The world’s seas have long acted as a planetary safety net, soaking up excess heat and roughly a quarter of all human-generated carbon dioxide. 



Yet this crucial buffer is anything but uniform. Some waters capture carbon, others release it, and the balance can swing in a matter of days.



Until now, most global maps blurred those variations into month-long snapshots at coarse, 100-kilometer grids. 



A new satellite-driven product called <a href="https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/13/777/2021/">OceanSODA-ETHZ</a> changes that picture, offering eight-day updates at 25-kilometer resolution and revealing the ocean <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-carbon-sinks-are-being-pushed-to-their-limits/">carbon sink</a> in unprecedented detail.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-satellites-fill-ocean-carbon-gaps">Satellites fill ocean carbon gaps</h2>



Direct readings of surface-water CO2 come from ships and buoys, leaving vast gaps in space and time.



“Increasing the resolution of these global datasets is challenging because the number of direct measurements of carbon dioxide at the ocean’s surface is rather sparse across all regions and times,” explained project co-leader Nicolas Gruber of ETH Zurich.



To fill those gaps, Gruber’s team paired the in situ data with a suite of Earth-observation satellites that sense <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-are-substantially-changing-the-seasons-of-the-ocean/">sea-surface temperature</a>, color, wind, and more - variables tightly linked to how much CO2 water can hold.



Feeding that information into a cascade of machine-learning algorithms produced a fine-grained, eight-day global mosaic.



“This new version maps the parameters of the ocean carbon system every eight days at a resolution of about 25 by 25 kilometers, more than 30 times finer than previous products,” Gruber said.



“A critical part of the approach is the use of satellite data, which provides detailed information to interpolate the measurements in time and space.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-satellites-track-ocean-carbon-changes">Satellites track ocean carbon changes</h2>



Presented this week at <a href="https://lps25.esa.int/">ESA’s Living Planet Symposium</a>, the dataset already highlights dramatic short-term swings. 



An animation released by the team tracks the 2017 Atlantic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-hurricanes-help-oceans-fight-climate-change/">hurricane</a> season, when storms such as Maria and Irma churned deep, carbon-rich waters to the surface.



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/cEUvoY8krHM?si=cX1giVtLnycyFKqr
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Animation generated using the new OceanSODA-ETHZv2 product by Luke Gregor, Jamie Shutler and Nicolas Gruber</figcaption></figure>



In the visualization, red plumes - areas where the sea outgasses CO2 - flare beneath the swirling wind arrows, then fade as cooler, oxygen-laden surface layers return.



Jamie Shutler from the University of Exeter, while not involved in developing the product, is already using it for storm studies.



“Thanks to its fine detail, the dataset can help us separate and understand the influence of events like hurricanes - where deep water, often high in carbon, can be forced to rise to the surface - which can cause sudden spikes or changes in surface ocean carbon dioxide levels,” said Shutler.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-view-of-ocean-acidification">A new view of ocean acidification</h2>



Every molecule of CO2 that the ocean absorbs reacts with seawater, lowering pH and shifting carbonate chemistry in ways that erode coral skeletons, thin oyster shells, and alter plankton communities.



Until now, researchers tracking this “other CO2 problem” relied on sparse records or coarse climatologies. 



OceanSODA-ETHZ delivers near-real-time fields of surface pH and carbonate ions, letting scientists watch <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-acidification-is-spreading-into-deeper-waters/">acidification</a> pulses unfold as upwelling, rainfall, or melting sea ice change local chemistry.



Because the product also extends back to 1985, analysts can mine four decades of fine-scale variability to see where buffers are weakening and hotspots are emerging. 



Those insights can feed into fisheries management, coastal planning, and global carbon-budget assessments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-esa-powers-new-ocean-maps">ESA powers new ocean maps</h2>



The dataset is the latest deliverable from <a href="https://eo4society.esa.int/">ESA’s FutureEO “Science for Society” program</a>, which funds innovative uses of satellite records.



“The fact that we can use this method to gain new insights into the exchange of carbon dioxide between the ocean and atmosphere - and on the ocean acidification altogether - is a great step forward in ocean science,” said Roberto Sabia, an ocean scientist at <a href="https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth">ESA Earth-Observation</a>. 



Gruber and colleagues emphasize that OceanSODA-ETHZ is not a static atlas but a living product that can assimilate new ship measurements and leverage upcoming satellite missions.



Higher-resolution sensors such as <a href="https://pace.gsfc.nasa.gov/">NASA’s PACE</a> and <a href="https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Copernicus_Sentinel_Expansion_missions">ESA’s Copernicus Expansion</a> promise even clearer views of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plankton-help-predict-ocean-biodiversity-losses/">plankton</a> blooms, sea-surface roughness, and dissolved organic matter - all factors that modulate carbon exchange.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forecasts-of-regional-carbon-uptake">Forecasts of regional carbon uptake</h2>



Ultimately, the goal is to couple these detailed maps with ocean-atmosphere models, yielding short-term forecasts of regional carbon uptake akin to daily weather predictions.



Such tools could alert coastal managers when acidification thresholds are likely to be breached or help negotiators refine national emissions budgets by tracking natural carbon sinks more precisely.



For now, the new product already reshapes our understanding of the ocean’s role in moderating climate. 



Where earlier charts smoothed over crucial dynamics, OceanSODA-ETHZ reveals a living, breathing carbon landscape - one where swirling eddies, roaring storms, and shifting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/small-ocean-currents-play-a-huge-role-in-earths-climate/">currents</a> all leave their stamp on the planet’s most important carbon reservoir.



Image Credit: ESA



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Satellites reveal how oceans absorb carbon in unprecedented detail

The world’s seas have long acted as a planetary safety net, soaking up excess heat and roughly a quarter of all human-generated carbon dioxide. Yet this crucial buffer is anything but uniform. Some waters capture carbon, others release it, and the balance can swing in a matter of days. Until now, most global maps blurred those variations into month-long snapshots at coarse, 100-kilometer grids. A new satellite-driven product called OceanSODA-ETHZ changes that picture, offering eight-day updates at 25-kilometer resolution and revealing the ocean carbon sink in unprecedented...

Among the funding cuts suggested in President Donald Trump’s proposed budget? Federal money for an earthquake warning system along the West Coast – and experts say it could tank the project before it gets off the ground.

“Eliminating the $10 million/year that the government has been spending would stop the program and waste the $23 million that has already been invested,” Dr. Lucy Jones said in a <a href="https://www.facebook.com/DrLucyJones/posts/10155346024875762">statement on Facebook</a>. “The talented scientists and technicians that are working on the project now will go to other jobs, so their experience and expertise would be lost. Many life- and money-saving measures would not be available when the next earthquake strikes.”

Jones is a retired seismologist from the <a href="https://www.usgs.gov/">U.S. Geological Survey</a>, which has been working with universities along the Pacific Coast on the project. The funding cuts would affect the USGS and, in turn, the earthquake warning system project.

The early warning system, dubbed ShakeAlert, is being developed with the goal of giving people five to 10 seconds of warning so they can find a safe spot to ride out a major quake. The system is already undergoing testing, but needs more seismic sensors installed in Northern California, Oregon and Washington to be truly effective.

Under the current funding plan, scientists expected a limited public rollout as early as next year, according to the <a href="http://www.latimes.com/">Los Angeles Times</a>. The U.S. would join countries that already have early warning systems in place, such as Mexico and Japan.

The states where the early warning system would operate have also invested in the system. The <a href="http://www.caloes.ca.gov/">California Office of Emergency Services</a> has partnered with ShakeAlert and the state has invested $10 million. The <a href="https://www.washington.edu/">University of Washington</a>, <a href="http://berkeley.edu/">University of California, Berkeley</a> and <a href="http://www.caltech.edu/">Caltech</a> have all contributed resources toward the project. The <a href="https://www.moore.org/">Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation</a> has also supported the project.

Jones isn’t alone in her concerns about the proposed cuts to the earthquake warning system.

“We cannot stop now, just as monitoring stations are being built out and the system is expanding its reach,” Rep. Adam Schiff, D-Burbank, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/RepAdamSchiff/posts/10154364665481831">said on Facebook</a>. “Support for the early warning system in Congress is sustained, growing and bipartisan, and we will not accept this attempt by the president to cut a vital funding stream for a program that will protect life, property and critical infrastructure.”

Rep. Ken Calvert, R-Corona, notes that the budget must pass through several committees including the Appropriations Subcommittee on the Interior and the Environment, which he chairs.

“As the appropriations process moves forward, I will work to provide our agencies with the resources necessary to fulfill their missions while also finding efficiencies to ensure taxpayer dollars are being used judiciously,” he said <a href="https://calvert.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=397577">in a statement</a>.

—

By <a href="mailto:kcathey@earth.com">Kyla Cathey</a>, <a href="http://earth.com/staff">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Earthquake warning system could fall to federal budget cuts

Among the funding cuts suggested in President Donald Trump’s proposed...

Scientists have discovered potentially dangerous space fragments that could hit the Earth and cause massive destruction. Each year, starting at the end of October, there is a meteor shower called the Taurids display, dubbed 'nature's fireworks.” It is created by debris left behind by Encke's comet, named for the astronomer who discovered it's annual trajectory in 1819.

But now, researchers from the <a href="http://www.asu.cas.cz/en/about/about-the-institute">Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Science</a> have found two asteroids, called 2015 TX24 and 2005 UR, which are part of a previously undiscovered branch of the Taurids' debris.

The Earth only passes through this branch once every few years, causing greater numbers of shooting stars. Future encounters are projected for 2022, 2025, 2032 and 2039. 

The rocks measure 650 feet to 900 feet (200 to 300 meters) across and have been registered on the International Astronomical Union’s list of "potentially hazardous" <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/asteroid-killed-dinosaurs-worst-place/">asteroids</a>.

The Czech team is worried that the hidden debris field may contain even larger objects.

“Since asteroids of sizes of tens to hundreds meters pose a threat to the ground even if they are intrinsically weak, impact hazard increases significantly when the Earth encounters the Taurid new branch every few years,” the study authors wrote.

Further study is needed on these “'potentially hazardous objects, which can be large enough to cause significant regional or even continental damage on the Earth,” the authors wrote in a study published in the journal <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1705.08633.pdf">Arxiv</a>.

A 1908 blast in Russia the size of 185 Hiroshima bombs that was felt as far away as Britain has been blamed on Taurid meteors, the story said.

Known as the Tunguska event, the blast happened after a large fireball was seen crossing the Siberian sky on June 20, 1908.

The explosion lit up the sky in the United States and there were reports that the blast was felt as far away as Britain.

If a Taurids chunk were massive enough to pass through the atmosphere and hit the ground, it would cause unprecedented destruction.

--

By: <a href="mailto:dbeasley@earth.com">David Beasley, </a><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Source: <a href="http://www.asu.cas.cz/en/about/about-the-institute">Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Science</a>, <a href="http://dailym.ai/2r0DBru">Daily Mail</a>

Scientists worry that a meteor shower could be hiding asteroids

Scientists have discovered potentially dangerous space fragments that could hit...

The over watering of trees and lawns caused Los Angeles to lose 100 gallons of water per person per day to the atmosphere through evaporation in the summer of 2010, a new study found. Moreover, over-irrigation resulted in the loss of 70 billion gallons of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-clouding-lake-tahoe/">water</a> per year.

Lawns accounted for 70 percent of the water loss, while trees accounted for 30 percent, according to the study funded by the <a href="https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=241970&amp;WT.mc">National Science Foundation</a> and published in the journal <a href="http://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1944-7973/">Water Resources Research</a>.

The study, based on measurements before Los Angeles mandated watering restrictions in 2014, show a “pattern of systemic overwatering of the city's lawns, and a surprising water efficiency of its tree cover.” The researchers found a correlation between water loss and household income.

"California's recent drought highlights the need for urban water conservation," says Tom Torgersen, program director in the Division of Earth Sciences in NSF's Geosciences Directorate.

Researchers measured evapotranspiration (ET), the evaporation of water from the soil and the transpiration, or release of water vapor, from plants

In Los Angeles, the greatest ET was due to turf grass and seed-producing trees.

"Both provide an alleviation of the urban heat island effect and reduce the need for air conditioning," Torgersen says. "However, the benefit is not evenly shared. The higher the median income, the greater the local ET, with cooler temperatures in wealthier areas and higher temperatures in poorer sections of the city.”

ET rates in the wealthiest neighborhoods, they found, were roughly twice those of poorer neighborhoods.

Trees use far less water than grassy lawns, the study said. Under dry conditions, trees will rein in transpiration so they can retain water.

"It's surprising that we can maintain the tree canopy of L.A. with relatively little water," said Diane Pataki of the University of Utah, one of the researchers in the study. "There's this assumption that we need abundant irrigation to support trees. But we can drastically reduce water use and still have trees."

Los Angeles' watering restrictions were lifted this spring after a very wet winter. At present, it's too early to tell whether Los Angeles residents' watering patterns and landscaping choices will return to pre-drought excesses, Pataki said.

"Whether the drought changed people's landscape preferences in a lasting way, that's something we still need to find out," she said.

--

By: <a href="mailto:dbeasley@earth.com">David Beasley, </a><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Source: <a href="https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=241970&amp;WT.mc">National Science Foundation</a>

Over watering lawns lost Los Angeles 70 billion gallons of water

The over watering of trees and lawns caused Los Angeles...

Warmer nights as a result of climate change will cause millions of people to lose sleep, with the poor and elderly most affected, according to a new study.

If climate change is not addressed, temperatures in 2050 could cost people in the United States millions of additional nights of insufficient sleep per year, the <a href="https://ucsd.edu/">University of California San Diego</a> study said. By 2099, the figure could rise by several hundred million more nights of lost sleep annually.

"Sleep has been well-established by other researchers as a critical component of human health,” said Nick Obradovich, who conducted much of the research as a doctoral student in political science at the University of California San Diego. “Too little sleep can make a person more susceptible to disease and chronic illness, and it can harm psychological well-being and cognitive functioning." 

The study analyzed federal health survey data from 765,000 U.S. residents between 2002 and 2011. It then linked data on self-reported nights of insufficient sleep to daily temperature data from the National Centers for Environmental Information.

The analysis showed that increases in nighttime temperature by 1 degree Celsius translate to three nights of insufficient <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-robbing-sleep/">sleep</a> per 100 individuals per month.

Those earning below $50,000 a year and those over the age of 65 are most severely affected, the study found. 

The study also paints a bleak picture for the future based on climate projections for 2050 and 2099 by NASA Earth Exchange.

Warmer temperatures could cause six additional nights of insufficient sleep per 100 individuals by 2050, and approximately 14 extra nights per 100 by 2099.

"The U.S. is relatively temperate and, in global terms, quite prosperous," Obradovich said. "We don't have sleep data from around the world, but assuming the pattern is similar, one can imagine that in places that are warmer or poorer or both, what we'd find could be even worse."

The study, published by <a href="http://advances.sciencemag.org/">Science Advances</a>, is the largest real-world study to date to find a relationship between reports of insufficient sleep and unusually warm nighttime temperatures. It is also the first to apply the discovered relationship to projected climate change.

--

By: <a href="mailto:dbeasley@earth.com">David Beasley, </a><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Source: <a href="https://ucsd.edu/">University of California San Diego</a>

Why climate change will make sleep more difficult

Warmer nights as a result of climate change will cause...

Millions of people are impacted by natural disasters every year. These events often have the power to devastate entire regions, and can be very difficult to predict. A new study reveals that human exposure to natural disasters has doubled over the last 40 years, due mainly to population growth and urban development. 

The team behind the study set out to get a better look at how much of the global population resides in regions that are susceptible to extreme weather events. 

The researchers analyzed satellite observation data from the last 40 years, focusing their assessment on earthquakes, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/campi-flegrei-volcano-erupt/">volcanoes</a>, tsunamis, floods, and tropical cyclones. The evaluation revealed that an alarming number of people are vulnerable to natural disasters. 

The team determined that earthquakes are the biggest threat to the largest amount of people. Between 1975 and 2015, the amount of people living in areas prone to seismic activity nearly doubled. This number grew from 1.4 billion to 2.7 billion, which is the equivalent of one out of every three people.

Flooding is the most frequent of the weather events examined for this study. In 2015, 1 billion people in 155 countries were found to be exposed to flood risk. The team established that 76.9 percent of those at risk are located in Asia. 8 million occupants of Germany are also more likely to experience flooding, along with 5.7 million residents of France. 

Although regions of Asia are the most vulnerable to tsunami events, Japan has the most populated areas that are exposed to the likelihood of tsunamis. China and the United States also have heavily populated regions that are at high risk of tsunami activity. 

Volcanic activity threatens around 400 people globally. The researchers noted that these people live in close proximity to the most dangerous volcanoes in the world. 

Previous research that was conducted to determine the number of people impacted by natural disasters focused primarily on climate change. The authors of this study took a new approach by examining the connection between population growth, urban development, and extreme weather exposure. 

As the world's population and metropolitan areas continue to grow, the impact of natural disasters will continue to grow as well. The findings of this study are published in the <a href="https://phys.org/news/2017-05-atlas-human-planet-2017how-exposed.html">Atlas of the Human Planet 2017</a>. 

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 

Source: <a href="https://phys.org/news/2017-05-atlas-human-planet-2017how-exposed.html">Atlas of the Human Planet 2017</a>

Global risk of natural disasters has doubled since 1975

Millions of people are impacted by natural disasters every year....

A newly discovered layer of tectonic plates within the Earth’s mantle could explain a mysterious series of earthquakes in the Pacific, the <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/">Guardian</a> reported.

On Tuesday, Jonny Wu of the <a href="http://www.uh.edu/">University of Houston</a> presented preliminary evidence of possible tectonics plate within the mantle to a joint conference of the Japan Geoscience Union and the American Geophysical Union in Tokyo.

The plate movements may explain a mysterious series of very deep, large <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dozen-earthquakes-oklahoma/">earthquakes</a> known as the Vityaz earthquakes, which originated in the mantle between Fiji and Australia. Just as in conventional tectonic plates at Earth’s surface, the bends and breaks in these subducted plates can generate earthquakes.

“Basically, 90% of Earth’s deep seismicity occurs at the Tonga area where we’ve found our long, flat slab,”  Wu told the <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/">Guardian</a>.

The discovery has been made possible by recent advances in seismology allowing scientists to generate pictures of Earth’s interior using vibrations from natural earthquakes.

Wu compares the new pictures to images from the Hubble space telescope.

“Think of Hubble. We look out, and the further we look out the more things we discover, not just about the universe – we’re actually looking back in time,” he told the newspaper. “And this new seismology is like turning the Hubble to look into the Earth, because as we look deeper and get clearer images, we can see what the Earth might have looked like further and further back in time.”

The seismological pictures can be used to locate tectonic plates lurking within the mantle and then reconstruct the configuration on Earth’s surface millions of years ago.

“We’re discovering lost oceans that we didn’t even know existed,” said Wu, who with colleagues recently discovered an 8,000 km wide East Asian Sea which existed between the Pacific and Indian oceans 52 million years ago, and is now buried 500-1000 km deep in the mantle under east Asia.

--

By: <a href="mailto:dbeasley@earth.com">David Beasley, </a><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Source: <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/">Guardian</a>

Scientists discover new tectonic plates in Earth’s mantle

A newly discovered layer of tectonic plates within the Earth’s...

Diesel pollution can cause heart damage, according to a new study.

"There is strong evidence that particulate matter emitted mainly from diesel road vehicles is associated with increased risk of heart attack, heart failure, and death," said lead author Nay Aung, a cardiologist and research fellow at <a href="http://www.qmul.ac.uk/">Queen Mary University</a> of London.

Heart damage is driven by an inflammatory response from inhaling particulate matter, Aung said. It starts with a localized inflammation of the lungs “followed by a more systemic inflammation affecting the whole body.”

The new study conducted cardiac magnetic resonance imaging on 255 participants to measure their heart‘s left ventricular volume and left ventricular ejection fraction. The particulate exposure was calculated based on the participant’s home address.

"We found that as [particulate] exposure rises, the larger the heart gets and the worse it performs,” Aung said. “Both of these measures are associated with increased morbidity and mortality from heart disease.”

More educated participants were less likely to have heart damage, the study found.

“This could be due to a number of factors including better housing and workplace conditions, which reduce pollution exposure,” Aung said. It could also be because people with more education have healthier lifestyles, and better access to healthcare, he added.

Aung advised people to avoid places with heavy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/traffic-noise-birds-stop-singing/">traffic</a>.

“If you want to cycle into work and there is heavy traffic around that time then try to find a quieter route,” Aung said. “Walk on the part of the pavement furthest from cars to reduce the amount of pollution you breathe in.”

--

By: <a href="mailto:dbeasley@earth.com">David Beasley, </a><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Source: <a href="https://www.escardio.org/">European Society of Cardiology</a>

Study: Diesel fuel pollution linked to heart damage

Diesel pollution can cause heart damage, according to a new...

When we think of trees, we tend to mainly think about the benefits they provide to our existence on earth. They take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen, provide habitats for wildlife, and aren’t too hard on the eyes either. But new research shows that recent increases in tree leaf abundance may be having adverse effects on local climates.

A significant amount of our planet is greening in response to increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere – as well as nitrogen deposition, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-warming-impacting-frost/">global warming</a>, and changes in land use. Furthermore, a recent global assessment found that changes in leaf abundance could be causing northern areas to warm and arid regions to cool. Scientists believe this is related to how global vegetation has impacted local climates. 

The increase in leaf coverage – which scientists call leaf area index (LAI) – may have major implications for climate change feedback loops. However, many researchers have had a hard time quantifying what these implications may be on a global scale.

In a new study, Giovanni Forzieri and colleagues used satellite data of global LAI coverage from the last three decades to analyze leaf coverage. They found that increased LAI in northern temperate zones where coniferous trees dominate resulted in a reduction in the reflection of sunlight from the ground. This is believed to have caused a warming effect. On the other hand, increased LAI in arid regions was related to more plants and trees absorbing water (known as transpiration), and thus caused a cooling effect.

The researchers also found that the relationship between LAI and surface biophysics are amplified up to five times during extreme warm-dry and cold-wet years. 

Ultimately, the research team estimates that increased greening has actually buffered warming by about 14% across roughly 60% of the global vegetated area. However, in the remaining 40% - most of which are northern temperate regions – LAI increases have increased air temperatures, resulting in an additional warming of about 10%.

With global warming being such a significant topic these days – with potentially catastrophic consequences – it’s important that research such as this continues so that scientists may have a better understanding of how to curtail its effects.

--

By <a href="mailto:certz@earth.com">Connor Ertz</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Source: <a href="https://www.aaas.org/">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>

How increases in tree leaf abundance are affecting climate change

When we think of trees, we tend to mainly think...

Zebra mussels have been a problematic invasive species in North America for over three decades. Since they were introduced to the continent in 1986, this species has invaded countless rivers – including the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sudden-shifts-in-the-course-of-a-river-on-a-delta-may-be-predicted/">Mississippi</a>, Hudson, Ohio, and St. Lawrence. As they’ve flourished in these large rivers, zebra mussels have continued to spread far and wide.

The presence of these mussels wreaks havoc on native ecosystems by disrupting the natural cycle of nutrients and outcompeting native bivalve species. They also eat algae normally consumed by native fish populations, and are not safe for human consumption because they absorb pollutants and toxins while filtering. With the massive costs it requires to remove the invasive species, it is estimated that zebra mussels cause $1 billion in damages and control costs every year.

Understanding how these mussels spread could be key to figuring out a more cost-effective way to curb their growth. In a paper published in the <a href="https://www.siam.org/journals/siap.php">SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics</a>, researchers present a continuous-discrete hybrid population model that covers the invasive dynamics of zebra mussels in North American rivers.

“We wanted to develop and apply a mathematical model to understand the interaction between population growth and dispersal, environmental conditions, and river flow in determining upstream invasion success of zebra mussels," says Qihua Huang. Fellow researcher Mark Lewis explains, “Rivers are key natural resources, and once zebra mussels invade the consequences can be disastrous. Not only are the rivers themselves affected, they can spread the zebra mussels to new downstream locations.”

The survival of zebra mussels in North American rivers is dependent on water temperature, flow rates, salinity, turbidity, and pH levels. However, the most significant factor is unidirectional water flow, which moves river sediment, whisks mussel larvae downstream, and prevents them from attaching to the river bottom. “The dynamics of unidirectional water flow found in rivers can play an important role in determining invasion success,” explains Huang.

Due to the unusual dynamics of zebra mussel populations, the authors determined that classical models were useless. So they set out to develop they own unique spatially-explicit population model specifically for invasive zebra mussel populations. 

“We determined conditions for persistence of zebra mussels in rivers as a function of temperature and flow rate,” says Huang. “The population persists in a river only when the flow velocity is low and the water temperature is moderate. We found that the population cannot persist in a river if it is unable to spread upstream.”

The researchers believe that this new model could also be applied to other environmental factors that determine the success of these invasive populations. Furthermore, additional invasive species could be monitored with this model, allowing scientists around the world to better understand the dynamics of invasive populations.

--

By <a href="mailto:certz@earth.com">Connor Ertz</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Source: <a href="https://www.siam.org/">Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics</a>

Toxic zebra mussels invading rivers and hurting ecosystems

Zebra mussels have been a problematic invasive species in North...

Report: Magic mushrooms are the safest recreational drug to use. As public opinion surrounding the benefits of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chili-peppers-marijuana-stomach/">marijuana</a> continues to increase in favorability nationwide, another recreational drug may deserve a second look as well. A new report from the <a href="https://www.globaldrugsurvey.com/">2017 Global Drug Survey</a> has found that 'magic' mushrooms are the safest recreational drug to take. 

The study found that only 1 in 500 people will be taken to the hospital as a result of taking psychedelic mushrooms. 

“Magic mushrooms are one of the safest drugs in the world,” Dr. Adam Winstock, founder of the survey, told <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/may/23/study-hallucinogenic-mushrooms-safest-recreational-drug-lsd">The Guardian</a>.

According to Winstock, the biggest risk associated with hallucinogenic mushrooms was people picking and eating the wrong kinds.

“Death from toxicity is almost unheard of with poisoning with more dangerous fungi being a much greater risk in terms of serious harms,” Dr. Winstock added.

Mushrooms were found to be significantly safer than MDMA, LSD, and cocaine. Interestingly, the report also found that synthetic cannabis was the riskiest drug.

Only .2% of 12,000 people surveyed who had taken “shrooms” in the past year reported needing any medical attention. 

Psychedelic mushrooms have also been used to treat depression and anxiety.

That said, Dr. Winstock warned against combining mushrooms with other drugs.

“Combined use with alcohol and use within risky or unfamiliar settings increase the risks of harm,” he told told <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/may/23/study-hallucinogenic-mushrooms-safest-recreational-drug-lsd">The Guardian</a>.

-

By <a href="mailto:rarnold@earth.com">Rory Arnold</a>, <a href="http://earth.com/staff">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Source: <a href="https://www.globaldrugsurvey.com/">2017 Global Drug Survey</a>, <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/may/23/study-hallucinogenic-mushrooms-safest-recreational-drug-lsd">The Guardian</a>

Report: Magic mushrooms are the safest recreational drug to use

Report: Magic mushrooms are the safest recreational drug to use....

Image

Ochre is an iron-rich <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/evidence-life-oxygen-found-ancient-rocks/">rock</a> that can produce color, and is the earliest known pigment used by humans to paint. Composed of iron oxides, these red and yellow rocks were widely distributed during the Middle Stone Age. A new analysis of ochre collected from a cave in Ethiopia reveals ochre was used here for at least 4500 years. 

The largest collection of African ochre artifacts is from the Porc-Epic Cave of Ethiopia, and is believed to be around 40,000 years old. David Rosso of the <a href="http://www.ub.edu/web/ub/en/">University of Barcelona</a> and the <a href="http://www.u-bordeaux.com">University of Bordeaux</a> led a team of researchers in evaluating 3792 ochre artifacts from this collection. The team set out to determine how the ochre was processed during the Middle Stone Age by using microscopy and by simulating various grinding techniques. 

The results of the study showed that the cave inhabitants consistently acquired, processed, and used the same types of ochre during this extensive time frame. Almost half of the ochre pieces had been modified, but the number of pieces that were processed progressively decreased over the years.  

It appeared that flaking and scraping techniques became more common over time, while grinding became less common. This gradual change from one processing technique to the others indicates a type of cultural drift over the 4500-year-span.

The specific uses of the ochre in the Middle Stone Age are somewhat of a mystery. Some of the ochre pieces were modified to a larger extent than others, and appear to have been used with multiple grindstones at different times. This indicates that these particular pieces were utilized to obtain powder. The ochre powder may have been used in symbolic activities such as body painting or may have had more practical uses. 

The study, published today in the journal <a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/">PLOS ONE</a>, gives new insight into the time frame of ochre use. According to the authors, the findings suggest there was a "cohesive behavioral system shared by all community members and consistently transmitted through time."
--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 

Source: <a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/">PLOS ONE</a>

Image Credit: Rosso et al (2017)

Ochre was used as a tool for thousands of years in the Stone Age

Ochre is an iron-rich rock that can produce color, and...

When Donald Trump announced his presidential bid in June of 2015, he pledged to build a “great, great wall” on the southern border and make Mexico pay for it. Mexico may not be paying for it, but Trump is now asking Congress for a budget to start building the border wall. Researchers are evaluating the threats that the wall poses to many species of animals that will suffer from the fragmentation of their habitats. 

Science journalist Lesley Evans Ogden, a reporter for <a href="https://www.aibs.org/bioscience/">Bioscience</a>, has written an article addressing the potential impact that a U.S.-Mexico border wall will have on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/endangered-status-giraffes/">wildlife</a>. 

"If the wall is completed, it will create a considerable biodiversity conservation challenge--one unlikely to disappear anytime soon," explained Ogden.

There are already 650 miles of steel posts that form a barrier across the Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas. It is not clear if this hardened border successfully prevents illegal immigration and smuggling, but it is clear is that it has disrupted the natural habitats of many species.

The proposed border wall may prevent migration that is vital to the survival of some species that live along the Mexico border. The threats to many of these local populations urgently need to be considered before the plans for the Mexico wall are put in motion. 

"Local populations blink on and off like Christmas lights," says the University of Arizona's Aaron Flesch, who was interviewed for Ogden’s article. Without the freedom to access their continuous habitats, experts believe some species may disappear forever. 

"Even when there isn't a physical wall or much of a barrier, [border agents] are actively engaged in enforcing the law through patrols," explained David Christianson of University of Arizona. Such patrols, which may alter the behavior of many animals, often consist of off-road trekking "right in the middle of this endangered species habitat," added Christianson. 

Information included in the article by Ogden suggests that extensive border barriers may prove ineffective in preventing humans from crossing the border. Jamie McCallum, a consultant at Transfrontier International Limited, teamed up with scientists from the Zoological Society of London. The team set up cameras to detect motion along the existing steel barrier in order to observe both human and animal activity.

The images revealed the absence of some animals such as pumas, which was expected by the researchers. Human activity at the barrier, however, was not deterred. This suggests that a wall is simply not going to keep humans from crossing the border. 

“I thought it would have at least some kind of trace of an effect, even if it wasn't a statistically significant finding. But it didn't appear to,” said McCallum.

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 

Source: <a href="https://www.aibs.org/bioscience/">Bioscience</a>

Photo Credit: Matt Clark/Defenders of Wildlife

Mexico border wall would hurt biodiversity, wouldn’t deter humans

When Donald Trump announced his presidential bid in June of...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes how Earth is unique in our solar system for its ability to sustain liquid water on its surface. But now, the water cycle is shifting as the climate warms, and scientists must find ways to predict how these changes will affect water availability.



Overall, 96 percent of Earth's water is saltwater, and nearly all of freshwater is found in ice and groundwater. These sources of water are linked as it passes through solid, liquid and gas phases.



In a warmer climate, the water cycle will be transformed. It will be easier for water to evaporate and form clouds, and storms will become more frequent and intense. Some regions will get too much water, while others will be left without enough water. In addition, soil moisture will be lost - which threatens food security.



Scientists are using satellite data from over the last 40 years to track changes that are happening in the water cycle. This will ultimately help us prepare for extreme events and better manage our water resources, according to ESA.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tracking changes in Earth's water cycle

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Saturn,-,High,Resolution,3d,Images,Presents,Planets,Of,The

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</a> features images of Saturn from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. The photographs capture the start of the mysterious "spoke season" on Saturn - when unexplained features appear on its rings. 



According to NASA, both the cause of the spokes and their seasonal variability have yet to be fully explained by planetary scientists.



"Like Earth, Saturn is tilted on its axis and therefore has four seasons, though because of Saturn's much larger orbit, each season lasts approximately seven Earth years. Equinox occurs when the rings are tilted edge-on to the Sun," explains NASA.



"The spokes disappear when it is near summer or winter solstice on Saturn. (When the Sun appears to reach either its highest or lowest latitude in the northern or southern hemisphere of a planet.) As the autumnal equinox of Saturn's northern hemisphere on May 6, 2025, draws near, the spokes are expected to become increasingly prominent and observable."



Experts believe that the spokes may be a product of the planet's variable magnetic field. When magnetic fields interact with solar wind, an electrically charged environment is created. This phenomenon is visible on Earth as the northern lights.&nbsp;



"Scientists think that the smallest, dust-sized icy ring particles can become charged as well, which temporarily levitates those particles above the rest of the larger icy particles and boulders in the rings," says NASA.



The spokes were first observed in the early 1980s by NASA's Voyager mission. Depending on the angle of the rings, the spokes can appear dark or light.



"Thanks to Hubble's OPAL program, which is building an archive of data on the outer solar system planets, we will have longer dedicated time to study Saturn’s spokes this season than ever before," said NASA senior planetary scientist Amy Simon, head of the Hubble Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) program.



"Despite years of excellent observations by the Cassini mission, the precise beginning and duration of the spoke season is still unpredictable, rather like predicting the first storm during hurricane season."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Mysterious "spoke season" captured on Saturn

[sendtonews key="Ccjk8KEMzv-2550719-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

Closeup,Of,Fresh,Green,The,Napier,Bush,Grass,As,Animal

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="http://www.ntu.edu.sg/">NTU Singapore</a> reveals that some plants can remove toxic heavy metals from soil.&nbsp;



The researchers analyzed samples of various tropical plant species to test for levels of heavy metals and metalloids. The study showed that there are existing plants with high levels of these contaminants, which means that these species are great candidates for drawing pollutants out of the soil.&nbsp;



Among the plants examined in the study, 12 species had accumulated several types of heavy metals and metalloids. These plants are widely available, including species that are native to Singapore.



“In a small nation like Singapore, land may be repurposed to support new development plans, so it is important that we have a green and sustainable way to remediate land that is contaminated," said Professor Lam Yeng Ming.



"We set out to uncover how to better make use of tropical plants to do phytoremediation and through advanced characterization techniques, we showed how some of these tropical plant species can be an environmentally friendly and literally a 'green' way to remove contaminants in soil."&nbsp;



"Phytoremediation also has benefits of cost effectiveness, simplicity of management, aesthetic advantages, and long-term applicability and sustainability. The strategy prevents erosion and metal leaching by stabilizing or accumulating heavy metals, so that helps reduce the risk of contaminant spread.”



Video Credit: NTU Singapore



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Plants help remove heavy metals from contaminated soil

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes why herbicides are not as effective in killing weeds anymore. In the 20th century, chemical companies developed thousands of herbicides. The most commonly used herbicide was glyphosate, which was introduced in 1974.



Over the past few decades, dozens of species of weeds have evolved resistance to glyphosate. Depending on the site of action, the part of the plant that an herbicide interacts with, weeds may even be resistant to herbicides that have not been developed yet.&nbsp;



With increasing resistance to glyphosate and other herbicides, weeds are - once again - becoming a major concern for farmers.&nbsp;



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Weeds are becoming increasingly resistant to herbicides

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/">NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> (JPL) describes a dust storm on Mars that was nearly twice the size of the United States. As the storm covered the southern hemisphere of the planet, some of NASA’s explorers had to delay their normal activities.



NASA’s Insight lander put itself in a "safe mode" for 11 days to conserve battery power because solar power was disrupted by the dust. The Ingenuity Mars Helicopter postponed flights until conditions improved.



"A fleet of NASA orbiters monitor Martian dust storms like this one and serve as lifelines to Earth by relaying data from the rovers and lander on the ground back to the team. This includes the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, MAVEN, and Odyssey," reports JPL.



"Dust storms like this recent one start close to the ground and are spread by wind as they rise – warming the cold Martian atmosphere."



The images in the video were captured by NASA’s Curiosity as the dust rolled in. A fleet of orbiters monitored the dust storm from above, relaying data from Mars’ explorers back to scientists on Earth.



Video &amp; Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASU/MSSS



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

NASA monitors giant dust storms on Mars

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="http://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Qeshm Island in the Strait of Hormuz. This strait provides the only sea passage from the Persian Gulf to the open ocean.



Qeshm is separated from the Iranian coast by the Clarence Strait, also known as Khuran.&nbsp;The Hara Forest Protected Area is a network of shallow waterways and forest located between the island and the mainland. This protected region is home to sea turtles, snakes, and more than 150 species of migrating birds.



Qeshm is famous for its wide range of&nbsp;ecotourist&nbsp;attractions, such as the&nbsp;Hara marine forests. According to environmentalists, about 1.5 percent of the world birds and 25 percent of Iran's native <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/female-hummingbirds-avoid-sexual-harassment-by-looking-like-males/">birds</a> annually migrate to the forests, which are the first national geo park in Iran.



Tourists are also drawn to the island to see an age-old Portuguese&nbsp;fort, historic mosques, the&nbsp;Seyyed Mozaffar&nbsp;and&nbsp;Bibi Maryam&nbsp;shrines, and the "Valley of Stars."



The average temperature on the island is 81 degress and the region is often hot and humid. From June to August, the island is described as being oppressively hot. The ideal time to visit is during the winter season. 



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Qeshm Island in the Strait of Hormuz

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Inhambane Bay in southeast Mozambique.&nbsp;



"Inhambane Bay is a deep inlet into which the small Mutamba River flows," says ESA. "On one side of the bay lies the historical city of Inhambane, capital of the Inhambane Province, while the sister city of Maxixe, the economic capital of Inhambane, sits across from it. The province is the second largest grower of cashews, after Nampula, and it also produces coconut and citrus fruits."



The beaches of Barra and Tofo are popular with tourists. There are also coral reefs along the long coastline of Inhambane, making it an ideal destination for scuba diving and snorkeling.



"Mozambique’s extensive coastline heightens the country’s vulnerability to tropical cyclones that develop in the Indian Ocean as well as storm surge flooding," says ESA.



"More than half of the population lives in low lying coastal areas, putting communities at risk. Inhambane Bay was dangerously close to where Cyclone Idai made landfall in 2019 causing widespread destruction to the country."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Inhambane Bay in southeast Mozambique

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency </a>&nbsp;features the Kangerlussuaq Glacier, one of the largest tidewater outlet glaciers in Greenland. The glacier is located on the east coast of the Greenland ice sheet.



As human-induced climate change continues to drive up temperatures, global ice loss is accelerating at an alarming rate. ESA reports that, over the past decade alone, 3.5 trillion tons of ice have melted from the Greenland ice sheet. This is enough to cover the UK with meltwater 15 meters deep.



Based on satellite imagery, researchers determined that Kangerlussuaq entered a new phase of rapid retreat and acceleration in 2017. In their study, published in <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2019.00123/full">Frontiers in Earth Science</a>,&nbsp; the experts report that the glacier's ice front is now at its most retreated position since the early 20th century.



"Given Kangerlussuaq’s previous impacts on both the magnitude and pattern of ice sheet wide mass loss, we predict that its new phase of retreat, acceleration and thinning will markedly enhance the south-east region’s contribution to increasing discharge from the ice sheet," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;&nbsp;



"More broadly, accurate forecasting of the ice sheet’s contribution to sea level rise will require a deeper understanding of, and responses to, these non-linear ice dynamic processes."



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kangerlussuaq Glacier on the Greenland ice sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes the complex relationship between ocean and climate. ESA's Climate Change Initiative will help us understand how oceans influence the climate and how climate change is impacting the oceans.&nbsp;



"Earth’s oceans are huge heat stores, soaking up 93% of the excess heat from human activity over the past 70 years. Ocean currents redistribute heat around the planet, from the Equator to the poles. Where this ocean heat goes influences weather patterns and regional climate," explains ESA.



"As well as absorbing heat, oceans are a natural carbon sink, absorbing a quarter of carbon dioxide emissions from human activity. This has led to the acidification of ocean water, threating marine life."



The amount of heat and carbon dioxide soaked up by the ocean depends on specific variables, including phytoplankton, temperatures, waves, salinity, and ice cover. Satellites can be used to measure these variables from space.



"From their unique vantage point, satellites provide key information for understanding the complexities of our planet and monitoring environmental issues," says ESA.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Ocean heat influences regional climate

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes the importance of monitoring the shape of the sea surface, which is constantly changing. These observations have many applications, such as ship routing, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-modem-ocean-is-a-tough-place-for-whales-to-survive/">ocean</a> current forecasting, and debris tracking.



"A project supported by the Discovery element of ESA’s Basic Activities recently investigated a new technique to measure sea surface topography very precisely," reports ESA.



"The technique involves looking at satellite navigation (GNSS) signals that have been reflected off of the sea surface at very low angles. At these so-called grazing angles, waves and surface roughness have very little impact on the reflection process; the sea surface acts as a very smooth mirror."



Estel Cardellach is the principal investigator at the Institute for Space Studies of Catalonia, who first submitted the idea for the project.



“In a mirror-like reflection the phase of the signal can be tracked – it is continuous," said Cardellach. "Different surface heights result in different phase measurements. It gives a very precise measurement of the surface altitude at a few centimetres’ precision.”



The researchers developed a GNSS receiver and set up an experiment in the Balaeric Islands to collect signals from the receiver that were reflected off the sea surface. Ultimately, these signals will provide improved measurements of the shape of the sea surface.



Image/ Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Monitoring the dynamic shape of the sea surface

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