Music can make a sleepy train ride feel romantic or turn a routine workout into an emotional burst of energy. 



Scientists have long wondered how a string of notes pushes the brain from one emotional <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/our-brain-doesnt-just-hear-music-it-becomes-the-rhythm/">feeling</a> to the next, and why the experience changes when the previous feeling was different. <a href="https://psychology.columbia.edu/content/matthew-sachs" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Matthew Sachs</a> of Columbia University and colleagues set out to <a href="https://www.eneuro.org/content/early/2025/06/19/ENEURO.0184-24.2025" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">answer</a> that puzzle.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-wordless-path-to-emotion">A wordless path to emotion</h2>



Music reliably raises specific <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32898679/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emotions</a> across cultures, making it a useful tool for lab work. Because melodies lack words, researchers can study pure feeling without the baggage of stories or language.



In recent <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1910704117" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">surveys</a>, listeners reported at least thirteen distinct emotional colors from songs, ranging from awe to tenderness. Those varied reactions let scientists choreograph controlled “emotional journeys” by arranging passages that lean happy, tense, calm, or sad.



The brain also treats music as a social signal, recruiting regions tied to empathy and perspective‑taking. That overlap makes findings with music relevant to understanding everyday interactions. 



Music’s precise timing helps investigators lock brain activity to exact seconds in a tune. Such temporal precision is important when studying transitions, which can unfold in a blink.



Finally, unlike pictures or movies, songs can be replayed in multiple orders without breaking logic. That flexibility allowed the team to test how a given passage feels when it follows joy versus when it follows anxiety.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-music-changes-emotion-fast">Music changes emotion fast</h2>



Sachs’s group asked professional composers to craft two fifteen‑minute pieces split into thirty‑two “emotion events,” each one lasting about 30‑70 seconds. The passages covered calm, joy, sadness, anxiety, and a mixed nostalgic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/live-music-connects-people-emotionally-and-physically/">feeling</a>.



Two versions of each piece shuffled the same events so that a joyful segment might follow calm in one version but chase sadness in the other. 



This context swap let the researchers isolate the effect of prior mood. Thirty‑nine volunteers lay in an <a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/25034-functional-mri-fmri" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fMRI scanner</a>, a technique that tracks blood flow as a stand‑in for neural activity. The scanner’s pulses were timed to the beat so listeners heard smooth audio through special headphones.



After scanning, the volunteers replayed short clips of music online and rated how strongly each clip made them feel the target emotion. Those ratings confirmed that the music hit its emotional marks at the intended moments.



To align brains that never look identical, the team used a <a href="https://web.stanford.edu/~jurafsky/slp3/A.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hidden Markov model</a>, a statistical tool that spots stable patterns and the moments they shift. The model does not assume equal event lengths, matching how real feelings vary.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-music-mapped-onto-brain-activity">Music mapped onto brain activity</h2>



Activity patterns in auditory cortex and the adjoining superior temporal gyrus stayed steady within an event but flipped sharply at composer‑defined boundaries. Those flips still appeared after factoring out pitch, volume, and harmony, meaning the brain was tracking emotion rather than mere <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/music-and-repeated-sounds-reorganize-your-brain-networks-in-real-time/">acoustics</a>.



The same temporal‑parietal strip has been linked to social meaning in speech and laughter. Current <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627317305937" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">findings</a> add music‑evoked emotion dynamics to its résumé. 



Elsewhere, frontal regions associated with self‑reflection lit up when feelings changed. That response supports prior work showing prefrontal roles in labeling and regulating emotion.



Importantly, <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2768874/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">subcortical reward hubs</a> showed general arousal but did not map fine‑grained transitions. Those areas may mark intensity rather than shifts in category. 



Together the data sketch a layered system: auditory regions sense change, temporal‑parietal regions label the new state, and frontal areas integrate the experience. That hierarchy resembles proposed models for narrative comprehension.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-past-emotions-change-how-you-hear-music">Past emotions change how you hear music</h2>



When a happy passage followed another positive passage, listeners’ brains switched to the new state about six seconds sooner than when the same passage followed a tense one. The volunteers also pressed the “happy” button nine seconds earlier in the same‑valence condition.



Context even changed the spatial pattern of activity during an event. Pairs of participants who heard a clip in the same order showed more similar neural signatures than pairs who heard it in opposite orders.



Such carry‑over echoes psychological <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31628982/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">findings</a> that earlier feelings bias how we perceive later stimuli. The study quantifies that bias down to single‑second resolution. 



Researchers call the stickiness of mood <a href="https://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/10.1027/0269-8803.23.1.7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">valence</a> persistence, and extreme persistence can tip into emotional rigidity. Depression is often marked by this rigidity, trapping individuals in negative states.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-treating-emotion-with-playlists">Treating emotion with playlists</h2>



“We know that people who suffer from mood disorders or depression often demonstrate emotional rigidity, where they basically get stuck in an emotional state" said Sachs. 



"Maybe we could take someone with depression, for instance, and use the approach we developed to identify neural markers for the emotional rigidity that keeps them in a very negative state.”



His comment matches growing interest in music‑based interventions. Unlike medications, playlists can be tailored rapidly and have few side effects. 



If clinicians can spot delayed transition signatures in vulnerable patients, they might train quicker shifts through neurofeedback. Past <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19646532/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">work</a> shows that people can learn to nudge targeted brain regions with real‑time feedback.



Therapists already use mood‑tracking apps; adding objective brain markers could improve accuracy. Personalized “emotion workouts” might teach flexible switching, similar to cognitive training for attention.



 Beyond clinics, the findings could improve soundtracks in virtual reality or adaptive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/video-games-can-rewind-the-clock-on-cognitive-performance/">games</a>. Systems might adjust musical cues to help users linger in, or exit from, certain feelings.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-science-hasn-t-tested-yet">What science hasn’t tested yet</h2>



The study focused on adults in a scanner; children, musicians, or people with disorders may show different timelines. Future projects could compare those groups directly.&nbsp;



Only five emotion labels were used. Real life holds many blended states such as awe or envy that might map differently. Subcortical areas did not show clear transition patterns here, but that may reflect scanner noise or event length.&nbsp;



Higher‑resolution recordings could reveal subtler dynamics. Music is just one trigger; spoken stories, movement, or smell might drive other networks. 



Combining modalities could pinpoint common versus unique pathways. Finally, the team manipulated valence but not arousal. Experiments that cross calm‑excited levels might tease apart the role of energy versus positivity.



The study is published in <a href="https://www.eneuro.org/content/early/2025/06/19/ENEURO.0184-24.2025" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eNeuro</a>.



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Music rewires the brain to quickly navigate emotion

Music can make a sleepy train ride feel romantic or turn a routine workout into an emotional burst of energy. Scientists have long wondered how a string of notes pushes the brain from one emotional feeling to the next, and why the experience changes when the previous feeling was different. Matthew Sachs of Columbia University and colleagues set out to answer that puzzle. A wordless path to emotion Music reliably raises specific emotions across cultures, making it a useful tool for lab work. Because melodies lack words,...

The recent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heatwaves-severe-frequent/">heatwaves</a> many people have been suffering through in the United States have been affecting our friends in the United Kingdom as well. Britain has been experiencing high temperatures in excess of 90°F as an “Iberian plume” moved in from the continent, resulting in a heatwave that has been responsible for hundreds of deaths. During the height of the heatwave in a 15-day period in June and July, almost 700 more deaths than average resulted due to excessive heat.

Unfortunately for the Brits, a shocking new study gives evidence that these heatwaves are not likely to end as the years go on. Scientists at the <a href="http://www.bristol.ac.uk/">University of Bristol</a> used computer simulations from around the world to determine the probability of future occurrences of a heatwave with the same temperature as 2018, using the predicted changes to future global temperatures set out in the Paris Agreement. 

Their models showed that if temperatures increase by 2.7°F, heatwaves such as these would occur every other year. And if global temperatures increase by 3.6°F, almost every summer will have a heatwave at least as hot as this year.

“'As the extreme European heatwave persists into August, with notable droughts, wildfires and impacts on human health, the question being asked is how often would a similar heatwave re-occur in the future? We show that in our current climate, heat waves similar in temperature to the present one would occur about once every five to six years, on average,” explains Dr. Dann Mitchell, one of the researchers on the study. “Our climate models are not perfect, and they cannot capture all aspects of the current heatwave, but they can give us a reasonable estimate as to what to expect in the future.”

There would be numerous consequences to continued heatwaves – heat-related mortality being one of the more obvious ones. Mitchell also believes migration would be another issue, as people in less developed countries may migrate from rural to urban areas during long heatwaves and droughts. Agricultural practices could also change, and productivity could drop as it would be less practical and more dangerous for people to be working in high heat.

The researchers point to cutting greenhouse gases as the best way to curtail this warming. This would mean governments coming together to determine how to go about reduce their country’s carbon footprint, as well as citizens reducing their own carbon footprint on an individual level. With this summer having the potential to be the hottest on record in the UK, it seems like time is running out for us to maintain a planet where these types of heatwaves are not a common occurrence.

--

By <a href="mailto:certz@earth.com">Connor Ertz</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Paid for by <a href="http://earth.com">Earth.com</a>

UK heatwaves show no sign of slowing or disappearing

The recent heatwaves many people have been suffering through in...

Globally, around 300 million people suffer from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/depression-diagnosed-blood-test/">depression</a> – which is almost the entire population of the United States. Needless to say, depression is a wide-ranging and crippling public health concern, and scientists around the world are seeking to better understand the disease. Now, researchers from <a href="http://www.mit.edu/">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> have pinpointed the region of the brain responsible for stress and anxiety, which could potentially lead to better treatments for depression in the future.

In their study, the researchers determined that by stimulating the caudate nucleus – a region of the brain linked to emotional decision-making – they were able to make animals place much greater weight on the drawbacks of a given situation when weighed against its benefits.

The study, published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/neuron/home">Neuron</a>, was based around the animals being offered a reward (juice) paired with an unpleasant stimulus, which was a puff of air to the face – so not too unpleasant. In each trial, the ratio of reward to unpleasant stimuli varied, and the animals could choose whether or not to accept the reward. If the reward was worth receiving the puff of air, the animals would choose to accept it. But when the ratio was too low, they rejected the reward.

However, when researchers stimulated the caudate nucleus with a small electrical current, the animals’ cost-benefit calculation became skewed. The test subjects now began to avoid combinations that they had previously accepted. Even once the stimulation ended, the effects remained the following day, until they gradually disappeared. The researchers believe their results show that the animals began to devalue the reward they had previously wanted, and focused more on the cost of the unpleasant stimulus.

According to the researchers, this type of behavior may be reproducing the effects that are seen in people with depression, anxiety, or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). People with these conditions tend to put more weight on the potential negative outcome of a given scenario.

“We feel we were seeing a proxy for anxiety, or depression, or some mix of the two,” says Ann Graybiel, an MIT professor and senior author of the study. “These psychiatric problems are still so very difficult to treat for many individuals suffering from them.”

Graybiel is currently working with psychiatrists at <a href="https://www.mcleanhospital.org/">McLean Hospital</a> to study patients who suffer from depression and anxiety. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have already shown abnormal activity in two regions of the medial prefrontal cortex that are connected to the caudate nucleus. Scientists think that the abnormal activity seen in this region of the brain may be disrupting dopamine activity.

If it is determined that the caudate nucleus truly is the region of the brain responsible for stress and anxiety in humans, this research may be one of the first steps towards finding effective treatments for people suffering from these conditions.

--

By <a href="mailto:certz@earth.com">Connor Ertz</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Scientists find the part of the brain responsible for depression

Globally, around 300 million people suffer from depression – which...

Women form closer bonds with cats than men do. While research has shown that dogs go out of their way to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-comfort-owners-upset/">comfort their owners</a> and could provide much-needed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/service-dogs-veterans-ptsd/">support for veterans suffering from PTSD</a>, there has been considerably less attention paid to the bond between humans and cats.

Researchers from the <a href="https://www.elte.hu/en/">Eötvös Loránd University</a> in Hungary noticed this gap in pet companionship studies and decided to examine the differences between how women and men and their relationship with their cat.

The results show that women are able to form closer relationships with their cats because they have more empathy for cats and enjoy talking to their pet. 

According to the research, women are more likely than men to initiate nearly all types of interactions with their cats. 

“Women were found in general to have more intense connections with their pets,” the study authors said. “Their interactions involve more repeating, complex behavioral patterns and women are also more empathic with their pets.”

For the study, 157 cat owners were asked to fill out a questionnaire on their pets and the bond they shared with their cats. 

The researchers found that women were more likely to talk to their cats, explain things to them, smile at the cats, and greet them. 

Compared to men, women cat owners were also more likely to think their cat wanted attention and that the cat could recognize when their owner needed comfort.

This is called emotional matching and the study showed that women with older cats were more likely to report an emotional match than men who had younger cats. 

“In the case of older cats, there could be more opportunity for learning the subtle signs of emotional matching to each other, and it is also possible that female owners feel stronger emotional bonds with their cat,” the researchers concluded.

--

By <a href="mailto:kayvandette@gmail.com">Kay Vandette</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Women form closer bonds with cats than men do

Women form closer bonds with cats than men do. While...

A recent study is demonstrating how digital technology affects our lives and relationships. The research has revealed that digital media is not only distracting, but also leaves us feeling more distant and drained. 

For example, even slight <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/smartphones-classroom-hindering-learning/">phone use</a> during a meal with friends was found to reduce the enjoyment of the experience.

The team conducted a trial in a restaurant that involved more than 300 adults and students in Vancouver, British Columbia. Participants were either instructed to place their phones in a container on silent during the meal, or to keep their phones visible on the table with the ringer or vibration turned on.

Afterward, the individuals completed a survey to report on their feelings of social connectedness, enjoyment, distraction, and boredom. The participants also detailed how much time they spent on their phones and what the devices were used for while dining.


The investigation revealed that the individuals who had their phones easily accessible during the meal used them more often and reported feeling more distracted and less pleased with the overall experience.

“People who were allowed to use their phones during dinner had more trouble staying present in the moment,” said study lead author Ryan Dwyer from the <a href="https://www.ubc.ca/">University of British Columbia</a>. 

“Decades of research on happiness tell us that engaging positively with others is critical for our well-being. Modern technology may be wonderful, but it can easily sidetrack us and take away from the special moments we have with friends and family in person.”


In another phase of the study, the team conducted a survey that included more than 120 participants from the University of Virginia. The individuals were questioned five times a day for one week about how they were feeling and what they had been doing in the 15 minutes before completing the survey.


The researchers found that students felt more distracted during interactions that took place over a smartphone compared with face-to-face interactions where they had not used their smartphone. The participants also reported feeling less enjoyment and interest in the interactions that involved a phone.

“The survey findings were especially notable because of the negative effects of phone use among university students, who are commonly known as digital natives,” said study co-author Dr. Elizabeth Dunn. 

“We assumed that this generation would be more adept at multitasking between using their phones and interacting with others, but we found out even moderate levels of phone use undermined the benefits of engaging with others.”

The research was presented by Dr. Dunn at the annual convention of the <a href="http://www.apa.org/">American Psychological Association</a>.

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

How much does digital media distract and drain us?

A recent study is demonstrating how digital technology affects our...

A series of studies presented at the annual convention of the <a href="http://www.apa.org/">American Psychological Association</a> has revealed what makes some people more susceptible to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/twitters-fake-news-disasters/">fake news</a>, and experts are advising on how this can be avoided.

According to some psychologists, the thought processes we develop early in life to help protect against the stress of uncertainty may help explain why some individuals fall victim to “fake news.”

Dr. Mark Whitmore is an assistant professor of Management and Information Systems at <a href="https://www.kent.edu/">Kent State University</a>'s College of Business Administration. 

“At its core is the need for the brain to receive confirming information that harmonizes with an individual's existing views and beliefs,” said Dr. Mark Whitmore.

“In fact, one could say the brain is hardwired to accept, reject, misremember or distort information based on whether it is viewed as accepting of or threatening to existing beliefs.”


Dr. Mark Whitmore explained that the driving force behind the acceptance of fake news is a phenomenon known as confirmation bias, which is a tendency to seek out information that confirms one's own views and reject information that contradicts those beliefs.

Dr. Eve Whitmore, a developmental psychologist with <a href="https://www.westernreservepsych.com/">Western Reserve Psychological Associates</a>, said that many of our beliefs and biases are formed in childhood as we begin to distinguish between fantasy and reality. 

“From the beginning, parents reinforce to their children the skill of pretending in order to cope with the realities inherent in culture and society. Children's learning about make-believe and mastery of it becomes the basis for more complex forms of self-deception and illusion into adulthood.”


Dr. Eve Whitmore explained that a flip side to playing make-believe is that children are encouraged to believe that it is okay to pretend things are true when they are not.

According to Dr. Mark Whitmore, conscious decisions can eventually lead to unconscious decisions based on false beliefs from childhood instead of critical examination.

“In this way, childhood beliefs persevere throughout a person's life and serve as a framework for processing information in adulthood. In attempting to confirm preconceived ideas, a person may resort to both fiction and reality in order to preserve these beliefs.”

Dr. Mark Whitmore said that the rise of social media has compounded the issue of fake news.

“In today's media environment, the channels are multiple, and the messages are often simultaneous and contradictory,” he said. “The receiver is often faced with paradoxical and seemingly absurd messages. It becomes easier to cling to a simple fiction than a complicated reality.”

“One positive defense strategy is humor. Watching late night comedy or political satire, while not actually altering or changing the source of the stressor, can help reduce the stress and anxiety associated with it.”

“Another is sublimation, where you channel your negative feelings into something positive, such as running for office, marching in a protest or volunteering for a social cause.”

Dr. Mark Whitmore also recommends that people keep an open mind and expose themselves to different points of view, which can help to moderate viewpoints and make them less extreme.
--
By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

What makes people believe fake news?

A series of studies presented at the annual convention of...

For lions, voluntourism trips often do more harm than good. August 10th is World Lion Day, and in honor of these beautiful big cats, <a href="http://earth.com">Earth.com</a> takes a look at how a misleading trend known as voluntourism can actually help the lion hunting industry.

For many animal lovers, traveling to South Africa to help hand-raise lion cubs may sound like a dream come true, but these voluntourism trips are often more nefarious than they sound. Captive breeding facilities, which breed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rhino-poachers-killed-lions/">lions</a> for the canned hunting industry, can disguise themselves as animal sanctuaries in order to lure in volunteers and tourists.

These facilities often attract volunteers by allowing visitors to become intimately involved with the daily care of lions. While the lions are young volunteers can cuddle, feed and play with them. Tourists often visit the facilities as well to take selfies with the cubs. Once the lions get older, volunteers and tourists go on “lion walks” with them.

According to <a href="https://www.responsiblevacation.com/copy/canned-hunting">Responsible Travel</a>, volunteer interactions are not for the animals’ welfare but instead to ensure the animals are habituated to humans when they are sold to canned hunting facilities. Volunteers may be told they are caring for orphaned lions who will reintroduced to the wild but lions who become accustomed to human presence are unlikely to survive in the wild. 

In reality, the lion cubs may have been taken from their mothers at a young age resulting in suffering for both the cubs and their mothers. Volunteers are also at a risk because they are interacting with wild animals who may become agitated and attack or bite.

Once the lions become too old for continued human contact, they may be sold to canned hunting facilities where they are shot in enclosed spaces by hunters who pay large fees for a guaranteed kill. If they are not sold to canned hunting facilities, the lions may be sold for their bones in the wildlife market. Lions sold to canned hunting facilities can also end up in the lion bone trade after they are shot.

African lions are currently protected by the international treaty, the <a href="https://www.cites.org/">Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora</a>. African lions are listed on Appendix II with a zero export quota for lions in the wild for commercial purposes. South Africa is allowed to export lion parts from captive breeding facilities within an established quota. The country made <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/lions-bones-south-africa-tigers-ramaphosa-exports-poaching-canned-hunting-traditional-chinese-a8459216.html">headlines</a> last month when it almost doubled its annual quota for lion bone exports to 1,500 skeletons.

“Hunting is part of South Africa’s policy of sustainable utilization of natural resources – a principle supported by multilateral environmental agreements such as CITES and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). All activities involving the African lion, including hunting, possession and trade are regulated through a permit system; and our policies are supported by solid scientific evidence,” said Minister of Environmental Affairs Dr. Edna Molewa.

An estimated 7,000 lions live in around 260 captive breeding facilities in South Africa alone. While the facilities are still legal in South Africa, some in the tourism industry are fighting back.

<a href="https://discovercorps.com/">Discover Corps</a>, which offers wildlife and cultural vacations, stopped offering lion tours in 2016. The website says, “Babies are taken from their mothers early so they can be hand-reared, getting them used to human touch. As they get older, many are either beaten or drugged into submission. So even if they aren’t eventually going to be hunted, there’s virtually no chance they’ll ever be returned to the wild.”

While the laws against captive breeding and canned hunting facilities may not change soon, animal lovers can help quash the industry by refusing to visit these inhumane attractions.

--

By <a href="mailto:brianna.grant134@gmail.com">Brianna Lynne</a>, <a href="http://earth.com">Earth.com</a> Contributing Writer

For lions, voluntourism trips often do more harm than good

For lions, voluntourism trips often do more harm than good....

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a serious mood disorder that can affect as many as 1 in 7 women after giving birth, according to the <a href="http://www.apa.org/pi/women/resources/reports/postpartum-depression.aspx">American Psychological Association.</a>

PPD is often treated as an isolated incident among new mothers, but a new study shows that this is an inaccurate portrayal of the problem and overlooks many new fathers who experience some form of depression after the birth of a child. 

Researchers from the <a href="https://www.menexcel.com/">Center for Men’s Excellence in San Diego</a> and the <a href="https://www.drsara.com/">Center for Reproductive Health Psychology</a> recently presented research on the prevalence of postpartum depression among men at the annual convention of the American Psychological Association. 

“Recent research has shown that roughly 10 percent of new dads experience postpartum depression, and up to 18 percent have some type of anxiety disorder,” said Dan Singley, a presenter of the research.

Their research shows that men are excluded from the treatment and care options provided to women who suffer from postpartum depression and that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/depression-diagnosed-blood-test/">depression screening</a> in new fathers is just as important as it is for mothers. 

“Much has been written about women's experiences of pregnancy and postpartum, most of it exploring negative reactions, ranging from clinical depression to postpartum psychosis, and attributing them to unique physical changes women experience during pregnancy,” said Singley.  "But the incidence rate of depression is comparable between new mothers and fathers.” 

One reason PPD in men might have been overlooked for so long is that postpartum depression is often said to be caused specifically by the hormonal changes and fluctuations that happen during pregnancy and birth.

However, as the research shows, men also face an increased risk of depression post-birth, so hormonal changes cannot be the only driving factor behind PPD. 

Another reason PPD has not been commonly considered a problem for new fathers is that men are less likely to seek mental health services after the birth of a child.  

PPD prevalence in new fathers might be related to the phenomena of sympathetic pregnancy that affect some men. In emotionally close relationships anthropologists have found that some men experience pregnancy symptoms like nausea and changes in appetite. 

Lack of sleep, according to the researchers, is one of the biggest driving factors behind PPD among fathers. 

New fathers may also struggle with the gender norms and societal expectations which can increase anxiety and depressions. 

The researchers say that more attention must be paid to new fathers who also suffer from serious postpartum depression and anxiety. People need access to regular screenings to monitor depression and anxiety and help find treatment. 

“But screening is not enough,” said Sara Rosenquist a co-presenter of the research. “Screening does not distinguish between major depressive disorder, which sometimes requires treatment with medications in addition to psychotherapy, and adjustment disorder, which is more commonly better treated with psychotherapy alone.”

New fathers should also seek out the support of friends and family during pregnancy and after the birth of their child. 

--

By<a href="mailto:kayvandette@gmail.com"> Kay Vandette</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Men can suffer from postpartum depression, too

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a serious mood disorder that can...

Do you find yourself to be an angry person with a quick temper? If so, this personality trait probably comes with more problems than you think. A new study from the <a href="http://en.uw.edu.pl/">University of Warsaw</a> has found that angry people are more likely to overestimate their level of intelligence than people with a more mild disposition. Not surprisingly, this is because being angry is linked to higher levels of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/narcissistic-people-prone-success/">narcissism</a>, along with a greater belief in one’s abilities and competence.

“In a recent project, I examined the relationship between anger and various cognitive functions,” lead researcher Marcin Zajenkowski, a professor of psychology at the University of Warsaw, told <a href="https://www.psypost.org/">Psypost.org</a>. “I noticed from the literature review that anger differs significantly from other negative emotions, such as sadness, anxiety or depression. Anger is more approach oriented and associated with optimistic risk perception and generally optimistic bias.”

The researchers conducted two studies with a total of 528 participants. Study participants were asked about their temper and rated their own intelligence on a 25-point scale. Participants then took an intelligence test to determine if their self-reported intelligence level matched to the real deal. 

“Individuals with high trait anger have a tendency to overestimate their abilities, i.e. thinking that they are smarter than they actually are,” says Zajenkowksi. “This part of anger is associated with narcissistic illusions.”

Their data showed no correlation between a participant’s temper and their actual level of intelligence, the only correlation was between anger and how they perceived their own abilities. In addition, the study also found that angry people often have problems forming and maintaining stable relationships – to no one’s surprise.

“Individuals with high narcissism do not establish deep, intimate bonds with others, but rather surpass and dominate others,” the study’s authors wrote in their paper, which was published in the journal <a href="https://www.journals.elsevier.com/intelligence">Intelligence</a>. “Often, experiences of anger might result in thoughts such as, ‘I am smart’ and ‘You are stupid,’ which may, in turn, cause problems in creating positive relations with others.”

So if you’re an angry person who struggles to have healthy relationships with others, it’s probably time for some self-reflection. It can be a long, lonely life if you believe you know better than everyone else, when really everyone else knows that the best thing is to avoid you all together.

--

By <a href="mailto:certz@earth.com">Connor Ertz</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Angry people tend to overestimate their own intelligence

Do you find yourself to be an angry person with...

Human evolution is a double-edged sword in some respects. The same evolutionary processes that allowed us to walk upright, are also the root of many common back, knee and foot problems. 

Impacted molars can be traced back to our early ancestors smaller jaw and changes in diet through the millennia.

A new study found that evolutionary changes in the brain may be the driving factor behind an individual's predisposition toward certain neuropsychiatric diseases such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/beef-jerky-meats-manic-episodes/">bipolar disorder</a> and schizophrenia. 

Researchers from <a href="https://www.stanford.edu/">Stanford University</a> identified long noncoding stretches of tandem repeats in our DNA that control how calcium is transported in the brain. 

This observation led to the theory that evolutionary changes in gene expression in the brain that dictate brain size, neural activity, and cognitive function created neurological disease prevalence. 

The results were published in the journal<a href="https://www.cell.com/ajhg/fulltext/S0002-9297(18)30238-6"> American Journal of Human Genetics</a>. 

“Changes in the structure and sequence of these nucleotide arrays likely contributed to changes in CACNA1C function during human evolution and may modulate neuropsychiatric disease risk in modern human populations,” said David Kingsley, the study’s senior author. 

Tandem repeats are long repeated lengths of DNA that occur in or outside of a gene’s coding sequence. 

When it comes to the variations in neurological function in people, researchers have turned to these repeats as an explanation, suggesting that the tandem repeats work as “tuning knobs” for gene expression. 

For this study, the researchers propose that tandem repeats also impact CACNA1C function in the brain as well. 

The researchers studied 181 human cell lines and postmortem brain tissue samples and discovered stretches of DNA much longer than expected. These DNA sections contained variant nucleotide base pairs in the CACNA1C gene. 

In the cell lines, the researchers noticed that variations of the repeats had different influences on gene expression and the genetic markers of bipolar disease susceptibility. 

Looking at these variants and repeats could help more accurately diagnose neurological diseases in patients. 

The researchers also say that focusing on these repeats could help with treatment options as calcium channel drugs are an option for neurological diseases. But these drugs have a history of mixed success because it is not well known if too little calcium or too much is connected to genetic variations of the CACNA1C gene. 

Kingsley and his team note that the variations in the CANA1C are the result of an evolutionary process, but whatever advantages the expanded repeats provides also opened up the risk of bipolar and schizophrenia. 

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By <a href="mailto:kayvandette@gmail.com">Kay Vandette</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Evolutionary brain changes may have caused bipolar disorder

Human evolution is a double-edged sword in some respects. The...

A new international study has found that moderate salt consumption is not a health risk for most people. Even for individuals who eat a lot of salt, health risks can be avoided by the regular consumption of fruits, vegetables, dairy products, and other foods that are high in potassium.

The study was focused on 94,000 individuals between the ages of 35 and 70 who were from 18 different countries. A <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sauna-bathing-cardiovascular-disease/">cardiovascular</a> health risk was only found among those who consumed more than five grams, or 2.5 teaspoons, of salt on a daily basis.


Every country that was examined in the study, with the exception of China, had an average sodium intake of 3 to 5 grams per day. In China, 80 percent of the communities were found to have a sodium intake of more than 5 grams per day.

Study first author Andrew Mente is an associate professor in the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact at <a href="https://www.mcmaster.ca/">McMaster University</a>.

“The World Health Organization recommends consumption of less than two grams of sodium - that's one teaspoon of salt - a day as a preventative measure against cardiovascular disease, but there is little evidence in terms of improved health outcomes that individuals ever achieve at such a low level,” said Professor Mente.

The American Heart Association recommends only 1.5 grams of sodium a day for individuals at risk of heart disease, added Mente.

“Only in the communities with the most sodium intake - those over five grams a day of sodium - which is mainly in China, did we find a direct link between sodium intake and major cardiovascular events like heart attack and stroke.”

“In communities that consumed less than five grams of sodium a day, the opposite was the case. Sodium consumption was inversely associated with myocardial infarction or heart attacks and total mortality, and no increase in stroke.”


According to Professor Mente, the researchers found a decrease in all major cardiovascular issues when there was an increase in the consumption of potassium, which is found abundantly in fruits, vegetables, dairy products, nuts, potatoes, and beans. 

Study co-author Professor Martin O'Donnell explained that most studies relating sodium intake to heart disease and stroke were based on individual-level information.

"Public health strategies should be based on best evidence. Our findings demonstrate that community-level interventions to reduce sodium intake should target communities with high sodium consumption, and should be embedded within approaches to improve overall dietary quality,” said Professor O’Donnell.

“There is no convincing evidence that people with moderate or average sodium intake need to reduce their sodium intake for prevention of heart disease and stroke.*

The team used data from the ongoing <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19540385">Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology</a> (PURE) study for the analysis.

The research is published in the journal <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/">The Lancet</a>.

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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, Earth.com Staff Writer

Moderate salt intake is not harmful to health, study finds

A new international study has found that moderate salt consumption...

A recent analysis has found that adults who exercise report having fewer days of poor mental health each month compared to people who do not exercise. In the observational study, which is the largest of its kind, the experts linked the biggest mental health improvements with team sports, cycling, aerobics, and going to the gym.

On the other hand, the researchers discovered that more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exercise-reduces-cancer-risk/">exercise</a> is not always better. The greatest mental health benefits were associated with 45 minutes of exercise between three and five times per week.

While exercise is known to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, diabetes, and mortality from all causes, its association with mental health has been somewhat of a mystery. Previous research has found that exercise may improve mental health, yet conflicting results have been documented.

Dr. Adam Chekroud is an assistant professor of Psychiatry at <a href="https://www.yale.edu/">Yale University</a>, and Chief Scientist at Spring Health.

“Depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide, and there is an urgent need to find ways to improve mental health through population health campaigns,” said Dr. Chekroud. “Exercise is associated with a lower mental health burden across people no matter their age, race, gender, household income and education level.” 

“Excitingly, the specifics of the regime, like the type, duration, and frequency, played an important role in this association. We are now using this to try and personalise exercise recommendations, and match people with a specific exercise regime that helps improve their mental health.”

The investigation was focused on 1.2 million adults across the United States who had participated in the <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/brfss/index.html">Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System</a> survey in 2011, 2013, and 2015. The individuals reported on their physical health, mental health, and exercise behaviors. 

On average, participants experienced 3.4 days of poor mental health each month. Those who exercised reported 1.5 fewer days of a struggle, which is a reduction of 43.2 percent.

For people who had been previously diagnosed with depression, the positive impact of exercise was found to be even broader. These individuals reported having 3.75 fewer days of poor mental health compared with people who did not exercise.

Exercising for 30-60 minutes was associated with the biggest reduction in poor mental health days. Small reductions were still seen for people who exercised more than 90 minutes per day, but exercising for more than three hours a day was associated with worse mental health than no exercise whatsoever

“Previously, people have believed that the more exercise you do, the better your mental health, but our study suggests that this is not the case,” explained Dr. Chekroud. “Doing exercise more than 23 times a month, or exercising for longer than 90 minute sessions is associated with worse mental health.”

“Our finding that team sports are associated with the lowest mental health burden may indicate that social activities promote resilience and reduce depression by reducing social withdrawal and isolation, giving social sports an edge over other kinds.”

The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/onlinefirst">The Lancet Psychiatry</a>.

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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Exercise can substantially improve mental health

A recent analysis has found that adults who exercise report...

A new study from the <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/">University of Cambridge</a> has found that, when men believe they have won a competition, they experience boosted levels of testosterone along with an inflated sense of value as a potential mate. After this hormonal and psychological shift, the men become more likely to approach prospective partners.

The investigation was focused on 38 men in their twenties. Before and after the participants competed on rowing machines, the experts measured their hormone levels, self-perceived attractiveness, and confidence in approaching <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/socioeconomic-age-gap-children/">women</a>.

The individuals were not made aware that the winners were randomly selected, regardless of who won the rowing challenges. 

Previous research demonstrated that winning affects hormone levels among men, but it has remained unclear whether this could be attributed to the effort it takes to win or simply to the idea of victory.

The current study revealed that men did not actually have to win the competition to experience a hormonal boost. This is referred to by experts as an example of “plasticity,” when the body rapidly adjusts without a change in genetics. 

According to the researchers, the body attempts to take advantage of the newly-acquired status by inducing chemical changes that promote a “short-term” approach to reproductive success. The subsequent change in sexual behavior targets more sex with new and different partners.

In this case, there was a perceived change in social status because the men believed they had defeated a rival.

“Much of evolution consists of trade-offs in energy investment,” said study lead author Dr. Danny Longman.

“A common trade-off for males both across and within species is between mating strategies. One reproductive approach is short-term, investing time and energy in attracting and pursuing many mates, and fighting off competition. Another approach is long-term, investing energy in raising offspring with a single mate.”

“We found that a perceived shift in social status can cause male physiology to adapt by preparing to shift mating strategies to optimise reproductive success.”

The men who believed they had won the rowing challenges experienced an average testosterone boost of 4.92 percent, while men who believed they lost experienced an average drop in testosterone by 7.24 percent. Overall, men who thought they had won rowing challenges had testosterone levels that were 14.46 percent higher than the “defeated” opponents.

The men who were declared as winners had a self-perceived value that was an average of 6.53 percent higher than their rivals. These participants were also found to be 11.29 percent more likely to approach and pursue potential mates that they found sexually attractive.

“The endocrine system that controls hormones is responsive to situational changes,” said Longman. “Previous research has shown that testosterone is lower when men are in a committed relationship, or have children, to promote long-term mating strategies.”

“Our results show that both testosterone and its corresponding psychological effects can fluctuate quickly and opportunistically, shifting towards short-term mating in response to a perceived change in status that may increase mating value.”

The research is published in the journal <a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/12110">Human Nature</a>.

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

When men feel like winners, testosterone and confidence spike

A new study from the University of Cambridge has found...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

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