The expansive journey of a young whale, tracked as she ventured across the Mediterranean Sea, serves as a poignant reminder of the multitude of threats marine creatures face today. 



A recent study highlights the vast distances these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-20-minute-conversation-with-a-humpback-whale-named-twain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">majestic beings</a> cover and the myriad dangers they encounter along the way.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Young whale's journey in Mediterranean</h2>



Scientists tracked the movements of various marine species, including Cuvier’s beaked whales, bottlenose dolphins, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/sperm-whale-physeter-macrocephalus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sperm whales</a>, off the coast of Israel. 



Utilizing advanced tracking technology, they observed these species to understand their migration patterns and the challenges they face. 



Among the animals they studied, a young adult male sperm whale stood out due to its remarkable journey. This particular whale, previously spotted off the coast of southern France, exhibited an extraordinary range of travel. 



A dedicated team of researchers from Greenpeace, the <a href="https://www.exeter.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Exeter</a>, and the <a href="https://www.haifa.ac.il/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Haifa</a>, observed a unique <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/whales-face-increasing-dangers-along-their-migration-routes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migration</a> pattern in this particular whale.



It covered the longest recorded distance for a sperm whale within the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pollution-in-the-mediterranean-sea-is-an-urgent-issue/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mediterranean Sea</a>. This unprecedented movement not only highlights the whale's incredible endurance but also underscores the interconnectedness of marine habitats across the region. 



The whale’s journey serves as a crucial data point, illustrating the vast distances these creatures travel and the various threats they encounter, including heavy maritime traffic, pollution, and noise, which pose significant risks to their survival.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-young-whale-s-fight-for-survival">Young whale's fight for survival</h2>



The young whale's journey, filled with obstacles, underscores the perilous conditions marine animals endure. 



“Marine life in the Mediterranean faces numerous <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-sea-mining-poses-unknown-threats-to-whales/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">threats</a> -- from fishing and pollution to noise and boat strikes,” explained Dr. Kirsten Thompson, from the Greenpeace Research Laboratories at the University of Exeter. 



She noted the whale likely navigated through either the Sicily Channel or the Strait of Messina -- both heavily trafficked and hazardous routes for deep-diving species like sperm whales.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unified-call-for-conservation">Unified call for conservation</h2>



This research transcends being a mere account of migration; it serves as a powerful call to action for the protection of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/top-marine-predators-may-suffer-massive-habitat-loss-by-2100/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine habitats</a>. 



The study's findings revealed that the vocal patterns of whales off the Israeli coast matched those of whales across the Mediterranean. This match indicates a connected regional population, suggesting that these whales migrate and interact across vast distances. 



Such interconnectedness underscores the necessity for comprehensive conservation efforts that span national borders. Marine habitats face numerous threats, including <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/overfishing-and-habitat-degradation-have-devastated-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">overfishing</a>, pollution, and maritime traffic, which endanger the lives of these majestic creatures. 



By highlighting the shared vocal patterns, the study on young whale across the Mediterranean emphasizes that protecting one region is insufficient. 



Effective conservation requires international collaboration and coordinated efforts to ensure the survival of these species. 



The research underscores the urgent need for protective measures and policy changes to safeguard the rich biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea, ensuring a healthier environment for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-impacting-marine-life-more-than-we-realized/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine life</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-innovative-solutions-for-marine-safety">Innovative solutions for marine safety</h2>



Dr. Thompson suggested that installing listening devices in narrow and shallow seas could pioneer an alert system to prevent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-new-approach-to-protecting-whales-from-ship-strikes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ship strikes</a> -- a significant threat to whales. This technological intervention could form a protective barrier around these vulnerable giants of the sea.



“The Mediterranean is the busiest sea in the world, with rich wildlife and a high human population. Unfortunately, some species like these threatened whales are facing further industrial development, with oil and gas exploration and the construction of a new gas pipeline between the eastern basin and Italy,” Dr. Thompson added. 



She highlighted how such developments not only challenge EU environmental protection laws but also threaten the survival of marine wildlife.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-safeguarding-our-seas">Safeguarding our seas</h2>



The conclusions of this study of the young whale venturing across the Mediterranean Sea are based on visual-acoustic surveys conducted over a two-month period.



During that time, scientists captured multiple interactions with these magnificent creatures. The findings highlight the urgent need for further research to protect <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dramatic-increase-in-shipping-traffic-threatens-marine-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine life</a> in the Eastern Mediterranean effectively.



By chronicling the journey and challenges faced by a young whale, the researchers aim to illuminate the widespread issues impacting all marine inhabitants. 



The adoption of advanced monitoring technologies coupled with stringent conservation measures is essential for creating a safer environment for the region’s marine species. 



These efforts are vital not only for preserving biodiversity but also for upholding the ecological integrity of one of the world’s most historically important seas.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aqc.4155" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aquatic Conservation Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems</a>.



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Young whale's epic voyage exposes perils of the Mediterranean

The expansive journey of a young whale, tracked as she ventured across the Mediterranean Sea, serves as a poignant reminder of the multitude of threats marine creatures face today. A recent study highlights the vast distances these majestic beings cover and the myriad dangers they encounter along the way. Young whale's journey in Mediterranean Scientists tracked the movements of various marine species, including Cuvier’s beaked whales, bottlenose dolphins, and sperm whales, off the coast of Israel. Utilizing advanced tracking technology, they observed these species to understand their...

One of the most serious repercussions of climate change is of course the dramatic rise in temperature worldwide. But now, findings from a recent study show that song birds – especially the smallest of them – are vulnerable to lethal dehydration when heat robs them of water resources.

Researchers from the <a href="http://www.unr.edu/">University of Nevada, Reno</a>, the <a href="https://www.unm.edu/">University of New Mexico</a>, the <a href="https://www.umass.edu/">University of Massachusetts Amherst</a>, the <a href="https://www.usda.gov/">US Department of Agriculture </a>and the <a href="http://www.up.ac.za/">University of Pretoria in South Africa</a> studied the effects of escalating heat on five small songbirds in the southeast United States. They found that the greatest damage came to the smallest of the birds.

“Using measured rates of evaporative water loss, hourly gridded weather data, a 4 °C (104 degrees F) warming scenario, and physiological models, we show that songbirds in the deserts of the southwestern United States are increasingly susceptible to death from dehydration on hot days”, the researchers wrote.

Death actually comes in two forms for the birds: heatstroke and dehydration

“Most animals can only tolerate water losses that result in 15 or 20 percent loss of body mass before they die,” said Dr. Alexander Gerson, a professor of biology at the UMAmherst and a co-author of the study. “So an animal experiencing peak temperatures during a hot summer day, with no access to water, isn’t going to make it more than a few hours.”

The smaller birds lose a higher percentage of their body weight in water loss, faster. The researchers concluded that, if temperature patterns continue as expected, by the end of the century these smaller birds will experience up to 25 days of lethal dehydration per year, rather than the current number of seven days, which is still too high.

--

By David Searls, <a href="http://earth.com">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Source:<a href="http://m.pnas.org/"> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>

Birds are victims of lethal dehydration from climate change

One of the most serious repercussions of climate change is...

To scientists, poop can be an exciting discovery. At least, it’s pretty interesting if it’s 180 million-year-old dinosaur poop fossils from a newly discovered <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaurs-evolved-running/">dinosaur</a> species and it contains the creature’s undigested final meal.

The skeletal remains of the Early Jurassic Period herbivore, now known as Isaberrysaura mollensis, was discovered in Argentina and written up in the journal <a href="http://www.nature.com/srep/">Scientific Reports</a>.

What was most intriguing about the meal discovery was that the dinosaur’s diet consisted of gulped – not chewed – seeds that were intact in the fossilized excrement, though permineralized. This means that they’d been turned to minerals over time.

The findings added volumes to what we know about dinosaur diets.

“As in modern ecosystems, there were complex ecological relations between plants and plant-eating organisms,” the authors wrote. “However, there is little evidence of the type and the parts of plants on which different phytophagous dinosaurs fed.”

The fossilized food remains were found in the skeleton’s “ghost gut” and came from cycad seed plants and other seed species. The term ghost gut implies that the stomach was no longer around, but the seeds were found where it would be.

The lack of chewing, or mastication, isn’t rare among certain animals even today. Elephants, for instance, eat the same types of seeds in the same hurried manner.

The findings also had interesting ramifications on earth’s ecosystem in pre-human times. The loaded excrement of the non-chewing herbivores might have played an unwitting but important role in the planting of the era’s fruit trees.

--

By Earth.com Staff Writer David Searls

Source:<a href="http://www.nature.com/srep/"> Scientific Reports</a>

Fossilized poop discovery provides important clues to dino diet

To scientists, poop can be an exciting discovery. At least,...

Black swan events is the lyrical name given to describe what’s more graphically known as “sudden die-offs” in the animal kingdom. One example that made fairly recent headlines was the mass death of some 200,000 saiga antelopes in Kazakhstan in 2015 – representing one-third of the world population of the species.

Scientists from the <a href="https://www.washington.edu/">University of Washington</a> and <a href="https://www.sfu.ca/">Simon Fraser University</a> in Canada studied data on 600 animal populations and have identified ways of detecting these events. They also earmarked four major causes: parasites, severe winters, predators – and climate change.

In fact, the researchers are predicting that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/calculating-cost-climate-change/">climate change</a> will cause these events to be make headlines more often in the near future. Think of how the Ice Age wiped out entire species.

“We expect an increase in the frequency and magnitude of extreme climate, and it’s quite possible we will see black swan events become more common in animal populations,” said the study’s lead author, Sean Anderson, a UW postdoctoral research in aquatic and fishery sciences.

The research team’s findings were published in the March 7 edition of <a href="http://www.pnas.org/">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.

They also emphasized that groups studying species extinction models should also take these die-offs into their calculations and better manage animal populations so as to avoid species loss when these events do occur.

“Everyone just assumes an animal population has an equal chance of going up or down, but we’ve found that isn’t true,” said study co-author Trevor Branch, a UW associate professor of aquatic and fishery sciences. “My hope is that when people are trying to assess extinction risk, they will use different models that project into the future in a more accurate way.”

As for the species involved in the die-offs, the researchers studied mammals, birds, fish and insects and found that birds were most commonly involved and fish rarely experienced the event.

In the case of the saiga antelopes, a bacterial infection that’s common to the species but turned hemorrhagic was the culprit that raced through herds.

--

By Earth.com Staff Writer David Searls

Source:<a href="http://www.pnas.org/"> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>

Will climate change make black swan events more common?

Black swan events is the lyrical name given to describe...

Superbees may only sound like a good idea if it’s the title of a drive-in horror film, but there’s actually some logic to the concept. The idea is that DNA sequencing could enable honey <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bumblebees-smarter-thought/">bees</a> to be bred to withstand the effects of the parasites and pathogens that are decimating their populations across the globe.

A large study of 28 researchers across eight nations took the first critical step in that direction by identifying relevant genes.

“Our team created a new bioinformatics tool that has enabled us to integrate information from 19 different genomic data sets to identify the key genes involved in honey bees’ response to diseases,” said study co-author Professor Christina Grozinger, a professor of entomology at <a href="http://www.psu.edu/">Pennsylvania State University</a>.

With that information, scientists can not only breed heartier superbees, but can use what they learn about pathogens to control insects pests such as aphids and some moths.

“Honey bees were thought to respond to different disease organisms in entirely different ways, but we have learned that they mostly rely on a core set of genes that they turn on or off in response to any major pathogenic challenge,” said Professor Robert Paxton, a professor of zoology at the <a href="https://www.idiv.de/">German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research</a> and a co-author of the study. 'We can now explore the physiological mechanisms by which pathogens overcome their honey-bee hosts, and how honey bees can fight back against those pathogens.”

The findings of this study can also be used to protect other species, such as bumblebees.

Dr. Vincent Doublet, a researcher at the <a href="http://www.exeter.ac.uk/">University of Exeter</a> and lead co-author of the study said, “With this analysis, we generated a list of genes that will likely be an important source for future functional studies, for breeding more resilient honeybee stocks and for controlling emerging bee diseases.”

--

By David Searls, <a href="http://earth.com">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Source: <a href="http://www.psu.edu/">Pennsylvania State University</a>, <a href="http://www.exeter.ac.uk/">University of Exeter</a>, <a href="https://www.idiv.de/">German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research</a>

Scientists learn how to breed disease-resistant superbees

Superbees may only sound like a good idea if it’s...

Try not to panic, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/basking-sharks-vacation/">sharks</a> can detect your heartbeat in the water. What’s actually happening is that these sea predators, as well as rays and skates, can respond to the heartbeat of their prey through their super-sensitive electro-sensory organs.  And now we understand how that process works, from genes through response, thanks to research conducted at the <a href="https://www.ucsf.edu/">University of California at San Francisco</a> (UCSF).

The heart of the matter, so to speak, is electro-sensory cells that pick up even faint electrical signals.

The UCSF team examined the ampullary organ of a species of skate known as the little skate and found two ionic currents. The first, a voltage-sensitive calcium current that admits calcium ions into the cell in response to electrical disturbances, and the second, a calcium-sensitive potassium current that alters the normal electrical properties of the cell. These two currents interact to create an oscillating effect that allows the skate to fix on even the tiniest electrical signals, such as from the heartbeat of food sources in the ocean’s sandy bottom.

When the researchers chemically blocked these ion channels, the skates would be unaware of electrical signals in their aquariums that mimicked prey.

One of the reasons this research is important is that the electro-sensory organs of these marine animals are very similar to the human auditory system.

As Dr. Nicholas Bellono, a postdoctoral researcher in UCSF’s Julius lab and co-author of the study puts it, “Versions of the same ion channels with subtly different electrical properties are similarly important in our ears. So understanding exactly how small differences in these channels affect electrical function could be important for better understanding the auditory system.”

It also helps us advance our understanding of electrical receptors in other animals, said another co-author of the study.

--

By David Searls, Earth.com Staff Writer

Source: <a href="https://www.ucsf.edu/">University of California at San Francisco</a>

How sharks ‘hear’ their prey’s heartbeat, and why it’s important

Try not to panic, but sharks can detect your heartbeat...

<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/three-gmo-potato-win-approval/">Spring</a> is the season of new life in the animal kingdom. But now, thanks to recent findings by researchers at the <a href="http://www.bristol.ac.uk/">University of Bristol</a> and <a href="https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/">University of Nottingham</a> in the UK, we have a better understanding of how animal brains can detect seasonal change.

Scientists have long known that the hormone melatonin plays a part in communicating with hormones in the pituitary gland of birds and mammals in a way that triggers such seasonal changes as coat thickness and mating habits. But the mechanics of how all of that works wasn’t known until now. Greater understanding of the topic came about with research findings recently published in the journal <a href="http://www.pnas.org/">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA</a>.

The researchers studied sheep to find that the duration of melatonin secreted during the night from the pineal gland controlled the production of a protein known as vascular endothelial growth factor. VEGF is produced in the pituitary gland. Different forms of the protein trigger different seasonally adaptive changes in animal brains, said the researchers.

They found that this production has two complementary effects, said study co-leader Dr. Domingo Tortonese, a researcher at the <a href="http://www.bristol.ac.uk/">University of Bristol’s</a> Centre for Comparative and Clinical Anatomy.

“Firstly, it causes remodeling of the blood vessels that connect the brain with the pituitary gland, and secondly, it is used as a messenger signal to act on the cells of the pituitary that produce hormones that control seasonal fertility, which are located in a different part of the gland,” said Tortonese.

This finding could advance research into agriculture and even future advancements in human medicine.

---

By David Searls, Earth.com Staff Writer

Source:<a href="http://www.pnas.org/"> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA</a>

How animal brains receive seasonal-change signals

Spring is the season of new life in the animal...

Prevailing scientific thought has it that dinosaurs evolved to bipedalism – the ability to walk on two legs – so they could use their forelimbs for hunting. But that didn’t explain why even the plant-eaters evolved pretty much like their carnivorous cousins.

“Many ancient bipedal dinosaurs were herbivores, and even early carnivorous dinosaurs evolved small forearms,” said Dr. W. Scott Persons, a paleontologist in the Department of Biological Sciences at the <a href="https://www.ualberta.ca/">University of Alberta</a> and co-author of a new paper on the topic.

Persons and his team have come up with another theory. The first clue is in the big, muscular tail in even the proto-dinosaurs – smaller creatures that shared dinosaur characteristics. The researchers think the tail helped to power those back legs and served as a sort of stabilizing device.

“Having this muscle mass provided the strength and power required for early dinosaurs to stand on and move with their two back feet,” said Persons. “We see a similar effect in many modern lizards that rise up and run bipedally.”

The smaller forelimbs helped aid balance, to the point where some quadrupeds converted altogether to walking on two limbs, he said.

Persons added that this lack of a big, powerful tail explains why <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-mirror-owners-emotions/">dogs</a>, horses and most other mammals haven’t taken to bipedalism over time.

Many animals evolved to lose the big tail around the Permian period, more than 250 million years ago, said Persons. That’s when they starting burrowing into the ground for housing and protection. The tail got in the way of their cramped tunnels and might only serve as a nice handle for predators. Proportionally larger forelimbs were needed, however, for digging.

As for the hunting and fighting capabilities of the meat-eating dinosaurs, the <a href="https://www.ualberta.ca/">University of Alberta</a> researchers believe the fight was in their huge, menacing jaws. It was all the advantage they needed.

--

By David Searls, Earth.com Staff Writer

Source:<a href="https://www.journals.elsevier.com/journal-of-theoretical-biology/"> Journal of Theoretical Biology</a>

Dinosaurs evolved to walk on two legs for running, not fighting

Prevailing scientific thought has it that dinosaurs evolved to bipedalism...

Forget about classical crib music and brain development games from the age of two for improving intellectual performance. Get your kids out in the fresh air and have some fun. Japanese researchers from the <a href="http://www.nodai.ac.jp/english/">Tokyo University of Agriculture</a> found that the motion associated with horseback riding can stimulate activity in the brain and enhance your child’s cognitive abilities.

Researchers conducted simple tests before and after the study subjects went horseback riding, and found a measurable bump in the results of kids assigned to some of the horses after the rides. The conclusion was that the vibrations from saddle time apparently activated the parts of the developing brain associated with learning and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tree-vegetation-in-the-arctic-has-memory/">memory</a>.

“One important characteristic of the horse steps is that they produce three-dimensional accelerations. The movement of the horse's pelvis may provide motor and sensory inputs to the human body and in this study,” said Professor Mitsuaki Ohta of the Japanese university and the author of the study. “I believe some of the differences among the rider's performances might be due to these accelerations.”

The study findings were published in the journal <a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/journal/public-health">Frontiers in Public Health</a>.

Unfortunately, the study showed horseback riding to have less of a positive impact on children’s mathematical abilities. So you’re still going to have to learn how to help your kids with their new math homework.

--

By David Searls, Earth.com Staff Writer

Source:<a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/journal/public-health"> Frontiers in Public Health</a>

Study suggests horseback riding could make your kids smarter

Forget about classical crib music and brain development games from...

Panda bears are known for their unique markings, but their black and white fur isn’t just for looks. Scientists have discovered that panda bears' black and white fur serves both as camouflage and a type of communication between the bears.

The researchers, from <a href="https://www.ucdavis.edu/">University of California, Davis</a> and <a href="https://www.csulb.edu/">California State University, Long Beach</a>, had previously studied why zebras have their black and white stripes.

The pandas, they believe, evolved their black and white patterned fur to serve as camouflage in both snowy and shadowy terrain.

“Analyses of fur color and background environments suggest that the giant panda’s white face, nape, dorsum, flank, belly, and rump are adapted for crypsis against a snowy background, whereas its black shoulders and legs are adapted for crypsis in shade,” they wrote in their study, published in the journal <a href="https://academic.oup.com/beheco/article-abstract/doi/10.1093/beheco/arx008/3058530/Why-is-the-giant-panda-black-and-white?redirectedFrom=fulltext">Behavioral Ecology</a>.

The mixed fur color allows them to hide year-round in several types of terrain. This may serve to counteract pandas’ poor dietary habits. Because the panda bears eat a highly specialized bamboo diet and cannot digest most other foods, they can’t build up the fat stores other bear species use to hibernate. Their fur pattern offers more protection during the winter months.

The researchers studied other bears and other carnivores, comparing fur coloration on various body parts to try and determine how panda coloring evolved. The breakthrough came when scientists began treating each panda body part as independent from the whole, the scientists said.

The one exception to the theory is the pandas’ black ears and eye patches. They don’t seem to have evolved as camouflage, the researchers said, but for communication.

“Dark ears may be involved with signaling intent about ferocity whereas dark eye marks may serve in individual recognition,” they wrote.

Previous theories about panda coloration suggested that the bear – once believed to be more closely related to raccoons until <a href="http://scienceline.ucsb.edu/getkey.php?key=358">DNA studies disproved that theory</a> – had evolved its unique markings to keep cool. Scientists also theorized that the dark eye patches might serve as natural sunglasses.

“There is no compelling support for their fur color being involved in temperature regulation, disrupting the animal’s outline, or in reducing eye glare,” the researchers wrote.

—

By <a href="mailto:kcathey@earth.com">Kyla Cathey</a>, <a href="http://earth.com/staff">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Panda bears' black and white fur is used for both communication and camouflage

Panda bears are known for their unique markings, but their...

If you’ve been complaining about only getting a few hours of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cavefish-human-sleep-disorders/">sleep</a> each night, wild elephants know how you feel. A new study has revealed that wild African elephants sleep only two hours each night, the shortest sleep duration of any mammal.

A team of researchers set out to learn more about the natural sleep patterns of elephants by following two wild African elephants in Botswana. Both elephants were matriarchs of the herd, so at times they would go without sleep for days on end. 

The wild elephants only achieved rapid eye movement (REM) sleep every 3 to 4 days when they would finally sleep lying down, as opposed to on their feet. Otherwise the elephants traveled vast distances, most likely to escape predators or poachers. 

Elephants who live in zoos, on the other hand, don’t have the same problems. As a result, they will snooze four to six hours each night.

"Elephants are the shortest sleeping mammal - that seems to be related to their large body size," Professor Paul Manger of the <a href="https://www.wits.ac.za/">University of the Witwatersrand</a> in South Africa told <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-39126993">BBC News</a>. "It seems like elephants only dream every three to four days. Given the well-known memory of the elephant this calls into question theories associating REM sleep with memory consolidation."

In order to track the wild animals, Manger and team attached a fitness tracker-like device under the elephant’s drunk. The device recorded when the elephant was sleeping based on the movement of the trunk. The research team followed both elephants for five weeks.

"We had the idea that elephants should be the shortest sleeping mammal because they're the largest," Professor Manger told <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-39126993">BBC News</a>. "Why this occurs, we're not really sure. Sleep is one of those really unusual mysteries of biology, that along with eating and reproduction, it's one of the biological imperatives. We must sleep to survive."

--

By Rory Arnold, Earth.com Staff Writer

Source: <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-39126993">BBC News</a>

Wild African elephants sleep less than any mammal

If you’ve been complaining about only getting a few hours...

Sure, your owls and other birds of prey have great night vision. But the title of the most eagle-eyed member of the animal kingdom doesn’t go to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bald-eagle-leg-trap/">eagles</a>. It goes to the humble frogs and toads. They don’t only have the best night vision – they see in color at night.

That’s according to a study conducted in collaboration with researchers from the <a href="https://www.helsinki.fi/en">University of Helsinki</a> in Finland and <a href="https://www.dvfu.ru/en/">University of Vladivostok</a> in Russia. The main author, Carola Yovanovich, led the work on the study in Professor Almut Kelber’s research group at <a href="http://www.lunduniversity.lu.se/">Lund University</a>.

“It's amazing that these animals can actually see color in extreme darkness, down to the absolute threshold of the visual system,' said Kelber. “These results were unexpected.”

For a little perspective, a quick primer on human vision. Like other vertebrae, we have two sorts of vision cells in the retina: cones and rods. Cones help us see color, but only with the aid of a lot of light. In the absence of light, rods take over, but only yield black-and-white visuals. Not so, the frog.

Frogs and toads have two types of sensitivities in their rods, allowing a greater range of color distinction in low light. In fact, scientists long suspected that the reptiles could see well in little light, but they were unprepared for the scope of their night vision.

That’s a tremendous survival tool for animals with few defenses who must avoid night predators such as those sharp-eyed owls.

Interestingly, while experiments showed researchers that the reptiles use their night color vision for finding food, they apparently don’t use them to check out mates in the dark. In other words, if you were a lonely frog or toad, don’t waste a lot of time primping. Just bring dinner.

--

By David Searls, <a href="http://earth.com">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Sharp-eyed frogs and toads see in color at night

Sure, your owls and other birds of prey have great...

These days, the knowledge that birds descended from dinosaurs is widely accepted. However, the complex journey from traditional reptile to modern bird still raises questions.

In a <a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/355/6327/792.full">new paper</a>, Dr. Stephen L. Brusatte of the <a href="http://www.ed.ac.uk/">University of Edinburgh</a> took a look at recent research on avian evolution. He found that new discoveries have added new tangles in birds’ evolutionary thread.

Since the discovery of the “London specimen” of Archaeopteryx lithographica in 1860, paleontologists have wondered if and how modern birds and ancient dinosaurs are related.

Fossil discoveries in the past few decades have supported the theory – but they’ve also shown that the path from dinosaur to bird has been a much more complex journey than paleontologists first believed.

For example, Brusatte noted, new research shows that dinosaurs may have initially feathers for warmth or camouflage purposes long before they became useful for flight. Chinese fossils found in the 1990s had a wide variety of wings, he wrote.

“Furthermore, wings first appeared even earlier in much more primitive, sheep-to-horse-sized theropod dinosaurs that are widely held to be too large to fly,” Brusatte wrote.

Studies reviewed by Brusatte put forth the hypothesis that wings may have been display structures on earlier dinosaurs. The transformation into tools for flight may have come later, he said.

Paleontologists are also struggling to determine which dinosaurs could fly, and how. Brusatte pointed to a 2016 study that used mathematical and biomechanical equations to determine which known winged species might be able to fly.

“The verdict: Except for a handful of paravians, the dinosaurs did not have the wing sizes or configurations necessary for powered flight,” he wrote.

Another astonishing recent find was a dinosaur tail embedded in amber – feathers still intact – last year. The find has allowed paleontologists to begin studying the three-dimensional structure of feathers, Brusatte said.

The rapidly advancing field of paleontology and new fossil discoveries have made two things clear.

First, the development of flight in feathered dinosaurs – and their evolution into modern birds – was a lot more complicated than previously believed. However, engineering and ongoing fossil discoveries are allowing paleontologists to learn much more about how flight evolved.

Second, flying dinosaurs may have been much more diverse than we thought.

“The Mesozoic Era (from 252 million to 66 million years ago) must have been aflutter with an aviary of dinosaurs, experimenting with different ways of navigating the air …” Brusatte said. “But much work remains to be done to better understand this heady period of evolution.”

Brusatte’s review was published in the journal <a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/">Science</a>.

—

By Kyla Cathey, Earth.com staff writer

Scientists: transition from dinosaurs to birds was complex journey

These days, the knowledge that birds descended from dinosaurs is...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

[sendtonews key="MHyhtebibJ-2200368-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes why satellite images and measurements of our planet have become "essential to our survival, offering a new outlook of our world."&nbsp;



Rising sea levels pose one of the biggest societal threats associated with climate change. According to ESA, satellite altimeter missions such as Copernicus Sentinel-6 are essential in monitoring global and regional changes in sea level.



"Unbeknown to many, the island of Crete, Greece, plays an important role in the Copernicus satellite altimetry constellation and on an international stage," reports ESA.



"Satellite altimetry data have to be continuously monitored at the ESA’s Permanent Facility for Altimetry Calibration where different techniques have pioneered the use of transponders to provide the best measurements to validate satellite altimeters in space soon after launch."



Dr. Craig Donlon explains that, by understanding planet Earth through satellite measurements, we are able to find evidence of change.&nbsp;



Video Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Satellites have become essential to our survival

[sendtonews key="761m2QQvR1-2035772-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...