-like-the-human-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">memory</a>, and linguistic proficiency explains both their capabilities and their limitations.</p>



<p>“The fear has been that as models get bigger and bigger, they will be able to solve new problems that we cannot currently predict, which poses the threat that these larger models might acquire hazardous abilities including <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-beats-doctors-in-clinical-reasoning-but-is-more-error-prone/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reasoning</a> and planning,” Madabushi said.</p>



<p>“This has triggered a lot of discussion – for instance, at the <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/topical-events/ai-safety-summit-2023" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AI Safety Summit</a> last year at Bletchley Park, for which we were asked for comment – but our study shows that the fear that a model will go away and do something completely unexpected, innovative and potentially dangerous is not valid.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-concerns-over-ai-threats">Concerns over AI threats </h2>



<p>According to Madabushi, concerns over the existential threat posed by LLMs are not restricted to non-experts and have been expressed by some of the top AI researchers across the world.</p>



<p>However, these fears appear to be unfounded, as the researchers' experiments clearly showed the absence of emergent complex reasoning abilities in LLMs.</p>



<p>Madabushi noted that while it's important to address the existing potential for the misuse of AI, such as the creation of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-are-some-people-fascinated-by-fake-news/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fake news</a> and the heightened risk of fraud, it would be premature to enact regulations based on perceived existential threats.</p>



<p>“Importantly, what this means for end users is that relying on LLMs to interpret and perform complex tasks which require complex reasoning without explicit instruction is likely to be a mistake,” said Madabushi.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Instead, users are likely to benefit from explicitly specifying what they require models to do and providing examples where possible for all but the simplest of tasks.”</p>



<p>“Our results do not mean that AI is not a threat at all,” said Gurevych. “Rather, we show that the purported emergence of complex thinking skills associated with specific threats is not supported by evidence and that we can control the learning process of LLMs very well after all.”</p>



<p>Professor Gurevych concluded that future research should focus on other risks posed by the models, such as their potential to be used to generate fake news.</p>



<p>The study is published on the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2309.01809" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>arXiv</em></a> preprint server.</p>



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Do AI models pose an existential threat to humans?

ChatGPT and other large language models (LLMs) lack the ability...

<p>Laughter is often called the best medicine, but according to a new study led by researchers from <a href="https://www.psu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Pennsylvania State University</a>, it could also serve as an effective parenting tool.</p>



<p>In a pilot study, the research team discovered that many people consider <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/playful-teasing-among-apes-suggests-that-humor-has-ancient-origins/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">humor</a> to be a valuable tool in parenting. They found that the use of humor by parents or caregivers significantly influenced the quality of their relationship with their children.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-humor-puts-a-positive-spin-on-life">Humor puts a positive spin on life</h2>



<p>Most participants who experienced humor from their parents viewed their relationships and upbringing in a positive light.</p>



<p>“Despite the widespread use of humor in social interactions and the considerable literature on humor in multiple fields of study, the use of humor in parenting has received very little formal study. The purpose of this pilot study was to gather preliminary data on the use of humor in the raising of children,” the authors wrote.</p>



<p>“Humor can teach people cognitive flexibility, relieve stress, and promote creative problem solving and resilience,” noted Benjamin Levi, a professor of pediatrics and humanities at Penn State College of Medicine and the senior author of the study. </p>



<p>“My father used humor, and it was very effective. I use humor in my clinical practice and with my own children. The question became, how does one constructively use humor?”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-parallel-between-business-and-parenting-nbsp">Parallel between business and parenting&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Study first author Lucy Emery was a medical student at Penn State College of Medicine during the research and is currently a pediatrics resident at <a href="https://www.childrenshospital.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Boston Children’s Hospital</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to Emery, there is an interesting parallel between business and parenting, which are both hierarchical. “In business, humor has been shown to help reduce hierarchies, create better environments for collaboration and creativity, and diffuse tension.”</p>



<p>Emery noted that while parent-child relationships are more loving than business relationships, stressful situations are common in parenting. “Humor can help diffuse that tension and hierarchy, making both parties feel better about a stressful situation.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-humor-and-the-joy-of-parenting-nbsp">Humor and the joy of parenting&nbsp;</h2>



<p>This preliminary research was designed to explore how people perceive the relationship between humor, their experiences of being parented, and their experiences of parenting.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study aims to lay the foundation for understanding how to use humor constructively in parenting and identify situations where humor might be riskier.</p>



<p>The researchers surveyed 312 individuals aged 18 to 45. More than half reported being raised by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/men-with-a-sense-of-humor-are-perceived-as-being-more-attractive-mates/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">caregivers</a> who used humor, and 71.8% agreed that humor can be an effective parenting tool. </p>



<p>The majority also said they either use or plan to use humor with their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/children-appreciate-humor-very-early-in-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">children</a> and believe it has more potential benefits than drawbacks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-humor-and-parent-child-relationships">Humor and parent-child relationships</h2>



<p>The study also revealed a correlation between a parent’s use of humor and how their now-adult children viewed their upbringing and their relationship with their parents.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Among those who reported that their parents used humor, 50.5% said they had a good relationship with their parents, and 44.2% felt their parents did a good job raising them.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Conversely, among those whose parents did not use humor, only 2.9% reported having a good relationship with their parents, and just 3.6% believed their parents had done a good job.</p>



<p>While it might be expected that parents would use humor with their children if they were raised by caregivers who did the same, Levi found the stark <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/personality-traits-are-not-strongly-inherited-from-parents/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">differences</a> between the two groups surprising.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



<p>The research team is now expanding on this initial study by surveying a larger and more diverse group of parents, as well as gathering qualitative data based on parents’ experiences with using humor.</p>



<p>“My hope is that people can learn to use humor as an effective parenting tool, not only to diffuse tension but also to develop <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/strong-teen-friendships-build-lasting-resilience/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">resilience</a> and cognitive and emotional flexibility in themselves and model it for their children,” Levi said.</p>



<p>The study authors noted that if these findings are generalizable, they potentially open the door to a much deeper and broader exploration of how “parenting humor” functions and how it can be appropriately leveraged to enhance the experiences of both children and their parents.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“To that end, future research should examine the ways parents currently use different kinds of humor; children’s lived experiences with such humor; and how these uses of humor map onto existing knowledge and theory about how humor functions.”</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0306311" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>PLoS ONE</em></a>.</p>



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Parents who use humor have better relationships with their children 

Laughter is often called the best medicine, but according to...

<p>Bird feeding is a common practice in homes around the world, often seen as a thoughtful way to support wildlife during harsh winters or breeding seasons. </p>



<p>However, new research led by Andrew Abraham, an alumnus of <a href="https://nau.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northern Arizona University</a> (NAU) and a researcher at Aarhus University in Denmark, shows that this seemingly benign activity could be altering local ecosystems and contributing to environmental pollution.</p>



<p>The study reveals that the extra nutrients provided by bird feeders, particularly phosphorus, may disrupt the natural balance, leading to unintended ecological consequences.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-phosphorus-overload-from-bird-feeding">Phosphorus overload from bird feeding</h2>



<p>"The seeds, nuts, and grains provided for birds are rich with fats and proteins," said Abraham. "Yet most of this nutrient-rich bird food is sourced on the global market and transported thousands of kilometers to feeder stations."</p>



<p>"<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-birds-enjoy-eating-feces-and-what-it-means-for-their-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Birds</a> are incredibly effective dispersers," added Ethan Duvall, a researcher from Cornell and co-author of the study. "They eat a lot, fly a lot, and poop a lot. This means that extra nutrients provided at feeders eventually make their way into local ecosystems."</p>



<p>Drawing from the UK as a case study, the researchers found that the amount of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lack-of-phosphorus-will-limit-growth-of-the-amazon-rainforest/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phosphorus</a> supplied through supplementary foods for garden and game birds equals about 2.4 Gg/year.</p>



<p>This release of phosphorus was found to be comparable to other human activities, such as industrial waste and sewage misconnects, which are known environmental polluters.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-game-birds-the-biggest-beneficiaries">Game birds: The biggest beneficiaries</h2>



<p>The study also found that the greatest supply of these additional nutrients was directed at game birds like pheasants and partridges, with the phosphorus provided to these game birds being more than double that given to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rare-birds-and-bees-flock-to-gardens-with-rare-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">garden birds</a>. </p>



<p>While this supplementary food may assist in temporarily augmenting bird populations beyond the natural carrying capacity, it poses an ecological threat in the long run.</p>



<p>"When additional nutrients from bird feeding enter natural environments, they have profound consequences for the species that live there," noted Abraham. "If bird feeding occurs at high rates or over long periods, it can begin to change the fertility of the landscape, upsetting the balance of the ecosystem."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-fallout-eutrophication-and-beyond">Ecological fallout: Eutrophication and beyond</h2>



<p>A significant fallout of this nutrient overload is the leaching of these excess substances, primarily phosphorus, into rivers, where they may exacerbate issues of eutrophication - dense algal growth that harms aquatic animals.</p>



<p>But does this mean bird feeders are inherently detrimental? It’s not that straightforward, the researchers insist. </p>



<p>"It is important to study animal dispersal of nutrients, because in some places, animals can spread important nutrients in a way that benefits ecosystems. But in the case of bird feeding, they may spread too many nutrients, causing problems," explained Chris Doughty, a professor of ecology at NAU and co-author of the study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reassessment-of-bird-feeding-practices">Reassessment of bird feeding practices</h2>



<p>As new evidence continues to emerge, there's a need to reassess bird feeding practices.</p>



<p>"Previous research has already shown that bird feeding is linked to changes in bird community composition, behavior, distribution, and the transfer of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/avian-influenza-h5n1-marine-mammals-spreading-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">avian disease</a>," said Kate Plummer, senior research ecologist at the British Trust for Ornithology. </p>



<p>"While our study suggests that the impact of garden feeding is significantly less than that of gamebird feeding when it comes to nutrient dispersal, the findings add a new dimension to our efforts to understand the balance of costs and benefits of putting out food in our gardens."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bird-feeding-and-environmental-consciousness">Bird feeding and environmental consciousness </h2>



<p>As awareness of the ecological impact of bird feeding grows, it becomes increasingly important for individuals and communities to approach this practice with greater environmental consciousness. </p>



<p>Experts suggest that responsible bird feeding should involve not only the choice of what to feed birds but also considerations of how, when, and where to feed them.</p>



<p>By balancing the desire to support <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-population-north-america-dramatic-decline-lost-3-billion-birds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bird populations</a> with the need to protect local ecosystems, individuals can contribute to a more sustainable interaction with nature. </p>



<p>As the conversation around bird feeding practices continues to evolve, ongoing research and public education will be key to finding solutions that benefit both birds and the environment.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fee.2793" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment</a></em>.</p>



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Bird feeding pollutes local ecosystems

Bird feeding is a common practice in homes around the...

<p>Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas commonly produced in marine and freshwater environments, with lakes being significant sources of its release into the atmosphere. </p>



<p>Fortunately, there are microorganisms capable of mitigating this issue by using methane as a source of energy and growth, thereby preventing its escape into the atmosphere. These microorganisms, known as methanotrophs, act as a crucial “biological methane filter.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lake-bacteria-and-climate-regulation">Lake bacteria and climate regulation </h2>



<p>Methanotrophs consist of diverse groups of microorganisms, many of which remain understudied.&nbsp;</p>



<p>A recent study conducted by researchers from the <a href="https://www.mpi-bremen.de/en/Home.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology</a> in Bremen, Germany, in collaboration with the Swiss research institution <a href="https://www.eawag.ch/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eawag</a>, sheds light on the remarkable capabilities of some of these organisms and their overlooked role in climate regulation. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lake-bacteria-in-oxygen-deprived-water">Lake bacteria in oxygen-deprived water</h2>



<p>In their research, a team led by Sina Schorn and Jana Milucka from the Max Planck Institute explored Lake Zug in Switzerland. This lake, nearly 200 meters deep, is devoid of oxygen below a depth of approximately 120 meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Despite the lack of oxygen, the researchers discovered the presence of aerobic methane-oxidizing bacteria (MOB) in these oxygen-deprived waters. These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/methane-eating-bacteria/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacteria</a>, which typically require oxygen to function, posed a mystery: how could they break down methane in an environment devoid of oxygen?</p>



<p>To address this question, the team closely examined the activity of these microorganisms. They introduced methane molecules labeled with “heavy” carbon atoms (13C instead of 12C) into natural lake water samples containing these bacteria.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Using specialized instruments called NanoSIMS, the researchers traced the path of the heavy carbon within individual cells.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-results-of-the-study">Results of the study</h2>



<p>This technique allowed them to observe how the bacteria convert methane into carbon dioxide, while some of the carbon was also incorporated directly into the bacterial cells. This method revealed the active members of the bacterial community.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Through advanced techniques like metagenomics and metatranscriptomics, the researchers further explored the metabolic pathways employed by the bacteria.</p>



<p>According to Schorn, now a researcher at the University of Gothenburg, the results of the study show that aerobic methane-oxidizing bacteria remain active also in oxygen-free water.</p>



<p>“However, this only applies to a certain group of MOB, easily recognizable by their distinctive rod-shaped cells. To our surprise, these cells were equally active under oxic and anoxic conditions, i.e., with and without <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/it-took-200-million-years-for-earth-to-get-its-oxygen/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oxygen</a>,” said Schorn. </p>



<p>“Thus, if we measure lower rates of methane oxidation in anoxic waters, it is probably because there are fewer of these special rod-shaped cells and not because the bacteria are less active.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bacteria-s-response-to-low-oxygen-levels">Bacteria's response to low oxygen levels </h2>



<p>The researchers were further intrigued by the metabolic versatility of this bacterial group. "Based on the genes present, we were able to determine how the bacteria respond when oxygen becomes scarce,” said Jana Milucka, head of the Greenhouse Gases Research Group at Max Planck. “We found genes that are used for a special type of methane-based fermentation.” </p>



<p>This process had previously been observed in methane-oxidizing bacteria cultures in the laboratory, but its presence in natural environments had not been confirmed.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The researchers also identified several genes related to denitrification, which likely enable the bacteria to utilize nitrate instead of oxygen for energy production.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexpected-methane-sinks">Unexpected methane sinks</h2>



<p>The fermentation process is particularly noteworthy. “If the MOB perform fermentation, they likely release substances that other bacteria can use for growth. This means the carbon contained in the methane is retained in the lake for a longer period of time and does not reach the atmosphere,” explained Milucka.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“This represents a sink for methane carbon in anoxic environments that is typically not accounted for, which we will need to include in our future calculations.”</p>



<p>This study reveals the organisms responsible for methane degradation in oxygen-free habitats and how this process occurs, highlighting the unexpected significance of methane-oxidizing bacteria in controlling methane release from such environments to the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-methane-degradation-by-bacteria">Significance of methane degradation by bacteria</h2>



<p>Schorn pointed out that methane is a potent greenhouse gas that is responsible for about a third of the current global rise in temperature. </p>



<p>“Methane oxidation by microorganisms is the only biological sink for methane," noted Schorn. This means that methane-oxidizing bacteria are crucial for controlling methane <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rapid-reductions-in-methane-emissions-are-possible/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emissions</a> and for regulating the global climate. </p>



<p>“Given the current and predicted increase in anoxic conditions in temperate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-lakes-produce-less-methane-than-previously-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lakes</a>, the importance of MOB for methane degradation in lakes is expected to grow,” said Schorn.</p>



<p>“Our results suggest that MOB will make a significant contribution to greenhouse gas mitigation and carbon storage in the future.”</p>



<p>The findings are published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-49602-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Bacteria in lakes help fight climate change

Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas commonly produced in marine...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



<p>Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



<p>The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.</p>



<p>The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



<p>This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.</p>



<p>The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.</p>



<p>The full study was recently published in <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



<p>Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



<p>A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.</p>



<p>Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.</p>



<p>Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents".  In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively.   MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.</p>



<p>MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization.  The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



<p>Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.</p>



<p>Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



<p>The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.</p>



<p>A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



<p>Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.</p>



<p>This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



<p>The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.</p>



<p>PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



<p>AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.</p>



<p>In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



<p>The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.</p>



<p>As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.</p>



<p>The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.</p>



<p>For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.</p>



<p>The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.</p>



<p id="block-9bd989d6-2fd3-4580-957f-6cacce134f08">-----</p>



<p id="block-eff5dea3-a9bb-40b5-a923-e5a9978bc0e2">Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



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<p id="block-1f9a227a-ec37-4140-81b8-ffa4a7cc6689">-----</p>



<p>MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a></p>



<p>Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a></p>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



<p>The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



<p>Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.</p>



<p>The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



<p>The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



<p>While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



<p>As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVywlgRJXsc
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Some children read facial expressions when making food choices.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-other-people-s-reactions-influence-children-s-eating-habits">Other people's reactions influence children's eating habits</h2>



<p>Many children are finicky eaters, but research explains how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-learned-why-so-many-kids-dislike-vegetables/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">watching others eat and social modeling</a> influence the eating habits of children.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Study Methodology Demonstrates Social Learning Impact</h2>



<p>Researchers at <a href="https://www.aston.ac.uk/hls/school-of-psychology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aston University School of Psychology</a> have published findings in Frontiers in Psychology that illuminate the neurobiological foundations of food preference development through observational learning. The investigation employed controlled video stimuli featuring adults consuming raw broccoli while displaying systematically varied facial expressions to measure participant responses.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Asymmetrical Response Patterns Identified</h2>



<p>The research, conducted with 204 female participants, revealed a pronounced asymmetry in social modeling effects. Negative facial expressions during vegetable consumption significantly diminished observer food preference ratings, while positive expressions failed to produce corresponding increases in vegetable appeal. This finding challenges conventional assumptions about the bidirectional nature of social influence in dietary behavior formation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Evolutionary Psychology Framework Applied</h2>



<p>Dr. Katie Edwards and her research team propose that these results reflect adaptive mechanisms developed through evolutionary processes. The heightened sensitivity to disgust expressions likely functions as a protective system, enabling individuals to identify potentially harmful foods through social cues without direct risk exposure.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Clinical and Educational Implications</h2>



<p>These findings carry substantial implications for pediatric nutrition interventions and family meal dynamics. The research suggests that parental expressions of distaste during vegetable consumption may inadvertently reinforce children's existing food aversions through unconscious social transmission pathways.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Future Research Directions</h2>



<p>The study establishes a foundation for expanded investigation into real-time social modeling effects and cross-demographic applicability. Researchers emphasize the necessity for longitudinal studies examining actual consumption behaviors rather than preference ratings alone, particularly within family contexts where social learning occurs most frequently.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>



<p></p>

Social modeling affects our food choices

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVywlgRJXsc Some children read facial expressions when making food choices....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JynHpMaNO8A
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Chaotic cancer protein finally controlled after decades of mystery</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cancer-causing-protein-bound-and-blocked">Cancer-causing protein bound and blocked</h2>



<p>In a discovery that can one day revolutionize cancer treatment, researchers at the <a href="https://www.ucr.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Riverside</a> have successfully developed a means of controlling MYC, a notoriously slippery protein that causes approximately <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chaotic-protein-that-fuels-75-of-cancers-can-be-controlled/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">75% of all cancers in humans</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-makes-myc-different">What makes MYC different</h2>



<p>MYC presents a unique challenge when studying cancer. Normally, this protein plays a vital role in healthy cells. It carefully controls transcription - the process that converts genetic information from DNA and RNA into proteins.</p>



<p>However, cancer changes everything. In cancer cells, MYC becomes a destructive force. It operates in overdrive mode with no regulation whatsoever.</p>



<p>Professor Min Xue, who led the research team, explains it simply: "MYC is less like food for cancer cells and more like a steroid. It drives cancer's aggressive growth." This superactive behavior makes MYC involved in three out of every four cancer cases.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-myc-is-hard-to-target">Why MYC is hard to target</h2>



<p>Despite its clear role in cancer, targeting MYC has been one of medicine's biggest challenges. The main problem lies in MYC's unusual structure - or rather, its complete lack of structure.</p>



<p>Professor Xue describes the protein as "basically a glob of randomness." This means conventional drug discovery methods don't work. These traditional approaches rely on sharply defined protein structures. MYC simply doesn't have one.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">A New Approach to Fighting MYC</h2>



<p>The UCR research team developed a clever solution. They designed a special peptide molecule that could selectively bind to MYC. More importantly, this peptide could block MYC's destructive activity.</p>



<p>The key was fine-tuning two specific features: the peptide's stiffness and its shape. Through careful adjustments, researchers achieved something remarkable. They reached "sub-micro-molar affinity" - meaning their peptide binds as strongly as antibodies do.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-results">Breakthrough results</h2>



<p>This accomplishment represents a major leap beyond previous attempts. The researchers enhanced their peptide's binding strength by two orders of magnitude. This dramatic improvement brings the work significantly closer to practical drug development goals.</p>



<p>The research opens new possibilities for treating the vast majority of cancers where MYC plays a destructive role.</p>



<p>The researchers are presently optimizing peptide-delivery systems based on lipid nanoparticles that deliver the peptide effectively into cancer cells. The<a href="https://www.nih.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> National Institutes of Health</a> and the <a href="https://www.defense.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Department of Defense</a> funded the study, which appeared in the Journal of the <a href="https://www.acs.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Chemical Society</a>.<br>This research offers renewed hope against cancer, and it can potentially open a door to more effective cancer therapies for most cancer patients worldwide.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

The protein that fuels 3 out of 4 cancers has been controlled

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JynHpMaNO8A Chaotic cancer protein finally controlled after decades of mystery...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



<p>On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.</p>



<p>This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.</p>



<p>Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.</p>



<p>The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators.  Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas.  These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.</p>



<p>Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



<p>Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.</p>



<p>Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



<p>385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.</p>



<p>The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.</p>



<p>Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



<p>The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."</p>



<p>This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a></em> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.</p>



<p>Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet <em>Archaeopteris</em>: the first modern tree</h2>



<p>The star of this ancient forest is <em>Archaeopteris</em> – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur <em>Archaeopteryx</em>. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.</p>



<p>William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.</p>



<p>Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



<p>These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.</p>



<p>This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



<p>The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified <em>Eospermatopteris</em>, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.</p>



<p>All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



<p>Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.</p>



<p>Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."</p>



<p>The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



<p>In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.</p>



<p>Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



<p>Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.</p>



<p>Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.</p>



<p>These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.</p>



<p>The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em>Current Biology</em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Veg4HmmRVZY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Our bodies hits two 'aging cliffs' at these ages.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-map-exact-ages-when-your-body-rapidly-ages">Scientists Map Exact Ages When Your Body Rapidly Ages</h2>



<p>Scientists have <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-bodies-begin-breaking-down-two-very-precise-ages/#google_vignette">discovered that aging</a> isn't the gradual, steady process many assume it to be. Instead, researchers from Stanford Medicine have found that our bodies undergo dramatic molecular changes at two specific ages: 44 and 60. This research, published in Nature Aging, reveals that aging happens in sudden bursts rather than smooth transitions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-waves-of-rapid-aging">Two waves of rapid aging</h2>



<p>The Stanford study tracked over 135,000 different molecules and microbes in 108 participants aged 25 to 75 over several years. Results showed that 81% of all molecules studied exhibited non-linear changes, meaning they shifted dramatically at certain ages rather than changing gradually over time.</p>



<p>Michael Snyder, chair of genetics at Stanford School of Medicine and the study's senior author, noted significant findings. "We're not just changing gradually over time; there are some really dramatic changes. It turns out the mid-40s is a time of dramatic change, as is the early 60s. And that's true no matter what class of molecules you look at."</p>



<p>The first wave of changes occurs around age 44, affecting molecules related to alcohol metabolism, caffeine processing, lipid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/age-related-changes-in-metabolism-dont-match-our-expectations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">metabolism</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heart-disease-remains-the-leading-cause-of-death-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular disease</a>, and skin and muscle function. The second wave hits around age 60, involving changes in carbohydrate metabolism, immune regulation, kidney function, and again cardiovascular and muscle health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-during-these-aging-bursts">What happens during these aging bursts</h2>



<p>During the mid-40s transformation, researchers observed significant changes in how the body processes alcohol and fats. This period often coincides with increased stress levels in many people's lives, potentially contributing to lifestyle factors that accelerate these molecular shifts.</p>



<p>"It's possible some of these changes could be tied to lifestyle or behavioral factors that cluster at these age groups, rather than being driven by biological factors," Snyder explained. For instance, alcohol metabolism dysfunction might result from increased consumption during the typically stressful mid-40s period.</p>



<p>The changes at age 60 are perhaps less surprising, as this is when many age-related diseases begin to manifest more prominently. The molecular shifts affect immune function and kidney health, both critical for maintaining overall wellness as we enter our senior years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-latest-research-confirms-aging-patterns">Latest research confirms aging patterns</h2>



<p>Recent 2025 studies have validated these findings. Research examining tissue samples from 76 people found similar aging patterns, noting an "inflection point" between ages 45 and 55.</p>



<p>Scientists discovered that blood vessels, particularly the aorta, age fastest among all body tissues. This vascular aging may drive aging in other body parts, highlighting cardiovascular health's central role in the aging process.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cellular-changes-and-microbiome-shifts">Cellular changes and microbiome shifts</h2>



<p>The Stanford research revealed that these aging bursts affect our microbiome – the trillions of bacteria, viruses, and fungi living in and on our bodies. These microbial communities undergo substantial shifts during both aging periods, potentially affecting everything from digestion to immune function.</p>



<p>Additionally, researchers found that protein production and gene expression begin to fall out of sync as we age. This breakdown in cellular communication becomes especially pronounced during the two aging waves, contributing to the accumulation of damaged proteins associated with diseases such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alzheimers-may-not-be-brain-disorder-important-data-was-fabricated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer's</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-implications-and-longevity-considerations">Health implications and longevity considerations</h2>



<p>Understanding these aging patterns has important implications for healthcare strategies. Research suggests that people should pay particular attention to their health during their 40s and 60s, when these dramatic molecular changes occur.</p>



<p>Snyder emphasized the importance of proactive health measures. "I'm a big believer that we should try to adjust our lifestyles while we're still healthy," he noted. This might include increasing exercise to protect heart health and maintain muscle mass, or reducing alcohol consumption in the 40s as the body's ability to metabolize it declines.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-approaches-to-anti-aging-treatment">New approaches to anti-aging treatment</h2>



<p>Aging research has seen notable advances in 2025. Harvard Medical School scientists developed chemical cocktails that reverse cellular aging without genetic modification. These six combinations restored aged cells to youthfulness in under a week, offering safer alternatives to gene therapy.</p>



<p>Researchers identified new biomarkers like "InflammAge," a saliva-based test measuring chronic inflammation associated with aging. This non-invasive approach could change how we monitor aging and intervention.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions-in-aging-research">Future directions in aging research</h2>



<p>Emerging technologies including artificial intelligence, cellular reprogramming, and senolytic therapies, are opening new possibilities for extending healthspan. Companies develop treatments targeting aging's fundamental mechanisms rather than just managing age-related diseases.</p>



<p>The Stanford findings provide a roadmap for implementing preventive measures. Rather than waiting for symptoms, people can prepare for and potentially mitigate these predictable aging waves.</p>



<p>As aging understanding evolves, one thing becomes clear: aging isn't inevitable decline, but specific biological events we may learn to prevent or reverse. The key is recognizing when these transitions occur and taking proactive health steps during vulnerable periods.</p>



<p>The study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/nataging" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Aging</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Scientists discover we age in bursts

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Veg4HmmRVZY Our bodies hits two 'aging cliffs' at these ages....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlF0XKzHY4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The hidden science behind tickling.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-discover-the-brain-s-tickling-command-center">Scientists discover the brain's 'tickling command center'</h2>



<p>Researchers have finally solved one of humanity's most enduring mysteries: why we can't <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/after-centuries-of-debate-we-still-dont-know-how-tickling-works/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tickle</a> ourselves and what makes some people incredibly ticklish while others barely react? Recent scientific discoveries are revolutionizing our understanding of this peculiar human behavior.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-discovery-in-the-brain">Breakthrough discovery in the brain</h2>



<p>In 2023, Dr. Michael Brecht's team at <a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humboldt University</a>-<a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Berlin</a> made a major discovery published in the <a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(22)01991-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">journal <em>Neuron</em></a>. They identified the brain's actual "tickling command center" – specific neurons in a region called the periaqueductal gray that control both tickling responses and play behavior.</p>



<p>When researchers used cutting-edge optogenetic technology to shut down these neurons in laboratory rats, something remarkable happened. The animals completely lost their ability to be tickled or engage in playful behavior.</p>



<p>"We found that global blockade of the rat periaqueductal gray with either muscimol or lidocaine interfered with ticklishness and play," the research team reported in their study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-types-of-tickling-revealed">Two types of tickling revealed</h2>



<p>What we call "tickling" is two completely different phenomena, according to the latest research. Light tickling – that feathery sensation that makes you want to scratch – is essentially your body's sophisticated bug detection system. This alerts you to potential insects or parasites on your skin.</p>



<p>Deep tickling – the kind that makes you laugh uncontrollably – involves complex brain circuits and is fundamentally social. You literally cannot tickle yourself with this type of stimulation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-self-tickling-is-impossible">Why self-tickling is impossible</h2>



<p>Your cerebellum acts like a prediction machine, recent findings show. When you move your own hand to touch yourself, your brain generates precise predictions about what you will feel and then cancels out the tickling sensation through neural inhibition.</p>



<p>When someone else tickles you, your brain can't predict their movements, so the full tickling response activates. It's like your brain's way of distinguishing between self and others.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-individual-differences-explained">Individual differences explained</h2>



<p>Individual differences in ticklishness depend on genetics, psychology, and even trust. Dr. Xinzhong Dong at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Johns Hopkins University</a> notes that people with denser nerve endings tend to be more sensitive.</p>



<p>Psychological factors matter just as much. You respond more strongly when tickled by people you trust, and anxiety completely shuts down tickling responses. This explains why the same physical stimulus can produce completely different reactions depending on who's doing the tickling.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-controlling-your-ticklishness">Controlling your ticklishness</h2>



<p>Science offers answers for controlling your ticklishness. You can reduce tickling sensitivity through systematic desensitization – gradual exposure in controlled settings.</p>



<p>Dr. Konstantina Kilteni's 2025 research, published in <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adt0350" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em>, reveals another technique: place your hand on the tickler's hand. This allows your brain to partially predict the sensations, reducing the tickling response by up to 90 percent.</p>



<p>"Your brain is essentially learning to override its own reflexes," Kilteni explained in her review of tickling research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-purpose-discovered">Evolutionary purpose discovered</h2>



<p>From an evolutionary perspective, tickling serves vital functions according to <a href="https://www.umd.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Maryland</a> researcher Dr. Robert Provine's extensive studies. It trains our defense reflexes for vulnerable body areas and facilitates social bonding between family members.</p>



<p>Tickling-induced laughter is actually one of the first forms of communication between infants and caregivers. "Tickle involves a neurological self/nonself discrimination, providing the most primitive social scenario," Provine noted in his research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clinical-applications-emerge">Clinical applications emerge</h2>



<p>Research shows people with autism spectrum disorder perceive touches as more ticklish than people without the condition. Investigating this difference could provide insight into brain differences and help advance autism research.</p>



<p>People with schizophrenia tend to experience self-touches similarly to external tickles, allowing them to essentially tickle themselves. This suggests altered sensory prediction mechanisms in the condition.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animal-research-reveals-universal-nature">Animal research reveals universal nature</h2>



<p>Scientists have discovered that many species beyond humans are ticklish. Rats emit ultrasonic "laughs" when tickled, while chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans all respond to tickling stimulation.</p>



<p>This widespread occurrence across species suggests that tickling serves fundamental biological and social functions that evolved long before humans developed complex language and culture.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



<p>Dr. Kilteni argues that tickling research deserves more scientific attention. "It is a complex interplay of motor, social, neurological, developmental, and evolutionary aspects," she stated in her recent review.</p>



<p>New haptic technologies and advanced research methodologies now permit scientists to investigate tickle sensation with unprecedented precision. Standardized experimental methods using mechanical tickling devices ensure consistent results across studies.</p>



<p>Recent findings published in <em>Science Advances</em> show that tickling research is opening new doors in neuroscience, potentially leading to a better understanding of social behavior, sensory processing, and neurological conditions.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Scientists solve the mystery of tickling

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlF0XKzHY4 The hidden science behind tickling. Scientists discover the brain's...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elr4948_uOU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Dr. Ronald Mallett from the University of Connecticut reveals secret mission to create working time travel device.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-could-an-equation-truly-bend-time-a-physicist-s-decades-long-quest-to-rewrite-reality">Could an equation truly bend time? A physicist's decades-long quest to rewrite reality</h2>



<p>Imagine the impossible: stepping back through time in a time machine, not in fantasy, but through a scientific endeavor driven by profound personal loss. For <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astrophysicist-says-hes-cracked-the-equation-for-time-travel/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Ronald Mallett</a>, a distinguished astrophysicist and professor emeritus at the <a href="https://uconn.edu/">University of Connecticut</a>, this deeply human longing has fueled a lifelong mission. He claims to have discovered the equation that could unlock temporal displacement, pushing boundaries once deemed purely science fiction.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-profound-grief-that-forged-a-vision">A profound grief that forged a vision</h2>



<p>Mallett's extraordinary pursuit began with devastating tragedy in 1955. At merely 10 years old, he endured his father Boyd's sudden death—a television repairman whose passion for science had ignited a similar spark in his young son. Boyd Mallett, only 33, succumbed to a heart attack, leaving behind a grief-stricken child searching for solace.</p>



<p>That solace came through H.G. Wells' <em>The Time Machine</em>. Within its pages, Mallett found a captivating concept: "Time is only a kind of Space." These words transformed from a literary phrase into a guiding principle, becoming the driving force behind his unwavering commitment to unraveling time's fundamental mysteries.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-humble-beginnings-to-academic-heights">From humble beginnings to academic heights</h2>



<p>Mallett's journey was far from straightforward. After serving in the Air Force during the Vietnam War era, he utilized the GI Bill for higher education, earning his Ph.D. in physics from Pennsylvania State University in 1973 at the age of 28.</p>



<p>In 1975, he made history as the first African American professor in the University of Connecticut's physics department, achieving full professorship in 1987 before retiring in 2024 as professor emeritus.</p>



<p>Throughout these successful academic years, Mallett harbored his radical ambition as a closely guarded secret. "I kept my time travel goal a secret," he confessed. "I worried people would think I was nuts." His public research centered on black holes, serving as a "cover story" while he quietly developed his revolutionary time travel theory.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-breakthrough-moment">The breakthrough moment</h2>



<p>His pivotal insight arrived while hospitalized for a heart condition—a profound irony given his father's heart attack started this journey. The breakthrough was elegantly simple yet revolutionary: "If gravity can bend time, and light can create gravity, then light can bend time."</p>



<p>"It turns out that black holes can create a gravitational field that could lead to the creation of time loops that could allow us to go back in time," he explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-blueprint-for-a-temporal-vortex">The blueprint for a temporal vortex</h2>



<p>Mallett's vision for a functioning time machine replicates spacetime-warping phenomena around black holes. He offers a compelling analogy: "Picture a cup of coffee. Stir it with a spoon, and the coffee swirls. A spinning black hole does the same to spacetime."</p>



<p>In Einstein's general relativity, the universe is a dynamic fabric woven from space and time. Massive objects like black holes warp this fabric—an effect we perceive as gravity. Mallett theorizes that an intense, continuous, circulating beam of light from a ring of powerful lasers could replicate this gravitational torsion, effectively twisting time into a loop.</p>



<p>This "time loop" would theoretically allow information—or perhaps matter—to travel backward in time. He detailed this mathematical concept in his 2006 autobiography, <em>Time Traveler: A Scientist's Personal Mission to Make Time Travel a Reality</em>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-published-research-and-recognition">Published research and recognition</h2>



<p>His work, published in respected journals including <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/physics-letters-a" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physics Letters A</a></em> and <em><a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/10701" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Foundations of Physics</a></em>, suggests circulating laser light could generate gravitational fields potent enough to create closed timelike curves, enabling time travel for data.</p>



<p>Mallett's research has gained worldwide media attention, featured on <a href="https://www.thisamericanlife.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Public Radio's <em>This American Life</em></a>, the <a href="https://www.history.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">History Channel</a>, and <a href="https://www.today.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NBC's <em>Today Show</em></a>. The widespread interest reflects both his compelling personal story and rigorous scientific approach.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-galactic-hurdles-and-persistent-skepticism">The galactic hurdles and persistent skepticism</h2>



<p>While Mallett's equations captivate imagination, the path to reality faces immense obstacles. The energy requirement is staggering—Mallett acknowledges needing "galactic amounts of energy," far beyond current technological capabilities.</p>



<p>There's also a poignant limitation: even if realized, his machine could only send information back to when it was first activated, meaning it couldn't transport him to 1955 to prevent his father's death.</p>



<p>The scientific community remains skeptical. Physicists Ken Olum and Allen Everett argue that Mallett's proposed laser ring would need to be larger than the observable universe to achieve the necessary spacetime distortion. They invoke Stephen Hawking's chronology protection conjecture, suggesting physics may prevent macroscopic time travel.</p>



<p>Astrophysicist Paul Sutter has voiced doubts about Mallett's underlying mathematics, while science writer Brian Clegg finds the concept intriguing enough to warrant experimental investigation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-legacy-that-transcends-time">A legacy that transcends time</h2>



<p>Now approaching 80, Dr. Mallett remains steadfast. "I believe my work will show time travel is possible," he asserts. "Future generations will build on it in ways we can't yet imagine."</p>



<p>His equations, though yet to physically bend time, have bent our collective imagination. Ongoing public interest, evidenced by his continued media appearances and Spike Lee's film adaptation of his memoir, underscores his ideas' profound impact.</p>



<p>More than a scientific pursuit, Mallett's story testifies to human resilience, intellectual courage, and hope's enduring power. Whether his theoretical time machine ever materializes, his legacy is immeasurable—inspiring countless individuals to challenge conventional limits and perceive time not as an unyielding barrier, but as a boundless frontier awaiting exploration.</p>



<p></p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Retired professor claims he solved time travel

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elr4948_uOU Dr. Ronald Mallett from the University of Connecticut reveals...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



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https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
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<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?</p>



<p>One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ACS Reactions</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

How does salt makes things taste better?

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;</p>



<p>'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."</p>



<p>"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Santiago, Chile in South America

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