<p>Italy’s Campi Flegrei has been restless again when it comes to earthquakes, and a new AI approach is helping scientists see what the ground is really doing. </p>



<p>In a peer-reviewed study, researchers from <a href="https://www.stanford.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stanford University</a>, along with colleagues at INGV Osservatorio Vesuviano and the <a href="https://www.international.unina.it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Naples Federico II</a>, reanalyzed continuous seismic records. The team found more than four times as many small earthquakes between January 21, 2022, and March 20, 2025.</p>



<p>The researchers did not detect any direct sign of magma moving upward. Instead, they highlighted very shallow hybrid quakes tied to the hydrothermal system.</p>



<p>That fuller picture matters because small events reveal where the crust is stressed and how energy is moving through the volcanic field. With cleaner detections and sharper locations, scientists can track changes faster and judge when activity starts to cluster in risky ways.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clear-signals-urgent-stakes">Clear signals, urgent stakes</h2>



<p>“Seismicity could change at any time, and that may be the most important thing about this study: this capability of getting a clear view is now operational,” said study co-author Greg Beroza, a geophysics professor at Stanford University.</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supervolcano-campi-flegrei-naples-italy-solfatara-crater-phlegraean-fields-signs-of-waking-up/">caldera</a> sits within the Neapolitan area, where more than half a million people live and work. That density means even modest shaking or ground movement can disrupt daily life, strain buildings, and complicate evacuations.</p>



<p>History shows why clarity is essential. During the 1982-1984 crisis, uplift and persistent earthquakes damaged structures across Pozzuoli. A major analysis documented that the events triggered the evacuation of about 40,000 people.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-turns-noise-into-earthquake-signals">AI turns noise into earthquake signals</h2>



<p>The team trained a machine learning workflow on continuous waveforms and used it to scan years of data consistently. That created one catalog rather than a patchwork of methods, so patterns stand out instead of becoming blurred.</p>



<p>AI did more than count earthquakes. The workflow sharpened event locations and magnitudes, turning noisy curves into clean signals that line up with mapped features and known hot zones. </p>



<p>That is the kind of precision emergency managers need when activity jumps in hours, not weeks. One payoff is a much clearer view of the caldera’s thin ring shaped structures and shallow faults. </p>



<p>Those features organize the small quakes and help separate background rumble from changes that could matter for public safety.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-volcano-under-quiet-strain">Volcano under quiet strain</h2>



<p>Campi Flegrei is a large caldera, the broad depression left by past eruptions, ringed by faults and dotted with old vents and fuming ground. It is not a single cone, it is a field where different parts can wake up at different times.</p>



<p>The region breathes over years through uplift and subsidence known as bradyseism. Those slow vertical motions have been recorded for centuries and often line up with swarms of small earthquakes.</p>



<p>In the new catalog, most activity sits at very shallow depths and traces a narrow ring fault system consistent with surface features and the zone now rising. </p>



<p>The authors reported no direct signature of magma rising toward the surface in this interval. This lowers near-term eruption concern but does not remove the need for close watching.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-faults-reveal-hidden-stress">Faults reveal hidden stress</h2>



<p>Faults are breaks in rock that slip when stress overcomes strength, and their length and orientation constrain how big an earthquake could be. When small <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earthquakes-and-flood-zones-hidden-risks-in-the-pacific-northwest/">quakes</a> line up along a longer fault, planners can bound the upper size of plausible events rather than guess in the dark.</p>



<p>Seeing faults crisply also helps compare present unrest with past episodes. Shaking that migrates onto a new segment or clusters at the edge of the ring may signal a change in how the system stores and releases pressure.</p>



<p>Those signals are not predictions by themselves. They are inputs to models that weigh where stress is building, how close rocks are to failure, and what level of shaking the built environment can handle.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-refines-risk-planning">AI refines risk planning</h2>



<p>Near real-time detections let observatories update maps of active zones as conditions evolve. That supports decisions like where to inspect bridges, how to stage ambulances, or when to test public alerts before a busy weekend.</p>



<p>Sharper locations and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-detect-major-earthquakes-months-in-advance/">magnitudes</a> also help engineers validate expected shaking levels against what instruments record in town. With that feedback loop, officials can refine microzonation, revisit building priorities, and tune maintenance schedules before the next swarm.</p>



<p>Past experience is a warning here. During 1982-1984, the harbor shallowed and commerce paused, schools closed, and the government approved new housing to relocate residents. </p>



<p>Planning for unrest is not only about eruptions, it is about everyday disruptions that stack up when the ground keeps moving.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-helps-not-predicts">AI helps, not predicts</h2>



<p>The present results point to pressure within a shallow system, not direct <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/magma-layer-keeps-the-yellowstone-supervolcano-dormant/">magma</a> rise, during 2022-2025. That aligns with other independent work that has argued for pressure buildup and evolving stress in the crust during long stretches without eruption.</p>



<p>Unrest can still change quickly. More small quakes could organize into tighter clusters, or uplift rates could shift, and those changes would be visible fast with the new tools.</p>



<p>AI does not replace dense earthquake monitoring or local expertise. It helps analysts keep up when data surge, flag subtle changes that a human might miss after a long night, and focus attention on the signals that matter most.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adw9038" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Science</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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AI detects earthquake surge beneath Europe’s most dangerous volcano

Italy’s Campi Flegrei has been restless again when it comes to earthquakes, and a new AI approach is helping scientists see what the ground is really doing. In a peer-reviewed study, researchers from Stanford University, along with colleagues at INGV Osservatorio Vesuviano and the University of Naples Federico II, reanalyzed continuous seismic records. The team found more than four times as many small earthquakes between January 21, 2022, and March 20, 2025. The researchers did not detect any direct sign of magma moving upward. Instead, they highlighted...

3d,Rendering,,Meteor,Shower,,Aseroids,Burning,In,Earth,Atmosphere,Cinematic

<p>It's been said that stars hold our untold stories, keeping them safe in their twinkling light. But have you ever wondered what happens if these stars decide to&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/double-meteor-shower-delta-aquarids-alpha-capricornids-light-up-night-sky-july-2024/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">take a flight</a>? Get ready for the Perseids, the most awaited meteor shower of the year</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-countdown-for-perseids-meteor-shower">Countdown for Perseids meteor shower</h2>



<p>Starting today, the most awaited celestial event of the year, the Perseid meteor shower, begins its splendid show.</p>



<p>Running from July 14 until September 1, 2024, the shower will be at its peak on the night of Sunday, August 11 through Monday, August 12.&nbsp;</p>



<p>You can catch the showers on any clear night right through to September. Your best bet is to check them out on peak night.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prime-time-for-perseid-meteor-shower">Prime time for Perseid meteor shower</h2>



<p>So, when exactly will these shooting stars grace us with their best performance?&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to the&nbsp;<a href="https://amsmeteors.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Meteor Society</a>, the prime time for the show would be around 04:00 UTC on August 12, which translates to 12 a.m. (midnight) EDT on August 12.</p>



<p>However, the Perseids are a bit like your favorite band, the ambiance leading up to their performance, teases an exciting crescendo.&nbsp;</p>



<p>You are guaranteed a&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cosmic-sightings-nasa-skywatching-guide-for-may-2024/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">great show</a>&nbsp;eight hours before and after the peak, with a good number of shooting stars per hour. The anticipation begins to build up as soon as it gets dark on August 11.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-perfect-stage">Perfect stage</h2>



<p>Mother Nature knows how to set up the perfect stage for her grand events. The moon, our friendly celestial neighbor, will be in perfect coordination.&nbsp;</p>



<p>On the night of peak viewing, a 43%-lit waxing crescent will recede into the southwestern horizon just before midnight in the Northern Hemisphere.</p>



<p>This cosmic maneuvering will leave the vast night sky devoid of moonlight, making it an ideal canvas for the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eta-aquarids-see-up-to-50-shooting-stars-per-hour-this-weekend/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">display of the meteor shower</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plan-ahead-for-the-perseid-meteor-shower">Plan ahead for the Perseid meteor shower</h2>



<p>If you're still pondering your plans for the Perseids in 2024, my advice is simple. Request for Monday off, pack your camping gear, and head towards an area graced with a dark sky.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Make sure you have a clear view of the night sky, free from the city's neon distractions. Prepare yourself for a couple of hours of spellbinding celestial showcase starting from 11 p.m. till dawn.</p>



<p>To make the most of this experience, consider bringing a telescope or binoculars. They aren't necessary to enjoy the meteors. Lay on a comfortable blanket. Sip on some hot cocoa. Cherish the awe-inspiring sight of meteors darting across the cosmos.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Keep an eye out for fireballs. These are larger, brighter meteors that add a dramatic flair. Sharing this moment with friends and family can make it unforgettable. It fosters a sense of wonder and connection with the universe.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-perseid-meteor-shower-interesting-facts">Perseid Meteor Shower interesting facts</h2>



<p>The Perseid meteor shower is named after the constellation Perseus, from which the meteors appear to radiate.</p>



<p>Interestingly, the Perseids are known for their fireballs -- larger explosions of light and color that can last longer than an average meteor streak. </p>



<p>This makes the Perseid meteor shower not only one of the most prolific but also one of the most spectacular meteor displays.</p>



<p>These meteors are also notable for their fast and bright characteristics, often leaving persistent trails that can be visible for several seconds. </p>



<p>The combination of numerous meteors, including fireballs, coupled with the warm summer nights, makes the Perseid meteor shower a beloved event for both amateur and seasoned astronomers alike.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shower-of-stars">Shower of stars</h2>



<p>We often come across varying estimates of the Perseids' numbers. Some say it's around 150 per hour around its peak while others propose 100. </p>



<p>In reality, these ‘zenithal hourly rates’ are an estimate of what one would notice if they could observe the entire night sky all at once.</p>



<p>Practically, expect around 50 shooting stars per hour—a spectacular show in its own.</p>



<p>The Perseids are no ordinary stars; they are our annual visitors from a faraway world. When they dance across the sky at their peak, they leave us humans with a sense of joy, awe, and a reminder of the grandeur of the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-would-happen-small-asteroid-hit-earth-nasa-ai-simulation-found-out/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universe</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>So, this year, don't let this opportunity pass you by. Make the most of the Perseids meteor shower!</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Everything you need to know about the Perseid meteor shower this week

It's been said that stars hold our untold stories, keeping...

<p>Particle formation in our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aerosol-formation-earths-lower-atmosphere-soas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmosphere</a> is an arena of constant interactions, much akin to a colossal chemistry set. Gaseous molecules and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-small-aerosols-influence-cloud-formation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tiny particles</a> are continually in motion, knocking and reacting with each other in complex, intricate ways.</p>



<p>Despite their minuscule size, often less than 1% of the thickness of a human hair, atmospheric particles exert enormous effects.</p>



<p>They are the foundation for cloud droplets, and their abundance influences the reflectance, quantity of clouds, rainfall, and the overall climate.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-atmospheric-particle-formation">Atmospheric particle formation</h2>



<p>In an exciting development, researchers at <a href="https://wustl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Washington University in St. Louis</a> have unearthed a mechanism that significantly contributes to the production of particles in Earth's atmosphere.</p>



<p>This study was led by Professor Jian Wang, director of the Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering at Washington University (WashU). </p>



<p>It was conducted in partnership with scientists from various institutions, including NASA, NOAA, NCA and several European universities.</p>



<p>The conventional wisdom stated that the majority of particle formation occurs in cloud outflow regions, where clouds ascend into the upper <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-deadly-microbes-travel-around-the-world-so-quickly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">troposphere</a> and eventually evaporate. </p>



<p>In this process, clouds resemble sponges being wrung out, with most particles being removed by the rain. </p>



<p>The resulting air in the outflow regions ends up clear and clean. This leaves some gaseous molecules with no option but to form new particles.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexpected-particle-formation-discoveries">Unexpected particle formation discoveries</h2>



<p>"Contrary to popular belief, using data collected from NASA's global-scale aircraft measurements, we found that most of the new particles are not formed in the outflow regions," revealed Professor Wang.</p>



<p>On digging deeper into this unexpected observation, Wang and his team stumbled upon a contrasting mechanism. </p>



<p>This mechanism triggers when the mixing of stratospheric and tropospheric air creates conditions conducive to particle formation.</p>



<p>Jiaoshi Zhang is the lead author of the study and a research scientist in Wang's lab.</p>



<p>"<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-study-of-earths-stratosphere-has-important-implications-for-life-on-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stratosphere</a> air often dips into the troposphere due to a meandering jet stream. As the ozone-rich stratospheric air and moist tropospheric air mix, it leads to a high concentration of hydroxyl radical (OH), an essential oxidant that helps produce the type of molecules that nucleate and form new particles," explained Zhang.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-widespread-phenomenon">Global widespread phenomenon</h2>



<p>"We found this phenomenon is widespread around the globe and likely occurs more frequently than the particle formation in the cloud outflows," noted Zhang.</p>



<p>While humans contribute their share of particles in the form of air pollution, this study reveals a natural process occurring even in remote and pristine regions around the globe. </p>



<p>There is also evidence that stratospheric air will dip into the troposphere more frequently in future climate conditions.</p>



<p>"While we were puzzled by the observation initially, once we pieced everything together, it was not so surprising. It is well known that molecules forming new particles are generated through oxidation in the atmosphere," said Zhang. </p>



<p>"When the stratosphere and troposphere air mix, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-uncover-new-way-that-earth-cleans-its-atmosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">OH concentration</a> is very high, and it's primed for particle formation."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-climate-modeling">Implications for climate modeling </h2>



<p>This newfound understanding of particle formation has significant implications for climate modeling and environmental policies.</p>



<p>Accurate climate models rely on a thorough grasp of particle formation processes to predict future weather patterns, climate change impacts, and the behavior of pollutants. </p>



<p>The discovery of this widespread natural phenomenon means that models must be adjusted to account for particle formation even in clean, remote regions, and not just polluted or cloud outflow areas.</p>



<p>Moreover, environmental policies that aim to control air quality can benefit from this research.</p>



<p>By recognizing natural sources of particles, policymakers can better differentiate between anthropogenic pollutants and naturally occurring processes. </p>



<p>This distinction is crucial for crafting regulations that effectively address human impact without overlooking the inherent complexities of Earth's atmosphere.</p>



<p>Ultimately, this breakthrough not only deepens our comprehension of atmospheric chemistry but also equips scientists and policymakers with the insights needed to navigate the challenges posed by a changing climate.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn2961" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a></em>.</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Particles are forming in the atmosphere in an unexpected way

Particle formation in our atmosphere is an arena of constant...

<p>The SMIM1 gene has been identified as a potential new factor in genetic predisposition to obesity. This discovery was made by an international team of scientists investigating the genetic contributors to obesity.</p>



<p>In a study led by the University of Exeter, researchers have found that individuals with a genetic variant disabling the SMIM1 gene tend to have higher <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/obesity-impairs-the-brains-response-to-nutrient-intake/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">body weight</a> and lower resting energy expenditure. This insight could potentially lead to new approaches for obesity treatment.</p>



<p>The research team is now interested in exploring whether an existing, affordable thyroid medication could effectively treat obesity in individuals lacking both copies of the SMIM1 gene.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-underestimated-effect-of-smim1">The underestimated effect of SMIM1</h2>



<p>The SMIM1 gene was discovered just a decade ago during a search for the gene encoding a distinct blood group known as Vel. </p>



<p>This breakthrough came as a result of dedicated efforts to understand the genetic underpinnings of various blood types, leading to the identification of SMIM1 as the gene responsible for the Vel blood group.</p>



<p>Approximately one in 5,000 individuals lack both copies of the SMIM1 gene, rendering them Vel-negative. This genetic rarity has now been linked to a predisposition for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/just-a-few-extra-pounds-increases-hypertension-risk-in-kids/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">higher body weight</a>. </p>



<p>The Exeter study indicates that individuals without both copies of the SMIM1 gene are more likely to be <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/being-overweight-makes-it-harder-for-brain-to-resist-unhealthy-food/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">overweight</a> compared to those with at least one functioning copy.</p>



<p>Alongside this, individuals without both copies of the gene exhibit other obesity-associated measures, such as high levels of fat in the blood, signs of fat tissue dysfunction, increased liver enzymes, and diminished levels of thyroid hormones.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-finding-new-treatments-for-obesity">Finding new treatments for obesity</h2>



<p>For the investigation, the team scrutinized the genetics of close to half a million participants in the UK Biobank cohort. They recognized 104 individuals with the variant leading to the SMIM1 gene's loss of function.</p>



<p>The team also collaborated with the <a href="https://bioresource.nihr.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NIHR National BioResource</a> to obtain fresh blood samples from both Vel-negative and Vel-positive individuals.</p>



<p>Study lead author Mattia Frontini is an associate professor of cell biology at the <a href="https://medicine.exeter.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Exeter Medical School</a>. </p>



<p>"<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/obesity-now-affects-more-than-a-billion-people/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Obesity rates</a> have nearly tripled in the past 50 years, and by 2030, more than one billion individuals worldwide are projected to be obese," said Frontini.</p>



<p>"Obesity is due to an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure, often a complex interplay of lifestyle, environmental, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/obesity-can-be-passed-down-from-parents-to-kids/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genetic factors</a>. In a small minority of people, obesity is caused by genetic variants." </p>



<p>"When this is the case, new treatments can sometimes be found to benefit these people -- and we're now hoping to run a clinical trial to find out whether widely-available drug for thyroid supplementation may be beneficial in treating obesity in people who lack SMIM1."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-impact-of-the-genetic-variant">Global impact of the genetic variant</h2>



<p>Further exploration of these cohorts suggests that the SMIM1 variant could influence obesity in nearly 300,000 people worldwide. This conclusion was reached after analyzing the effects found in four additional cohorts of people with the SMIM1 gene variant.</p>



<p>The experts determined that having the variant had a notable impact on weight, accounting for an average extra 4.6kg in females and 2.4kg in males.</p>



<p>"SMIM1 was only discovered a decade ago, as a long-sought blood group protein on red blood cells, but its other function has remained unknown until now. It's very exciting to find that it has a more general role in human metabolism," said study co-author Jill Storry, a professor at Lund University in Sweden.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modifying-the-gene-to-treat-obesity">Modifying the gene to treat obesity</h2>



<p>The implications of this study extend beyond mere understanding; they hint at potential therapeutic applications. </p>



<p>Researchers are now exploring whether modifying the SMIM1 gene or its expression could offer new avenues for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-treatment-of-child-obesity-yields-lasting-results/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">treating obesity</a>. </p>



<p>Gene therapy and CRISPR technology could potentially be employed to correct the genetic variant responsible for SMIM1 deficiency. </p>



<p>Additionally, lifestyle interventions tailored to individuals with SMIM1 variants might be developed, focusing on specific exercise and dietary recommendations that could mitigate the gene's effects.</p>



<p>The study provides us with a more in-depth understanding of obesity. As more information on the SMIM1 mechanism is revealed, individuals lacking SMIM1 could receive essential information and support, contributing significantly to the global fight against obesity.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.cell.com/med/fulltext/S2666-6340(24)00219-8?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2666634024002198%3Fshowall%3Dtrue" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cell Press</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Can the lack of a single gene cause obesity?

The SMIM1 gene has been identified as a potential new...

<p>A new study led by Lluís Gibert at the <a href="https://web.ub.edu/en/web/ub/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Barcelona</a> has re-dated human remains found at the Orce sites in Spain, making them the oldest in Europe at around 1.3 million years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This supports the hypothesis that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-humans-impacted-earth-than-previously-thought-2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">early humans</a> arrived in Europe through the Strait of Gibraltar rather than the Mediterranean route via Asia.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-first-arrival-of-humans-in-europe-nbsp">First arrival of humans in Europe&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“After a century of research, the chronology of the first arrival of hominins in Europe remains controversial. Four Spanish localities potentially record evidence of the oldest Europeans, yet arrival ages remain loosely constrained between 1.6 and 0.9 Ma,” wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>“Here we provide a new Early Pleistocene magnetostratigraphy, recording four paleomagnetic boundaries within 80 m of a fluvio-lacustrine sedimentary succession in Orce, southeastern Spain.”</p>



<p>“This Pleistocene succession incorporates for the first time in Europe five superposed paleontological localities between the Olduvai and Jaramillo magnetozones, including three hominin sites providing evidence of the presence of hominins older than 1.07 Ma in Europe.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dating-in-a-previously-unsampled-area-nbsp">Dating in a previously unsampled area<strong>&nbsp;</strong></h2>



<p>The new dating was achieved by analyzing the paleomagnetism of a previously unsampled area protected from erosion, resulting in a precise chronology with minimal error.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This places the Venta Micena site at 1.32 million years ago (Ma), Barranco León at 1.28 Ma, and Fuente Nueva 3 at 1.23 Ma, surpassing the age of the Sima del Elefante site in Atapuerca.</p>



<p>The dating utilized paleomagnetism, which studies the inversion of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-magnetic-field-is-shifting-and-putting-navigation-at-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's magnetic poles</a> recorded in minerals. This technique provided precise data due to the long sedimentary sequence in Orce.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-magnetic-polarity-sequence-nbsp">Magnetic polarity sequence<strong>&nbsp;</strong></h2>



<p>“The uniqueness of these sites is that they are stratified and within a very long sedimentary sequence, more than eighty meters long,” Gibert explained.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The researchers identified a magnetic polarity sequence with five events, placing the Orce sites between 1.77 and 1.07 million years ago.</p>



<p>“Having identified a detailed, extended magnetostratigraphy encompassing the fossil sites, we then estimated their age by stratigraphic interpolation,” explained the researchers.</p>



<p>“A Bayesian age-stratigraphic model was employed and formulated with the prior condition that strata monotonically decrease in age upward.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>To corroborate the dating, the team analyzed the fauna at Orce, comparing it to other Early Pleistocene sites in Europe.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-humans-entered-europe-via-the-strait-of-gibraltar">Humans entered Europe via the Strait of Gibraltar</h2>



<p>Robert Martin conducted a detailed analysis of micromammals and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/decline-of-large-mammals-was-caused-by-humans-not-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">large mammals</a>, finding that the fauna at Orce was more rudimentary than that at Atapuerca's Sima del Elefante site. The absence of Asian pig ancestors at Orce also supports its greater antiquity.</p>



<p>This dating aligns with other evidence suggesting early humans entered Europe via the Strait of Gibraltar. The presence of African fauna and similar lithic industries in southern Spain strengthens this hypothesis.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“We also defend the hypothesis that they arrived from Gibraltar because no older evidence has been found at any other site along the alternative route,” Gibert said.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-humans-arrived-long-after-leaving-africa-nbsp">Humans arrived long after leaving Africa<strong>&nbsp;</strong></h2>



<p>The researchers note a “diachronism” between the oldest human occupation in Asia (1.8 Ma) and Europe (1.3 Ma), indicating that early humans arrived in southwestern Europe long after leaving Africa.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“These differences in human expansion can be explained by the fact that Europe is isolated from Asia and Africa by biogeographical barriers that are difficult to overcome,” Gibert explained.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Moreover, while the current distance across Gibraltar is 14 kilometers, it may have been shorter in the past due to tectonic activity and sea level fluctuations.</p>



<p>Since excavations began in 1982, five human remains have been found at Orce, including fragments of a humerus and parts of a cranium.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Controversy surrounded these findings until independent studies confirmed their human origin. The discovery of human molar teeth and Olduvayan <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/400000-year-old-stone-tools-show-technological-adaptations-of-prehistoric-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lithic tools</a> at nearby sites further solidified evidence of early human presence in Orce.</p>



<p>The study, published in the journal <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S001282522400182X" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Earth Science Reviews</em></a>, highlights the importance of the Orce sites in understanding early human migration to Europe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Humans first arrived in Europe 1.3 million years ago, migrating out of Africa

A new study led by Lluís Gibert at the University...

Rover,Perseverance,On,Mars,Surface.,Exploration,Of,Red,Planet.,Martian

<p>We dream of exploring strange, new worlds and discovering new life forms -- ideally without having to do all the work ourselves. NASA's Perseverance Mars Rover is leading the way by giving us a sneak peek of what can be achieved with AI in space.</p>



<p>With the help of its onboard AI, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/perseverance-rover-samples-bunsen-peak-rock-jezero-crater-martian-lake/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Perseverance rover</a> has been engaging in a unique kind of treasure hunt on the red planet's rocky landscape. But instead of gold and jewels, it's after something arguably more valuable - minerals.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-perseverance-ai-and-martian-minerals">Perseverance, AI, and Martian minerals</h2>



<p>For almost three years, the rover has been using AI to hunt for minerals in Martian rocks, making it the first-ever Mars mission to use AI for autonomous, real-time analysis of rock composition.</p>



<p>Behind this innovative use of AI is Planetary Instrument for X-ray Lithochemistry (<a href="https://www.nasa.gov/solar-system/nasas-new-mars-rover-will-use-x-rays-to-hunt-fossils/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PIXL</a>), a spectrometer developed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (<a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JPL</a>) in Southern California.</p>



<p>According to Abigail Allwood, JPL's principal investigator for PIXL, this clever instrument uses the artificial intelligence onboard Perseverance to zero in on minerals of interest in Martian rocks, in real-time.</p>



<p>“We use PIXL’s AI to home in on key science,” Allwood explained. “Without it, you’d see a hint of something interesting in the data and then need to rescan the rock to study it more. This lets PIXL reach a conclusion without humans examining the data.”</p>



<p>Another feather in Perseverance's cap is its ability to determine when it's time to drill a core of rock and set it aside for future study back on our home planet.</p>



<p>It's all part and parcel of NASA's ambitious <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/mars-sample-return/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mars Sample Return campaign</a>, a crucial part of our efforts to understand Mars' geologic history and, potentially, its capacity to host life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advanced-sampling-and-the-power-of-ai">"Advanced sampling" and the power of AI</h2>



<p>Perseverance's AI-driven approach to mineral hunting is known as "adaptive sampling." In simple terms, this means that the rover's AI scans a rock, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lake-sediments-found-in-jezero-crater-hint-at-past-life-on-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">identifies minerals of interest</a>, and then autonomously decides where to focus its research further.</p>



<p>All this is done without needing to communicate with mission control back on Earth, saving both time and resources.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Perseverance-rover_PIXL-instrument_AI-analysis_NASA_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Perseverance-rover_PIXL-instrument_AI-analysis_NASA_1s.jpg" alt="PIXL tool on Perseverance rover uses AI to search for key science on Mars. Credit: NASA" class="wp-image-1939156"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em>PIXL tool on Perseverance rover  uses AI to search for key science on Mars. Credit: NASA</em></figcaption></figure>



<p>Peter Lawson, who spearheaded the implementation of adaptive sampling before retiring from JPL, puts it in perspective.</p>



<p>“The idea behind PIXL’s adaptive sampling is to help scientists find the needle within a haystack of data, freeing up time and energy for them to focus on other things,” explained Lawson. “Ultimately, it helps us gather the best science more quickly.”</p>



<p>Adaptive sampling aids scientists in uncovering the all-important needle in the haystack of data, allowing them to channel their attention and energy elsewhere.</p>



<p>The result? High-quality Mars science delivered at an accelerated pace.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-helps-perseverance-snap-the-perfect-photo">AI helps Perseverance snap the perfect photo</h2>



<p>AI enhances PIXL's functionality in two significant ways. Initially, it ensures precise positioning of the instrument once it is <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lake-sediments-found-in-jezero-crater-hint-at-past-life-on-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">near a rock target</a>. </p>



<p>Positioned at the end of Perseverance’s robotic arm, PIXL’s spectrometer is mounted on six minute robotic legs, known as a hexapod.</p>



<p>This intricate setup allows PIXL’s camera to continuously monitor the distance between the instrument and the rock target, facilitating precise positioning.</p>



<p>The considerable temperature fluctuations on Mars cause Perseverance’s arm to expand or contract minutely, potentially disrupting PIXL’s aim. </p>



<p>To counter this, the hexapod autonomously adjusts the instrument, enabling it to achieve proximity to the rock target without making contact.</p>



<p>“We need micrometer-scale adjustments to achieve the required accuracy,” Allwood explained. “PIXL gets close enough to the rock to make an engineer’s hair stand on end.”</p>



<p>This synergy between AI and robotics exemplifies the cutting-edge technology at the heart of our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/was-mars-past-climate-supportive-of-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mars exploration missions</a>, highlighting the precision and adaptability required to navigate and study the Red Planet's challenging environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-final-step-creating-a-mineral-map">Final Step: Creating a Mineral map</h2>



<p>Once PIXL is positioned, another advanced AI system takes center stage. PIXL meticulously scans a postage-stamp-sized section of a rock, deploying an X-ray beam thousands of times to create a grid of microscopic dots. Each dot offers a treasure trove of information about the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-vanishing-water-mystery-new-insights-curiosity-rover/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chemical composition</a> of the minerals within.</p>



<p>Understanding these minerals is pivotal for answering profound questions about Mars. For instance, scientists might search for carbonates in certain rocks, which could reveal how water once shaped them.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Perseverance-rover_PIXL-instrument_AI-analysis_mineral-map_NASA_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Perseverance-rover_PIXL-instrument_AI-analysis_mineral-map_NASA_1s.jpg" alt="Mineral map of a rock named &quot;Thunderbolt Peak&quot; created using the PIXL AI instrument on Perseverance rover. Credit: NASA" class="wp-image-1939161"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em>Mineral map of a rock named "Thunderbolt Peak" created using the PIXL AI instrument on Perseverance rover. Credit: NASA</em></figcaption></figure>



<p>Alternatively, they may seek phosphates, potential nutrient sources for ancient Martian microbes, if such life ever existed.</p>



<p>Predicting which of the hundreds of X-ray zaps will uncover specific minerals is impossible. However, when PIXL identifies particular minerals, it can autonomously halt to gather additional data—a process known as a “long dwell.” As machine learning enhances the system, the repertoire of minerals PIXL can analyze with a long dwell continues to expand.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-curiosity-rover-is-also-involved">Curiosity rover is also involved</h2>



<p>But don't think that Mars is the sole realm of AI in space; it's being put to work over 2,300 miles away by NASA's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasas-curiosity-rover-records-a-martian-day-from-dawn-to-dusk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Curiosity rover</a>.</p>



<p>From autonomous rock laser-zapping based on shape and color to self-navigation, Curiosity has been a pioneer in AI-led space exploration.</p>



<p>Its successor, Perseverance, has upped the ante with more sophisticated AI capabilities, although mission planning still remains a largely human endeavor with dozens of engineers and scientists involved in the planning process.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-and-the-future-of-space-exploration">AI and the future of space exploration</h2>



<p>With AI making leaps and bounds in its Martian field trials, David Thompson, a software developer at JPL, emphasizes that these advances are particularly important for future missions venturing deeper into the solar system.</p>



<p>“PIXL is akin to a Swiss army knife, adaptable based on what scientists are investigating at any given moment,” Thompson explained. “Mars provides an excellent testing ground for AI, as our daily communications allow us to refine and improve the system continuously.”</p>



<p>Future missions venturing deeper into the solar system will encounter prolonged communication delays compared to current Mars missions.</p>



<p>Therefore, advancing autonomy in these missions is crucial, allowing them to explore and conduct science independently for the collective benefit of humanity.</p>



<p>As communication windows dwindle for more distant missions, the importance of autonomous AI will only grow, paving the way for the next generation of smart spacecraft.</p>



<p>As we continue to push the boundaries of space exploration, it's becoming apparent that our dreams of exploring the universe might not be such a distant reality after all.</p>



<p>Thanks to the continued efforts of dedicated scientists like the team at NASA's JPL and the power of AI, we're inching closer to unveiling the mysteries of our solar system. After all, who knows what mineral treasures await in the rocks of distant worlds?</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Mars Perseverance rover now uses AI in the search for Martian life

We dream of exploring strange, new worlds and discovering new...

<p>As we continue to march towards an increasingly digitized era, the possibility of robots co-existing harmoniously with humans in various settings becomes more conceivable. </p>



<p>Today, we delve deep into fascinating research that's further pushing the boundaries of what <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/who-do-children-trust-more-robots-or-humans-scientists-found-out/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">humanoid robots</a> are capable of - incorporating dance moves into their functionality.</p>



<p>The striking work comes from a dedicated team of engineers based at the <a href="https://ucsd.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California San Diego</a>.</p>



<p>The experts have successfully trained a humanoid robot to perform a plethora of expressive movements, with a finesse that makes these complex actions appear effortlessly learned.</p>



<p>From following simple dance routines to interpreting gestures like waving, high-fives, and hugging, this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/would-you-trust-a-robot-to-look-after-your-cat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">advanced robot</a> astounds with its ability to maintain a steady gait across differing terrains.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-harmonious-co-existence">A harmonious co-existence</h2>



<p>"Through expressive and more human-like body motions, we aim to build trust and showcase the potential for robots to co-exist in harmony with humans," noted Xiaolong Wang, a professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at UC San Diego.</p>



<p>The team envisions a future where human-friendly robots could render invaluable assistance in settings like factory assembly lines, hospitals, homes, and possibly even replace human presence in hazardous environments like laboratories or disaster sites.</p>



<p>The work is set to be presented to the world at the upcoming 2024 Robotics: Science and Systems Conference in Delft, Netherlands.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expressiveness-of-the-robot">Expressiveness of the robot</h2>



<p>The remarkable expressiveness of this robot is rooted in its training regimen. Borrowing techniques from the art of dance, the humanoid's performance capability is built on the foundation of diverse human body motions. </p>



<p>Much like a highly receptive dance student, the robot quickly picks up new routines and gestures.</p>



<p>The training involved simulating upper and lower body motions separately, which allowed for the replication of complex movements, while maintaining balance and walking across different surfaces. </p>



<p>"The main goal here is to show the ability of the robot to do different things while it's walking from place to place without falling," said Professor Wang.</p>



<p>This type of coordination is possible because the robot operates under a unified policy governing its entire structure. The policy ensures the synchronization of upper body gestures with a steady gait, enabling the robot to navigate across various terrains.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advancing-towards-autonomous-robots">Advancing towards autonomous robots</h2>



<p>As of now, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/robots-cannot-outrun-animals-but-theyre-evolving-faster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">robot's movements</a> are dictated by a human operator using a game controller. However, in the near future, the team hopes to equip the robot with a camera that could enable autonomous navigation and task execution.</p>



<p>The team's current focus is fine-tuning the design to tackle more refined and intricate tasks. </p>



<p>With the objective of extending the capabilities of the upper body, the range of motions and gestures the robot can perform will certainly increase, thus steering us yet closer towards a future where robots and humans can coexist in harmony.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meaningful-social-interactions">Meaningful social interactions</h2>



<p>Another promising frontier in the development of humanoid robots is enhancing their ability to engage in meaningful social interactions with humans. </p>



<p>Using sophisticated algorithms and machine learning, experts are creating robots that analyze facial expressions, tone of voice, and body language to gauge emotions and react appropriately.</p>



<p>The intersection of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-robots-with-a-local-accent-seem-more-trustworthy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social robotics</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-can-design-and-build-walking-robots-in-seconds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">artificial intelligence</a> holds great promise for the future. As these systems become more adept at interpreting and reacting to human emotions, the potential for creating harmonious and supportive interactions between humans and machines continues to expand. </p>



<p>This progress not only enhances functionality but also fosters a deeper connection and trust between humans and their robotic counterparts.</p>



<p>As we look to the future, the collaboration between engineers, psychologists, and AI specialists will be crucial in refining these social robots. </p>



<p>By integrating emotional intelligence with physical dexterity, the next generation of humanoid robots will be equipped to navigate complex human environments with ease and sensitivity, further solidifying their role as indispensable partners in our increasingly automated world.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Dancing robots: The future of human-robot interactions

As we continue to march towards an increasingly digitized era,...

<p>Loneliness affects roughly a third of Canadians, and recent research from the <a href="https://uwaterloo.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Waterloo</a> suggests that this condition can have far more severe consequences than we may realize.</p>



<p>Loneliness is not just an emotional state, but a potent stressor that can significantly impair our memory, especially as we age.</p>



<p>The study elaborates that loneliness is a subjective emotion. It's quite possible for a person to feel isolated even when they are actively engaging in social activities. </p>



<p>Often accompanied by depression, this feeling can trigger an increase in stress hormones, which can wreak havoc on our memory capabilities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-research">Focus of the research </h2>



<p>The Waterloo team conducted a study over a six-year period to examine the impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/loneliness-and-social-isolation-increase-mortality-risks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social isolation</a> and loneliness on memory in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/loneliness-drops-in-middle-adulthood-but-then-grows-with-age/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">middle-aged</a> and older adults.</p>



<p>The research was focused on four categories of social isolation and loneliness: individuals who were both socially isolated and lonely, those who were socially isolated, those who were lonely, and individuals who were neither.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-loneliness-and-memory-impairment">Loneliness and memory impairment</h2>



<p>"As we expected, people who were both socially isolated and lonely had the greatest decline in memory, which intensified over the six years," noted study lead author Ji Won Kang, a Ph.D. candidate at Waterloo.</p>



<p>Somewhat surprisingly, the researchers found that loneliness itself had the second greatest impact on memory, a finding that challenges the popular narrative focusing on the detrimental effects of social isolation.</p>



<p>"Regarding functional impairment, the ‘neither’ group and ‘both’ group, respectively, displayed the least and the most severe functional impairment," the experts noted. </p>



<p>"Turning to memory, our regression analyses suggested that being socially isolated, lonely, or both were linked to lower memory scores relative to being neither isolated nor lonely."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-can-solitude-be-a-silver-lining">Can solitude be a silver lining?</h2>



<p>If you’re wondering how socially isolated individuals without feelings of loneliness can protect their memory, the answer may lie in engaging in solo activities that are mentally stimulating.</p>



<p>Activities such as reading, playing games, and pursuing hobbies can improve memory and stimulate the brain, thereby offsetting the negative effects of social isolation. </p>



<p>These activities not only provide mental engagement but also promote cognitive resilience, helping to maintain memory function and overall brain health as we age.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-does-the-future-hold">What does the future hold?</h2>



<p>The findings underscore the significance of community programs for older adults, especially those who are both socially isolated and lonely.</p>



<p>Kang hopes the research can be instrumental in highlighting the need for such initiatives since this group is at the highest risk of memory impairment.</p>



<p>Addressing the societal issues that contribute to isolation should be a priority. "A solution could be to implement transportation or home-visit programs - something to address the societal issues that lead to them being more isolated," said Kang.</p>



<p>As for those who are socially connected but still feel lonely, understanding the root cause of their loneliness is crucial for effective intervention and support.</p>



<p>For instance, these individuals may be grappling with personal issues, such as a failing marriage or unresolved emotional conflicts. In such cases, counseling or therapy could offer them the much-needed support to address these underlying problems. </p>



<p>By tackling the root causes, individuals can work towards alleviating their feelings of loneliness and improving their overall mental health and well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-technology-in-combating-loneliness">The role of technology in combating loneliness</h2>



<p>In today's digital age, technology can play a crucial role in mitigating the impacts of loneliness and social isolation. </p>



<p>Virtual reality (VR) experiences and online social platforms can offer meaningful connections for those who are physically isolated. </p>



<p>For <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chronic-loneliness-increases-stroke-risk-in-older-adults/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">older adults</a>, tech-savvy solutions like video calls, online communities, and social media can provide opportunities to engage with family and friends, reducing feelings of loneliness. </p>



<p>Additionally, mobile applications focused on mental health can offer resources and support for managing loneliness and its associated stress. </p>



<p>Embracing technology while ensuring ease of use can be a significant step towards addressing the loneliness epidemic.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-loneliness-a-public-health-crisis">Loneliness: A public health crisis</h2>



<p>The study sends an important message: loneliness has a tangible impact on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-reality-one-in-four-americans-with-cognitive-impairment-lives-alone/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive health</a>, affecting our memory and overall cognitive function.</p>



<p>So, the next time you feel lonely, remember that it's not just an emotion - it’s a matter of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/loneliness-is-a-global-health-issue-that-must-be-addressed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">public health</a>. </p>



<p>"Memory changes linked to aging are often viewed as a normal part of growing older, but these changes frequently signify major neurocognitive disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and Lewy body dementia," noted the researchers.</p>



<p>"Currently, over 55 million individuals globally are living with major neurocognitive disorders and this number is expected to rise to 139 million by 2050. These disorders have emerged as leading contributors to mortality and morbidity among aging populations."</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167494324001596?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics</a></em>. </p>



<p>-----</p>



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Loneliness impairs memory in older adults

Loneliness affects roughly a third of Canadians, and recent research...

<p>New research led by <a href="https://www.psu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Pennsylvania State University</a> has found that American diets may have improved in quality and diversity following the onset of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-value-nature-more-during-covid-19-pandemic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. The study revealed that during lockdowns, citizens' diet quality improved by up to 8.5% and food diversity by up to 2.6%.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-major-food-shifts-during-the-pandemic-nbsp">Major food shifts during the pandemic<strong>&nbsp;</strong></h2>



<p>“In addition to presenting a direct risk to human health and creating adverse shocks to health care systems, the global COVID-19 pandemic disrupted food acquisition and consumption in ways that had not been seen in generations,” wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>“In the U.S., starting in March 2020, the pandemic shut down almost all restaurants and cafeterias and disrupted agricultural supply chains so that retail food shoppers encountered stock-outs of some items for the first time in decades.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Since approximately 50 percent of U.S. food dollars are spent on food away from home (FAFH) options, the pandemic-induced closures and lockdowns set the stage for a major shift from FAFH establishments to supermarkets and other food retailers that remained open during the pandemic.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study authors noted that this shift may have dramatically affected the composition of food acquisitions and overall diet quality.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-american-diet-quality-during-the-pandemic">American diet quality during the pandemic </h2>



<p>“When dine-in restaurants closed, our diets got a little more diverse and a little healthier,” said co-author Edward Jaenicke, an expert in nutrition at Penn State. These findings suggest that shifts away from restaurant eating could positively impact Americans' <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urbanization-does-not-always-decrease-food-diversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food diversity</a> and healthfulness.</p>



<p>Before the pandemic, American diets were generally considered unhealthy, with only slight improvements over the years. Jaenicke's team was initially studying how people might feed themselves after a global catastrophe, but the pandemic presented a real-world scenario to study these impacts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-research-nbsp">Focus of the research<strong>&nbsp;</strong></h2>



<p>For the study, the researchers analyzed data from over 41,570 households in the <a href="https://nielseniq.com/global/en/solutions/homescan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NielsenIQ Homescan Consumer Panel</a>, comparing grocery purchases before and after the pandemic-induced closures. </p>



<p>The team designated each household's post-pandemic period as the weeks following their county’s school closures in 2020, allowing them to establish a causal effect of the pandemic on food purchases.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increased-food-diversity-and-diet-quality">Increased food diversity and diet quality</h2>



<p>The study found modest increases in food diversity and significant improvements in diet quality during the months following school closures. These patterns were observed across various demographics, although households with young children, lower incomes, and without a car showed smaller increases.</p>



<p>According to the experts, several factors could account for these findings. The closure of restaurants, typically sources of less healthy food, might have led to healthier eating at home.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Additionally, the pandemic may have heightened health consciousness among consumers, leading them to buy healthier and more diverse groceries.&nbsp;</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-crisis-global-supply-chains-face-25-trillion-in-losses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Supply chain</a> disruptions might have prompted consumers to try new, diverse products. Moreover, school and business closures likely gave households more time to cook and prepare meals.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-food-purchasing-behavior-in-the-u-s">Food purchasing behavior in the U.S.</h2>



<p>“Like prior research, our results confirm that the COVID-19 pandemic dramatically affected the food-purchasing behavior of U.S. households," wrote the study authors. </p>



<p>"However, unlike other studies, we find modest temporary increases in food diversity (of up to 2.6 percent compared to the prior year) as measured by the <em>Berry Index</em> and larger temporary increases in diet quality (of up to 8.5 percent) as measured by the <em>USDAScore</em>."</p>



<p>“To put these results in context, no study that we know of investigates pandemic-induced changes in food diversity and very few studies investigate diet quality changes in the U.S. market.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-natural-disasters-and-brand-switching-nbsp">Natural disasters and brand switching&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Jaenicke suggested that future studies could further explore how different <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-risk-natural-disasters-doubled/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">disasters</a> affect purchasing and eating habits, providing valuable insights for improving diet and health outcomes.</p>



<p>“It is known that the pandemic caused some stock outs at grocery stores and supermarkets, and it is likely that food-at-home consumers shifted to new foods that led to increased diversity and healthfulness,” noted the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Related research on natural disasters finds that hurricanes in the U.S. cause substantial brand switching in the bottled water category, presumably because their usual brand was not available. It is likely that during the COVID-19 pandemic, unavailable product categories may have caused similar switching behaviors, but on a broader scale.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Our results suggest that at least some of this switching and experimentation with new foods contributed to increases in diversity and healthier food choices that did not completely dissipate by the end of the study period.”</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300839" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>PLoS ONE</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Diet quality briefly improved during the pandemic

New research led by Pennsylvania State University has found that...

<p>A recent study has shed light on how certain <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-regulate-nitrogen-use/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a> evolved the ability to produce their own nitrogen through symbiotic relationships with bacteria. This discovery is crucial for efforts to develop crops that can fix nitrogen, reducing reliance on fertilizers. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-multiple-genetic-pathways-nbsp">Multiple genetic pathways<strong>&nbsp;</strong></h2>



<p>According to lead author Heather Rose Kates, who conducted the research while at the <a href="https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Florida Museum of Natural History</a>, this understanding could enhance crop improvement by considering multiple genetic pathways rather than focusing on a single model species.</p>



<p>“Breeding and crop improvement efforts often focus on a single model species, which can overlook the evolutionary context of traits,” she said. Instead of focusing solely on one method, this study indicates multiple genetic approaches could be effective.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Only looking at what you could think of as one version of the trait could limit the effectiveness of engineering that trait in other plants.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nitrogen-fixing-microbes">Nitrogen-fixing microbes</h2>



<p>Nitrogen, essential for all life on Earth, is challenging to obtain due to stiff competition in natural environments despite its abundance in the atmosphere. </p>



<p>Up to 78% of the air we breathe consists of nitrogen, but in a molecular form that most living organisms cannot use directly. Diazotrophs are the only microbes capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen.</p>



<p>About 17,000 plant species form mutualistic relationships with diazotrophs. These microbes infect plant roots, prompting the formation of knob-like structures called nodules. Within these nodules, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-and-imprint-new-era-dna-transformation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacteria</a> receive sugar from the plant and, in return, provide usable nitrogen.</p>



<p>This mutualistic relationship is primarily found in a group of closely related plants called the nitrogen-fixing clade, though even within this group, the trait is inconsistently present.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forming-root-nodules-nbsp">Forming root nodules<strong>&nbsp;</strong></h2>



<p>Most nitrogen-fixing plants are legumes, such as soybeans, peanuts, and clover. Non-legume nitrogen-fixers include species from the birch family, rose family, and some gourd relatives.</p>



<p>Creating nodules is genetically complex, leading researchers to theorize it evolved once in this plant group. This suggests a single genetic switch might enable nodulation in species that currently lack this trait, including many agricultural <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nitrogen-pollution-from-food-production-could-be-halved/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crops</a>. </p>



<p>“When a trait involves a lot of genes and also has a high cost to the plant in terms of energy, which we know forming root nodules does, we expect there to be a strong selective pressure against evolving that trait. So, in that context, a single origin hypothesis makes sense,” Kates explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nodulating-plants-and-their-relatives">Nodulating plants and their relatives</h2>



<p>The scientists tested this hypothesis by reconstructing the evolutionary history of nodulating plants and their relatives using genetic data from nearly 15,000 species. They created the largest tree of life for this group. The sheer volume of data required them to develop new organizational methods.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“We had basically two years to assemble 15,000 tissue samples from the nitrogen-fixing clade, sequence them and build a tree,” said co-author Robert Guralnick, curator of biodiversity informatics at the Florida Museum.</p>



<p>Many specimens were old and had degraded DNA, but the team’s extraction and sequencing methods addressed these issues. “We were quite surprised about the generally high quality and quantity of recovery and usable genetic data from our samples,” noted Guralnick.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-of-nitrogen-fixation">Evolution of nitrogen fixation</h2>



<p>The results suggest nodulation evolved in two steps. First, the ancestor of the group developed a basic genetic toolkit for producing nodules, passing it on to descendants.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, additional genetic instructions were needed to activate nodulation, which evolved independently at least 16 times. Some species also lost the ability to nodulate on 10 separate occasions.</p>



<p>The findings indicate nodulation isn’t controlled by a single genetic switch but by a complex circuit breaker requiring multiple switches. The researchers identified and sequenced many genes involved in nodulation, and future research will focus on their functions and traits.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetics-of-nitrogen-fixation">Genetics of nitrogen fixation</h2>



<p>“The overall goal is to use what we learned from these evolutionary studies to help us understand the underlying genetics and processes involved in nitrogen fixing symbiosis, and then use that information for engineering,” said co-author Pam Soltis, a curator at the Florida Museum.</p>



<p>Most commercial <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/boosting-crop-colors-with-gene-editing-can-improve-weed-control/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crops</a>, like wheat and rice, cannot form nodules and rely on nitrogen fertilizers. Many bioengineering studies focus on legumes, but co-author Doug Soltis suggests this might not be the best approach. </p>



<p>“Our phylogenetic tree suggests you might want to look at other models. Nitrogen fixation might have evolved differently in legumes than it did in the rose family or birch family, so there may be different roadmaps,” he concluded.</p>



<p>The study was published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-48036-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

How do plants produce their own nitrogen fertilizer?

A recent study has shed light on how certain plants...

<p>In the 75 years since the 1950s, the global population has surged from about 2.5 billion to 8.2 billion. The<a href="https://population.un.org/wpp/Publications/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> UN's World Population Prospects 2024 report</a> projects an increase of over two billion people in the next decade, but predicts this rapid growth will taper off by the mid-2080s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-population-will-peak-this-century">Global population will peak this century</h2>



<p>By 2024, 63 countries, including China and Germany, will have peaked in population, with 126 more expected to peak by the century's second half.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“This is a major change compared to the United Nations projections from a decade earlier,” said John Wilmoth of the <a href="https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/content/population-division" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UN Population Division.</a>&nbsp;</p>



<p>The current report estimates an 80% chance of the global population peaking before 2100, a significant jump from the 30% chance predicted a decade ago.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-declining-fertility-rates-nbsp">Declining fertility rates<strong>&nbsp;</strong></h2>



<p>Falling <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-fertility-rates-are-quickly-declining-and-little-is-being-done-about-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fertility rates</a>, particularly in populous countries like China, drive this revised prediction. China's population, once the world's largest, is projected to drop from 1.4 billion today to 633 million by 2100.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Globally, fertility rates are declining below the replacement rate of 2.1 children per woman, with women having one fewer child on average compared to 1990.</p>



<p>In regions where fertility rates have dropped, immigration may become the primary source of population growth.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“In some countries, the birth rate is now even lower than previously anticipated, and we are also seeing slightly faster declines in some high-fertility regions,” said UN Under-Secretary-General Li Junhua.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-population-growth-varies-by-country">Population growth varies by country</h2>



<p>Countries predicted to have already passed their peak will see populations decline by 14% over the next 30 years. The UK's population is expected to peak around 2072 at 76 million, up from 69 million in 2024, then slightly decline to 74.3 million by 2100.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The US and 126 other countries, including India, Nigeria, and Pakistan, will continue growing until the second half of the century, with nine countries, including Angola and Nigeria, expected to double their populations between 2024 and 2054 before peaking.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rapid-growth-rates-in-poor-countries">Rapid growth rates in poor countries</h2>



<p>Kathleen Mogelgaard of the <a href="https://www.populationinstitute.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Population Institute</a> highlighted the growing demographic divide, noting that over 100 countries and territories will soon peak, while many poorer nations will continue growing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Rapid population growth in low-income countries could exacerbate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/satellite-imagery-used-to-map-global-poverty/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">poverty</a> and hunger, while aging populations in wealthier countries may lead to social care challenges and a shrinking workforce.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-slower-population-growth-and-the-environment-nbsp">Slower population growth and the environment<strong>&nbsp;</strong></h2>



<p>By 2080, the UN predicts people over 65 will outnumber those under 18. However, UN Under-Secretary Li Junhua sees a shrinking global population as potentially beneficial, reducing environmental pressures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“However, slower <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-population-exploded-animation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">population growth</a> will not eliminate the need to reduce the average impact attributable to the activities of each individual person,” he added.</p>



<p>Looking ahead, India will remain the most populous country, followed by China, albeit with a smaller population.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The US will drop to sixth place, replaced by Pakistan, Nigeria, Congo, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Tanzania, and Bangladesh in the top ten by 2100. Brazil, currently seventh, will fall to 12th place.&nbsp;</p>



<p>John Wilmoth emphasizes that the world's future depends on our behaviors and choices. “What really matters is our behaviors and the choices we make,” he concluded.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Global population will peak at 10.3 billion by 2085

In the 75 years since the 1950s, the global population...

<p>Have you ever pondered over the behind-the-scenes forces that scrutinize the vibrant array of plant life surrounding us? Or questioned the tangible, yet mysterious, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-power-plants-impact-climate-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">transformation of our nature</a> over the centuries? Researchers from the renowned <a href="https://www.york.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of York</a> have revealed the impact of humans on biodiversity. </p>



<p>Our lead researcher in this tale of time-hopping exploration is Jonathan Gordon, a postdoctoral fellow at the <a href="https://www.york.ac.uk/anthropocene-biodiversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Leverhulme Centre for Anthropocene Biodiversity</a> of the University of York. </p>



<p>Gordon, alongside experts from the Department of Archaeology and the Department of Mathematics, has embarked on an expedition through time with a unique instrument - pollen.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-power-of-pollen">Power of pollen</h2>



<p>The team employed global pollen datasets to investigate the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-some-plants-genus-spread-farther-grow-faster-than-others/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">variety of plant communities</a> as far back as 12,000 years ago, heralding the Holocene era. </p>



<p>Ever since the dawn of the Holocene until the onset of the Industrial Revolution, these pollen records show an intriguing pattern - the pace of plant community changes, and the variety of plants within those communities, amplified with increased <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/evidence-of-ancient-plant-farming-found-in-east-africa/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human land use</a>. </p>



<p>Humans have been a crucial driver of vegetation change, sometimes even positively affecting biodiversity.</p>



<p>However, these changes varied dramatically based on geography. As humans began to shape the land, plant communities flourished with diversity across most of the northern hemisphere. </p>



<p>But the story unfolded differently in Africa, South America and select parts of North America. Here, increased human land use corresponded to a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-pandemic-looms-as-pathogens-move-from-wild-plants-to-crops/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">decline in plant diversity</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shining-a-light-on-tradition">Shining a light on tradition</h2>



<p>Gordon explains that over long evolutionary time spans, humans have often had surprising positive effects on local and regional plant biodiversity. </p>



<p>The study suggests that traditional farming and forestry practices, interacting with region-specific plant communities, augmented diversity in many Northern Hemisphere locations where forests made room for pastures, crops, and settlements. The clearing resulted in diverse habitats, providing a haven for light-loving plants.</p>



<p>Interestingly, our interactions with the environment have led to such increased diversity, questioning the usual notion of human activity solely being a threat to nature. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beliefs-involving-humans-and-biodiversity">Beliefs involving humans and biodiversity</h2>



<p>“The common assumption when tackling biodiversity issues is that human influence needs to be removed in order for the environment to thrive as nature intended it to," expressed Professor Chris Thomas.</p>



<p>“In many places biodiversity thrives because of many thousands of years of human activities, and in others it can suffer, and so it is important to know the differences in order to develop appropriate conservation policies.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>“In a European context, for example, this work suggests that low-intensity, traditional farming methods practised over multiple millennia resulted in elevated biodiversity levels."</p>



<p>"Encouraging traditional methods and reintroducing them in locations where they have now been abandoned, could be part of future conservation strategies that seek to include, rather than reject out of hand, humans from diverse ecological systems."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-from-the-past">Lessons from the past</h2>



<p>While the historical data primarily sheds light on the benefits of traditional farming practices, it also prompts a reflection on how modern agriculture could impact biodiversity. </p>



<p>The intensification of farming since the Industrial Revolution has often resulted in monocultures and habitat destruction, contrasting sharply with the diverse and rich landscapes shaped by ancient agricultural methods. </p>



<p>By studying these past interactions, researchers hope to derive valuable lessons that could inform more sustainable and biodiversity-friendly agricultural practices today.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-activities-and-biodiversity">Human activities and biodiversity</h2>



<p>Despite the wealth of information gleaned from the pollen datasets, there remain many uncharted territories in understanding the long-term impacts of human activities on biodiversity. </p>



<p>Tropical regions like Amazonia and Central Africa, as well as large parts of Asia, remain less studied. These regions, with their unique ecosystems and histories of human interaction, may hold further insights into the complex relationship between humans and biodiversity. </p>



<p>Future research aims to map out these territories, offering a more global perspective on how human activity has shaped plant communities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vision-for-the-future">Vision for the future</h2>



<p>Looking ahead, the study underscores the importance of integrating traditional practices with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-sleap-creating-new-plants-that-help-fight-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modern conservation efforts</a>. By recognizing the beneficial impacts of human history on certain plant communities, we can develop frameworks that support both biodiversity and agricultural productivity. </p>



<p>This approach advocates for a balanced coexistence, where human ingenuity and natural diversity enhance one another. </p>



<p>Gordon and his team envision a future where policies and land management strategies draw from historical precedents to foster environments rich in both species and cultural heritage, ensuring that the tapestry of biodiversity continues to thrive for generations to come.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-biodiversity-and-human-impact">Future of biodiversity and human impact</h2>



<p>Should we exclude humans to preserve the environment? Or, could we learn from our ancestors' low-impact land use methods to help encourage biodiversity?</p>



<p>This study prompts us to rethink our approach towards environmental conservation. It challenges the common assumption that the environment thrives best devoid of human influence. </p>



<p>The research emphasizes the need for a more varied approach to increasing global biodiversity, directing us to consider the human-Earth relationship from a wider historical lens.</p>



<p>"So, who are we in the grand scheme of our planet?" you might wonder. Well, according to this research, we are both the orchestrators and the audience in the symphony of biodiversity. And perhaps, it's time we learned to play our part a little better.</p>



<p>The research is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-024-02457-x.epdf?sharing_token=2e0h7VXPrBXTr3106aC0ltRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0N02vzOuXnwe-CAj99STr-v8jOZ1W86BhNXl0j4oenq2q_JvRXpj-RVfxqhdv3kOaaeZGe7L99a0UnP7rIWJFOUAhoFUV90B2sPtYeey0SaX1Zrk_qy3fqetiO9OKLjLkQ%3D" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em><u>Nature Ecology and Evolution</u></em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Humans have shaped plant biodiversity for thousands of years

Have you ever pondered over the behind-the-scenes forces that scrutinize...

<p>Biologists Zackary Graham from <a href="https://westliberty.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">West Liberty University</a> and Dylan Padilla Perez from <a href="https://www.asu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arizona State University</a> have discovered evidence in crayfish which challenges the notion that bright coloration always serves an adaptive function.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In their study, published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2024.0632" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</em></a>, the researchers examined the coloring and attributes of hundreds of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/invasive-crayfish-cannot-be-controlled-through-trapping/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crayfish</a> species to understand why these bottom-dwelling creatures exhibit vibrant colors.</p>



<p>Evolutionary theory suggests that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-live-long-genetic-mutations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genetic mutations</a> providing some advantage are preserved through generations, while non-beneficial traits requiring resources are phased out.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, the team aimed to understand what happens when a genetic mutation requires no resources to maintain but does not provide any apparent advantage.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-fascination-of-bright-coloration">The fascination of bright coloration</h2>



<p>“Conspicuous colors have fascinated biologists for centuries, leading to research on the evolution and functional significance of color traits,” wrote the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“In many cases, research suggests that conspicuous colors are adaptive and serve a function in sexual or aposematic signaling.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>“In other cases, a lack of evidence for the adaptive value of conspicuous colors garners interest from biologists, such as when organisms that live underground and are rarely exposed to the surface are nevertheless colorful.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bright-coloration-of-crayfish">Bright coloration of crayfish</h2>



<p>Crayfish, with over 300 species in North America alone, provided an ideal subject for this study. These freshwater crustaceans, which resemble small lobsters, inhabit muddy river and stream bottoms, mostly emerging at night.</p>



<p>Despite their murky habitats, some crayfish species display vibrant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-did-bright-colors-evolve-in-the-animal-kingdom/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">colors</a>. Typically, bright coloring in animals serves to deter predators or attract mates, but crayfish do not seem to use their colors for either purpose.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Graham and Padilla Perez investigated the crayfish phylogenetic tree and compared coloring among species.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conspicuous-and-cryptic-colors">Conspicuous and cryptic colors</h2>



<p>“Here, we define conspicuous colors as colors that from humans' color perception stand out from a background and are unlikely to appear in natural backgrounds, such as reds, oranges, and yellows,” noted the researchers.</p>



<p>“By contrast, cryptic colors are colors that are less likely to stand out in natural backgrounds, such as browns, tans, greys and blacks. We acknowledge that conspicuous versus cryptic is relative and depends on the background, the light environment and the sensory system of receivers, among other factors.”</p>



<p>“But, despite these varying circumstances, the functional significance of conspicuous colors has been the focus of more than two centuries of evolutionary thought, with both Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace using natural selection to explore and explain the utility of puzzlingly conspicuous colors such as the peacock’s plumage or the contrasting color patterns of elapid snakes.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-some-crayfish-lost-their-coloration">Some crayfish lost their coloration </h2>



<p>The experts discovered that bright coloration had independently evolved in over 50 crayfish species.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Additionally, they noted a correlation between bright coloring and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/burrowing-animals-increase-the-risk-of-levee-failure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">burrowing</a> behavior, suggesting that many species evolved tan coloring to blend into their environment. They observed that brightly colored crayfish lost their vivid hues as they adapted to more aquatic behaviors.</p>



<p>“The intuitive but not evolutionarily justified assumption when presented with these results is to assume that these colors are adaptive. But contrary to this intuition, we discuss the hypothesis that coloration in crayfish is neutral,” said the researchers.</p>



<p>“Supporting these ideas, the small population sizes and reduced gene flow within semi-terrestrial burrowing crayfishes may lead to the fixation of color-phenotype mutations. Overall, our work brings into question the traditional view of animal coloration as a perfectly adapted phenotype.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-neutral-theory-of-color-evolution-nbsp">Neutral theory of color evolution<strong>&nbsp;</strong></h2>



<p>The study authors noted that the theory that phenotypic traits such as coloration can evolve and persist as neutrally selected traits is not a novel idea, but finding natural systems to test such hypotheses is difficult.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Across animals, the overly adaptationist point of view that all coloration may be perfectly adapted or fit for the needs of the animal is not always expected.”</p>



<p>“To progress our understanding of the neutral theory of color evolution, proximate mechanisms must be explored. Specifically, the genetic architecture of color is widely studied, but surprisingly little research has begun on this topic within decapod crustaceans.”</p>



<p>“Crayfishes may serve as an ideal taxa for such genetic investigations, especially based on the knowledge that the genetic control of at least some color phenotypes is relatively simple.”</p>



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Bright coloration in crayfish does not serve an evolutionary purpose

Biologists Zackary Graham from West Liberty University and Dylan Padilla...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



<p>Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



<p>The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.</p>



<p>The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



<p>This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.</p>



<p>The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.</p>



<p>The full study was recently published in <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



<p>Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



<p>A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.</p>



<p>Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.</p>



<p>Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents".  In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively.   MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.</p>



<p>MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization.  The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



<p>Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.</p>



<p>Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



<p>The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.</p>



<p>A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



<p>Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.</p>



<p>This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



<p>The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.</p>



<p>PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



<p>AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.</p>



<p>In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



<p>The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.</p>



<p>As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.</p>



<p>The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.</p>



<p>For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.</p>



<p>The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.</p>



<p id="block-9bd989d6-2fd3-4580-957f-6cacce134f08">-----</p>



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<p id="block-1f9a227a-ec37-4140-81b8-ffa4a7cc6689">-----</p>



<p>MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a></p>



<p>Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a></p>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



<p>The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



<p>Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.</p>



<p>The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



<p>The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



<p>While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



<p>As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVywlgRJXsc
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Some children read facial expressions when making food choices.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-other-people-s-reactions-influence-children-s-eating-habits">Other people's reactions influence children's eating habits</h2>



<p>Many children are finicky eaters, but research explains how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-learned-why-so-many-kids-dislike-vegetables/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">watching others eat and social modeling</a> influence the eating habits of children.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Study Methodology Demonstrates Social Learning Impact</h2>



<p>Researchers at <a href="https://www.aston.ac.uk/hls/school-of-psychology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aston University School of Psychology</a> have published findings in Frontiers in Psychology that illuminate the neurobiological foundations of food preference development through observational learning. The investigation employed controlled video stimuli featuring adults consuming raw broccoli while displaying systematically varied facial expressions to measure participant responses.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Asymmetrical Response Patterns Identified</h2>



<p>The research, conducted with 204 female participants, revealed a pronounced asymmetry in social modeling effects. Negative facial expressions during vegetable consumption significantly diminished observer food preference ratings, while positive expressions failed to produce corresponding increases in vegetable appeal. This finding challenges conventional assumptions about the bidirectional nature of social influence in dietary behavior formation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Evolutionary Psychology Framework Applied</h2>



<p>Dr. Katie Edwards and her research team propose that these results reflect adaptive mechanisms developed through evolutionary processes. The heightened sensitivity to disgust expressions likely functions as a protective system, enabling individuals to identify potentially harmful foods through social cues without direct risk exposure.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Clinical and Educational Implications</h2>



<p>These findings carry substantial implications for pediatric nutrition interventions and family meal dynamics. The research suggests that parental expressions of distaste during vegetable consumption may inadvertently reinforce children's existing food aversions through unconscious social transmission pathways.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Future Research Directions</h2>



<p>The study establishes a foundation for expanded investigation into real-time social modeling effects and cross-demographic applicability. Researchers emphasize the necessity for longitudinal studies examining actual consumption behaviors rather than preference ratings alone, particularly within family contexts where social learning occurs most frequently.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p></p>

Social modeling affects our food choices

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVywlgRJXsc Some children read facial expressions when making food choices....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JynHpMaNO8A
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Chaotic cancer protein finally controlled after decades of mystery</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cancer-causing-protein-bound-and-blocked">Cancer-causing protein bound and blocked</h2>



<p>In a discovery that can one day revolutionize cancer treatment, researchers at the <a href="https://www.ucr.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Riverside</a> have successfully developed a means of controlling MYC, a notoriously slippery protein that causes approximately <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chaotic-protein-that-fuels-75-of-cancers-can-be-controlled/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">75% of all cancers in humans</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-makes-myc-different">What makes MYC different</h2>



<p>MYC presents a unique challenge when studying cancer. Normally, this protein plays a vital role in healthy cells. It carefully controls transcription - the process that converts genetic information from DNA and RNA into proteins.</p>



<p>However, cancer changes everything. In cancer cells, MYC becomes a destructive force. It operates in overdrive mode with no regulation whatsoever.</p>



<p>Professor Min Xue, who led the research team, explains it simply: "MYC is less like food for cancer cells and more like a steroid. It drives cancer's aggressive growth." This superactive behavior makes MYC involved in three out of every four cancer cases.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-myc-is-hard-to-target">Why MYC is hard to target</h2>



<p>Despite its clear role in cancer, targeting MYC has been one of medicine's biggest challenges. The main problem lies in MYC's unusual structure - or rather, its complete lack of structure.</p>



<p>Professor Xue describes the protein as "basically a glob of randomness." This means conventional drug discovery methods don't work. These traditional approaches rely on sharply defined protein structures. MYC simply doesn't have one.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">A New Approach to Fighting MYC</h2>



<p>The UCR research team developed a clever solution. They designed a special peptide molecule that could selectively bind to MYC. More importantly, this peptide could block MYC's destructive activity.</p>



<p>The key was fine-tuning two specific features: the peptide's stiffness and its shape. Through careful adjustments, researchers achieved something remarkable. They reached "sub-micro-molar affinity" - meaning their peptide binds as strongly as antibodies do.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-results">Breakthrough results</h2>



<p>This accomplishment represents a major leap beyond previous attempts. The researchers enhanced their peptide's binding strength by two orders of magnitude. This dramatic improvement brings the work significantly closer to practical drug development goals.</p>



<p>The research opens new possibilities for treating the vast majority of cancers where MYC plays a destructive role.</p>



<p>The researchers are presently optimizing peptide-delivery systems based on lipid nanoparticles that deliver the peptide effectively into cancer cells. The<a href="https://www.nih.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> National Institutes of Health</a> and the <a href="https://www.defense.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Department of Defense</a> funded the study, which appeared in the Journal of the <a href="https://www.acs.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Chemical Society</a>.<br>This research offers renewed hope against cancer, and it can potentially open a door to more effective cancer therapies for most cancer patients worldwide.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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The protein that fuels 3 out of 4 cancers has been controlled

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JynHpMaNO8A Chaotic cancer protein finally controlled after decades of mystery...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



<p>On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.</p>



<p>This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.</p>



<p>Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.</p>



<p>The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators.  Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas.  These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.</p>



<p>Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



<p>Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.</p>



<p>Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



<p>385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.</p>



<p>The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.</p>



<p>Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



<p>The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."</p>



<p>This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a></em> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.</p>



<p>Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet <em>Archaeopteris</em>: the first modern tree</h2>



<p>The star of this ancient forest is <em>Archaeopteris</em> – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur <em>Archaeopteryx</em>. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.</p>



<p>William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.</p>



<p>Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



<p>These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.</p>



<p>This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



<p>The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified <em>Eospermatopteris</em>, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.</p>



<p>All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



<p>Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.</p>



<p>Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."</p>



<p>The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



<p>In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.</p>



<p>Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



<p>Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.</p>



<p>Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.</p>



<p>These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.</p>



<p>The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em>Current Biology</em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Veg4HmmRVZY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Our bodies hits two 'aging cliffs' at these ages.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-map-exact-ages-when-your-body-rapidly-ages">Scientists Map Exact Ages When Your Body Rapidly Ages</h2>



<p>Scientists have <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-bodies-begin-breaking-down-two-very-precise-ages/#google_vignette">discovered that aging</a> isn't the gradual, steady process many assume it to be. Instead, researchers from Stanford Medicine have found that our bodies undergo dramatic molecular changes at two specific ages: 44 and 60. This research, published in Nature Aging, reveals that aging happens in sudden bursts rather than smooth transitions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-waves-of-rapid-aging">Two waves of rapid aging</h2>



<p>The Stanford study tracked over 135,000 different molecules and microbes in 108 participants aged 25 to 75 over several years. Results showed that 81% of all molecules studied exhibited non-linear changes, meaning they shifted dramatically at certain ages rather than changing gradually over time.</p>



<p>Michael Snyder, chair of genetics at Stanford School of Medicine and the study's senior author, noted significant findings. "We're not just changing gradually over time; there are some really dramatic changes. It turns out the mid-40s is a time of dramatic change, as is the early 60s. And that's true no matter what class of molecules you look at."</p>



<p>The first wave of changes occurs around age 44, affecting molecules related to alcohol metabolism, caffeine processing, lipid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/age-related-changes-in-metabolism-dont-match-our-expectations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">metabolism</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heart-disease-remains-the-leading-cause-of-death-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular disease</a>, and skin and muscle function. The second wave hits around age 60, involving changes in carbohydrate metabolism, immune regulation, kidney function, and again cardiovascular and muscle health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-during-these-aging-bursts">What happens during these aging bursts</h2>



<p>During the mid-40s transformation, researchers observed significant changes in how the body processes alcohol and fats. This period often coincides with increased stress levels in many people's lives, potentially contributing to lifestyle factors that accelerate these molecular shifts.</p>



<p>"It's possible some of these changes could be tied to lifestyle or behavioral factors that cluster at these age groups, rather than being driven by biological factors," Snyder explained. For instance, alcohol metabolism dysfunction might result from increased consumption during the typically stressful mid-40s period.</p>



<p>The changes at age 60 are perhaps less surprising, as this is when many age-related diseases begin to manifest more prominently. The molecular shifts affect immune function and kidney health, both critical for maintaining overall wellness as we enter our senior years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-latest-research-confirms-aging-patterns">Latest research confirms aging patterns</h2>



<p>Recent 2025 studies have validated these findings. Research examining tissue samples from 76 people found similar aging patterns, noting an "inflection point" between ages 45 and 55.</p>



<p>Scientists discovered that blood vessels, particularly the aorta, age fastest among all body tissues. This vascular aging may drive aging in other body parts, highlighting cardiovascular health's central role in the aging process.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cellular-changes-and-microbiome-shifts">Cellular changes and microbiome shifts</h2>



<p>The Stanford research revealed that these aging bursts affect our microbiome – the trillions of bacteria, viruses, and fungi living in and on our bodies. These microbial communities undergo substantial shifts during both aging periods, potentially affecting everything from digestion to immune function.</p>



<p>Additionally, researchers found that protein production and gene expression begin to fall out of sync as we age. This breakdown in cellular communication becomes especially pronounced during the two aging waves, contributing to the accumulation of damaged proteins associated with diseases such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alzheimers-may-not-be-brain-disorder-important-data-was-fabricated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer's</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-implications-and-longevity-considerations">Health implications and longevity considerations</h2>



<p>Understanding these aging patterns has important implications for healthcare strategies. Research suggests that people should pay particular attention to their health during their 40s and 60s, when these dramatic molecular changes occur.</p>



<p>Snyder emphasized the importance of proactive health measures. "I'm a big believer that we should try to adjust our lifestyles while we're still healthy," he noted. This might include increasing exercise to protect heart health and maintain muscle mass, or reducing alcohol consumption in the 40s as the body's ability to metabolize it declines.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-approaches-to-anti-aging-treatment">New approaches to anti-aging treatment</h2>



<p>Aging research has seen notable advances in 2025. Harvard Medical School scientists developed chemical cocktails that reverse cellular aging without genetic modification. These six combinations restored aged cells to youthfulness in under a week, offering safer alternatives to gene therapy.</p>



<p>Researchers identified new biomarkers like "InflammAge," a saliva-based test measuring chronic inflammation associated with aging. This non-invasive approach could change how we monitor aging and intervention.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions-in-aging-research">Future directions in aging research</h2>



<p>Emerging technologies including artificial intelligence, cellular reprogramming, and senolytic therapies, are opening new possibilities for extending healthspan. Companies develop treatments targeting aging's fundamental mechanisms rather than just managing age-related diseases.</p>



<p>The Stanford findings provide a roadmap for implementing preventive measures. Rather than waiting for symptoms, people can prepare for and potentially mitigate these predictable aging waves.</p>



<p>As aging understanding evolves, one thing becomes clear: aging isn't inevitable decline, but specific biological events we may learn to prevent or reverse. The key is recognizing when these transitions occur and taking proactive health steps during vulnerable periods.</p>



<p>The study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/nataging" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Aging</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Scientists discover we age in bursts

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Veg4HmmRVZY Our bodies hits two 'aging cliffs' at these ages....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlF0XKzHY4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The hidden science behind tickling.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-discover-the-brain-s-tickling-command-center">Scientists discover the brain's 'tickling command center'</h2>



<p>Researchers have finally solved one of humanity's most enduring mysteries: why we can't <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/after-centuries-of-debate-we-still-dont-know-how-tickling-works/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tickle</a> ourselves and what makes some people incredibly ticklish while others barely react? Recent scientific discoveries are revolutionizing our understanding of this peculiar human behavior.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-discovery-in-the-brain">Breakthrough discovery in the brain</h2>



<p>In 2023, Dr. Michael Brecht's team at <a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humboldt University</a>-<a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Berlin</a> made a major discovery published in the <a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(22)01991-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">journal <em>Neuron</em></a>. They identified the brain's actual "tickling command center" – specific neurons in a region called the periaqueductal gray that control both tickling responses and play behavior.</p>



<p>When researchers used cutting-edge optogenetic technology to shut down these neurons in laboratory rats, something remarkable happened. The animals completely lost their ability to be tickled or engage in playful behavior.</p>



<p>"We found that global blockade of the rat periaqueductal gray with either muscimol or lidocaine interfered with ticklishness and play," the research team reported in their study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-types-of-tickling-revealed">Two types of tickling revealed</h2>



<p>What we call "tickling" is two completely different phenomena, according to the latest research. Light tickling – that feathery sensation that makes you want to scratch – is essentially your body's sophisticated bug detection system. This alerts you to potential insects or parasites on your skin.</p>



<p>Deep tickling – the kind that makes you laugh uncontrollably – involves complex brain circuits and is fundamentally social. You literally cannot tickle yourself with this type of stimulation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-self-tickling-is-impossible">Why self-tickling is impossible</h2>



<p>Your cerebellum acts like a prediction machine, recent findings show. When you move your own hand to touch yourself, your brain generates precise predictions about what you will feel and then cancels out the tickling sensation through neural inhibition.</p>



<p>When someone else tickles you, your brain can't predict their movements, so the full tickling response activates. It's like your brain's way of distinguishing between self and others.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-individual-differences-explained">Individual differences explained</h2>



<p>Individual differences in ticklishness depend on genetics, psychology, and even trust. Dr. Xinzhong Dong at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Johns Hopkins University</a> notes that people with denser nerve endings tend to be more sensitive.</p>



<p>Psychological factors matter just as much. You respond more strongly when tickled by people you trust, and anxiety completely shuts down tickling responses. This explains why the same physical stimulus can produce completely different reactions depending on who's doing the tickling.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-controlling-your-ticklishness">Controlling your ticklishness</h2>



<p>Science offers answers for controlling your ticklishness. You can reduce tickling sensitivity through systematic desensitization – gradual exposure in controlled settings.</p>



<p>Dr. Konstantina Kilteni's 2025 research, published in <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adt0350" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em>, reveals another technique: place your hand on the tickler's hand. This allows your brain to partially predict the sensations, reducing the tickling response by up to 90 percent.</p>



<p>"Your brain is essentially learning to override its own reflexes," Kilteni explained in her review of tickling research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-purpose-discovered">Evolutionary purpose discovered</h2>



<p>From an evolutionary perspective, tickling serves vital functions according to <a href="https://www.umd.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Maryland</a> researcher Dr. Robert Provine's extensive studies. It trains our defense reflexes for vulnerable body areas and facilitates social bonding between family members.</p>



<p>Tickling-induced laughter is actually one of the first forms of communication between infants and caregivers. "Tickle involves a neurological self/nonself discrimination, providing the most primitive social scenario," Provine noted in his research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clinical-applications-emerge">Clinical applications emerge</h2>



<p>Research shows people with autism spectrum disorder perceive touches as more ticklish than people without the condition. Investigating this difference could provide insight into brain differences and help advance autism research.</p>



<p>People with schizophrenia tend to experience self-touches similarly to external tickles, allowing them to essentially tickle themselves. This suggests altered sensory prediction mechanisms in the condition.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animal-research-reveals-universal-nature">Animal research reveals universal nature</h2>



<p>Scientists have discovered that many species beyond humans are ticklish. Rats emit ultrasonic "laughs" when tickled, while chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans all respond to tickling stimulation.</p>



<p>This widespread occurrence across species suggests that tickling serves fundamental biological and social functions that evolved long before humans developed complex language and culture.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



<p>Dr. Kilteni argues that tickling research deserves more scientific attention. "It is a complex interplay of motor, social, neurological, developmental, and evolutionary aspects," she stated in her recent review.</p>



<p>New haptic technologies and advanced research methodologies now permit scientists to investigate tickle sensation with unprecedented precision. Standardized experimental methods using mechanical tickling devices ensure consistent results across studies.</p>



<p>Recent findings published in <em>Science Advances</em> show that tickling research is opening new doors in neuroscience, potentially leading to a better understanding of social behavior, sensory processing, and neurological conditions.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Scientists solve the mystery of tickling

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlF0XKzHY4 The hidden science behind tickling. Scientists discover the brain's...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elr4948_uOU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Dr. Ronald Mallett from the University of Connecticut reveals secret mission to create working time travel device.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-could-an-equation-truly-bend-time-a-physicist-s-decades-long-quest-to-rewrite-reality">Could an equation truly bend time? A physicist's decades-long quest to rewrite reality</h2>



<p>Imagine the impossible: stepping back through time in a time machine, not in fantasy, but through a scientific endeavor driven by profound personal loss. For <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astrophysicist-says-hes-cracked-the-equation-for-time-travel/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Ronald Mallett</a>, a distinguished astrophysicist and professor emeritus at the <a href="https://uconn.edu/">University of Connecticut</a>, this deeply human longing has fueled a lifelong mission. He claims to have discovered the equation that could unlock temporal displacement, pushing boundaries once deemed purely science fiction.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-profound-grief-that-forged-a-vision">A profound grief that forged a vision</h2>



<p>Mallett's extraordinary pursuit began with devastating tragedy in 1955. At merely 10 years old, he endured his father Boyd's sudden death—a television repairman whose passion for science had ignited a similar spark in his young son. Boyd Mallett, only 33, succumbed to a heart attack, leaving behind a grief-stricken child searching for solace.</p>



<p>That solace came through H.G. Wells' <em>The Time Machine</em>. Within its pages, Mallett found a captivating concept: "Time is only a kind of Space." These words transformed from a literary phrase into a guiding principle, becoming the driving force behind his unwavering commitment to unraveling time's fundamental mysteries.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-humble-beginnings-to-academic-heights">From humble beginnings to academic heights</h2>



<p>Mallett's journey was far from straightforward. After serving in the Air Force during the Vietnam War era, he utilized the GI Bill for higher education, earning his Ph.D. in physics from Pennsylvania State University in 1973 at the age of 28.</p>



<p>In 1975, he made history as the first African American professor in the University of Connecticut's physics department, achieving full professorship in 1987 before retiring in 2024 as professor emeritus.</p>



<p>Throughout these successful academic years, Mallett harbored his radical ambition as a closely guarded secret. "I kept my time travel goal a secret," he confessed. "I worried people would think I was nuts." His public research centered on black holes, serving as a "cover story" while he quietly developed his revolutionary time travel theory.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-breakthrough-moment">The breakthrough moment</h2>



<p>His pivotal insight arrived while hospitalized for a heart condition—a profound irony given his father's heart attack started this journey. The breakthrough was elegantly simple yet revolutionary: "If gravity can bend time, and light can create gravity, then light can bend time."</p>



<p>"It turns out that black holes can create a gravitational field that could lead to the creation of time loops that could allow us to go back in time," he explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-blueprint-for-a-temporal-vortex">The blueprint for a temporal vortex</h2>



<p>Mallett's vision for a functioning time machine replicates spacetime-warping phenomena around black holes. He offers a compelling analogy: "Picture a cup of coffee. Stir it with a spoon, and the coffee swirls. A spinning black hole does the same to spacetime."</p>



<p>In Einstein's general relativity, the universe is a dynamic fabric woven from space and time. Massive objects like black holes warp this fabric—an effect we perceive as gravity. Mallett theorizes that an intense, continuous, circulating beam of light from a ring of powerful lasers could replicate this gravitational torsion, effectively twisting time into a loop.</p>



<p>This "time loop" would theoretically allow information—or perhaps matter—to travel backward in time. He detailed this mathematical concept in his 2006 autobiography, <em>Time Traveler: A Scientist's Personal Mission to Make Time Travel a Reality</em>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-published-research-and-recognition">Published research and recognition</h2>



<p>His work, published in respected journals including <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/physics-letters-a" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physics Letters A</a></em> and <em><a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/10701" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Foundations of Physics</a></em>, suggests circulating laser light could generate gravitational fields potent enough to create closed timelike curves, enabling time travel for data.</p>



<p>Mallett's research has gained worldwide media attention, featured on <a href="https://www.thisamericanlife.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Public Radio's <em>This American Life</em></a>, the <a href="https://www.history.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">History Channel</a>, and <a href="https://www.today.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NBC's <em>Today Show</em></a>. The widespread interest reflects both his compelling personal story and rigorous scientific approach.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-galactic-hurdles-and-persistent-skepticism">The galactic hurdles and persistent skepticism</h2>



<p>While Mallett's equations captivate imagination, the path to reality faces immense obstacles. The energy requirement is staggering—Mallett acknowledges needing "galactic amounts of energy," far beyond current technological capabilities.</p>



<p>There's also a poignant limitation: even if realized, his machine could only send information back to when it was first activated, meaning it couldn't transport him to 1955 to prevent his father's death.</p>



<p>The scientific community remains skeptical. Physicists Ken Olum and Allen Everett argue that Mallett's proposed laser ring would need to be larger than the observable universe to achieve the necessary spacetime distortion. They invoke Stephen Hawking's chronology protection conjecture, suggesting physics may prevent macroscopic time travel.</p>



<p>Astrophysicist Paul Sutter has voiced doubts about Mallett's underlying mathematics, while science writer Brian Clegg finds the concept intriguing enough to warrant experimental investigation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-legacy-that-transcends-time">A legacy that transcends time</h2>



<p>Now approaching 80, Dr. Mallett remains steadfast. "I believe my work will show time travel is possible," he asserts. "Future generations will build on it in ways we can't yet imagine."</p>



<p>His equations, though yet to physically bend time, have bent our collective imagination. Ongoing public interest, evidenced by his continued media appearances and Spike Lee's film adaptation of his memoir, underscores his ideas' profound impact.</p>



<p>More than a scientific pursuit, Mallett's story testifies to human resilience, intellectual courage, and hope's enduring power. Whether his theoretical time machine ever materializes, his legacy is immeasurable—inspiring countless individuals to challenge conventional limits and perceive time not as an unyielding barrier, but as a boundless frontier awaiting exploration.</p>



<p></p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Retired professor claims he solved time travel

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elr4948_uOU Dr. Ronald Mallett from the University of Connecticut reveals...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



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https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
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<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?</p>



<p>One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ACS Reactions</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

How does salt makes things taste better?

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;</p>



<p>'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."</p>



<p>"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Santiago, Chile in South America

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